新三

Lesson 1 A puma at large
spot [spɒt]
v. 看出，发现
stop lot hot
boss dog
a big red spot
a spot on one’s reputation
A leopard won’t change its spots.
spot of sth.
a spot of bother
You seem to be having a spot of bother with your car, can I help?
a scenic spot
A great many of scenic spots are being spoilt by the ill-behaved tourists.
The Middle East is a hot spot.
on the spot
Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North
Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out.
Ten minutes after calling 911, a police car arrived on the spot.
Dr. Marcy and Dr. Butler also spotted the first “family” of three planets.
Chick Webb spotted her in an amateur competition when she was sixteen.
He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.
see / find / observe
recognize sb. as …
In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our
local grocer.
identify
ID card  identity card
UFO  unidentified flying object
evidence ['evɪdəns]
n. 证据
a piece of evidence
evident
self-evident
All truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. Third, it
is accepted as being self-evident.
— Arthur Schopenhauer
Declaration of Independence
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by
the Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness.
― Thomas Jefferson
court
go to court
settle sth. out of court
accuse sb. of (doing) sth.

I accused him of stealing my sheep.
charge sb. with (doing) sth.
I charged him with stealing my sheep.
accumulate
[ə'kju:mjəleɪt]
v. 积累，积聚
accumulate knowledge / possessions
I accumulated a large vocabulary.
amass amass a fortune
People tend to amass possessions.
pile up
Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind.
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collect collect stamps
gather gather crops
hoard
Shenzhen real estate developers hoard large amounts of land.
oblige [ə'blaɪdʒ]
v. 使……感到必须
obligation
be / feel obliged to do
Dear Mr. Wang,
Thank you very much for having offered me such a golden opportunity to work as an editor
for Designs & Fashions, a best-selling magazine renowned for its extraordinary quality and taste. I
was thrilled by the news and have tried my utmost, but after two months’ work I feel obliged to
resign, which is truly a tough decision for me.
be / feel compelled to do
President Nixon felt compelled to resign.
be / feel impelled to do
He felt impelled to point out that they were making a dangerous mistake.
human being
['hju:mən 'bi:ɪŋ]
n. 人类
human being man
mankind humankind
human race humanity
a crime against humanity
alien being
intelligent being
To be, or not to be: that is the question.
— Hamlet
I think therefore I am.
— René Descartes
corner ['kɔ:nə(r)]
v. 使走投无路，使陷入困境
Don’t corner me!
A cornered beast will do something desperate.
on / in / at / around the corner
My birthday is just around the corner.
convince [kən'vɪns]
v. 使……信服
convince sb. of sth.
He failed to convince the jury of his innocence.
cure sb. of sth.
The doctor cured him of his lung cancer.
inform sb. of sth.
My ex-wife informed me of her marriage.
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remind sb. of sth.
You remind me of one of my classmates.
rob sb. of sth.
The robber robbed me of my wallet.
deprive sb. of sth.
Some criminals were deprived of political rights.
assure sb. of sth.
The dealer assured me of its quality.
somehow ['sʌmhaʊ]
adv. 不知怎么搞地，
不知什么原因
And I couldn’t remember what it felt like when I could not walk down the street without holding
her hand.
I mean she was the same woman I fell in love with, she hadn’t changed. But somehow
everything’s different. We've lost something along the way.
somewhat
He was somewhat hungry.
He was somewhat embarrassed.
somewhere
I’ve lost my wallet somewhere around here.
disturb [dɪ'stɜ:b]
v. 打扰，令人不安
Do not disturb.
I hope I'm not disturbing you.
Sorry to disturb you, but …
Sorry to disturb you, but I really need your help.
at large
a puma which was at large
a prisoner / suspect at large
The disease is still at large.
bear-like animals
lady-like behavior
child-like simplicity
an angel-like girl
crystal-like eyes
flu-like symptoms
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As is shown in the picture, there is a cobweb-like structure with separate compartments packed
in it.
Foxes and farmers have never got on well. These small dog-like animals have long been accused
of killing farm animals. (CET-4)
Pumas are large, cat-like animals found in America.
be found in …
Many plant and animal species are found only in the rainforests.
Vitamin C is found in citrus fruit.
造句: 大熊猫 (giant panda) 是一种大型的，类似于熊的动物，产于中国四川省。
He came into the classroom.
However, a new type of humor, which stems largely from the US, has recently come into fashion.
The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it.
无灵主语 / 物称主语
(inanimate subject)
I thought of a good idea.
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A good idea came into my mind.
A good idea flashed into my mind.
He went to the town on business.
Business took him to the town.
A warm and sunny Sunday found my whole family going for an outing at the beach.
同位语从句和定语从句的区别
1、从定义上看：同位语从句解释前面名词的具体内容；而定语从句仅起到后置定语的作用，
常译为“……的”。
2、从形式上看：同位语从句中的“that”仅起到连接符号的作用，不充当语法成分；而定语从
句中的“that”是关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。
The proposal that John should be dismissed is unacceptable.
The proposal that John put forward is unacceptable.
happiness.
had been seen / found / observed …
in / on / to the south of …
Shanghai is in the south of China.
Vietnam is on the south of China.
Indonesia is to the south of China.
100 kilometers south of Xi'an
take … seriously
take … lightly
… they were taken lightly.
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of
London, they were not taken seriously.
造句：当消息 (news) 传到了国家博物馆 (the national museum)，说是在西安以南 100 公里
处发现了一座古墓 (an ancient tomb) 的时候，这则消息受到了重视。
however
investigate the market

investigate the case
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the FBI: the Federal Bureau of Investigation
because
since
as
for
in that
now (that)
Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each
year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty.
give descriptions
… descriptions which were given by people …
make descriptions
… descriptions made by people …
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw a large
cat only five yards away from her.
John had a very good day and put his wallet containing ₤3,000 into the microwave oven for
safekeeping.
For hundreds of years, St. Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous
Pass.
novels written by Lu Xun
movies directed by Zhang Yimou
The man
claim to have done …
claim to do …
So far, no organization has claimed to be responsible for the accident.
Everyone went to the funeral, for the 'ghost' was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who
was supposed to have died as a young man.
When I was a boy, my grandfather told me how a German taxi driver, Franz Bussman, found a
brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before.
extraordinarily
primarily
absolutely
necessarily
temporarily
were extraordinarily similar
were particularly alike
had a lot in common
had considerable commonalities
—well, I saw the ad on the back of the bus stop today. And, uh… though it was not exactly like
looking in the mirror, you can't deny that there is a certain commonality in our visages.
—I guess we do look a little bit alike.
However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate,
for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily
similar.
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造句: 随着病例 (case) 开始慢慢增多, 医学专家们 (specialist) 觉得必须要调查了,因为得了
这种病的人的症状 (symptom) 特别地相似。
hunt for …
I’m hunting for a job now.
The hunt for a job will begin tomorrow.
the winter in America
the entrance to the parking lot
a witness to the accident
a longing for love
the reason for the disaster
woman villager
[w] [v]
just …
merely …
no more than …
confirm 证实说
President Hu Jintao confirmed that he would visit the United States next month.
prove (to be) + adj. / n. 被证明是……

His injury proved (to be) fatal.
The operation proved (to be) a success.
turn out to be + adj. / n. 原来是……
When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the
goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman.
疑问词 + ever (whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever, whatever ...) 有两个含义：
1.表示“无论……”引导让步状语从句。
= no matter + 疑问词
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No matter where it went, …
No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early
films.
2.表示 “到底……” 用于疑问句中。
'Whatever are you doing up here Bill?' asked the vicar in surprise.
Wherever did you go yesterday?
Whenever am I going to see you again?
(A) These things take time to learn.
(B) Will you study anymore?
(C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
(D) It will be a good learning experience for you.
When will you ever learn?
Answer: (C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
a trail of
Wherever he went, he left a trail of … behind him.
Wherever he went, he left a trail of unpaid bills behind him.
Wherever he went, he left a trail of broken hearts behind him.
人们对下岗工人的生活状况越来越关注了。
People have paid more and more attention to the condition of the laid-off workers.
Increasing attention has been paid to the condition of the laid-off workers.
fur a fur coat
feather fur and feather
fin, fur and feather
The crown should not yield to the cross.
巾帼不让须眉
过尽千帆皆不是
斜晖脉脉水悠悠
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complain of / about sth.
claim
confirm
Then I added with a smile, ‘It’s a strange mixture I make myself.’…, as one of them put it ‘ate like
kings’.
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands …
on a business / honeymoon trip
on a journey / voyage / expedition / tour …
President Xi Jinping is on a five-nation tour.
be convinced that …
in that …
except / but that …
After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had
suddenly acquired a new lamb.
He was a WOMAN!
must have done
You must have been ill yesterday. You looked so pale.
must do
She knew that it must be the baker.
may / might have done
can not / could not have done
You can’t have been ill yesterday. I saw you going shopping with your wife.
The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a
mistake.
should / ought to have done
should not / ought not to have done
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You should have finished your work yesterday.
I shouldn’t have shouted at you yesterday.
in the possession of sb. / in one’s possession

in possession of sth.
The book is in my possession .
I’m in possession of the book.
in the charge of sb. / in one’s charge
in charge of …
The bookstore is in my charge .
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I’m in charge of the bookstore.
manage to do 设法完成了某事
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get
enough money to have the church clock repaired.
fail to do 没能完成某事
When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had
originally been written.
It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.
It is … to think that …
It is worrying to think that …
It is exciting to think that …
It is comforting to think that…
It is amusing to think that …
It is irritating to think that …
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equal ['i:kwəl]
v. 等于
He equaled the world record.
Nobody equals him in strength.
Nobody matches him in strength.
In English she has no equal in her class.
be / stand head and shoulders above sb. be much better than others
明显超过他人，鹤立鸡群
5. In computer programming, Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us.
Answer: (A) Susan is much better than we are in this subject.
Women demand equal pay for equal work.
A is equal to B
equality
racial equality
sexual equality
We wish to inform you that we specialize in garments for more than twenty years, and shall be
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pleased to establish business relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefits.
raise [reɪz]
v. 募集，筹措
raise one’s hand
raise one’s voice
raise one’s hat to sb.
raise one’s glass to sb.
raise the roof
raise pigs
He has a big family to raise.
We’re raising a fund for orphans.
rise
arise arose arisen

Problems arose.
arouse
arouse one’s pity / anger …
―You look happy today.
―Yes. I got a raise.
We pay two thousand Yuan monthly to start. It's our policy to hire on a trial basis. If you work out
all right after three months you will be put on the permanent payroll and be given a raise.
be always doing sth.
He is always being late.
People are always talking about the problems of youth.
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W: Mary is always complaining about her job.
M: Maybe if you try typing letters every day, you'd see what it's like.
Q: What does the man mean?
Answer: A) The woman would understand if she did Mary's job.
be forever doing sth.
He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature
and gentle pace of living.
be constantly / continually doing sth.
The boys are constantly / continually arguing.
Your behavior reflects on me, and I can't do my job if you're constantly humiliating me.
Constantly? Aside from today, give me one example.
keep (on) doing sth.
From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be
able to go home.
In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated
hospitals.
do sth. all the time
W: I thought the doctor said you should stay off your foot until the swelling goes down.
M: She did. It just makes me uncomfortable to ask my friends to wait on me all the time.
What does the man mean?
D) He doesn't like to bother people.
Sam, mess up the kitchen (always)
Sam is always messing up the kitchen.
Bruce, leave his dirty dishes on the table (forever)
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Bruce is forever leaving his dirty dishes on the table.
Peter, try to show me he’s smarter than me (constantly)
Peter is constantly trying to show me he is smarter than me.
Mary, borrow my clothes without asking me (continually)
Mary is continually borrowing my clothes without asking me.
Why, you, make the same mistakes (keep on doing)
Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
Jane, forget to give me my phone messages (do sth. all the time)
Jane forgets to give me my phone messages all the time.
One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter.
one … or another
one cause or another
He is always asking me for money for one cause or another.
Beginners will err at one time or another.
Everyone can contribute to society in one way or another.
one … after another
one day after another
encounter one difficulty after another
achieve one success after another
manage to do: 设法完成了某事
As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in
the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
fail to do: 没能完成某事
have sth. done 请某人做某事
I'm going to have my hair cut this weekend.
… people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
King CharlesⅠhad his head cut off.
The house had its window broken in the explosion.
无灵主语 / 物称主语
(inaminate subject)
The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board
when a chest was raised from the bottom.
He lost his confidence.
Confidence deserted him.
I couldn't sleep that night.
That night sleep eluded me.
We only travelled half the distance at sunset.
Sunset met us halfway.
The past few years witnessed the great influx of foreigners to China, for travelling, studies or
business.
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造句：我的小女儿总是抱怨 (complain of) 各种各样的病，但她从未成功地得到允许 (get
permission) 呆在家里。
used to do
I used to get up early.
be / become / get used to n./doing
I'm used to getting up early.
'We'll get used to that, Bill,' said the vicar.
Life is not fair, get used to it.
— Bill Gates
be accustomed to (doing) sth.
For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at
home, the change to the Alps must have been very hard indeed.
strike the hours 钟打点报时
It would strike twelve in twenty minutes.
ever since: adv. / prep. / conj. 从那以后，一直……(用完成时）
There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with
food.
You know how she feels about you. It's been the same way ever since we were kids.
造句：过去日夜辛苦工作的老王两年前下岗 (be laid off) 了，从那以后就变得懒了。
wake (up): vi & vt. 醒了; 唤醒…

The doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead.
go / get to sleep fall asleep
toss and turn
I was tossing and turning all night.
insomnia
He suffered from insomnia.
sit up stay up
He sat up all night, preparing for the exam.
night owl He is a night owl.
start n. 激灵（由于恐惧或惊讶身体突然的一动）
wake (up) with a start
She woke from the dream with a start.
with + 名词作状语修饰谓语动词
The officer went through the case with great care.
Then I added with a smile.
His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease.
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Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock, …
When he looked at his watch, he saw that it was one o’clock.
非谓语 (doing; done; to do) 作状语时，一般情况下其隐含的主语应该与主句主语保持一致。
Looking at his watch, it was one o’clock. X
before 的译法
强调主句的时间很长时,译为才
It will be a long time before we meet again.
强调主句的时间很短时,译为就
I hadn’t waited long before he came.
arm sb. with sth.
Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower …
sb. carry sth.
Carrying a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower ..
go on v. 发生（多用进行时表示正在发生的事）
What’s going on here?
happen occur
come up come about
take place
The funeral will take place on Monday.
strike
Most people were fast asleep when the earthquake struck.
ensue
I objected to his advice and a heated argument ensued.
coincide (with …)
When I came, he was just about to leave.
My arrival coincided with his departure.
catch sight of …
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catch a glimpse of …
glimpse …
A farm worker, who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the
moonlight.
One of the most colorful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764.
recognize … as …
I recognized her as one of my classmates.
grocer grocery
this year last year
s +j=ʃ
this year Bless you. I promise you.
t + j = tʃ
last year don’t you won’t you statue
d + j = dʒ
did you would you graduate credulous
z +j= ʒ
May I use your book? How’s your father?
“疑问词+ever ”有两个含义
1.表示 “无论…”
2. 表示 “到底…”
whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever ...
Wherever did you go yesterday?
When ever am I going to see you again?
on earth
What on earth has happened to trouble you so?
in the world
What in the world are you doing here at seven in the morning?
in God’s / heaven’s name
What in God's name was that huge bang?
Where in heaven's name have you been?
the hell
What the hell was that noise?
How the hell are we going to do that?
have been doing
现在完成进行时
表示持续性的动作一直到现在，而且还有可能继续下去。
night after night
night by night
every night
one night after another
day after day
day by day
every day
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one day after another
Oceans apart, day after day, and I slowly go insane.
for weeks 好几周了
for hours 好几小时了
for months 好几个月了
for years 好几年了
for centuries 好几百年了
was / were hoping … 表达一种试探性的，委婉的语气。
I was hoping you could marry me.
强调肯定式 (emphatic positive)
在肯定句和祈使句中，在谓语动词前加上助动词 do 以加强语气。只用于一般现在时 (do, does)
和一般过去时 (did) 中。
I do need a car.
He does speak English well.
So you did come after all.
Come in. Do come in.
Shut up! Do shut up!
as well …也…
as well as …
除了…之外, …也…
You’ve probably woken up everyone in the village as well as me.
still 尽管如此，还是 …
nevertheless
nonetheless
all the same
just the same
The girl is not beautiful.
Still, I like her very much.
Nevertheless / nonetheless / all the same / just the same, I like her very much.
Still, I’m glad (that) the bell is working again.
形容词补足语
…, but I’m afraid (that) at one o’clock it will strike thirteen times and there is nothing I can do
about it.
there is nothing I can do about it
对此我无能为力
The telephone is out of order, and there is nothing I can do about it.
I know you are not satisfied, but there is nothing I can do about it.
We apologize for this, but there is nothing we can do about it.
as good as: almost 几乎……；和……差不多
The injured man is as good as dead.
Everything is as good as settled.
As far as I could see, it needed only a minor adjustment: a turn of a screw here, a little tightening
up there, a drop of oil and it would be as good as new.
be not one’s cup of tea
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Swimming is not my cup of tea.
Mountain hiking is not my cup of tea.
make tea
make water
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archaeologist
archeologist
[ɑ:ki'ɒlədʒi]
n. 考古学家
archaeology / archeology
“arch(a)” = ancient
archaic
archaic words
archaic civilizations
“(o)logy” = to study -ist“人”
archaeology archaeologist
biology biologist
geology geologist
psychology psychologist
physiology physiologist
anthropology anthropologist
prosperous ['prɒspərəs]
adj.（经济上）繁荣的
a prosperous country / businessman
prosperity economic prosperity
We’ll keep the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong at any cost.
One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean
of material prosperity.
prosper
A company can’t prosper without investment.
thrive / flourish
A company can’t thrive / flourish without investment.
plants that thrive / flourish in tropical rainforests
a thriving / flourishing tourist industry
storey / story ['stɔ:rɪ]
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n. 楼层
storey  storeys
story  stories
a two-story house
The house is two stories high.
a multi-story parking lot
floor
sacred ['seɪkrɪd]
adj. 宗教的；神圣的
a sacred holiday
sacred music
Mecca is a sacred place.
Holy
holy water
a holy war
blessed
the Blessed Virgin Mary
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It is more blessed to give than to receive.
divine
To err is human,to forgive divine.
凡人多舛误
唯神能见宥
— Alexander Pope
remains [rɪ'meɪnz]
n. 遗物，遗迹，废墟
the remains of a meal
the remains of ancient Rome
His remains are buried in the churchyard.
the rest of sth.
the remainder of sth.
the rest of the semester
= the remainder of the semester
what is left of sth.
what remains of sth.
Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of
the cake.
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It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry Taylor, he
went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of
medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle's.
classical ['klæ sikəl]
adj. 古代（希腊和罗马）文化的
classical studies
classical music
classic
a classic novel
electric an electric light / razor
electrical electrical failure
historic a historic moment
historical historical records
economic economic policy
economical an economical car
politic a politic decision
political political asylum
rest [rest]
v. 倚放，放置
Her elbows rested on the table.
She rested her head against a cushion.
rest on / upon
Columbus’ decision to sail west rests on his belief that the world is round.
be based / founded on / upon
depend on / upon
rely on / upon
Don’t always depend on others. You should learn to rely on yourself.
While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many
journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to
rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
make a discovery (of…)
discover
make an interesting discovery (of …)
use
make use of …
make the best use of…
He made the best use of his talent.
describe
make a vivid description of …
investigate
make a thorough investigation of …
summarize
make a comprehensive summary of …
24
analyze
make a detailed analysis of …
Some time ago, archaeologists made an interesting discovery on the Aegean island of Kea.
A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship's captain instructing him to
give up the search.
the city of Beijing
the promontory of Ayia Irini
the tiny village of Perachora
the famous monastery of St. Bernard
the novel of Three Kingdoms X
the novel entitled Three Kingdoms
the movie entitled Da Vinci Code
the man named / called Vincent
an American team of archaeologists
Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.

