DTT - PUCP March 2024

La física de fotones en la frontera de energía y la
red de redes interamericana de QCD

Daniel Tapia Takaki
PUCP
Lima, Peru
April 4, 2024
Ultra peripheral collisions (UPC)
PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

2
EM fields of a charged particle

3
EM fields of a charged particle
Pulse width
The photon ﬂux can be

computed
through a Fourier
transform
Weizsäcker-Williams
method (1934)

4
Flux of a point charge
g = 100
g = 200

5
Photon flux: Fourier transform of the point charge field

6
RHIC and LHC as Photon Colliders
Interactions mediated by
• Ultra Peripheral Collisions (UPC) can explore the EM interactions
a wide range of energies using almost real photons
Equivalent photon flux
k = gMV exp(±,y)
Up to several TeV in gp
Up to ~ 700 GeV/nucleon in gA
Up to ~ 150 GeV in gg using UPC PbPb,
~ 4 TeV in in gg using UPC pp
• UPCs at the LHC probe the hadronic structure over a

broad and unique Bjoren x region, yet the precision
not compatible to DIS machines like the EIC
x = MV/gmp exp(±,y)

7
The LHC as Photon Collider

8
UPC physics

9
UPC physics

10
UPC physics

11
UPC physics

12
UPC physics

13
UPC physics

14
The structure and dynamics of hadrons

15
Gluons matter
Many gluon emissions at low-x
Quarks and gluons
QS:dynamics
Matterdescribed by QCD and Frame (II)
of Definition
Q S: Matter
Infinite Momentum of Definition
Frame: and Frame (II)
•Q S: Matter
BFKL
Infinite (linear
MomentumQCD): ofsplitting
Definition
Frame: functions and gluon Frame
density grows(II)
Gluons carry color, ••QBK thus self-gluon
(non-linear): interactions
recombination of gluons gluon density tamed
QS: Matter S: Matter
BFKL
Infinite (linear QCD):
of Definition
Momentum ofsplitting
Definition
Frame: functions and
and Frame
gluon Frame
density grows
(II) (II)
: Matter • BK (non-linear): recombination of gluons
of•Infinite
Definition
BFKL:(linear
BFKL QCD):and Frame
splitting functions (II) gluon density tamed
gluon density grows
BK adds:
Q S: Matter
Infinite Momentum
•
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•Q :
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nite ••QBK
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(non-linear): recombination of gluons gluon density tamed

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) kTkTφ(x,
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functions
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BK adds:bydensity on k
growsT and x:
recombination
Infinite Momentum Frame: Unintegrated gluon distribution s
2
(non-linear): recombination of gluons ~ 1/k gluon density tamed

FKL: • BK (non-linear): •Q :Qrecombination
BFKL Matter BKof
(linear QCD): Definition
adds:
splitting functions and
the majority
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) kkTTφ(x,
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•• BFKL
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gluon
balanced
BK adds:bydensity on k
growsT and x:
recombination s
• transverse momentum kT ~ QS
max. density
Unintegrated gluon distribution

2
At Q : gluon BK emission balanced

(non-linear): by recombination
recombination of gluons gluon density tamed
FKL: • BK (non-linear): •Q : recombination
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~ 1/k
(linear QCD): Definition
adds:
splitting
of gluons thes
functions
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majority Frame
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gluontamed
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have
density grows T
kT φ(x,kTkTφ(x,
Q : gluon
s emission
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Infinite
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by recombinationFrame:
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depends definition)
on kT and x:
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max. density
ofUnintegrated gluon distribution

2
emission
(non-linear):balanced by recombination
recombination gluons gluon density tamed
T S
) kT )
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• At~Q1/ks:T gluon
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2
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7
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• s
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2
do physics here
the~majority
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2
BK BFKL:
adds:
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transverse momentum
the majority k
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ax. density
do physics here QCD

T
PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki
k, TkTφ(x,
∼1 Λ ? Qs know how to
αs << 1 kT (common
depends on definition)
kT and x: k ~ Q 16
(common definition)
transverse momentum
ensity
Unintegrated 7 gluon distribution

