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CHT 10 Alternating Current
CHT 10 Alternating Current
ELECTRICITY
Alternating current
L. De Wet
Simple electromagnet
Alternating current
If the magnet is moved in only one direction, then a direct current is
produced,
but if the magnet is moved back and forth then an oscillating current is
produced which is called alternating current.
An alternating current is usually produced by rotating a coil in a
magnetic field.
Alternating currents occur in telephones, radio and television receivers,
and in almost every other electrical communications device.
The cutting of magnetic lines in an alternating current circuit produces
an alternating emf (electromotive force) and this is defined as a force
set up in an electric circuit by a difference in voltage causing the
movement of electrons or supplying of energy for movement. It is
measured in V.
It is similar to V in DC circuits.
Alternating current
https://youtu.be/MW1YUy3Yqpc
Alternating current
Self-inductance or Inductance
An electric current flowing through a circuit produces a magnetic flux and the ratio of flux to current is
known inductance. An inductor (or reactor) stores energy in the magnetic field produced by the
current.
Other definitions
Resistance in DC circuits has ONLY MAGNITUDE, but
Inductive reactance impedance has both MAGNITUDE AND PHASE.
The impedance of a circuit depends upon its resistance and also its
reactance, of which the latter is represented by the formula . Reactance
opposes a CHANGE in current (while resistance opposes a FLOW of current)
The counter-electromotive force (abbreviated counter emf), also known as the
back electromotive force, is the voltage, or electromotive force, that pushes
against the current which induces it. ... For example, the voltage drop across
an inductor is due to the induced magnetic field inside the coil.
The counter emf induced in a coil depends upon its self-inductance and also
upon the rate at which the current changes.
A coil has a self-inductance of 1 henry, i.e.,
1 V.A-1.s-1 if 1 V is induced by a current changing at a rate of 1 A-1.s-1.
Capacitance is the ability to store a charge and will be discussed more fully later.
Definitions
When current and voltage are in phase – this is usually true in house lighting
circuits, the instantaneous current and voltage are related by Ohm’s law:
i = and I =
where R is the resistance of the circuit and
i = instantaneous current, which is current at a given moment.
Definitions
Definitions
Impedance in circuits
Figure 8.8 represents a circuit which includes a resistor A (a lamp) and an inductor B having an
iron core.
Inductor B has R < resistor A
And is used in computer
Technology to decrease () I B
~
A
Impedance in circuits
If the system in Fig. 8.8 is connected to a 120 V DC source, then the current is 0.5 A. By Ohm’s law the
resistance is found to be 240 Ω.
So with DC source:
R =
=
.
= 240 Ω
If the system is now connected to a 120 V AC source, then the current will be smaller than before
(0.35 A), and the lamp will glow less brightly.
Z =
So, resistance remains the same, but
=
.
. .
Ieff is smaller (and therefore lamp is less
=
. bright in AC).
.
= 240 Ω
3) 4)
1
=0
𝑅
Z
Phase lag angle
Z Z = R and
= cos
Phase lag = 0
R
R
In Fig 8.11 the inductive reactance opposes the increase or decrease of current so that the current
lags behind the voltage. The angle of lag is 30 o or one-twelve of a cycle.
If the current and the voltage in an AC circuit are in phase, the power is computed by the formula
P = Veff x Ieff Eq. 1
If they are not in phase, the maximum voltage and current occur at different times in each cycle. The
power is not given by the product of the voltage and the current, but by
P = Veff x Ieff x cos Eq. 2
The ratio of the “true” power given by Eq. 2 to the “apparent” power (Eq. 1) is called the power factor.
Power factor =
=
= cos
=
THE TRANSFORMER
Alternating current is convenient because a transformer readily changes its voltage.
A transformer is simple,
has no mechanically moving parts,
and may be very efficient.
THE TRANSFORMER
Separate coils are wound on an iron core.
Suppose that the coil A is connected to a battery.
When the circuit is first closed (on), the iron will be magnetized and the magnetic line will follow the
iron path and thread through the other set of coils B and C.
The changing of the magnetic flux will induce as emf in each coil which will persist only while
the field is changing.
Open the circuit (switch off).
As the magnetic field dies down, an opposite emf will be induced.
THE TRANSFORMER
Now connect the coil A to the house lighting system which provides an effective alternating
voltage of, e.g.120 V.
The current through the coil will reverse 120 times per second (60 cycles/sec), and magnetic lines
will repeatedly be thrust through the other coils and withdrawn.
If the three coils have the same number of windings, the effective emf induced in B and that in C will
each be about equal to that in A.
You can connect the two coils B and C in series so that the output emf will be twice that of the input
circuit.
A transformer in which the output coils (secondary winding) have more turns than the input coils
(primary winding) is called a step-up transformer. One in which the output coils have fewer turns is
called a step-down transformer.
Step-up transformers increase the voltage, while step-down transformers decrease the voltage.
When voltage is increased, current is diminished, but power remains approximately constant.
For example, P = VxI
= 2 V x 25 A = 50 W
With a transformer change:
= 25 V x 2 A = 50 W
Capacitive reactance
We have seen that when the reactance of a circuit increases, the current required for a certain
power must increase since P=VeffIeff cos.
This increase in current wastes energy due to heating.
For example, if the motors in an air-conditioning system in a theater causes a phase lag of 30°, the
power lost in electrical heating is increased by about 30%.
The phase lag of a system can be reduced by
connecting capacitors in the circuit.
Suppose that we connect an incandescent lamp at A
and a capacitor at B in series with a DC source (Fig. 8.13).
Capacitive reactance
When the circuit is first closed, there will be momentary flow of charge until the
capacitor is charged, but afterward the current will cease.
If the system is connected to an AC source,
the capacitor will be charged and discharged continuously, electrons will surge to a
fro through the filament, and the lamp will glow.
If the plates of the capacitor are made larger or are put closer together, its
capacitance will be increased, more charges will flow in the circuit for each
alternation, and the current will be greater.
A capacitor’s opposition to current varies inversely with its capacitance.
The alternating current in such a circuit depends not only upon the capacitance C
of the circuit, but also upon the frequency, f. In general, the reactance of a
capacitor varies inversely with the frequency.
OR Reactance and frequency are indirectly proportional
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Capacitor
A capacitor is like a battery – but can dump all its charge in a fraction of a second.
For example, a camera flash, TV.
Large capacitors such as those found in TVs carry a large charge and are therefore very dangerous
to inexperienced people who try to open TVs to repair them.
Capacitors and inductors are used together to create oscillators.
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