The Monument to the People’s Heroes stands in the center of Tian’anmen Square.
sit
The house sits on top of a hill overlooking the town.
lie
The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was founded in the 11 th century, lies about a mile
away.
25
promontory (headland): a long narrow area of high land that sticks out into the sea
cape: a very large piece of land sticking out into the sea
at one time = once

The city at one time must have seen / known prosperity.
enjoy good health
26
enjoy a high standard of living
The garments are magnificent and tasteful and have long enjoyed great fame both at home and
abroad.
be blessed with …
They were blessed with two children, a boy and a girl.
be endowed with …
She is endowed with both brains and beauty.
happiness.
boast
There is a lot of beautiful scenery in China.
China boasts a lot of beautiful scenery.
a girl with blue eyes
a mug with a broken handle
decorate
a vastly improved method
a much acclaimed novel
equip A with B
be equipped with …
equipment
The classrooms are equipped with modern multimedia teaching equipment.
a great many (of ) …
a great number of …
a great amount / deal of …
beneath / underneath  on
under  over
below  above
The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth
century B.C. until Roman times.
be used as …
The wooden box is used as a seat.
27
act / serve / function as …
The wooden box acts / serves / functions as a seat.
B.C. (BC): Before Christ
A.D. (AD): Anno Domini
in modern / recent / ancient / prehistoric times
in times of …
in times of peace / war
In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a
city-state …
age
the Ice Age
the Stone Age
the modern age
the computer age
era / epoch
the steam-engine era / epoch
the end of an era / epoch
His death marked the end of an era.
the beginning of a new era / epoch
It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.
The foundation of the People’s Republic of China marked the beginning of a new era.
t + j = tʃ
don’t you
won’t you
last year
next year
situation
represent
stand for
Honey, this gold ring stands for / represents my love for you.
on behalf of ...
Premier Li Keqiang delivered a speech on behalf of the Chinese government during the meeting.
Premier Li Keqiang delivered a speech on behalf of the Chinese government during the meeting.
28
Premier Li Keqiang delivered a speech representing / standing for the Chinese government during
the meeting.
date from …
date back to …
can be traced back to …
造句：丝绸之路 (the Silk Road) 的繁荣可以追溯到遥远的汉朝。
The prosperity of the Silk Road dates from / dates back to / can be traced back to the distant Han
Dynasty.
happen to do
sth. happen to sb.
A car accident happened to him.
happen to do
it happen that …
We happened to take the same train.
It happened that we took the same train.
chance to do
it chance that …
We chanced to take the same train.
It chanced that we took the same train.
by chance by accident
accidentally
We took the same train by chance / by accident / accidentally.
as it happen
As it happened, we took the same train.
W: I don’t imagine you would have time to help me with this.

M: As it happens, I would.
Answer: (B) He can help the woman.
as luck would have it
As luck would have it, we took the same train.
29
W: You do look cold. What happened?
M: I've been standing outside in Arctic temperature for over an hour waiting for a bus.
W: Over an hour, but I thought your apartment was only a ten-minute bus ride to campus.
M: Under normal conditions, but the bus was delayed because of the weather and when I
stepped into a drugstore to call home for a ride, the bus went by. As luck would have it, there was
no one at home, so I had to wait another forty five minutes for the next bus.
W:That's Murphy's law, isn't it. What was it said “If anything can go wrong, it will.” Well, we still
get twenty minutes to gather our wits together.
W: You do look cold. What happened?
M: I've been standing outside in Arctic temperature for over an hour waiting for a bus.
W: Over an hour, but I thought your apartment was only a ten-minute bus ride to campus.
M: Under normal conditions, but the bus was delayed because of the weather and when I
stepped into a drugstore to call home for a ride, the bus went by. As luck would have it, there was
no one at home, so I had to wait another forty five minutes for the next bus.
W: That's Murphy's law, isn't it. What was it said "If anything can go wrong, it will.” Well, we still
get twenty minutes to gather our wits together.
preserve
preserve one’s eyesight / food
conserve
conserve wildlife / resources
reserve
Reserve your energy for the climb tomorrow.
All Rights Reserved
I reserve the right to disagree.
reserve a table for 2
30
nervous
anxious
surprise
astonish
He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woolen goods.
amaze
astound
The police were astounded when Mrs. Ramsay told them what she had done.
turn out to be
prove (to be)
Eric’s girlfriend turned out to be his half-sister.
an interesting-looking carved dagger
hard-working
easy-going
The tower stands 15 meters (high).
weigh
The boy weighs 50 kilos.
measure
Her hands rested on her hips.

Her face rested on her hands.
despite in spite of
notwithstanding
though although
even though while
in spite of the fact that …
despite the fact that …
Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would
soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance.
如何写出引人入胜的叙事类文章？
制造悬念(有趣发现)→层层深入,迫近主题(古城→庙宇→殿堂→神像)→揭示谜底,故事高潮
(身首异处,摩登女郎)→尾声,意犹未尽(身份未知)
31
Lesson 4 The double life of Alfred Bloggs
manual ['mæ njuəl]

adj. 体力的
manual work / labor

反义：mental or spiritual?
mental work / labor
spiritual material
“man(u)” = hand
manufacture
biscuit manufacturers
soap manufacturers
manacle manuscript
emancipate
emancipate slaves
the emancipation of women
the Emancipation Proclamation
collar ['kɒlə(r)]
n. 衣领
collar
32
above
Hi, buddy! much
I love you, honey. color
The color of the collar is white.
white-collar workers
blue-collar workers
The policeman collared the thief.
tie tie a tie sigh a sigh
wish a wish
I wished a wish on the star.
dream a dream
die a glorious death
breathe one’s last breath
sacrifice ['sæ krɪfaɪs]
v. 牺牲，献出
sacrifice … for …
Many women sacrifice their careers for their families.
Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the
privilege of becoming white-collar workers.
Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice holiday time for the pleasure of travelling by sea.
give up abandon
abandon ship renounce
renounce smoking and drinking
cede
Hong Kong was ceded to Britain after the Opium War.
privilege ['prɪvəlɪdʒ]
n. 特权，特殊的好处
enjoy a privilege abuse a privilege
Education is a right, not a privilege.
have the privilege to do …
Today, I have the privilege to speak at this important international forum on behalf of the Chinese
government.
33
corporation [kɔ:pə'reɪʃn]
n. 公司
multinational corporation
company firm
business concern
enterprise
foreign funded enterprise
joint-venture enterprise
state-owned enterprise (SOE)
private enterprise
township enterprise
These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in
offices.
these days today nowadays
in those days
In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.
receive money
make money
earn money
far / much / even / still / yet …
slightly / a little / a bit …
造句：现如今，在娱乐界 (the entertainment field) 工作的人挣的钱往往比在教育行业 (the
education sector) 工作的人多得多。
These days, people who work in the entertainment field often receive far more money than
people who toil in the education sector.
People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white-collar workers’ for the simple
reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
anadiplosis 顶真；连珠
一生二二生三三生万物
地法天天法道道法自然
天下文章数三江三江文章数鄙乡
鄙乡文章数进士进士跟我学文章
34
Our grief has turned to anger, and anger to resolution.
For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes words, and words a letter.
If you dream it, you can do it;
if you do it, you can love it;
if you love it, you can enjoy it;
if you enjoy it, you can make it.
refer to …: 提到……; 谈及……
= mention … / speak of …
Please don’t refer to this matter again.
refer to A as B
call A B
… and others will call him ‘Mr. Bloggs’, not Alf.
address A as B
Elizabeth: This is my father, Paul Stevens. Dad, this is Ross Geller.
Ross: It’s great to meet you Paul.
Paul: I usually prefer Elizabeth’s boyfriends to address me as Mr. Stevens.
Ross: Of course, of course, Mr. Stevens.
know A as B
He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto.
Because of this, they were known as ‘prizefighters’.
He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.
for the reason that …

because of the fact that …
due to the fact that …
on account of the fact that …
= because …
in spite of the fact that …
despite the fact that …
= although …
soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance.
造句：大熊猫常常被称为活化石 (living fossil)，只不过因为它们在世界上已经生存了两亿多
年了。
Giant pandas are frequently referred to as ‘living fossils’ for the simple reason that they have
lived on earth for over 200 million years.
35
nature n. 本性、天性
Excuse me, nature calls.
He is kind by nature.
Such is human nature that …
It is human nature that …
Such is human nature that we all love to get something for nothing.
Such is human nature that we don’t treasure what we have until we lose it.
Human nature is such that a great many people …
The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are
paid for at a shop.
Such are the conditions of society that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are
paid for at a shop.
be willing to do
I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay ￡5.
be ready to do
If your order is large enough we are ready to reduce our prices by 5%.
be prepared to do
Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of
living in the country is beyond me.
be unwilling to do
be reluctant to do
Though he was reluctant to do so at first, we eventually persuaded him to take us.
for the privilege of …
This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a
dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
give rise to sth. (fml.) 导致……
The president’s absence gave rise to speculations about his health.
cause effect result in
36
bring about lead to
contribute to account for
in the case of ...
in case of ...
in the event of ...
In case of / In the event of bad weather, the wedding will be held indoors.
I work as an English teacher for New Oriental School.
Thank you very much for having offered me such a golden opportunity to work as an editor for
Designs & Fashions, a best-selling magazine renowned for its extraordinary quality and taste.
观点+例证
….（观点）, as it did / does in the case of … who …
This can cause curious situations. Alfred Bloggs was an example. He worked …
造句: 压力 (stress) 会导致精神上的一些疾病 (mental diseases), 正如在通用汽车公司
(General Motors) 工作的工程师 Mike Johnson 身上发生的情况一样。
Stress can give rise to mental diseases, as it did in the case of Mike Johnson who worked as an
engineer for General Motors.
get married marry sb.
be married to sb.
The girl was married to me.
The girl was engaged to me.
be (dressed) in …
He was (dressed) in a smart black suit.
sb. wear sth.
He left home wearing a smart black suit.
Suit
(A) Take a lot of money.