2
QCD do physics here

αs ∼ 1 Λ ? Qs know howαtos << 1~ 1/k kTQCD T S
Gluon saturation
: Matter
efinition of orDefinition
and
At high energies, forFrame and
(II)
heavy nuclei at Frame
lower energies, (II) is predicted
gluon saturation
ite Momentum Frame:

ame: • Non-linear QCD evolution
KL (linear QCD):gluon
g functions splitting grows gluon density equations
functions
density grows introduced, but
how is gluon saturation
(non-linear):
ation recombination
of gluons
gluon gluon densityof gluons
gluon tamed gluon density
recombination tamed
triggered?
emission
KL: =
BK adds: BK adds: • Can we determine
experimentally the
saturation scale (QS)?
lanced
Q by recombination
s: gluon emission balanced by recombination
Dynamical equilibrium of • Is there a state of matter
gluon saturation
Unintegrated gluonstate reached gluon distribution
distribution
Unintegrated formed by gluon saturated
~ 1/kT
depends on kT and x: matter with universal
depends on kT and x: properties?
the majority of gluons have
the majority of gluons have
transverse momentum kT ~ QS 17
sity
Evolution of the hadronic structure with Bjorken-x and Q2
Key Topic in eA: Gluon Saturation (I)
In QCD, the proton is made up
' of •quanta that fluctuate
Experimental in and
observables
&!()*
!"##""$
out ofneeded to map out the
existence
transition between the dilute
pQCD
evolution
• Boosted proton:regimes
and saturation
‣ Fluctuations time dilated on
21"&'
equation
strong
• For interaction
nuclei, time
the saturation
9 scale
scalesis enhanced by a A1/3
‣ factor
Long lived gluons can
!+,-.+,/01
radiate further small
 1/3 x
101345.,-.6+,/75".58/01
2 A
!"%"$
gluons!
(Qs ) ⇡ cQ0
A 2
21") ‣ Explosion of gluon x density
! violates unitarity
18
Nuclear shadowing experimentally confirmed, but not fully understood
• Experimental observation
that parton distributions are
different for protons and
nuclei
• What’s the mechanism

responsible for shadowing?
How is gluon saturation
related?
• The knowledge of the initial

state of nuclei also needed
for understanding the QGP
evolution
19
Possible stages? Vadim Guzey
Hard Probes 2023

20
Experimental program
• The Electron-Ion Collider will be a

dedicated QCD machine with the
precision and control capabilities for
studying gluon saturation and
shadowing in a systematic way like
never before.
• The LHC explores the high energy

domain for both hadronic and
photon-induced reactions
• FoCal at ALICE will explore a unique

low-x regime reaching x ~ 10-6

21
Vector meson (VM) photoproduction in UPCs
• By studying various VMs, it is

possible to study the Q2
dependence
• In the dipole approach, the light

VMs (f, r0) are more sensitive
to saturation because of the larger
dipole, but pQCD methods not
applicable
• As in DIS, several reactions are
possible in UPCs:
-Exclusive photoproduction
-Semi-exclusive photoproduction
-Inclusive photoproduction
22
Vector meson (VM) photoproduction in UPCs

23
24
Predictions pre-LHC data for exclusive J/y off protons
• Deviations from the HERA

power-law trend predicted as
signatures of saturation
• At high energies also possible

to distinguish among saturation
models

25
First exclusive J/y measurements by ALICE using Run 1 (2013)
Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 23, 232504

• No change with
respect to HERA
power-law growth
observed at low
energies up to
700 GeV
• UPC pPb collisions

have no ambiguity on
the photon energy

26
Coherent J/y in UPC Pb-Pb Eur. Phys. J. C 81 (2021) 712
14
dσ/dy (mb)
ALICE Pb+Pb → Pb+Pb+J/ψ s NN = 5.02 TeV
• Confirmation of nuclear ALICE coherent J/ψ
shadowing with Run 2 12 Impulse approximation
STARLIGHT
data EPS09 LO (GKZ)
10 LTA (GKZ)
IIM BG (GM)
• No model can describe 8

IPsat (LM)
BGK-I (LS)
the rapidity GG-HS (CCK)
b-BK (BCCM)
dependence 6
2
Mid-rapidity x ~10-3
0
Forward rapidity 95% at x ∼ 10−2 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
y
5% at x ∼ 10−5 ALI-PUB-499958