(B) Go to a different restaurant.
(C) Don't invite John.
(D) Wear different clothes.
W: I'm taking John to that fancy new restaurant tonight.
M: You can't go like that. You'd better change.
37
Q: What does the man advise?
Answer: (D) Wear different clothes.
change (out of…) (into …)
You’d better change out of the red jacket into a blue one.
spend … on sth. / (in) doing
I spent a lot of money on food.
I spent a lot of time on homework.
I spent a lot of time (in) learning English.
I spent my summer vacation in Hainan Province.
I treasured every minute I spent with your family.
After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.
Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call
before being taken to the station.
After having been wounded towards the end of the war, he had been sent to hospital and was
separated from his unit.
fellow dustmen
fellow actors
fellow students
fellow citizens
fellow Chinese / Americans …
The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from
effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even,
often enough, in other departments of the same firm.
We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied
psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens.
And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for
your country.
— John F. Kennedy
workmate colleague associate
One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many
performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart.
38
Alf's wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just
found another job.
我过去是，现在是，将来也会是你的朋友。
I was, am and will be your friend.
will be doing 表达一种可预见性
Professor Wang will be taking charge of our department next Monday.
He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth
the loss of money.
He will be earning only half as much as he used to (earn), …
英语中表达倍数的三种方式
1. A is … times as … as B
2. A is … times the amount (the number, the size, the length, the width/breadth, the height,
the value, the price, etc.) of B
3. A is … times 比较级 than B
他的工资是我的三倍。
His salary is three times as much as mine.
His salary is three times the amount of mine.
His salary is twice more than mine.
这个箱子是那个箱子四倍大。
The box is four times as big as that one.
The box is four times the size of that one.
The box is three times bigger than that one.
The day when Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games is worth being celebrated. X
The day when Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games is worth celebration /
celebrating. √
The day when Beijing won the right to host the 2008 Olympic Games is worthy of celebration / to
be celebrated. √
call sb. names
Stop calling my father names
39
Lesson 5 The facts
editor ['edɪtə(r)]
n. 编辑
editor of …
the editor of the Washington Post
editors of newspapers and magazines
chief editor = editor in chief
edit
Janet edited books for a variety of publishers.
Her original text has been heavily edited.
edition
a paperback / hard-cover / de luxe edition
the first edition
a revised edition
in its sixth edition
editorial
(A) At a book store.
(B) At an art museum.
(C) At a newspaper office.
(D) At a gymnasium.
M: Mary is in charge of the art and music section; and Charles the sports page. What are you?
W: I’m responsible for the editorials.
Q: Where does the woman work?
Answer: (C) At a newspaper office.
(A) Find the newspaper editor.
(B) Find a job working as a reporter.
(C) Stay awake for the midnight news program.
(D) Prepare an editorial for this week's newspaper.
M: What are you working on so diligently?
W: An editorial for the newspaper. If I miss the midnight deadline, it won't be printed until next
week.
Q: What is the woman trying to do?
40
Answer: (D) Prepare an editorial for this week's newspaper.
(A) Looking in the library card catalog.
(B) Studying for an exam.
(C) Reading the newspaper.
(D) Exercising in the gym.
M: Would you pass me the sports section, please?
W: Sure. If you give me the classified ads and editorial section.
Q: What are the people doing?
Answer: (C) Reading the newspaper.
extreme [ɪk'stri:m]
n. 极端
go to extremes
Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with
unimportant facts and statistics.
This is a rare occurrence as our climate seldom goes to extremes.
from one extreme to the other
In terms of healthy eating I go from one extreme to the other.
between two extremes
The public's views on genetic engineering seem to range between two extremes.
extreme adj.
Extreme poverty still exists in many rural areas.
It is necessary to use extreme care / caution with chemicals.
Force is only justified in extreme circumstances.
extremely adv.
be extremely difficult / important / useful / complicated / pleased / grateful …
Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is
extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.
But I was extremely pleased with myself. I had traced the cause of the trouble.
journalist ['dʒɜ:nəlɪst]
n. 记者
reporter columnist
correspondent
our Middle East correspondent
Our correspondent in South Africa sent this report.
a war / sports / education / political correspondent
journalism
a career in journalism
I plan to study journalism at college.
I see under “activities” that you’ve been writing for the school paper. Yes, sir. What kinds of
articles have you written? All kinds―sports, editorials, theater reviews. You name it, I’ve written
it. Hmmm. Well, have you ever thought of becoming a journalist? A professional writer? Not until
recently. Michigan has a fine School of Journalism. Yes, I know that. You seem to have some
reservations. I'm a little uncertain.
publish ['pʌblɪʃ]
41
v. 出版
This book is published by Oxford University Press.
publisher
publishing
She chose publishing as a career.
the press
the freedom of the press
In democratic countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned.
issue
A new series of stamps will be issued to commemorate the event.
go to press
Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press.
pirate
pirated CDs / books / software
impatient [ɪm'peɪʃnt]
adj. 不耐烦的
become / get / grow impatient (with sb. / sth.)
Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press.
We are growing impatient with the lack of results.
be impatient to do sth.
Many graduates are impatient to become managers.
She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she was
impatient to try it on.
be eager / anxious / itching / dying / desperate to do …
can’t wait to do …
impatience patience patient
fire ['faɪə(r)]
v. 解雇
fire / dismiss sb. from …
I've just been fired from my job, and I don't know what to do.
She claims she was unfairly dismissed from her post.
42
The poor girl was dismissed instantly.
lose one’s job
Many people won't complain about pay and conditions because they're terrified of losing their
jobs.
lay off
Millions of people have been laid off in the steel industry.
laid-off workers
suspend
The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out.
depose
King Charles I was deposed from the English throne in 1646.
originally [ə'rɪdʒənəli]
adv. 最初，以前，原来
originally adv. in the beginning, before other things happened or before things changed
The building was originally used as a prison.
His novels were originally published in serial form in a magazine.
(A) It was not very good.
(B) It will continue the following week.
(C) The woman probably won't attend it.
(D) There will be two seminars instead of four.
W: The seminar originally scheduled for today has been cancelled.
M: Too bad, but it'll still be on for next week, isn't it?
Q: What does the man assume about the seminar?
Answer: (B) It will continue the following week.
at the beginning / start
She was nervous at the beginning but she settled down as she got further into her speech.
at first / initially
They offered her the job, initially on a temporary basis but later as a full member of the staff.
to start with / to begin with
Even children who are healthy to begin with wouldn't survive long in these terrible conditions.
origin
All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things.
We must conclude from the work of those who have studied the origin of life, that given a planet
only approximately like our own, life is almost certain to start.
original
the original meaning of the word
At the Stewart family home on Linden Street yesterday, a group of caring Riverdale citizens
gathered to plan the refurbishing of the old library, to transform it into a new community center.
The original plan by the council was tabled because of lack of funds. The new plan needs you.
original
the original meaning of the word
a highly original design
originality
A lot of his designs lack originality.
43
a young writer of great originality
go to extremes to do sth. 过分地……，在某方面走极端
造句：女孩子常常在减肥方面走极端。
Girls often go to extremes to lose weight.
造句：有些父母常常过分地满足孩子的需要。
Some parents often go to extremes to satisfy the needs of their children.
造句：阿尔弗雷德·布洛格斯过分地追求 (seek) 成为白领工人的特权。
Alfred Bloggs went to extremes to seek the privilege of becoming a white-collar worker.
provide sb. with sth.
provide sth. for sb.
If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide
you with the best that life can offer.
Colleges provide accommodation for all first-year undergraduate students.
offer sb. sth.
offer sth. to sb.
They offered him a very good job, but he turned it down.
The drama school offers places to students who can show talent.
unimportant: trivial; trifling; insignificant
facts and statistics
fruit and vegetables
fur and feather / birds and beasts
bed and board / food and shelter
food, shelter, clothing and transportation
造句：某些网站常常过份地给访问者提供令人眼花缭乱的大量的信息。
Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information they
will have.
Some websites often go to extremes to provide their visitors with a bewildering amount of
information.
instruct sb. in sth.
I instruct a class in history. instructor
instruct / direct sb. to do
I have been instructed by the company to offer you a refund.
The judge directed the defendant to remain silent.
order sb. to do
The policeman ordered the motorist to stop.
command sb. to do
The officer commanded his men to open fire.
Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the
president's palace in a new African republic.
Some time ago, and interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of
Kea.
44
give up the search.
article on / about sth. (by sb.)
an article on / about education by Mr. Smith
The card arrived on my birthday.
A letter came for you this morning.
造句：当 Jane 收到信时，读完第一句话就哭了。
When the letter came / arrived, Jane read the first sentence and then cried.
The article began: 'Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's
palace'.
dozens of / scores of / hundreds of / thousands of / millions of + 复数名词
tens of thousands of / hundreds of thousands of + 复数名词
thousands upon thousands of + 复数名词
lead to …
All roads lead to Rome.
The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain.
This led to yet another angry argument.
surround
Needless to say our house is now surrounded by a jungle.
Looking up I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as
we ate.
surrounding
Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for
heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well.
The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps
and the height of the wall.
send sb. a fax / a letter / an email / a card
get / receive a fax / a letter / an email / a card from …
find out: get information
She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could no get his arm out.
造句：这位经理立刻给他的秘书发了一封 email，要求她了解一下即将出席会议的确切人数。
The manager at once sent his secretary an email instructing her to find out the exact number of
the people who will attend the meeting.
set out: to start a journey, especially a long journey
Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England.
set out to do sth. begin a job, task, etc with a particular aim or goal
Dimitri at once set out to find the thief.
True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves.
45
I went on an excursion recently, but my trip took me longer than I expected.
Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time.
It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.
I took just ten minutes to solve that problem.
He always takes so long to eat his breakfast.
spend … on sth. / (in) doing sth.
I argued that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning I would keep my
mind fresh for reading when I got home from work.
One, to my certain knowledge, spent nine months on a novel about Kashmir, then reset the
whole thing in the Scottish Highlands.
造句：这位秘书立刻着手核实 (verify) 这些重要的事实，但是她花了很长时间才完成。
The secretary immediately set out to verify these important facts, but she took a long time to
finish it.
meanwhile at the same time
(in the) meantime
I continued working. Meantime, he went out shopping.
It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the
lorry-driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles.
one more … = another …
two more … = another two …
In another two weeks it'll be finished.
= In two more weeks it'll be finished.
He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired.
yet / still one more / another / bigger …
yet / still one more example
He's given us yet / still more work to do.
Inflation had risen to a yet / still higher level.
(A) The train will be overheated when it arrives.
(B) It is too hot to wait any longer.
(C) They are going to be late again.
(D) They will have to schedule another dinner.
M: They said the train won't arrive until nine.
W: Well, what that boils down to is yet another delay in our schedule.
Q: What does the woman mean?
Answer: (C) They are going to be late again.
inform sb. of sth.
inform sb. that …
in that … but / except that …
造句：绑匪 (kidnapper) 又寄了一封匿名信 (anonymous letter)，通知老太太如果她报警，她
就再也看不到她儿子了。
The kidnapper sent yet another anonymous letter informing the old lady that if she called the
police she would never see her son again.
46
reluctantly = unwillingly
I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room.
The country was drawn unwillingly into the war.
造句：当再一次未能得到签证 (visa) 时，我们不情愿地按照原计划在国内旅行 (go on a
domestic journey)。
When we again failed to get visas, we reluctantly went on a domestic journey as it had originally
been planned.
Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
not only … but also …
not only … but …
not only … but … as well
This hobby educates one not only in the chosen subject, but also in general matters which have
some bearing on it.
At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was
regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen water-tight compartments.
These days, advertisers not only offer free samples but free cars, free houses, and free trips
round the world as well.
部分倒装
只把助动词，be 动词(之前没有其他助动词)或情态动词置于主语之前。
1、否定词位于句首（如：not only, not until, neither, nor, never, hardly, barely, scarcely, few, little,
rarely, seldom, under no circumstances, in no way, …）。
Nor is the city without its moments of beauty.
Neither was I surprised when the train stopped at Widley, a tiny station a few miles along the
line.
Never have I seen such a good movie.
Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.
Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.
2、“only + 状语” 位于句首。
Only then did he realize that he was mistaken.
Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.
Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother will it learn how to swim.
Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had
all been the victims of a hoax.
3、such, so, well, often, many a time 等表示程度、频率的副词位于句首。
So great is our passion for doing things for ourselves, that we are becoming increasingly less
dependent on specialized labour.
Well did I know him and well did he know me.
often did it snow there.
Many a time has he given me good advice.
造句：你不但吓了我一跳，而且可能把村子里所有人都吵醒了。
47
Not only did you give me a surprise, but you've probably woken up everyone in the village as
well.
造句：不但有几个人抱怨说在夜里听见了“像猫一样的噪音”，而且一位钓鱼途中的商人还
看见那只美洲狮在树上。
Not only did several people complain of ‘cat-like noises’ at night, but a businessman on a fishing
trip saw the puma up a tree as well.
However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had
been arrested while counting the 1,084 steps [leading to the fifteen-foot wall (which surrounded
the president's palace)].
状语从句的省略。
状语从句中如果满足以下两个条件：
1. 状语从句的主语与主句主语一致。
2. 状语从句的谓语包含 be 动词。
则可同时省略状语从句的主语和其后的 be 动词。
Metals expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.
 Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.
Francis Preston Blair Jr., although he was born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
 Francis Preston Blair Jr., although born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had
been arrested while (he had been) counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which
surrounded the president's palace.
造句：来自于伦敦动物园的专家最终打了一个电话，在电话中他通知动物园说，这只美洲狮
在正从一座古庙逃跑的时候被抓住了，这座古庙位于距离伦敦几乎有一百英里远的一座 200
米高的小山上。
The expert from London Zoo had at last made a telephone call in which he informed the zoo that
the puma had been caught while escaping from an ancient temple standing on a 200-meter hill
which was almost 100 miles from London.
48
LESSON 6
smash-and-grab
[smæ ʃ-ən-'ɡræb]
n. 砸橱窗抢劫
smash-and-grab n. a kind of robbery in which the robbers break the shop window and steal the
goods on display
smash
smash the window
The glass smashed into small bits.
We’re determined to smash terrorism.
smash the Gang of Four
shatter
shatter the window
The glass shattered into small bits.
When I’m in your arms
Nothing seems to matter
My whole world could shatter
I don’t care
—Phil Collins
shatter one’s dream / hope / confidence …

Peter’s comments shattered the boy’s confidence.
grab
A mugger grabbed her handbag as she was walking across the park.
seize
As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill.
jewellery / jewelry
['dʒu:əlri]
n. 珠宝（总称）
a piece of jewelry
two pieces of jewelry
She has a lot of beautiful jewelries. X
She has a lot of beautiful jewelry. √
She has a lot of beautiful jewels. √
jewel  jewelry / jewellery
scene  scenery
machine  machinery
weapon  weaponry
poem  poetry
novel  fiction
myth  mythology
leaf  foliage
table / chair …  furniture
pen / pencil …  stationery
49
trunk / suitcase …  luggage / baggage
staff [stɑ:f] / [stæf]
n. 全体工作人员
The hospital’s medical staff is / are excellent.
teaching staff
engineering staff
domestic staff
Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never
allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to
please.
Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many
Valley firms.
staff
cast
crew
faculty
audience
英语记叙文 (narrative) 的要点
1：五个 W 一个 R (when, where, who, why, what and result)
2：目的明确，线索清晰，描写生动，详略得当，句式多变。
expensive shops / hotels
Mary is an expensive girl. She eats like a horse.
a fancy / luxury car
a fancy / luxury hotel
arcade 17-Arch Bridge
Arch of Triumph
50
The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on.
Archway
around … close to …
in the neighborhood of …
in the vicinity of …
off …
I rent an apartment off campus.
(A) She needs help finding a place to live.
(B) There aren't enough rooms available in the dormitories.
(C) She can't afford to live on campus.
(D) She doesn't want to live in university housing.
M: Will you be living in the dormitory this year?
W: Not if I can help it. I've been thinking of renting an apartment off campus with some friends of
mine.
Q: What does the woman imply?
Answer: (D) She doesn't want to live in university housing.
Piccadilly
造句: 在朝阳区建国门外大街上高档的国贸商城 (China World Shopping Mall) 刚刚开始营业。

The expensive China World Shopping Mall on / at the JianGuoMenWai Avenue in Chaoyang
District was just opening.
empty an empty truck empty streets
the jeweler's the grocer’s
the tailor’s the baker’s
the butcher's the barber’s
the stationer’s the chemist’s
51
We spent the weekend at Mr. Green’s (house).
He graduated from St. John’s (University).
Joe lives near St. Paul’s (Cathedral) in London.
I admire her courage.
I am admiring her beauty.
gaze at …
After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop.
an assistant manager
(shop) assistant
(shop) clerk
had been doing
过去完成进行时
表示持续性的动作一直做到过去的某时，而且还有可能继续下去。
Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model.
The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home.
The Karen had been sailing in a convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy
submarine.
People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been
dreaming.
only just adv. not long ago / before 刚刚
We've only just arrived.
I've only just moved to London.
People were leaving and I'd only just arrived.
We arranged the chairs in a semicircle.
His books are neatly arranged in alphabetical order.
He gazed at the belle.
He stared at the belle.
He gaped at the belle.
The belle glared at him.
文似看山不喜平。
为人贵直,而作诗文者贵曲。
— 袁枚《随园诗话》
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its home blaring,
roared down the arcade.
独立主格
(with) + n. + 非谓语 (doing / done / to do, 其中 being 常省略), 在句中常作状语或定语。
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn
blaring, roared down the arcade.
One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings (being) over their faces
jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
…, and at this point, according to my father, I should be looking at farms and cottages in a valley,
with the spire of the church of our village showing in the far distance.
Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time
(being) for boredom.
52
It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or
killed.
Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken.
In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his
readers with a series of coincidences—most of them wildly improbable.
The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat tied to a tree
on a short length of rope in a field nearby.
it is quite reasonable to regard the sea floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with,
superimposed upon it, the continents, together with the islands and other features of the oceans.
it is quite reasonable to regard the sea floor as the basic form of the crust of the earth, with the
continents, together with the islands and other features of the oceans superimposed upon it.
He came in and carried a book.
He came in carrying a book.
He came in and a book was in his hand.
He came in (with) a book (being) in his hand.
The ______ of airplane engines announced a coming air raid.
A. roar B. exclamation
C. whistle D. scream
造句：宁静突然被打破，一个凶恶的家伙(a tough guy)，瞪着眼睛拿着枪，闯进了(break into)
银行。
The silence was suddenly broken when a tough guy, with his eyes glaring and a gun in his hand,
broke into the bank.
come to a stop / halt = stop / halt
Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt.
come to a stop / halt = stop / halt
come to an end = end
come to a close = close
come to a decision = decide
come to a conclusion = conclude
One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stocking over their faces jumped out
and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars.
He must be over 60, while / whereas his wife looks about 30.
While she is a likable girl, she can be extremely difficult to work with.
While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are
deprived of the necessities of life.
While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to
rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood
that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
at the same time
meanwhile
(in the) meantime
53
Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, ……
It began to rain.
During the journey, the boat began to sink.
The boy went running to meet him.
The girl came bouncing to tell me the news.
be busy doing sth.
be busy with sth.
They are busy preparing for the wedding.
They are busy with preparations for the wedding.
be too busy doing sth. to do sth.
He was too busy working to notice us come in.
be up to one’s neck / ears / eyes in …
He is up to his ears in work.
(A) She wants to check the weather before deciding.
(B) She has a problem with her hearing.
(C) She’d enjoy coming to dinner another time.
(D) She wants the man to help her with some work.
M: Can you come over for dinner tonight?
W: I’m up to my ears in work, so I’ll have to take a rain check.
Answer: (C) She’d enjoy coming to dinner another time.
be wrapped up in …
be absorbed in …
be immersed in …
He is totally immersed in the novel.
In the new country he became absorbed in making a new life for the two of us, so that he
gradually ceased to grieve.
help oneself to sth.
Help yourself to a beer.
They helped themselves to the farmer’s apples.
The birds covered the distance in three minutes.
As the burning plane landed, the terrified passengers scrambled for the door.
1. speed 做不可数名词时，与 at, with 搭配均可
e.g. at / with great speed
2. speed 做可数名词时，只能与 at 搭配
e.g. at a speed of 60 mph
Just as it was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it
was impossible to stop the thieves.
run after chase
Instead of studying, he wastes his time chasing girls.
pursue
The thief ran across the field, with an officer pursuing him.
金钱 + worth of + 物品
one billion dollars worth of merchandise
54
fifty pence worth of trouble
Ross: Well, how was the date?
Rachel: Well I’m alone and I just bought fifteen dollars worth of candy bars, what do you think?
I just bought 50 yuan worth of groceries.
55
Lesson 7 Mutilated ladies
mutilate ['mju:tɪleɪt]
v. 使残缺不全
He was mutilated in a car accident and lost one arm.
The painting has been mutilated by a boy.
maim
One man has lost his life; another has been maimed.
paralyze
The accident left him paralyzed from the waist down.
cripple
disable
the disabled
the handicapped
the physically challenged
the mentally challenged
the horizontally challenged
the vertically challenged
chew [tʃu:]
v. 咀嚼
(A) He spilled it on the table.
(B) You have an aspirin, don't you?
(C) You can sit on the pillow.
(D) Swallow this tablet.
Here, take this pill, and don’t chew it.
Answer: (D) Swallow this tablet.
bite
bite off more than one can chew
swallow gobble devour
the cake.
nibble
Eagles catch snakes that gobble toads that swallow insects that nibble green leaves.
fiancé [fɪ'ɑ:nseɪ]
n. 未婚夫
56
fiancé fiancée
husband-to-be bride-to-be
groom / bridegroom bride
bridesmaid maid of honor
groomsman best man
newlyweds happy couple
Armed with the right tools and materials, newlyweds gaily embark on the task of decorating their
own homes.
oven ['ʌvn]
n. 炉灶
crowave oven Michael Owen
Stove gas cooker
Fireplace furnace
57
spokeswoman
['spəuksˌwumən]
n. 女发言人
spokeswoman
spokesman
spokesperson
chairman
chairwoman
chairperson
(A) He thought Dr. Jeffries would get the job.
(B) He's not sure Dr. Jeffries will be a good chairperson.
(C) He doesn't know Dr. Jeffries very well.
(D) He thought it took too long to make the decision.
W: The dean just announced that Dr. Jeffries is going to take over as Chairperson of the English
Dept.
M: I knew it all along. He was the obvious choice.
What does the man mean?
Answer: (A) He thought Dr. Jeffries would get the job.
dead presidents
58
happen to do
sth. happen to sb. come up
Has it ever come up to you?
sth. occur to sb.
A car accident happened to him.
A good idea occurred to me.
remember / recall / recollect sth.
remind sb. of sth.
We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass
if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for
producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how
much more would a pair of them?
She could no longer recollect the details of the letter.
As its composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy
it.
bank note / banknote / note
bill
a fake / counterfeit $20 bill
Bill / William
Bill Clinton
Bill Gates
coin
change
bill note coin 可数
change 不可数
I carry no change on me.
rescue / save
When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they
had to leave.
Vince is a fireman.
Wow! Have you ever rescued anyone from a burning building before?
come / go to one’s rescue

When John was in trouble, everyone went to his rescue.
pick up sb.
The 'Antoinette' floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
59
salvage ... from ...
He tried desperately to salvage belongings from the burning house.
The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck.
savior / saviour
a knight in shining armor
I don't know who you are, Nick. You just magically show up like some knight in shining armor,
ready to save the day...
People who live in Britain needn't despair when they make mistakes like this (and a lot of people
do)!
鼻腔爆破 nasal explosion
[t] / [d] + [n]
Britain mutton certain
mountain didn’t student
despair of sb. despair of (doing) sth.
The teachers began to despair of him.
Mike despaired of ever seeing her again.
in despair 绝望地
He killed himself in despair.
I gave up in despair.
I got up early next morning hoping to find that the ants had given up in despair.
With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
... and a lot of people despair when they make mistakes like this.
Fortunately for them, the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated Ladies which deals with
claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to their dog.
deal with ...
(A) She made a mistake by taking too few courses in the first term.
(B) The courses she took were too difficult for her.
(C) She took too many courses during her first term.
(D) She found it difficult to deal with college courses.
W: I had to deal with so many courses last term that I really had a hard time.
M: I told you it would be better for you if you took fewer courses during the first semester.
Q: What do we learn about the woman?
Answer: (C) She took too many courses during her first term.
60
attend to ...
You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc.
see to ...
Don’t worry about it. I’ll see to it later.
handle ...
Molly, I need your special talent for handling special matters.
tackle …
Many schools are now trying to tackle the problem of drug abuse.
cope with ...
a seminar on ‘coping with stress in the workplace’
feed sth. to sb.
feed sb. on sth.
I fed raw meat to the dog.
I fed the dog on raw meat.
Well-fed, well-bred.
She fed two coins into the machine for a cup of coffee.
zeugma 轭式修辞
一个动词与多个名词搭配，表示不同的含义。
Clothes that fit the man and the times
You’re free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit.
It seems that dogs love to chew up money.
Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?
You may wonder why spiders are our friends.
Many of us believe that economic development is of paramount importance to China.
Economic development, many of us believe, is of paramount importance to China.
concern ... be about ...
A recent case is about Jane Butlin …
To whom it may concern,
One case concerns an eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova, who has normal vision but who
can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.
造句：最近一则新闻是有关于罗京, 中央电视台的一位著名播音员(newscaster), 因癌症而去
世。
A recent piece of news concerns Luo Jing, a popular CCTV newscaster, who died of cancer.
concern …
be concerned with …
The book concerns music.
The book is concerned with music.
a book concerning music
a book concerned with music
run: be in charge of (sth); manage
run a hotel / shop / language school
John manages a successful furniture business.
John is in charge of a successful furniture business.
John had a very good day and put his wallet containing￡3,000 into the microwave oven for
61
safekeeping.
go fishing go hunting
go camping go bowling
go sight-seeing
go mountain-hiking
When they got home, Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and without realizing it,
cooked her fiancé's wallet as well.
... without knowing it, ...
... without being aware of it ...
dismay: both shocked and discouraged
turn to / into ...
change into ...
become
The caterpillar eventually
turns to / into
changes into
becomes
a beautiful butterfly.
The teacher turned writer.
He has turned traitor.
imagine one’s … when …
Imagine his dismay when he found he took the wrong train.
Imagine her exultation when she received the admission notice from Beijing University.
continuative clause 接续性分句
John went to see his bank manager and the manager sent the remains of wallet and the money
to the special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies!
He violently beat the boy and the boy later died from his injuries.
 He violently beat the boy who later died from his injuries.
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned
to write.
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first
learned to write there.
Don’t sit on the chair because it has a broken leg.
Don’t sit on the chair which has a broken leg.
I have to be very careful not to offend the manager because he could give me the sack at any
time.
I have to be very careful not to offend the manager who could give me the sack at any time.
History books never mention those people although they really helped civilization forward.
History books never mention those people who really helped civilization forward.
as / so long as …
provided / providing (that) …
on condition (that) …
You'll be quite safe as long as you follow my instructions.
He can come with us, provided / providing (that) he pays for his own meals.
62
I'll lend you the money on condition (that) you pay it back within three weeks.
only if …
she will go only if he goes.
Only if he goes will she go.
"I'm trying to repair the bell," answered Bill. " I've been coming up here night after night for
weeks now. You see, I was hoping to give you a surprise."
“You certainly did give me a surprise!” said the vicar. “You've probably woken up everyone in the
village as well. Still, I'm glad the bell is working again.”
如何写出优秀的解释说明类文章(exposition)
1、语言生动活泼，充满趣味性。
2、用词准确清晰，避免模棱两可。
3、抽象说明与具体例证相结合。
本文脉络（经典的解释说明类文章）:
第一段：三个设问句引起读者兴趣并引入主题：残钞鉴别组，并确切地说明其作用。语言充
满趣味性。
第二段：给出具体例证。描述清晰，语言风趣，句式多变。
63
Lesson 8 A famous monastery
monastery
['mɒnəstri] / ['mɑ:nəsteri]
n. 修道院
monastery temple mosque
monk nun
nunnery / convent
church cathedral
St. Bernard
[seɪnt-bə:'nɑ:d]
圣伯纳德（地名）
St.  saint
St. Andrew’s Road
St. Paul’s Cathedral
St. Valentine’s Day
rashly ['ræ ʃlɪ]
adv. 莽撞地，冒失地
rash a rash decision
Don’t make rash promises.
reckless
He was fined $100 for reckless driving.
impulsive impulse
She's so impulsive—she saw the house for the first time and said she'd buy it straight away.
enclosure
[ɪn'kləʊʒə(r)]
n. 围场，圈地
64
enclose
be enclosed by …
The garden was completely enclosed by a high wall.
be surrounded by ...
She said that she wanted to die surrounded by the people she loves.
be besieged by ...
Troy was besieged by Greeks.
privacy
['prɪvəsi] ['praɪvəsi]
n. 清静，隐私，个人自由
protect / respect / invade sb.’s privacy
private
a private conversation / collector
connect A with / to B
The Channel Tunnel has connected Britain with mainland Europe for the first time.
link A with / to B
join A to B
The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.
link A with / to B
There is no evidence to link / connect him with the murder.
associate A with B
relate A to B
food.
Switzerland pizza Nazi
at …
at an altitude of …
Being at 2,473 meters, ...
造句：4807 米的勃朗峰 (Mont Blanc) 是阿尔卑斯山脉 (the Alps) 的最高峰。
At 4,807 meters, Mont Blanc is the highest peak of the Alps.
造句：因为只有 35 岁，他是这所大学里最年轻的教授。
At the age of 35, he is the youngest professor at the university.
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the Aegean island of Kea
the promontory of Ayia Irini
the tiny village of Perachora
the novel of Three Kingdoms X
the novel entitled Three Kingdoms
the movie entitled Da Vinci Code
the man named / called Vincent
The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C.
date from …
date back to …
can be traced back to …
…, which dates from the 11th century, …
…, which dates back to the 11th
century, …
…, which can be traced back to the 11th century, …
An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia
Irini.
St. Bernard Dog
cross the pass on foot

cross the pass in cars
cross + 宾语 + 方式状语
They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and tins of beer and rowed for a
few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island.
row across the Caribbean
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of ￡1000 to the first man who would fly across the
English Channel.
fly across the English Channel
动词 + across + 宾语
cross the pass on foot
= walk across the pass
cross the pass in cars
= drive across the pass
row across the Caribbean
= cross the Caribbean by boat
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environment-friendly
ozone-friendly
bring … from …: 从……带来……
introduce … from …: 从……引进……
..., which were introduced from Asia, …
The grey squirrel was introduced into Britain from North America.
In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the
European rabbit.
be used as …
act / serve / function as …
…, acted / served / functioned as watchdogs even in Roman Times.
Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each
year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty.
now (that) conj. 同时表示时间和原因
Now (that) you are a big boy you must behave better.
tunnel n. 隧道，地道
the Channel Tunnel
canal n. 运河
the Panama Canal
温故：疑问词 + ever 的含义
1. 表示“到底……” 引导疑问句。
'Whatever are you doing up here Bill ?' asked the vicar in surprise.
2. 表示“无论……”引导让步状语从句。
= no matter + 疑问词
No matter where it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.
…, the dogs are still sent out into the snow no matter when a traveller is in difficulty.
知新：“疑问词+ever”表示“无论”时还可以用于名词性从句，此时 ≠“no matter+ 疑问词”，
因为后者只能用于让步状语从句。
Whoever wants to sign up for the course is welcome. √
No matter who wants to sign up for the course is welcome. X
No matter who wants to sign up for the course, he is welcome. √
Whatever project he works on is always successful.
No matter what project he works on, it is always successful.
attempt to do sth.
try to do sth.
make an attempt to do sth.
make an effort to do sth.
seek to do sth. (fml.)
But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.
I made an attempt to apologize, but Brian wouldn't even talk to me.
Over a year passed before the first attempt was made.
It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than
has been supposed.
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… if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.
During the summer months, the monastery is very busy, for it is visited by thousands of people
who cross the Pass in cars.
in cars = by car
表示“使用某种交通工具”的介词短语，“by”后要直接加单数名词； “in”后的名词要有人称
和数的变化。
You can go to the airport in my car.
We crossed the river in a boat.
As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be …
(With) so many people (being) about, the dogs have to be …
keep: confine 把……关起来
He was kept / confined in prison.
You shouldn't keep / confine the bird in a cage.
life at the monastery
life on a desert island
life in the army
life on campus
quite adv. completely 完全，截然
The other side of the picture is quite the opposite.
He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become
the ghost of Endley.
Long car journeys are even less pleasant, for it is quite impossible even to read.
We live in dread not only of unpleasant insects like spiders or wasps, but of quite harmless ones
like moths.
No two sorts of birds practise quite the same sort of flight; …
fall
The temperature falls to -30°…
Little by little the eleven minutes fell to zero.
plunge
The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water.
The temperature plunges to -30°…
dive to ...
increase to ...
rise to ...
rocket to ...
soar to ...
The temperature drops by 10°.
─30°
minus 30 degrees
30 degrees below zero
─30°C
minus 30 degrees Centigrade / Celsius
─30°F
minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit
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prefer A to B
I prefer mutton to beef.
prefer doing to doing
I prefer standing to sitting down.
(A) She doesn't like to go shopping.
(B) She went shopping yesterday.
(C) She doesn't live near the shops.
(D) She prefers shopping to studying.
W: Didn’t Marian go shopping with you yesterday?
M: Even if she hadn’t had a lot of studying, she would have preferred staying home to going
shopping.
Q: What does the man imply about Marian?
Answer: (A) She doesn’t like to go shopping.
prefer A rather than B
I prefer mutton rather than beef.
prefer to do rather than do
I prefer to stand rather than sit down.
would rather do than do
I’d rather stand than sit down.
… people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.
(A) She wants the man to be at the station when she arrives.
(B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
(C) The train will be an hour late.
(D) She’ll leave home at 6:30.
M: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.
W: I know, but I don’t know whether I can make that one. I’d rather call you from the station than
have you waiting around for an hour.
Answer: (B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
permit sb. to do
allow sb. to do
give sb. permission to do
wander: to walk aimlessly
= roam
He is one of our restaurant’s regulars.
What’ll it be?
The usual, please.
a party of tourists
a search party
a rescue party
After being absent from The Gables for a week, my aunt unexpectedly returned one afternoon
with a party of guests and instructed Bessie to prepare dinner.
group / bunch / crowd / band
Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near
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Florence.
team
gang
delegation
galaxy
a galaxy of artists / scientists
on Christmas Day
on Easter Day
on weekends
at weekends
…, are always warmly welcomed ….
receive a warm welcome
Let’s all extend a warm welcome to our visitors.
receive + n. 受到……; 得到……；遭到……
No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.
receive insults
receive support
receive adequate treatment
receive good education
This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, …
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Lesson 9 Flying cats
fascinate ['fæ sɪneɪt]
v. 迷住，吸引住
I am fascinated by the story.
So the story is fascinating.
be / find … endlessly fascinating
This city is endlessly fascinating.
I find the natural world endlessly fascinating.
fascination
have a … fascination for …
The story has a great fascination for me.
Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers.
For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber.
attract
Beijing attracts many investors.
charm
The girl charms all the young boys here.
seduce / entice
The boss is trying to seduce his secretary.
I guess I set up the video camera to try and entice Joey.
But sadly I could not be enticed.
affectionate [ə'fekʃənət]
adj. 充满深情的，柔情的
She looked at him in an affectionate way.
affection
parental affection
maternal affection
paternal affection
mysterious [mɪ'stɪəriəs]
adj. 神秘的，难以理解的
the mysterious pyramids
mystery
be a mystery to sb.
It's a complete mystery to me why she married him at all!
(A) She's not sure how she was able to finish so early.
(B) She wasn't able to manage the project well.
(C) She's not sure how to solve the mystery.
(D) She still hasn't heard what was shocking.
M: I was shocked when I heard you'd finished your research project a whole month early.
W: How I managed to do it is still a mystery to me.
Answer: (A) She's not sure how she was able to finish so early.
submissive [səb'mɪsɪv]
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adj. 服从的，顺从的
He was looking for a quiet submissive wife who would obey his every word.
submit to ...
First, you must give Helen back to my brother. Second, Troy must submit to my command to
fight for me whenever I call.
yield to ...
bow to ...
succumb to ...
The government refused to yield / bow / succumb to the terrorists.
be subject to sth.
All employees are subject to the regulations of the company.
So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and
sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to
negotiate.
— John F. Kennedy
feline ['fi:laɪn]
adj. 猫的
She walks with feline grace.
canine canine teeth
aquiline an aquiline nose
porcine equine
bovine
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
mad cow disease
feminine masculine
independence
[ɪndɪ'pendəns]
n. 独立，自主
Independence Day
India gained independence from Britain in 1947.

be independent of ...
His wages enabled him to become economically independent of his family.
be dependent on ...
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They hate being dependent on their parents.
impact ['ɪmpæ kt]
n. 冲击力，撞击；影响
on impact
The glass smashed on impact.
impact on / upon …
His speech had a great impact on me.
influence / effect on / upon …
His head was hit by a falling stone heavily.
He received a heavy hit on his head from a falling stone.
When I came, he was just about to leave.
never fail to do sth.
My grandson never fails to phone me on my birthday.
双重否定
…, because there is no shortage of tall buildings.
It is not uncommon to hear that a shipping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a
sunken ship.
She did not fail to keep her word.
Nobody is without his faults.
Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
No one has nothing to contribute to society.
I will never read books without falling asleep.
Cats are endlessly fascinating.
we find cats endlessly fascinating.
be friendly to / towards …
be affectionate towards …
Why is he suddenly so friendly to / towards you?
He is very affectionate towards his children.
live / lead a … life
sing a song
He breathed his last breath.
Liu Hulan died a glorious death.
… of one’s own
I want a room of my own.
as … as …（肯定）
as / so … as …（否定 / 疑问）
They never become as / so submissive as dogs and horses (do).
in the (same) way that …
We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.
Love me in the way that I love you.
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The city is living proof that the policy works in the way that economists claim.
They never become submissive in the (same) way that dogs and horses do.
(A) These things take time to learn.