27
Projections for VMs in gPb
Recent NLO calculations indicate importance of quark contribution
and large scale uncertainties
The FoCal region is gluon dominated • At LO predicted to be
K. Eskola et al., arXiv:2203.11613 proportial to the square
of the gluon density (Z.
Ryskin Phys. C 57, 89
(1993), but several
caveats
• UPC J/y also

described by
Generalized Parton
Distributions (GPDs),
with some theory
considerations
28
Nuclear suppression factor for UPC J/y: Comparing gPb to gp
V. Guzey et al. PLB 726 (2013) An experimental definition, which can be
linked to PDFs at LO
Run 1 data from ALICE was the

first at indicating nuclear gluon
shadowing at x ~ 10-3
Large scale NLO uncertainties

should cancel in the SPb(x) ratio
ALICE results at y=0 have no

ambiguity on the photon energy

29
Two-fold ambiguity on the photon direction in symmetric systems
Symmetric systems (pp, A-A) suffer from the two-fold ambiguity on the
photon direction
Positive rapidity Negative rapidity
Analyses of UPC asymmetric systems (p-Pb) provide a model independent way

to study the energy dependence of s(gp)

30
Impact parameter flux profile
Broz, Contreras and DTT, CPC 235 (2020) 107181
High g energy Low g

energy

30
Neutron-dependence of coherent J/y in UPC Pb-Pb
The photon flux (n) depends on the impact parameter
Decomposed in terms of neutron configurations emitted in the forward region
Solving the linear equations resolves the two-fold ambiguity for VMs at y ≠ 0
Positive rapidity Negative rapidity
Guzey, Strikman, Zhalov, EPJC 74 (2014) 7, 2942

31
Energy dependence of coherent J/y in gPb – ALICE Run 1 and Run 2 data
JHEP 10 (2023) 119
Confirmed Run 1 results.
At low x, both shadowing
and saturation models
describe the data
Energy dependence
across the whole range
not described by models
In a single experiment
exploring (20,800) GeV
in WgPb and x from 10−2
to 10−5

33
Nuclear suppression factor – ALICE Run 1 and Run 2 data
JHEP 10 (2023) 119 At low x, both shadowing
and saturation models
describe the data
Confirmation that
peripheral hadronic events
can be used to
extract the energy
dependence. Already
explored down to x = 4.4
×10−5 using Run 1 data
With the neutron-

dependent analysis using
Run 2 data, down to x =
1.1×10−5, Run 2

34
Energy dependence of coherent J/y in gPb
JHEP 10 (2023) 119
Both gluon saturation

and shadowing
describe the data at
high energies
At low energies the

data cannot be
described by these
models

35
Transverse profile of the target
UPCs can probe the

transverse profile of
the target!
Appearance and
location of diffractive
dips can be
signatures of gluon
saturation

36
Transverse profile of the target

37
t-dependence measurement of UPC r0

38
t-dependence measurement of UPC J/y

39
Dissociative/incoherent J/y in gp
J. Cepilia, J.G. Contreras and DTT
H. Mantysaari and B. Schenke, Phys. Lett. B 766 (2017) 186-191
Mantysaari and Schenk, PRD 94, 034042 (2016)

Phys. Lett. B772 (2017) 832
Event-by-event fluctuations
S. Klein arXiv:2301.014018
In the Good-Walker approach,
sensitive to subnucleonic
fluctuations of the gluon density
40
t-dependence of coherent and incoherent J/y in UPC PbPb
First measurement of the |t|-dependence of incoherent J/ψ photonuclear production
https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.06169 Probing for gluonic ”hot spots” in Pb
using UPCs for the first time!

41
t-dependence of incoherent J/y in UPC PbPb
cross section
208
Pb
sm
oo
th
nu
cleo
ns
Mandelstam |t|
42
The Electron-Ion Collider
Center of Mass Energies: 20GeV - 140GeV
Luminosity: 1033 - 1034 cm-2s-1 / 10-100fb-1 / year
Highly Polarized Beams: 70%
Large Ion Species Range: p to U
Number of Interaction Regions: Up to 2!

https://indico.cern.ch/event/1263865
Student day on
December 10
See student
lectures!

43
https://iann-qcd.org
Funded by the National Science Foundation AccelNet program

Program goals
(1) Develop strategic partnerships across the various physics research networks in the
Americas to tackle QCD challenges;
(2) Identify the needs, strengths and synergies of network partners for developing large
scale science projects in the US;
(3) Design activities for researchers in the U.S., Canada, and Latin America that will
facilitate leveraging complementary resources for QCD research, and
(4) Enhance the training of the next generation of researchers in a novel set of skills
that include international multi-team experience.
Research areas related to QCD
● Accelerator technologies
● Theory
● High performance computing
● Particle detectors, instrumentation and electronics
● Real-time event selection
● Software development, and development of Monte Carlo simulation
● AI and QIS tools
Kick-off meeting at CFNS on Dec 16, 2021