(B) Will you study any more?
(C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
(D) It will be a good learning experience for you.
When will you ever learn?
Answer: (C) Why do you keep on making the same mistakes?
independence humor honesty
sovereignty autonomy
the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
be suspicious of / about …
He appeared suspicious.
sceptical / skeptical
be ~ of / about …
I’m highly skeptical of / about his motives.
all one’s life
throughout one’s life
for life = for the rest of one’s life
The accident crippled him for life.
lifelong
a lifelong friendship
a lifelong undertaking
One of the things that fascinates us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine
lives.
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built.
John is the only one of the students in the class (A) that never (B) admit making a mistake even
when (C) it is (D) pointed out to him.
John is the only one of the students in the class that never admits making a mistake even when it
is pointed out to him.
Those who work (the) most often get paid (the) least.
造句：最令我们感到伤心 (sadden) 的一件事是一种令人沮丧的说法 (a depressing saying)：
每当我们在街上有麻烦或者有危险时没有人来帮助我们 (come to our assistance)。
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One of the things that saddens us most is a depressing saying that whenever we are in trouble or
danger in the street no one will come to our assistance.
there is a good deal of truth in …
Perhaps there is an element of truth in both this pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity
to find out.
There is probably an element of truth in this argument, but they ignore a more basic fact that the
freedom of the press is often abused.
Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity in a famous scientist to the fact that he never went
to school. There is undoubtedly a truth in his observation, but such a truth is not criticism of
schools.
In the battle, only four soldiers survived.
Only four soldiers survived the battle.
I am especially proud of it, not only because it has survived several severe winters, but because it
occasionally produces luscious peaches.
… is based / founded on fact.
… rests on fact.
… is supported by fact.
make a study of … = study …
make a study of human nature
make a study of human nature carefully
…, advertisers have made a close study of human nature.
All these cats had one experience in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only eight of
them died from shock or injuries.
have sth. in common
… because people’s descriptions of the puma had a lot in common.
These two species have certain features in common.
share sth.
We share an interest in history.
These two species share certain features.
All these cats shared one experience: …
fall off sth.
fall from sth.
fall sth.
die from … 更强调外因
die from shock or injuries / a wound / an accident
die of … 更强调内因
die of a disease / hunger / grief
As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying
to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
It is one of the most unpleasant discoveries which we all make that we must decline in this way,
that if we escape wars, accidents and disease we shall eventually 'die of old age', and that this
happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in
favour of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty.
food / staff shortage
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be short of …
We’re short of money.
The refugees are short of food.
there is a shortage of …
There is a shortage of food in the refugee camps.
There is a shortage of nurses and doctors in this area.
there is no shortage of …
…, because there is no shortage of tall buildings.
…, because there are plenty of tall buildings.
suffer (from) …
造句：一个叫 Mike 的出租司机出了 (be involved in …) 一次严重的车祸，然而只断了两根
肋骨 (rib)。
One taxi driver, Mike, was involved in a serious car accident, yet only suffered from two broken
ribs.
far  farther / further  farthest / furthest
further development / investigation
The harder they worked the hungrier they became.
They became (the) hungrier the harder they worked.
A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space,
because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own
solar system.
The younger the child is, the more is the child’s need of sleep.
The younger the child, the more the child’s need of sleep.
The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.
The further off this solid obstruction is, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.
1. speed 做不可数名词时，与 at, with 搭配均可。
2. speed 做可数名词时，只能与 at 搭配。
The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off
at a fantastic speed.
Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to
win.
―I think John will win the race.
―Yes, he started off ______ a fantastic speed.
(A) with (B) at (C) through (D) by
…, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles
before you, …
You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, ……
stretch one’s legs
squirrel flying squirrel 鼯鼠/飞鼠
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本文篇章分析
“现象—解释”型说明类文章。
题目新奇，引其读者的兴趣。
第一段：引文（猫很迷人，略做陈述）→引出主题（最迷人之处在于有九条命→跌落时不死）
第二段：介绍一项研究并举例→借用医生的话展开解释原理（语言生动风趣）→末尾点题
（flying squirrels→flying cats）
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Lesson 10 The loss of the Titanic
colossal [kə'lɔsl]
adj. 巨大的，庞大的
a colossal ship
a colossal sum of money
huge great immense
enormous gigantic titanic
the Titans
watertight ['wɔ:tətaɪt]
adj. 不漏水的
watertight waterproof
airtight hermetic sealed
The teacher opened the sealed envelope containing the exam papers.
tragic ['træ dʒik]
adj. 悲剧的，悲惨的
tragedy tragic
comedy comic
drama dramatic
liner ['laɪnə(r)]
n. 班轮
(ocean) liner airliner
steamship yacht
78
Tanker ferry
Raft dinghy
Canoe kayak
voyage ['vɔɪɪdʒ]
n. 航行
voyage flight
navigation aviation
be on a voyage / flight / trip / journey / tour
President Xi Jinping is on a five-nation tour.
Bon voyage!
79
Have a good trip!
Happy landings!
narrowly ['næ rəʊli]
adv. 刚刚，勉强
We won narrowly.
He narrowly escaped drowning.
(only) just
She (only) just failed in the exam.
hardly / scarcely / barely
I hardly know him.
tremble ['trembl]
v. 震颤，颤抖
He trembled with anger.
The leaves trembled in the breeze.
quiver / shiver
When I kiss your lips, ooh I start to shiver,
Can’t control the quivering inside.
Wouldn’t you agree, baby you and me got a groovy kind of love.
—Phil Collins
shudder
… make a modern climber shudder at the thought, …
horror ['hɒrə(r)]
n. 惊恐
horror n. feelings of great fear and shock
terror n. extreme fear
horrify  horrifying
terrify  terrifying
panic
She suddenly got into a panic and stopped her car.
the Cutty Sark
the Vasa
One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen
at Greenwich.
sail from A to B
sail out of A towards B
sail for B from A
The Boeing 747 flew
from Shanghai to New York.
out of Shanghai towards New York.
for New York from Shanghai.
leave for ... depart for ...
set out / off for ...
I am leaving for Dalian on Friday.
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make for ...
I think it’s time we made for home.
be heading / headed for ...
The negotiation is heading for deadlock.
Newcastle seemed to be heading for failure until a late goal saved the day.
造句：马航 370 号航班 (Malaysia Airlines Flight 370) 于 2014 年 3 月 8 日从吉隆坡 (Kuala
Lumpur) 出发飞往北京。
Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 flew for Beijing from Kuala Lumpur on March 8 th, 2014.
指“车、船、祖国”时常用 “she”
What’s wrong with my car? She won’t start.
China has done what she promised to do.
a crew of 891
a committee of 100
a family of 5
on board / aboard adv. & prep.
All aboard!
Welcome aboard!
One thousand three hundred and sixteen passengers and a crew of 891 were on board (her) /
aboard (her).
全部倒装
把全部谓语置于主语之前。
1、表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。①主语不是代词。
②谓语动词不是及物动词。这种倒装主要目的是为了突出句末的主语。
In came Miss Green.
On the hill stands a temple.
There are two people.
There once stood a little village.
Now comes your turn.
Next came a horse, …
Off he went.
On the hill John saw Mary.
2、表语置于句首。这种倒装主要目的是为了避免头重脚轻（主语较长）。
Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body.
Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.
部分倒装
1、否定词位于句首
2、“only + 状语” 位于句首
3、such, so, well, often, many a time 等表示程度、频率的副词位于句首
部分倒装和全部倒装的区别。
1、部分倒装是为了突出句首；完全倒装是为了突出句尾（表语前置引起的完全倒装多是为
了避免头重脚轻）。
2、部分倒装只看句首，对主语谓语没有要求；全部倒装对主语谓语有要求（表语前置引起
的完全倒装除外）。
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by: according to 根据……
What time is it by your watch?
By my watch it’s 4 o'clock.
safety standards
moral standards
living standards
International Standards Organization (ISO)
criterion criteria (pl.)
admission criteria
the criteria we use to select candidates
At the time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was
regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments.
not only … but … as well
regard ... as ...
see ... as ...
I see his words as a joke.
count ... as ...
I don’t count him as a friend any more.
take ... as ...
Are you taking me as a fool?
look on ... as ...
They look on her as a daughter.
think of ... as ...
Learning a language should be thought of as a natural process.
consider ... (to be) ...
If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.
be recognized / acknowledged as ...
Heifetz was recognized / acknowledged as the greatest violinist of the 20th century.
形容词作介词宾语时可视为其前省略了动名词 being，即“介词 (+being)+形容词”的形式。
He regarded the situation as (being) serious.
His work is far from (being) satisfactory.
Even if you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit.
Even though you dislike ancient monuments, Warwick Castle is worth a visit.
The villagers have told him that they will not accept the inn even if he gives it away.
Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer,
it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even
if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs,
she persisted in living there long after her husband's death.
I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept
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me fascinated for twenty-four hours.
Even if two of these were flooded, she still wouldn’t sink.
The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, …
Thank you very much for your help.
I appreciate your help.
Your help is greatly appreciated.
go down: sink
The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first
voyage with heavy loss of life.
maiden voyage / flight / work
virgin land
debut
She made her professional stage debut in Swan Lake.
premiere
the world premiere of his latest movie
casualty
civilian casualties
death toll
The death toll has risen to 90.
造句：人们将永远牢记这架马来西亚班机(the Malaysian airliner)的失踪惨剧，因为它在从吉
隆坡(Kuala Lumpur)到北京的航行中神秘地失去联系，造成惨重的生命损失。
The tragic missing of the Malaysian airliner will always be remembered, for it mysteriously lost
contact on its flight from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing with heavy loss of life.
Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
Ten minutes after calling 911, a police car arrived on the spot.
Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes.
give an alarm / an order / a cry / a long sigh
The girl gave a charming smile.
turn veer swerve
Moments before crashing, the jet was seen veering sharply to the right.
The lorry swerved sharply to avoid the child.
As we bumped over the dusty track, we swerved to avoid large boulders.
change course
The plane changed course to avoid the storm.
collision n. collide v.
During the rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue.
The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense walk of ice which rose over 100
feet out of the water beside her.
with no time to spare
Spare the rod and spoil the child.
We boarded the train with no time to spare.
They got to the airport with seconds to spare.
造句：这辆汽车及时转向，勉强躲过了这个孩子。
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The car turned just in time, narrowly missing the child.
造句：我闪避(dodge)得及时，勉强躲过了这块坠落的石头。
I dodged just in time, narrowly missing the falling rock.
The immense building rose before our eyes.
Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.
suddenly / all of a sudden / all at once
Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorry-driver who was drawing up alongside the car, pulled
up all of a sudden.
All at once, I noticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm.
副词和介词短语都可以作介词的宾语
There is a fine view from here.
I heard them calling me from below.
They have just returned from abroad.
I took my watch from under the pillow.
He picked up the gun from behind the counter.
I live near here.
We didn’t meet until after the show.
The weather has been fine except in the north.
The vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.
The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship had been damaged.
The noise had been too faint for anyone to think that the ship had been damaged.
Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen
watertight compartments had already been flooded!
plunge v. to move, fall, or be thrown suddenly forwards or downwards
Her car swerved and plunged off the cliff.
They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, let the
current carry them to the other side.
The captive elephant, still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches,
and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear.
As there were too few lifeboats for everybody to take, 1,500 lives were lost.
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Lesson 11 Not guilty
guilty ['gɪlti]
adj. 有罪的；内疚的
be guilty of …
He is guilty of murder.
be innocent of …
He is innocent of murder.
have a guilty conscience
have a clear conscience
guilt innocence
It now remains for the jury to decide on the defendant's guilt or innocence.
crime
commit a serious crime
sin
It is a sin to tell a lie.
tolerant ['tɒlərənt]
adj. 宽容的
tolerant adj. willing to accept other people's beliefs, way of life, etc. without criticizing them,
even if you disagree with them
be tolerant of / towards …
Perhaps you need to be more tolerant of your neighbors.
tolerable adj.
in tolerable health
The doctors manage to keep the pain at a tolerable level.
tolerate v.
Why people are prepared to tolerate a four hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of
forbearing adj.
The vicar praised what he called her "kind and forbearing nature".
easy-going adj.
Her easy-going nature made her popular.
declare [dɪ'kleə(r)]
85
v.（向税务部门或海关）申报；
声明，宣布
You must declare all you have earned in the last year.
―Have you anything to declare?
―No, I have nothing to declare.
I declare you man and wife.
China declared independence in 1949.
The Chinese government has declared war on official corruption.
declaration
the Declaration of Independence
the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights
professional
[prə'feʃənl]
adj. 职业的，专业的，内行的；
n. 专业人士，内行
a professional boxer
You will need to seek professional advice about your claim for compensation.
You sing like a real professional.
amateur n. & adj.
The tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals.
I shouldn't employ them―they're just a bunch of amateurs.
an amateur photographer
profession
the medical / legal / teaching profession
occupation
State your name, age, and occupation in the box below.
My occupation is an accountant. X
vocation
She believes she has found her true vocation in life.
dreadful ['dredfl]
adj. 可怕的；糟糕的
a dreadful / terrible accident, disease, nightmare

We’ve had some dreadful / terrible weather lately.
All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess.
dread v. & n.
dread doing sth
I dread being sick.
He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.
live in dread of …
The committee members live in dread of anything that may cause a scandal.
like moths.
perfume ['pɜ:fju:m]
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n. 香水；香味
scent / perfume / fragrance
the scent of ripe fruit
the perfume of flowers
the fragrance of lilacs
scented / perfumed / fragrant
scented / perfumed soap
the Fragrant Hills
aroma the aroma of hot coffee

smell funny smell
smelly smelly feet
odour / odor body odour / odor
odourless / odorless
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and noxious gas.
sarcastically [sɑ:'kæstɪklɪ]
adv. 讽刺地，说反话地
sarcasm / irony
with heavy sarcasm / irony
'Good of you to arrive on time,' George said, with heavy sarcasm / irony.
hint / trace / touch of sarcasm / irony
There was a hint of sarcasm / irony in her voice.
sarcastic / ironic
an sarcastic / ironic smile / remark / expression etc
I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, 'I don't think the windows need cleaning at
this time of the night.'
sarcastically / ironically
'Oh good,' he said sarcastically / ironically.
'Perfume, eh?' he asked sarcastically.
the irony of fate
It's ironic that she became a teacher ―she used to hate school.
Ironically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday.
baggage ['bæ gɪdʒ]
n. 行李
87
baggage / luggage
trunk / suitcase …baggage / luggage
table / chair …furniture
pen / pencil …stationery
jeweljewelry / jewellery
scenescenery weaponweaponry
machinemachinery poempoetry
novelfiction mythmythology
leaffoliage
Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are going
through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare.
customs
customs officers
It took ages to clear customs but then we were out of the airport quite quickly.
You won't be able to take that through customs.
custom
the custom of giving presents at Christmas
Chinese traditional customs
these days today nowadays
go through
When you're going through a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone.
I've gone through all my pockets but I can't find my keys.
The Officer went through the case with great care.
When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the
contents of the bag, so she ran straight at them.
―Have you anything to declare?
―No, I have nothing to declare.
make sb. do sth.
be made to do sth.
I made him repeat it.
He was made to repeat it.
see / hear / notice sb. do sth.
be seen / heard / noticed to do sth.
I saw / heard / noticed him leave the room.
He was seen / heard / noticed to leave the room.
see / hear / notice sb. doing sth.
be seen / heard / noticed doing sth.
I saw him crossing the road.
He was seen crossing the road.
I heard the girl singing in the room.
The girl was heard singing in the room.
Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by
sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life.
The missing boy was last seen ______ near the river.
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(A) playing
(B) to be playing
(C) play
(D) to play
Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are going
through the Green Channel and have nothing to declare. Even really honest people are often
made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by
such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase.
hardened adj. someone who is hardened has had a lot of difficult or unpleasant experiences and
is no longer much affected by such things
a hardened criminal / police officer etc.
The children became hardened to the violence.
on the other hand …; on the one hand … on the other (hand) … used to indicate contrasting
points of view, opinions, etc
I'd like to eat out, but on the other hand I should be trying to save money.
On the one hand they'd love to have kids, but on the other (hand), they don't want to give up
their freedom.
for one thing …; for one thing … for another … used to introduce a reason for sth
―“Why don’t you get a car?”
―“Well, for one thing, I can’t drive!”
―"Why won’t you come to New York with me?"
―"For one thing, I don't like flying, and for another, I can't afford it."
trouble v. if a problem troubles you, it makes you feel worried or upset
Don’t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.
造句：他的口袋里藏着一张大额的钞票。
He has a large bank note hidden in his pocket.
造句：这个贪官 (corrupt official) 在地下室里藏了 1000 万元。
The corrupt official has 10 million yuan hidden in the basement.
return √
come / go back √
return back X
say it again √
repeat it √
repeat it again X
go forward √
advance √
advance forward X
in my opinion, … √
I think … √
in my opinion, I think … X
it is because … √
the reason is that … √
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the reason is because … X
When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly
regarded me as a smuggler.
Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what
had happened.
Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.
After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now
the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls.
abroad ↔ aboard
study abroad All aboard!
quite ↔ quiet
dairy ↔ diary
latitude ↔ altitude
officious adj. (disapproving) too ready to tell people what to do or to use the power you have to
give orders 爱发号施令的，指手画脚的
When people put on uniforms, their attitude becomes more confident and their manner more
officious.
officer
a commanding officer
a police officer
a customs officer
chief executive officer
official
government officials
corrupt officials
official corruption
official statistics
look sb in the eye(s) / face
to look straight at sb without feeling embarrassed or ashamed 直视
Can you look me in the eye and tell me you're not lying?
I'll never be able to look her in the face again!
confidently ↔ with confidence
1、请求对方做某事
would / do you mind doing
Would you mind waiting outside?
No, not at all. Not at all. Certainly not.
Of course not. No, that’s quite all right.
Not at all, I’d be happy / glad to.
2、请求对方允许自己做某事
would / do you mind my / our doing
do you mind if（真实语气：一般现在时）
would you mind if（虚拟语气：一般过去时）
Would you mind my smoking here?
90
Do you mind if I smoke here?
Would you mind if I smoked here?
No, not at all. Not at all. Certainly not.
Of course not. Go ahead.
I wish you wouldn’t. You’d better not.
I’m sorry, but … I’m afraid …
Do you mind if I smoke here?
I’m afraid this is a non-smoking office.
“Do you mind ______?” “Go ahead.”
(A) opening the window
(B) I open the window
(C) if I open the window
(D) whether I open the window
(A) He doesn't have any more time.
(B) It doesn't bother him to wait.
(C) He's never had to wait before.
(D) He hasn't seen anyone at all.
W: Would you mind waiting a few more minutes?
M: Not at all.
Answer: (B) It doesn't bother him to wait.
(A) She doesn't want the man to call her.

(B) The man is welcome to use the telephone.
(C) The telephone doesn't belong to her.
(D) The man should go somewhere else to make his call.
M: Do you mind if I use your phone?
W: Of course not.
What does the woman mean?
Answer: (B) The man is welcome to use the telephone.
(A) Someone already borrowed her newspaper.

(B) She’ll get the newspaper back from the man later.
(C) She can’t lend the man the newspaper.
(D) She hasn’t had time to read the newspaper yet.
M: Excuse me, do you mind if I borrow that newspaper for a little bit.
W: I'm sorry, but it doesn't belong to me.
Answer: (C) She can’t lend the man the newspaper.
The officer went through the case with great care (=very carefully).
He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight
(=delightedly).
Then I added with a smile (=smilingly).
'No', I answered confidently (=with confidence).
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His few material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease
(=easily).
She faced the difficulty with calmness (=calmly).
I looked at her with curiosity (curiously).
She spoke to me with tenderness (=tenderly).
I greeted Philip with enthusiasm (=enthusiastically).
The gang picked their victims at random (=randomly).
I met an old friend in town by accident (=accidentally).
The negotiations were conducted in secret (=secretly).
It's unprofessional to criticize your colleagues in public (=publicly).
things [pl.] personal belongings 私人财物
The chest contained the personal belongings of a seaman, Alan Fielding.
As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and
mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away, and sentiment.
pack
Kelly packed her things before dinner.
He was still packing his suitcase when the taxi came.
unpack
He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner.
I unpacked my bags as soon as I arrived.
in a mess
in a / an dreadful / terrible / awful / appalling mess
Jem's house is always in an awful mess.
in (a state of) disorder
Everything was in disorder, but nothing seemed to be missing.
The whole office was in a state of disorder.
in (a state of) chaos
The kitchen was in chaos.
Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of
chaos.
at sixes and sevens
When the visitors arrived we were still at sixes and sevens.
I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.
Still, I'm glad the bell is working again.
'It's working all right, but I'm afraid that at one o'clock it will strike thirteen times and there's
nothing I can do about it.'
When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had
to leave.
light up if someone’s face or eyes light up, they show pleasure, excitement etc（因喜悦、兴奋等
脸上或眼中）露出光彩
His eyes lit up with laughter.
Her face lit up with pleasure.
pounce (on sth)
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The lion crouched ready to pounce.
The hawk pounced on its prey.
plunge (into sth)
charge (at sth)
with delight ↔ delightedly
delightedly adv. 感到高兴地
delightfully adv. 令人高兴地
She delightedly accepted the invitation.
The evening is delightfully cool.
Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift.
Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not
know they owned.
The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated.
eh interj. used for asking someone to agree with you
Pretty good, eh?
'Perfume, eh?' he asked sarcastically / ironically.
'Perfume, eh?' he asked with (heavy) sarcasm / irony.
should / ought to have done
He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing. A policeman
approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side street as Jumbo was holding
up the traffic.
How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields, the days when I had played and should
have studied.
be exempt from sth.
Children are exempt from the charges.
Currently, developing nations are exempt from certain restrictions on carbon emissions.
exempt sb. from sth.
His bad eyesight exempted him from military service.
import duty / customs duty / tariff
These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the
wheels of trade between rich countries.
tax
income / property / sales / inheritance tax
hair gel: a thick liquid substance which is put in the hair to help the hair keep a particular shape
or style
add v. to say more about something that has just been said
I have nothing to add to my earlier statement.
add that …
Everyone will be invited to vote, he said, adding that voting is likely to be via the web.
He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on
people.
do sth with a smile / laugh / sneer / shock / sigh / start …
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'Oh, that,' he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend.
Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus.
'Oh, is it?' said the sheriff with a sneer. 'Well, I'm Brinksley Meers, and my other name is Gloria
Gleam. Now you get out of here fast !'
One night, however, our vicar woke up with a start: the clock was striking the hours!
She slowly sat down with a sigh and closed her eyes.
oneself 与 by oneself 作状语时的区别
oneself 强调“亲自”，并非他人代劳
by oneself = alone 强调“独自”，没有他人陪伴或帮助
Lesson 46 Do it yourself
I would not hear of the suggestion and said that I would fix it myself.
While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate
the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders.
They are living by themselves (=alone).
One can’t play tennis by oneself (=alone).
As I expected, he did not believe me.
As I soon learnt, he was English himself!
Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking.
Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a
suburb of Sydney.
try it
give it a try
give it a shot
screw
screw a bulb in
unscrew
She unscrewed the cap of her water bottle and gave him a drink.
He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth.
be greeted by … (of sights, sounds or smells) to be the first thing that you see, hear or smell at a
particular time 首先看到的、听到的、闻到的是……
I woke up and was greeted by bird song.
When she opened the door she was greeted by complete disorder.
convince sb. that …
The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from?
tell the truth
tell a lie / story / joke …
A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baggage.
A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baggage.
She hurried away in the opposite direction.
He hurried forward to meet him.
We hurried upstairs to see what was going on.
With this, he hurried off the stage.
She hurried down the corridor as fast as she could.
94
More than 100 men hurried to the scene to donate their blood.
95
Lesson 12
Life on a desert island
desert island
['dezət 'ailənd]
n. 荒岛
uninhabited island
coral island
volcanic island
archipelago
the Indonesian archipelago
peninsula
the Korean peninsula
paradise ['pæ rədaɪs]
n. 天堂，伊甸园
heaven
the Garden of Eden
Hawaii is a paradise for surfers.

California is a paradise for sun lovers.
be a Mecca / mecca for …
wretched ['retʃɪd]
adj. 可怜的，悲惨的
lead a wretched life
poor pitiful pathetic
wretch
The poor wretch begs in the street.
wreck
Poor man, mentally a wreck.
starve [stɑ:v]
v. 挨饿
He starved to death in the desert.
I’m starving.
hunger hunger for …
I hunger for your touch.
96
thirst thirst for …
The students thirst for knowledge.
satisfy one’s hunger
satisfy / quench one’s thirst
Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.
Susan awoke that night alone and parched, but as she gazed out her window, she saw the tall
drink of water she needed to quench her thirst.
element ['elɪmənt]
n. 元素，要素
there is an element of truth in …
There is an element of truth in his words.
chemical element
earth, water, fire and air
the elements
struggle / fight / battle against the elements
elementary
elementary school
primary school
opportunity
[ɒpə'tju:nətɪ]
n. 机会
a golden opportunity
a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity
miss the opportunity
seize the opportunity
Opportunity seldom knocks twice.
take the opportunity to do …
Let me take the opportunity to introduce myself.
Let me take the opportunity to thank you.
genuinely ['dʒenjʊɪnlɪ]
adv. 由衷地，真诚地
genuinely sincerely
He was genuinely glad to see Mary.
genuine
He has a genuine love for his family.
It certainly looked genuine.
hypocritical
artificial hair / tooth / limb
fake / counterfeit money
pirated CDs / books
life on a desert island
life at the monastery
life in the army
life on campus
97
a / the majority of …
a high percentage / proportion of …
A high proportion of the coffee they produce goes to the US.
a / the minority of
a small percentage / proportion of …
Only a small percentage of African American employees were considered for promotion.
form a picture of …= imagine …
Can you form a picture of what I described to you?
造句：他们之中多数人对于西方世界有一种不切实际的想象。
Most of them have formed an unrealistic picture of the western world.
take a picture of …
Excuse me. My name is Richard Stewart. I'm a photographer. May I take a picture of you and
your little boy?
Look in the camera.
Hold that pose.
Say cheese.
You are photogenic.
The picture does not do your justice.
We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines.
imagine … to be …
把……想象成……
picture … as …
conceive of … as …
regard … as … 把……看作……
When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly
regarded me as a smuggler.
consider ... (to be) ...
see ... as ...
I see his words as a joke.
count ... as ...
I don’t count him as a friend any more.
look on ... as ...
They look on her as a daughter.
think of ... as ...
Learning a language should be thought of as a natural process.
a sort of = a kind of …
有些像……的; ……般的
In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero.
Since its discovery, it has become a sort of potholers' Everest.
They were visited by a large colony of ants which obtained a sort of honey from them.
An atom is a kind of solar system.
Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of
knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the
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invention of printing.
kind of = sort of = somewhat
adv. 有点……
I’m kind of hungry.
He felt sort of embarrassed.
Life on campus is simple and good.
Soon ripe, soon rotten.
The time is ripe.
I'm waiting till the time is ripe before I tell my parents that I failed my exams.
adult / full-grown
an adult cat
A full-grown giraffe is 5.5 m tall.
mature
He is very mature for his age.
well-done 全熟的
medium well 七八分熟的
medium 五分熟的
medium rare 四分熟的
rare 三分熟的
How would you like your steak cooked?
I’d like my steak well-done / medium well / medium / medium rare / rare.
Monica: Okay, now this one is rare, this one is medium well! Now go-go-go! Hey Phoebe!
Phoebe: Hey!
Monica: Hey how was dinner?!
Phoebe: Dinner was good!
raw 全生的
I like to eat fish raw.
… you needn’t work.
… you don’t need to work.
In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.
the opposite
The opposite of love is hatred.
the opposite bank
the opposite sex
be quite the opposite
造句：我的父亲是个性格平和的人，但是我的母亲却截然相反。
My father is a very calm person, but my mother is quite the opposite.
vice versa
Boys can date girls, and vice versa.
either … or …
要么……要么……
…, waiting for a boat but it never comes.
there is an element of truth in…
There is an element of truth in what she said.
99
there is a good deal of truth in…
Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea.
there is no truth in …
There is no truth in the rumor.
There is probably an element of truth in this argument, but they ignore a more basic fact that the
freedom of the press is often abused.
Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity in a famous scientist to the fact that he never went
to school. There is undoubtedly a truth in his observation, but such a truth is not criticism of
schools.
The former picture is unduly optimistic while the latter picture is unduly pessimistic.
The former picture is unduly optimistic while the latter unduly pessimistic.
Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer.
He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.
“wish” 型的虚拟语气
1、S.+ wish + (that) + S.+
did/were（现在）
had done（过去）
would/should/could/might +do（将来）
I wish (that) I met my uncle now.
I wish (that) I had met my uncle yesterday.
I wish (that) I could meet my uncle tomorrow.
I’d rather you started off now.

I’d rather you had been present yesterday.
If only Tessa were here now!
If only I had listened to my parents at that time.
They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired.
100
The store is open from Monday to Saturday.
The store is open from Monday until / till Saturday.
The store is open Monday through Saturday.
They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and cans of beer and rowed for a
load A into B
load B with A
He is loading groceries into his car.
He is loading his car with groceries.
be loaded with ...
Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour.
Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back.
Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora in southern Greece.
prove (to be) +adj. / n.
The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at
another place twenty miles away in the evening.
He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village.
The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard
resin which covered the skin.
These two pieces of equipment proved (to be) essential to their survival.
They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it 'ate like kings'.
put it = express it 措辞说
I don’t know how to put it.
to put it another way
It's fairly risky. Or to put it another way, don't try this at home.
let me put it this way
(A) He dropped out of Prof. Johnson’s class.
(B) He’ll probably take another class with Professor Johnson.
(C) Professor Johnson’s lectures were boring.
(D) Students weren’t allowed to bring drinks into Professor Johnson’s class.
W: You had Professor Johnson before, right? How would you describe his lectures?
M: Well, let me put it this way: I could never stay awake in one of his classes without first drinking
at least two cups of coffee.
Q: What does the man imply?
Answer: (C) Professor Johnson’s lectures were boring.
had to leave.
sincerely
from the bottom of their hearts
sorry: regretful
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102
Lesson 13 ‘It’s only me’
costume ['kɒstju:m]
n. 化妆服
The movie won Oscars for best costumes and best screenplay.
historical costume
traditional national costume
overalls / coveralls uniform
school uniform military uniform
sportswear underwear
leisure wear rags
shroud
consist [kən'sɪst]
v. 由……组成
consist of ...
be composed of ...
be made up of ...
comprise ...
The committee
consists of 100 members.
is composed of 100 members.
is made up of 100 members.
comprises 100 members.
One hundred members
comprise the committee.
make up the committee.
compose the committee.
constitute the committee.
sheet [ʃi:t]
n. 床单，被单
a sheet of paper
The snow came down in sheets.
bedspread mattress
eiderdown blanket
pillow bedclothes / bedding
single bed double bed
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bunk (bed) hammock
metre / meter ['mi:tə(r)]

n. 仪表
an electricity meter
a water meter
a gas meter
read the meter
thermometer
barometer
odometer / milometer
speedometer
pace [peɪs]
n. 一步，步伐
pace / step
take one pace / step forward
quicken one’s pace / step
pace / tempo
the pace / tempo of life
the fast pace / tempo of modern life
keep pace with …
It is important for a company to keep pace with changes in the market.
stride
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make strides in ...
Medical science has made great strides in tackling infertility.
leap
That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
— Neil Armstrong
by leaps and bounds: very quickly
(A) He's growing very quickly.
(B) He's the tallest of three boys.
(C) He can jump high.
(D) He has to leave today at there.
M: Your little nephew is growing by leaps and bounds.
W: Yes. He must be at least three feet tall already.
Q:What do the speakers say about the woman’s nephew?
Answer: (A) He's growing very quickly.
flee [fli:]
v. 逃走，逃离
flee fled fled
When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.
abscond abscond with money
elope elope with sb.
escape escape from the prison
slam [slæ m]
v. 砰地关上
The door slammed (shut).
Don’t slam the door.
bang
The door banged (shut).
Don’t bang the door.
The door shut with a slam/bang.
(A) The dog shut the door.
(B) The shout was heard through the door.
(C) The door of the bank was locked.
(D) The door closed loudly.
The door banged shut.
Answer: (D) The door closed loudly.
send sb. to + n. / to do
I sent the boy to school / bed.
I sent the boy to buy some beer.
dispatch sb. to + n. / to do
An ambulance was immediately dispatched to the area.
The government dispatched 150 police to restore order.
transfer sb. to + n.
She was transferred from marketing to sales.
transport sb. to + n.
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He was transported to Siberia for life.
hall
living room / sitting room / drawing room
dining room kitchen bathroom
guestroom study bedroom
master bedroom storeroom
attic / loft basement / cellar balcony
Just as Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room, there was a knock on the front door.
She had told him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on
the kitchen table.
Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the
stairs.
I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple
of hours.
George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used.
My cousin, Harry, keeps a large curiously shaped bottle on permanent display in his study.
Looking into the drawing room, she saw a scene of confusion over by her writing desk.
The inspector began to look for fingerprints, while the constable checked that the front door
locks had not been forced, thereby proving that the burglars had either used skeleton keys or
entered over the balcony.
Her first impulse was to go round all the rooms looking for the thieves, but then she decided that
at her age it might be more prudent to have someone with her, so she went to fetch the porter
from his basement.
They had mysteriously found their way there from the wine cellar!
They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that they
may one day need just those very things.
She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going to
a fancy-dress party with her husband.
housework homework
household chore
I spent all morning doing (the) housework / household chores.
do / wash the dishes
do the washing-up
(A) He has to wash a thousand dishes.
(B) He has more dishes than his brother.
(C) His brother takes too much time washing the dishes.
(D) He has asked his brother to wash the dishes many times.
W: Have you asked your brother to do the dishes?
M: Thousands of times.
Answer: (D) He has asked his brother to wash the dishes many times.
do the laundry / washing
He will soon be working in an office.
He will be earning only half as much as he used to, …
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fancy-dress costume
fancy-dress party = masquerade
intend to do
We intend to go to Australia next year.
mean to do
Sorry, I didn’t mean to scare you.
He always meant to go back one day but not to stay.
be going to do
I’m going to have my hair cut this weekend.
Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough.
have every intention of doing …
I had every intention of phoning her this morning, but I just didn't get a chance.
not intend to do
not mean to do
have no intention of doing …
I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size
of the diamonds.
dress up as …
dress sb. up as …
We dressed him up as a gorilla.
…, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as
workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.
造句：他打扮成一个鬼去参加这个化妆晚会。
He went to the fancy-dress party dressed up as a ghost.
disguise sb. as …
He disguised himself as a dustman.
disguised as ... (非谓语)
Alfred the Great acted as his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.
dress up
You don’t need to dress up for a casual party.
overdressed
I think we are overdressed.
dress down
In many offices, people dress down on Fridays.
underdressed
Everyone else was in smart suit and I felt a bit underdressed.
the night before
the earlier / previous / preceding night
the night after
the next / following / succeeding night
be impatient to do …
be eager / anxious / itching / desperate / dying to do …
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Though the costume was composed only of a sheet, …
He is easy to fool.
She is extremely difficult to please.
The machine is awkward to handle.
The man is hard to work with.
At the very moment (when) Mrs. Richards was entering the dining room, …
…, somebody knocked at the front door.
There are more and more people who are interested in English in China.
There is increasing interest in English in China.
People generally agree that women should enjoy full equality with men.
There is general agreement that women should enjoy full equality with men.
Who is it?
Who is there?
the kitchen table.
straight : directly; immediately; without delay
I got home and went straight to bed.
Time is short so I’ll get straight to the point.
(A) Pick up the man at 1:00.
(B) Meet her friends at the restaurant.
(C) Make lunch for the man.
(D) Do her errands after lunch.
M: We thought we'd all go out for lunch today. Can you be ready to leave at one o'clock?
W: I have to pick up my car and do a couple of other errands. So I'll just come straight to the
restaurant.
Q: What will the woman do?
Answer: (B) Meet her friends at the restaurant.
Maybe she was asleep.
Maybe she was on the phone.
Maybe she was listening to music.
Maybe she was in the bathroom.
Please leave a message.
Please leave your address.
Did anybody leave a jacket behind last night?
Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs. Richards quickly hid in the small storeroom under the
stairs.
Because she didn’t want to frighten the poor man, …
Because he didn’t want to be recognized, the suspect dressed up as a priest.
Not wanting to be recognized, the suspect dressed up as a priest.
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Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read
the metre.
sth. occur to sb.
sth. strike sb.
sth. dawn on sb.
It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box.
It suddenly struck me how we could improve the situation.
It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour,
but barely chugging along at thirty.
It suddenly occurred to Mrs. Richards that it must be …
It suddenly struck Mrs. Richards that it must be …
It suddenly dawned on Mrs. Richards that it must be …
the man from the Electricity Board
experts from the zoo
a spokeswoman for the Bank
editors of newspapers and magazines
the Water Board
the Gas Board
the board of directors
He is on the board / a board member.
read the meter
take a meter-reading
read music
read one’s mind
read one’s palm
She tried to explain the situation, saying 'It's only me', but it was too late.
She tried to explain the situation and said ‘it’s only me’.
汉语：parataxis—平行语，连动句，没有轻重之别。
英语：hypotaxis—层次语，突出中心动词，次要动词状语化。
She tried to explain the situation and said ‘it’s only me’.
Trying to explain the situation, she said ‘it’s only me’.
He looked at his watch and saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times and
then it stopped.
Looking at his watch, he saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times before it
stopped.
独立主格
(with) + n. + 非谓语 (doing / done / to do, 其中 being 常省略)
He stopped running and sweat streamed down his face.
He stopped running (with) sweat streaming down his face.
He / With him stopping running sweat streamed down his face.
let out a cry / scream
utter a cry / scream
give a cry / scream
109
Lesson 14 A noble gangster
gangster ['gæŋstə(r)]
n. 歹徒，强盗
gangster
gang
the Gang of Four
Hi, gang. 大家好。 / 你们好。
Hi, gang. Hi, everybody.
Well, what's going on?
Anybody home?
We're in here, Dad.
Oh. Hi, gang.
Hello, Philip. How was your day?
My day was just fine. So was my night.
promptly ['prɒmptli]
adv. 准时地
She arrived promptly at ten.
She arrived punctually at ten.
She arrived at ten sharp.
An ambulance was promptly dispatched to the area.
a prompt / punctual start
Staff should be prompt in dealing with complaints.
The drowning child was saved by Dick’s ________ action.
A) acute B) alert
C) profound D) prompt
remarkable
[rɪ'mɑ:kəbl]
adj. 不同寻常的，非凡的
a remarkable feat
a remarkable achievement
be remarkable for …
He is remarkable for his memory.
extraordinary
her extraordinary beauty
Nelson Mandela is a truly extraordinary man.
exceptional
The child had shown exceptional courage.
Her scores are quite exceptional.
hire ['haɪə(r)]
v. 雇佣，租用；出租
hire … from …
= rent … from …
hire (out) … to …
= rent (out) … to …
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A hires / rents (out) B to C
C hires / rents B from A
dedicate ['dedɪkeɪt]
v. 奉献；把……题献给
dedicate / devote … to …
He has dedicated himself to scientific research.
After he has retired, he will devote himself to gardening.
dedicated to my beloved wife
dedicated
A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the
worth of something when he sees it.
memory ['meməri]
n. 纪念（对死者的追忆）
in memory of …
to the memory of …
The monument was built
in memory of
to the memory of
all the soldiers who died in the war.
commemorate
A statue has been built to commemorate the 100 th anniversary of the poet’s birthday.
there was a time when …
= once
There was a time when I was down and out.
there are times when …
= sometimes
There are times when even the tiger sleeps.
There are times when silence has the loudest voice.
There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we
might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service.
there are rare instances when …
= occasionally
There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract concept.
造句：在个别情况下，爱国主义(patriotism)不再是一个空洞的口号(an empty slogan)。
There are rare instances when patriotism ceases to be an empty slogan.
A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiancé, John, runs a successful furniture business.
… put a man out of business …
…, when business was bad, …
He has done a lot of business here in Beijing.
pay large sums of money
make large sums of money
He earned enormous sums of money …
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earn enormous sums of money
in return for …
America helped the rebels in return for their promise to support democracy.
He is always willing to help people out, without expecting anything in return.
in exchange for …
They were given food and shelter in exchange for work.
in compensation for …
She received $10,000 in compensation for her injuries at work.
in memory of …
in honor of …
The college was named in honor of George Washington.
a banquet in honor of the president
in appreciation of …
I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help.
in recognition of …
He was awarded one of the ‘ Ten Outstanding Young Persons’ in recognition of his significant
achievements.
protection money
put sb. out of business
= make sb. broke / bankrupt
put sb. out of work
The changing economic conditions have put many people out of work.
I am out of patience.
I am out of anger.
The TV is out of repair.
extort sth. 勒索某物
Gangsters used to extort money from local businessmen.
blackmail sb. 敲诈某人
Someone was trying to blackmail him with pictures of him and his mistress.
As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable
discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed
by gangsters.
as long ago as … 早在……就……
= as early as …
造句：早在公元前十五世纪，这座庙宇就被当作做礼拜的场所。
As long ago as the 15th century BC, the temple was used as a place of worship.
Sir Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Mr. Churchill
would rather / sooner do than do
prefer doing to doing
would rather / sooner (that) … 虚拟语气
I’d rather (that) Susan were here now.
have sth. done
112
He had his watch stolen.
King Charles І had his head cut off.
造句：早在 1984 年，我就随父母到了北京，并在天坛 (the Temple of Heaven)附近定居了下
来。
As long ago as 1984, I arrived in Beijing with my parents and settled near the Temple of Heaven.
settle down
They'd like to see their daughter settle down, get married, and have kids.
Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village fifty
miles away where he had remained ever since.
make a name for oneself
Ge You first made a name for himself in the movie ‘Wan Zhu’.
become famous overnight
With the success of their first record, they became famous overnight.
rise to fame
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old.
make (the) headlines
hit the headlines
The 9/11 terrorist attack
made (the) headlines
hit the headlines
around the world.
A be known to B as …
B 把 A 称为…
造句：中国人把李白称为诗仙 (poet immortal)。
Li Bai is known to the Chinese as ‘poet-immortal’.
造句：篮球运动员 Earvin Johnson 迅速出名了，并且美国人开始把他称为“魔术师约翰逊”。
Basketball player Earvin Johnson soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the
Americans as ‘Magic Johnson’.
Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers
to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded.
be at war with …
China had been at war with Japan for 8 years.
declare war on …
The Chinese government has declared war on official corruption.
wage war on …
We continually wage war on them, for they contaminate our food, carry diseases, or devour our
crops.
In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state
and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to
them.
Business is bad / slow / slack.
Business is good / booming.
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The general commanded his men to fire.
subordinate
造句：早在 20 世纪 30 年代，红军就完成了伟大的长征，在这期间他们走过了 25,000 里。
A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six
miles.
As long ago as the 1930’s, the Red Army had completed the successful Long March during which
they covered 25,000 li.
offer to do …
volunteer to do …
Jill volunteered to go with me to the hospital.
provided (that) …
providing (that) …
as / so long as …
'So long as there's something to identify, we will give people their money back,' said a
spokeswoman for the Bank.
provided (that) …
providing (that) …
as / so long as …
on condition (that) …
only if …
She will go only if Peter goes.
Only if Peter goes will she go.
When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture
painted which was dedicated to the memory of 'the most valiant soldier and most notable leader,
Signor Giovanni Haukodue'.
Only the good die young.
…, the Florentines held a state funeral for him.
a state funeral
a state visit
a state banquet
state affairs
the State Council
造句：当罗纳德·里根在 93 岁去世时，美国人为他举行了一次国葬，并请人塑了一尊塑像
以纪念这位伟大的总统。
When Ronald Reagan died at the age of 93, the Americans gave him a state funeral and had a
statue built which was dedicated to the memory of the great president.
高级作文句子要领
1、复合句为主，简单句作为点缀和过渡。
2、句式多变，尤其句首切忌雷同。
① 无灵主语开头，复合句。
There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of
money to gangsters in return for 'protection'.
② 条件状语从句开头，复合句。
If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by
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destroying his shop.
③ 无灵主语开头，简单句。
Obtaining 'protection money' is not a modern crime.
④ 介词短语作时间状语开头，复合句。
As long ago as the 14th century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable
by gangsters.
① 副词短语作时间状语开头，复合句。
Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled
near Florence.
② 主谓结构开头，复合句。
③ 让步状语从句开头，复合句。
④ 介词短语作时间状语开头，复合句。
them.
⑤ 主谓结构开头，简单句。
Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way.
⑥ 介词短语作让步状语开头，简单句。
⑦ 时间状语从句开头，复合句。
When he died at the age of 80, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted
which was dedicated to the memory of 'the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor
Giovanni Haukodue'.
Sentence opening is very important to create sentence variety.
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Lesson 15 Fifty pence worth of trouble
appreciate [ə'pri:ʃɪeɪt]
v. 欣赏；感激
appreciate music
appreciate wine
I appreciate your help.
I appreciate it.
be appreciative of …
I’m most appreciative of your concern for my health.
in appreciation of …
I sent him a gift in appreciation of his help.
I’m thankful / grateful to you for your help.
I’m much obliged to you for your advice.
I’m deeply indebted to you for your encouragement.
I owe you (one).
I owe you a lot.
I owe you a big favor.
pocket money
['pɒkɪt 'mʌnɪ]
n. 零用钱，零花钱
pocket money
beer money
pick one’s pocket
pickpocket
money burns a hole in one’s pocket
(A) He doesn't have enough money to buy a printer now.
(B) He's not sure how much a printer costs.
(C) He'll buy a computer later this week.
(D) He lost the money he was saving.
W: Have you saved enough to buy that new printer for your computer yet?
M: You know money seems to be burning a hole in my pocket lately. Maybe next month.
Answer: (A) He doesn't have enough money to buy a printer now.
rattle ['ræ tl]
v. & n. 硬物碰撞时当当作响
The coins rattled in the money box when he shook it.
tinkle
I rang the bell and heard it tinkle inside.
the tinkle of glass and china
clatter
the clatter of hooves
chime
The church bells chimed in the square.
slam / bang
116
Don’t slam / bang the door.
The door shut with a slam / bang.
thrifty ['θrɪfti]
adj. 节俭的
a thrifty housewife
frugal economical
miserly stingy
wasteful extravagant
…, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt.
save on ...
economize on ...
save on water / electricity
economize on water / electricity
nephew ['nefju:]
n. 侄子；外甥
nephew niece cousin sibling
sibling rivalry
He has two siblings, a brother and a sister.
aunt uncle
parental maternal paternal
parental / maternal / paternal affection
filial filial duty filial piety
bounce [baʊns]
v. & n. 弹起，弹跳
bounce = bound v.& n.
The ball bounced when it hit the ground.
She came bouncing in and told me the good news.
That’s the way the ball bounces.
Her health is improving by leaps and bounds.
stick [stɪk]
v. 卡住；粘住；伸出
The drawer sticks badly.
stick to … cling to … adhere to …
I’ll stick to my job until I find a better one.
Stick your tongue.
Stick’em up!
Freeze! Stick’em up! Your money or your life?
Definitely my life!
money + worth of + sth.
They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds.
Ross: Well, how was the date?
Rachel: Well I’m alone and I just bought fifteen dollars worth of candy bars, what do you think?
I just bought 50 yuan worth of groceries.
117
Children always appreciate small gifts of money. Mum or dad, of course, provides a regular
supply of pocket money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income.
greatly contribute to …
 make great contributions to …
specially emphasize / stress …
 lay / put special emphasis / stress on …
fully understand …
 have a full understanding of …
carefully consider …
 give careful consideration to …
strongly object to …
 have a strong objection to …
造句：这份报告特别强调了必须要吃充足的新鲜蔬菜和水果。
The report specially stresses that it is necessary to eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.
The report lays special stress on the necessity of consuming adequate fresh fruit and vegetables.
source
the source of the Yangtze River
resource
natural resources
mineral resources
origin
the origin of mankind
the origin of the universe
originate in …
stem from …
have its roots in …
Printing originates in / stems from / has its roots in China.
However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from America, has recently come into
fashion.
造句：学习英语对我来说总是一种乐趣。
Learning English is always a source of pleasure for me.
with ... / for ... / to ...
For most of them, 50 pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
The battery can go a long way.
go a long way towards …
The book will go a long way towards solving your problems.
come a long way
(A) She traveled a long distance to attend the exhibit.
(B) She likes to paint a variety of things.
(C) She thinks her painting has improved.
(D) She's glad the man saw her students' paintings.
M: I saw some of your paintings at the student art exhibit. They are great.
W: Thanks. I feel as though I’ve come a long way.
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Answer: (C) She thinks her painting has improved.
piece: coin 硬币
Very few of the fifty pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way there.
exchange A for B
Where can I exchange U.S. dollars for British pounds?
exchange rate
change A into B
The witch changed the prince into a frog.
piggy-bank
fill up sth. 把……装满