120 participants
https://indico.bnl.gov/event/13562/87
List of invited networks
We are an open network: future networks can also
participate
● Electron-Ion Collider User Group
● Jefferson Lab Users Association
● RHIC and AGS User's Group
● US LHC Users Association
● Association of Latin American Nuclear Physics and Applications (ALAFNA),
● Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA)
● Latin American Association for High Energy, Cosmology and AstroParticle
Physics
● Nuclear Physics and Applications (INCT-FNA)
● Rede Nacional de Física de Altas Energias (RENAFAE)
● Mexican Particle Accelerator Community (CMAP)
● EIC-Canada Collaboration
● California EIC Consortium
List of invited network partners
We are an open network: future networks can also
participate
● Center for Frontiers in Nuclear Physics (CFNS) at Stony Brook University &
Brookhaven National Laboratory
● The Electron-Ion Collider Center at Jefferson Lab
● Center for Accelerator Science at Old Dominion University
● The ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-
SAIFR)
● Canadian Institute of Nuclear Physics
● TRIUMF. Canada's Particle Accelerator Center
● The Institute of Nuclear Theory
● Center for Nuclear Femtography
Community-led program
Some examples of activities of interest
● Support to organize workshop, conference, summer schools
● Support for research visits
● Mobility
○ US person à to Canada or Latin America
○ Canadian or Latin American person à to US
● Support White Papers or community-led documents preparations
● Young scientists-led events
● Projects that promote development of early-career researchers
● Activities that promote better communication channels
Examples of supported proposals
related to EIC so far - Full list will be published soon
● Accelerators:
○ EIC acceleration exchange visits between Mexican and TRIUMF at BNL and JLab
● Experimental:
○ Research visit of student from Chile and Mexico in the US (both ways)
● Theory
○ Research visits of US-Mexican students (both ways)
○ Research visits of Brazilian students in Tennessee, Illinois and Texas
Other supported activities
● Participation of colleagues organizing and participating at international
meetings
● Mentoring activities, recent support at DIS and QM

Open for initiatives – A new call will be
circulated soon
Go to http://www.iann-qcd.org
● For this call, IANN-QCD is interested in supporting the following types of
activities:
Activity 1: Exchange visit programs
Activity 2: Early-stage research projects
Activity 3: Participation or organization of scientific meetings
Activity 4: Strategic partnerships
We also welcome any inquires

Upcoming events
https://indico.ku.edu/event/416/
New programs
● After the capacity building workshop with ECA, we expect they will create
some “working groups” to suggest some specific proposals
● Currently exploring a joint call for proposals with international networks with
other continents
● I.ANN QCD is a community-led network of networks. Your inputs and

engagement are essential for making it a success
Useful links
Please help us advertising this program and get engaged !
Website:
https://www.iann-qcd.org
Join the IANN-QCD Mailing list

https://www.iann-qcd.org/mailing-list
Thanks!
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La física de fotones en la frontera de energía y la

red de redes interamericana de QCD

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

The photon ﬂux can be

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

• UPCs at the LHC probe the hadronic structure over a

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

(non-linear): recombination of gluons gluon density tamed

(non-linear): recombination of gluons ~ 1/k gluon density tamed

Infinite of gluons gluon density tamed

Unintegrated gluon distribution

At Q : gluon BK emission balanced

ofUnintegrated gluon distribution

?Unintegrated gluon distribution

Unintegrated gluon distribution

Unintegrated gluon distribution

(common definition) ~ 1/kT

do physics here QCD

Unintegrated 7 gluon distribution

QCD do physics here

ite Momentum Frame:

• What’s the mechanism

• The knowledge of the initial

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

• The Electron-Ion Collider will be a

• The LHC explores the high energy

• FoCal at ALICE will explore a unique

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

• By studying various VMs, it is

• In the dipole approach, the light

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

• Deviations from the HERA

• At high energies also possible

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 23, 232504

• UPC pPb collisions

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

• No model can describe 8

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

• UPC J/y also

Run 1 data from ALICE was the

Large scale NLO uncertainties

ALICE results at y=0 have no

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

Analyses of UPC asymmetric systems (p-Pb) provide a model independent way

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

High g energy Low g

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024

The photon flux (n) depends on the impact parameter

Decomposed in terms of neutron configurations emitted in the forward region

Positive rapidity Negative rapidity

Guzey, Strikman, Zhalov, EPJC 74 (2014) 7, 2942

PUCP, Lima Daniel Tapia Takaki April 4, 2024