Fill her up!
I need a full tank.
fill in / out the form
be a small price to pay for sth.
造句: 损失点钱对于提高地位来说算不了什么。
The loss of money is a small price to pay for the rise in status.
be a high price to pay for sth.
造句：为了成功而牺牲健康是不值得的。
The sacrifice of health is a high price to pay for success.
大形年新颜国材用 + 中心名词
一张新的很沉的黑色的中国式的圆形的大木餐桌
a heavy big round new black Chinese wooden dining table
a nice cup of tea
a beautiful stretch of field
a stagnant pool of water
Children always appreciate small gifts of money. Mum or dad, of course, provides a regular supply
of pocket money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income. With some children,
small sums go a long way. If 50 pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months
inside money boxes. Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money box. For most of them,
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50 pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate.
Very few of the 50 pence pieces and pound coins I have given him have found their way there.
find one’s way
The river finds its way to the sea.
How did my money find its way in your pocket?
Specially-made lanterns are hung outside each house to help the dead to find their way.
lose one’s way
I love travelling in the country, but I don't like losing my way.
feel one’s way
The room was dark, so I had to feel my way along the wall to the door.
make one’s way
The hospital had been bombed and Hans had made his way back into Western Germany on foot.
Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards
the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.
force / elbow one’s way
He forced / elbowed his way through the crowd.
trace one’s way
We expected the path to end abruptly, but we found that it traced its way through the trees.
edge one’s way
They had to edge their way along this, sometimes wading across shallow streams, or swimming
across deep pools.
advise sb. to do
advise (that) …
“should do”型的虚拟语气
1.下列动词后的宾语从句中用 (should) do
order, ask, decide, demand, require, advise, recommend, suggest, insist …
He suggested that we (should) help them with English.
The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.
Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted
that it should be written out in full.
2.下列名词后的同位语从句中用 (should) do
suggestion, order, request, demand, proposal …
He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party.
The proposal that John (should) be dismissed is unacceptable.
3.下列形容词后的主语从句中用(should) do
important, necessary, natural, essential, advisable, strange, surprising ……
It’s strange that you (should) say such a thing.
It was important that you (should) tell me all the information.
Instead of saving it, he bought himself fifty pence worth of trouble.
instead of doing …, … 本该……，结果却……
Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories.
Instead of being five new family members, these children had immediately become a commodity.
造句：本该乘电梯的，我们却走楼梯下去的。
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Instead of taking the elevator, we walked down the stairs.
造句：本该学习的，他却浪费时间追女孩子。
Instead of studying, he wastes his time chasing girls.
On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his 50 pence and it bounced along the pavement and
then disappeared down a drain.
on one’s way
in one’s way
push
pull
drag
haul 薅
George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed his right arm through the drain cover.
Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to
Robert.
what is more / what’s more
What is more, they will not have to rely solely on the written word.
moreover / furthermore
besides
in addition
additionally
to make things worse
to make matters worse
The team has lost the last two games and, to make matters worse, two of its best players are
injured.
gather assemble collect
mass congregate
While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate
the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders.
A large crowd had assembled outside the American embassy.
A crowd soon collected at the scene of the accident.
Demonstrators had massed outside the embassy.
A crowd quickly congregated around the speaker.
a bar / cake of soap
a slice of butter
the fire brigade the fire department
fireman firefighter
… and two fire fighters used a special type of grease to free George.
George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard
about his troubles and rewarded him with a large box of chocolates.
hear of / about …
know of / about …
learn of / about …
reward sb. with sth.
造句：观众们对这位表演者报以雷鸣般的掌声。
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The audience rewarded the performer with thunderous applause.
a reward of ₤1,000
award sb. sth.
She was awarded the Nobel Prize for her work in medical research.
the Academy Award
本文体裁：记叙文 (narrative)
文章线索：
题目：新颖有趣，引人注意
第一段：作铺垫：孩子喜欢零花钱→来源（父母/亲属）→少数节俭，多数立刻花掉
第二段：叙述事情经过：(when, where, who, why, what, and result)，照应题目。
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Lesson 16
Mary had a little lamb
prize [praɪz]
adj. 心爱的，受珍视的
prize / prized adj. 心爱的
One of Mary's prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her.
The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be
walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize
plants.
valued / treasured / cherished adj.
prize / value / treasure / cherish vt. 珍爱，珍视
I’ll ~ our friendship for ever.
This is a lesson you’re going to ~.
valuable / priceless / precious
adj. 宝贵的，价值连城的
precious stone
It was very old and precious even then.
tie [taɪ]
v. 拴，系
tie a tie
tie … to …
Tie the horse to a tree.
The thief was tied / bound(bind) / chained(chain) to a tree.
theft [θeft]
n. 盗窃
theft n. 盗窃 (thief n. 贼)
He is guilty of theft.
burglary n. 入户行窃
burglar n. 梁上君子
Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and
actually assist burglars to burgle.
pickpocket
shoplifter
steal sth. from sb.
rob sb. of sth.
One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to
diamonds to notice any pain.
poach
Deer have been poached here for years.
embezzle
The official was charged with embezzling enormous government funds.
accuse [ə'kju:z]
v. 指控；（愤怒地）指责
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accuse sb. of sth.
I accused him of stealing my sheep.
Dimitri immediately went to Aleko's house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb.
They may even accuse them of disloyalty, or make some spiteful remark about the friends'
parents.
criticize sb. for sth.
He was criticized for his delay in dealing with the matter.
censure sb. for sth.
Ministers were censured for their lack of decisiveness during the crisis.
scold sb. for sth.
His mother scolded him for breaking her favorite vase.
blame sb. for sth.
blame sth. on sb.
They blamed George for the failure.
They blamed the failure on George.
reprimand sb. for sth.
I was reprimanded by my manager for being late.
Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and reprimanded the
assistant severely.
condemn A for / as B
The movie was condemned for its sexism.
The terrorist attack was condemned as an act of barbarism and cowardice.
deny [dɪ'naɪ]
v. 否认
deny + sth. / doing / that …
He denied the charge. / knowing about it. / that he had stolen the sheep.
admit / acknowledge + sth. / doing / that …
He admitted / acknowledged the charge. / knowing about it. / that he had stolen the sheep.
ashamed [ə'ʃeɪmd]
adj. 惭愧的，羞耻的
be ashamed of …
You should be ashamed of your behavior.
be ashamed to do
Their behavior makes me ashamed to be Chinese!
shame
disgrace
humiliate
bring shame / disgrace on …
His behavior shamed / disgraced / humiliated / brought shame on / brought disgrace on his
family.
shame n. 羞耻；可惜
Shame on you!
What a shame!
—John is sick and can’t come to class.
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—What a shame!
(A) The man will be sorry later.
(B) The camera should be thrown away.
(C) It's too bad the camera didn't work.
(D) Sarah was quite embarrassed.
M: Just as Sarah was opening the present I realized the camera wasn’t working.
W: What a shame!
Answer: (C) It's too bad the camera didn't work.
put sb. / sth. to shame
使……相形见绌
They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600 miles.
apologize
[ə'pɒlədʒaɪz]
v. 道歉
apologize to sb. for sth.
I apologized to him for being late.
make an apology to sb. for sth.
say sorry to sb. for sth.
be apologetic about sth.
He was apologetic about his late arrival.
assistant severely.
Mary had a little lamb
in southern Greece
= in the south of Greece
southern … = the south of …
northern … = the north of …
eastern … = the east of …
western … = the west of …
她来自中国西部。
She comes from western China.
She comes from the west of China.
northeastern … = the northeast of …
northwestern … = the northwest of …
southeastern … = the southeast of …
southwestern … = the southwest of …
造句：Jane 和父母亲住在中国东北一个叫丹东的小城市里。
Jane and her parents live in the tiny town of Dandong in northeastern China.
Jane and her parents live in the tiny town of Dandong in the northeast of China.
Greece
Greek
Greek mythology
It’s all Greek to me.
125
prize: prized / treasured / valued / cherished
valuable / priceless / precious
大形年新颜国材用+中心名词
一张新的很沉的黑色的中国式的圆形的大木餐桌
a heavy big round new black Chinese wooden dining table
… a little white lamb which had been a present from her husband.
keep + 宾语 + 宾补 (adj. / 分词 / 介词短语)
The coat will keep you warm.
He kept the fire burning.
It’s rude to keep people waiting.
Keep your nose out of my affairs!
bring
He brought a friend to my home.
take
Don’t forget to take an umbrella.
fetch / get
Please fetch / get me some coffee.
Go fetch!
be missing / be lost / disappear (without trace)
…, the lamb was lost.
…, the lamb disappeared (without trace).
The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
…, so it was clear / obvious / apparent / that the lamb had been stolen.
…, so clearly / obviously / apparently the lamb had been stolen.
造句：所有我仔细放在包里的东西都乱成了一团，所以显然珠宝是被偷了。
All the things I had packed so carefully were in a dreadful mess, so it was clear / obvious /
apparent that the jewels had been stolen.
All the things I had packed so carefully were in a dreadful mess, so clearly / obviously / apparently
the jewels had been stolen.
set out to do（带着目的）开始做某事
The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to
send them.
begin to do / doing
start to do / doing
come to do
Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own
times.
When you come to think about it, there are only four ways you can deal with rubbish: dump it,
burn it, turn it into something you can use again, attempt to produce less of it.
get to do / to doing
I get to like her over the months.
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He’s got to thinking it was all his fault.
They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing.
embark on sth.
own homes.
such a small village
so small a village
such an interesting book
so interesting a book
many / much / few / little
so many people
so much time
so few students
so little money
so little a boy
such a little boy
After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had
suddenly acquired a new lamb.
tell sb. (about) sth.
report / relate / recount sth. to sb.
After reporting / relating / recounting the theft to several of his friends, …
We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if
the important events of our lives were not related to it.
The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from?
in that ... except that ... but that …
He told him he had better return it or he would call the police.
had better do sth. or (else) ...
You’d better go out at once or (else) I’ll throw you out of the window.
do sth. before …
Get away from here before I call the police.
otherwise
Put on a heavy coat, otherwise / or (else) you’ll catch a cold.
had better do sth.
You’d better pay him a visit tomorrow.
You might as well do ...
It might be better to do ...
I suggest you do ...
call the police
go to the police
At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again―the
letter had made that quite clear―she changed her mind.
inform the police
Mrs. Ramsy was not to inform the police and had to pay ￡1,000.
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Aleko denied the accusation / charge.
Aleko denied that he had taken it.
lead sb.
show sb.
George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used.
usher sb.
The secretary ushered me into his office.
It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black.
It is true that ..., but ...
造句：诚然中国还是一个发展中国家，但是她却充满了潜力。
It is true that China is still a developing country, but she is full of potential.
It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most
perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the
thought, but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.
Admittedly, ..., but ...
Granted, …, but …
Admittedly, I could have tried harder, but I still don't think all this criticism is fair.
Granted, he doesn't look too bad for his age, but I don't fancy him.
Granted, a snobbery of camping itself, based upon equipment and techniques, already exists; but
it is of a kind that, if he meets it, he can readily understand and deal with.
It is true that / Admittedly, / Granted, ...,
but that is not to say that ...
but it does not follow that ...
but it does not necessarily mean that ...
but there is no guarantee that …
造句：确实很多大学生选择继续读研究生 (pursue their graduate studies)，但这并不意味着他
们都想做学者。
It is true that many college students choose to pursue their graduate studies, but it does not
necessarily mean that they want to be scholars.
be ashamed of ...
Being ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
The gaoler looked on eagerly, (being) anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
He used to sleep during the day and work at night, (being) quite unaware of the fact that he had
become the ghost of Endley.
(Being) Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real
bed.
128
apologize to sb. for sth.
Dimitri made an apology to Aleko for having accused him.
Dimitri said sorry to Aleko for having accused him.
造句：对自己如此不小心 (inattentively) 而感到不好意思, 我为打碎了 Mary 最喜欢的花瓶而
向她道歉。
Ashamed of having acted so inattentively, I apologized to Mary for having broken her favorite
vase.
While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko's house until the rain stopped.
When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find that the little black lamb was
almost white.
half an hour
an hour and a half
be surprised / amazed / astonished / astounded to find that / to learn that etc.
A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died.
Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
dye sth. black / blue / blonde etc.
Jane has dyed her hair blonde.
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Lesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world
suspension [sə'spenʃn]
n. 悬挂；暂停；
（因违规而）停职，停课
suspension bridge
the suspension of the peace talks
Annie got a 3-day suspension for smoking in school.
suspend sth. from sth.
A lamp was suspended from the ceiling.
Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind
are quite familiar to everybody.
hang from sth.
In the corner of the room was a large lamp, hanging from the ceiling.
The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather.
A tiny asterisk conducted me to a footnote at the bottom of the page. It said: 'This service has
been suspended.'
The policeman was suspended while the complaint was investigated.
Dave was suspended from school for a week.
situation [sɪtʃu'eɪʃn]
n. 地点，位置；情况，处境
situation location
a beautiful situation / location overlooking the valley
His apartment is in a really good situation / location.
She found herself in an embarrassing situation.
She tried to explain the situation, saying 'It's only me', but it was too late.
situate locate site
The monastery is situated / located / sited in a valley.
stand sit lie
Near the railway station stood a hotel.
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The house sits on top of a hill
The town lies on the coast.
immortal [ɪ'mɔ:tl]
adj. 永生的；流芳百世的
Plato believed that the soul is immortal.
the immortal Shakespeare
Emily Bronte's immortal love story
His telescopic observations are justly immortal; …
mortal
All human beings are mortal.
a mortal wound
He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he
was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.
immoral
It's immoral to steal.
moral
the decline of moral standards
moral support / obligation
I know only that what is moral is what you feel good after and what is immoral is what you feel
bad after.
― Ernest Hemingway
span [spæ n]
n. 跨度；一段时间
The arch has a span of 60 meters.
I worked with him over a span of six years.
The project must be completed within a specific time span.
Small children have a short attention span.
wingspan
a bird with a two-foot wingspan
lifespan
Men have a shorter lifespan than women.
A TV set has an average lifespan of 11 years.
concrete ['kɒŋkri:t]
n. 混凝土
modern buildings made of concrete
The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete.
a concrete floor / wall / building
concrete evidence / proposals / examples
Even if one didn't know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that
international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general
principles.
abstract
Beauty itself is abstract.
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capacity [kə'pæ səti]
n. 容量，承受量；能力
capacity of …
The jug has a capacity of half a liter.
The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000.
The new truck has a loading capacity of 2.5 tons.
capacity for …
He has a great capacity for work.
My capacity for mathematics is negligible.
capacity to do …
her capacity to read and write
We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied
psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens.
ability to do …
Our ability to think and speak makes us different from other animals.
capability to do … capability of …
You have the capability to do / of doing this job well.
powers of …
Teachers have the responsibility to develop students' powers of critical thinking.
If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child
was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they
would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and
resisting it.
aptitude for …
At an early age Susan showed an aptitude for languages.
Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and
named it Angouleme.
know of / about …
hear of / about …
I don't know him personally, though I know of / about him.
George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard
about his troubles and rewarded him with a large box of chocolates.
named it Angouleme.
They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.
在正式书面语中，若关系代词做介词宾语，需将介词置于关系代词之前，非正式文体无此
限制。
（正式）This is the house in which I lived for 10 years.
（非正式）This is the house which I lived in for 10 years.
（正式）I have read the poem of which she is speaking.
（非正式）I have read the poem which she is speaking of.
about whom / which little is known
造句：Mary 和她的丈夫 Dimitri 住在 Perachora，一个鲜为人知的希腊小村庄。
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Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in Perachora, a tiny Greek village about which little is known.
造句：张继，一位鲜为人知的中国诗人，曾经写过一首著名的诗歌，
《枫桥夜泊》(“Mooring
by Maple Bridge at Night”)。
Zhang Ji, a Chinese poet about whom little is known, once wrote a famous poem “Mooring by
Maple Bridge at Night”.
name sb. …
We named our daughter Sarah.
name … after …
He was named after his father.
Tasmania was named after its discoverer, A. J. Tasman.
Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably
remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world was
named after him.
He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which
flowed a great river.'
describe … as (being) …
The man was described as (being) tall and dark, and aged about 20.
Jim was described by his colleagues as (being) 'unusual'.
The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, but since the porter agreed with him, she rang up
her daughter and asked for her help in what she described as a little spot of bother.
Those who never have to move house become indiscriminate collectors of what can only be
described as clutter.
At the time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was
regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments.
agreeable adj. pleasant
We spent a most agreeable evening by the river.
midst: middle
in the midst of the crowd
whilst: while
The days were hot whilst we were on vacation.
amongst: among
There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be
found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors.
In the midst of two small hills flowed a great river.
 A great river flowed in the midst of two small hills.
全部倒装
1、表示位置或次序的状语置于句首，只要满足两个条件，要用全部倒装。
①主语不是代词。②谓语动词不是及物动词。
A subway station stands in front of a huge shopping mall.
In front of a huge shopping mall stands a subway station.
造句：这家饭馆的位置非常方便，位于一家大型购物中心的正中央，在购物中心前有一座地
133
铁站。
The restaurant is in a very convenient situation. It is located right in the center of a huge shopping
mall. A subway station stands in front of the shopping mall.
造句：这家饭馆的位置非常方便，位于一家大型购物中心的正中央，在购物中心前有一座地
铁站。
The restaurant is in a very convenient situation located right in the center of a huge shopping
mall in front of which stands a subway station.
named after him.
She is by no means pretty.

She's not a bad kid, by any means.
By no means can theory be separated from practice.
She's not at all happy about the current situation.
This will in no way influence our original decision.
I am no expert.
That girl is no fool.
Larry is no friend of mine.
His arguments are not remotely convincing.
On no account must you disturb me when I'm working.
Do not on any account leave the prisoner unguarded.
I tried to convince them, but they weren't in the least interested.
"Was she annoyed?" "Not a bit! She was delighted."
On no condition should untrained personnel use the equipment.
Under no circumstances will we agree to splitting up the company.
consider … to be …
We consider this (to be) very important.
He was considered (to be) a weak leader.
will remain immortal
The name of Lei Feng will remain immortal.
will always be remembered
The tragic missing of the Malaysian airliner will always be remembered.
sth. be named after sb.
sth. be named for sb.
134
sth. be named in honor of sb.
The college is named after / for / in honor of George Washington.
join A to B
The island is joined to the mainland by a bridge.
link A with / to B
The Great St Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy.
The arch has a span of 60 meters.
It has a span of 4,260 feet.
at the age of 52
an increase of 3%
a revenue of $3.4 billion
a pay raise of 4 percent
a salary of 30,000 dollars a year
The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.
So long is the bridge that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.
The length of the bridge is such that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its
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designer.
Such is the length of the bridge that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its
designer.
paid for at a shop.
take … into account
If you take inflation into account, we actually spend less now.
We must take into account the boy’s long illness.
take account of …
These figures do not take account of changes in the rate of inflation.
take … into consideration
I always take fuel consumption into consideration when buying a car.
Before we come to a decision, we must take into consideration all the relevant facts.
The candidates' experience will be taken into consideration.
The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100
The train will depart from platform 3.
The speaker mounted the platform to denounce the policy.
ferro-concrete
extend to a depth of …
The deepest known cave in the world is the Gouffre Berger near Grenoble. It extends to a depth
of 3,723 feet.
go down to as much as …
The deepest holes of all are made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,000 feet.
stand … high
She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.
rise to a height of …
How do I love thee?
How do I love thee?
Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach.
― E. B. Browning
These books alone cost me 2,000 yuan.
Time alone will tell.
Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent.
― Calvin Coolidge
take (sb.) some time (to do sth.)
These alone took 16 months to build.
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send them.
A tall steel tower rising to a height of nearly 200 feet will rest on the platform.
Each of the four cables consists of 26,108 lengths of wire.
Each of the four cables is made up of 26,108 lengths of wire.
Each of the four cables is composed of 26,108 lengths of wire.
Each of the four cables comprises 26,108 lengths of wire.
a length of rope / pipe / wire etc
a sum of money
a bar of chocolate
a bar / cake of soap
a slice of butter
a loaf of bread
a tube of toothpaste
a cone of ice-cream
a bunch of grapes / bananas
a flash / bolt of lightning
a peal of thunder
a gust of wind
a pane of glass
a bouquet of flowers
It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a
third of its total capacity.
it is estimated that …
it is said that …
it is believed that …
it is reported that …
It is said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die.
It has been said that everyone lives by selling something.
“if” 型的虚拟语气
1、与现在事实相反。
If + S. + did / were, S. + would / should / could / might + do
If she were alive today she would not be able to air her views on her favourite topic of
conversation: domestic servants.
2、与过去事实相反
If + S. + had done, S. + would / should / could / might + have done
If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed.
If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have
been erected.
3、与未来趋势相反
If + S.+ should do, S.+ would / should / could / might + do
If + S.+ did / were to do, S.+ would / should / could / might + do
If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.
137
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.
If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed
mud.
be packed with …
be crowded with …
be crammed with …
be thronged with …
The island was packed with tourists.
The narrow roads were crowded with holiday traffic.
The guide is crammed with useful information.
The streets were thronged with Christmas shoppers.
a third of … / one-third of …
two-thirds of …
Two-thirds of the profits are given to charities.
Three-fourths of the public say they favor a national referendum on the issue.
Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an
enormous object drawn as faintly as possible'.
Although it is immense, …
Despite its importance, the meeting has to be postponed.
Despite its scarcity, water is still wasted in the country.
Despite his cleverness, he cannot figure out how to do it.
fulfil / fulfill
fulfill / realize / achieve one’s dream
one’s dream come true
dream of doing sth. / to do sth.
He had finally achieved his dream of becoming a pilot.
Her dream to enter the famous university came true.
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Lesson 18
Electric currents in modern art
current ['kʌrənt]
n. 电流
alternating current (AC)
direct current (DC)
Is the wire live?
The plug broke, exposing live wires.
a two-pin plug a three-pin plug
socket
water current air current
swim with the current
swim against the current
the current president
current affairs
the current economic situation
mistaken [mɪ'steɪkən]
adj. 错误的
mistaken ideas
a mistaken judgment
be mistaken about …
I was mistaken about her age.
wrong false
erroneous fallacious
mistake error
a technical error
blunder
It was a blunder to marry such a lazy-bones.
fault It’s your fault!
fallacy
It is a common fallacy that women are worse drivers than men.
make a mistake
commit a fallacy
The author commits a fallacy of false analogy.
err
To err is human,
to forgive divine.
凡人多舛误,
唯神能见宥.
— Alexander Pope
oddly ['ɒdli]
adv. 奇怪地，古怪地
odd
What an odd man he is!
139
an odd number
an even number
strange unusual
peculiar
a peculiar smell
a most peculiar story
be peculiar to …
Pandas are peculiar to China.
weird
I heard some weird noises coming from outside.
eccentric
Our neighbor is an eccentric old lady who has about 25 cats.
bizarre outlandish
She came to the party wearing a bizarre / an outlandish costume and a blond wig.
attach [ə'tæ tʃ]
v. 连上，系上，贴上，附加上
attach … to …
attach a photo to the form
attach a rope to the branch
They attached a number of conditions to the agreement.
China attaches great importance / significance to agriculture.
She attaches great value to financial independence.
sphere [sfɪə(r)]
n. 球体；领域
in the scientific / political / cultural / educational … sphere / area / field / world / realm / domain
atmosphere
hemisphere
the northern / southern / eastern / western hemisphere
repel [rɪ'pel]
v. 排斥
Oil repels water.
attract
His behavior repels me.
The food repels my stomach.
be repelled by …
I was repelled by his behavior.
repellent
repellent smell / behavior
repel repellent
repulse repulsive
revolt revolting
disgust disgusting
You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive.
“pel” = push
140
repel compel / impel
expel propel
flicker ['flɪkə(r)]
v. 闪烁
The candle flickered in the wind.
twinkle
Twinkle, twinkle, little star, like a diamond in the sky.
— Jane Taylor
sparkle glitter
The diamond sparkled in the sunlight.
All that glitters is not gold.
— William Shakespeare
flash
a flash of lightning
a flash in the pan
His first novel proved to be a flash in the pan. He never wrote another.
emit [ɪ'mɪt]
v. 放射，发射
Fireflies emit light but not heat.
give off discharge
launch
launch a rocket / missile / satellite
emit: “e ”(out) + “mit ”(send)
submit: “sub ”(under) + “mit ”
transmit: “trans ” (across)+ “mit ”
sexually transmitted diseases
The US open will be transmitted live via satellite.
vomit: “vo ”(eat) + “mit ”
omit: “o ”=“ob ”(away) + “mit ”
rarely seldom
almost never hardly ever
Though he owned a large car, he hardly ever used it, preferring always to go on foot.
Rarely / Seldom does modern sculpture surprise us any more.
astonish
disturb
remind
confuse
convince
His reaction made me feel deeply disappointed.
 His reaction deeply disappointed me.
What he said made me totally confused.
 What he said totally confused me.
141
The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken.
The idea is mistaken that modern art can only be seen in museums.
圆周句（掉尾句）
That all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond is undeniable.
It is undeniable that all great art has this power of suggesting a world beyond.
Although Tchaikovsky himself thought of the Pathetic Symphony as his crowning masterpiece, the
premiere on October 28th 1893 in St. Petersburg proved a disappointment.
Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern
sculpture on display in public places.
be interested in …
take … interest in …
take an interest in …
take no interest in …
take little interest in …
take a lot of interest in …
Kidnappers are rarely interested in animals, but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs.
Eleanor Ramsay's cat.
take pride in ...
You should take pride in your work.
take pleasure / delight in ...
College students seem to take pleasure / delight in practical jokes.
take comfort in ...
I know she goes out a lot at night, but I take comfort in the fact that she's always with friends.
take pity on ...
I took pity on the beggar and gave him some change.
cannot have failed to notice …
must have noticed …
Cats never fail to fascinate human beings.
“on + 名词”表示处于某种状态
on display / show / exhibition
The house is on sale.
The workers are on strike.
I’m here on vacation.
I’m here on business.
The nurse is on call 24 hours a day.
Strange forms of sculpture stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.
be / get / become used to(介词) …
“We'll get used to that Bill,” said the vicar.
be / get / become accustomed to(介词) …
We have got quite accustomed to them.
(A) Read a gas meter.
(B) Start a camp fire.
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(C) Get gas for his car.
(D) Cook some food.
M: I’m not accustomed to using a gas stove.
W: It’s simple. Just turn the knob until the burner lights then adjust the flame.
Q: What is the man going to do?
Answer: (D) Cook some food.
be / get / become familiar with …
We have got quite familiar with them.
be adapted to(介词) …
I am adapted to Beijing’s dry climate.
so-called
Where are your so-called friends now?
—including myself—
—as well as myself—
—no less than myself—
The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: 'Do not touch the
exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!'
say v. 上面写着 …
The sign says ‘Keep Out’.
What did the letter say?
My watch says four o’clock.
A tiny asterisk conducted me to a footnote at the bottom of the page. It said: 'This service has
been suspended.'
go v. 一句话一个故事是怎么说的；一首歌是怎么唱的
As the old saying goes, ‘look before you leap’.
The story goes that the prince was turned to a frog.
How does the song go?
Keep away from the exhibits.
a strangely shaped carrot
She has a perfectly shaped figure.
heart-shaped
pear-shaped
V-shaped
be suspended from ..
hang from …
His driver’s license was suspended.
in response to …
The president stepped down in response to public pressure.
a gust of wind
a peal of thunder
a fit of coughing
a round of applause
peals / gales of laughter
143
be familiar with …
be familiar to …
Many readers are familiar with the name Harry Potter.
The name Harry Potter is familiar to many readers.
Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres.
line sth. up
The books are lined up on the shelf.
line up Line up, everybody!
cut in line
attach sth. to sth.
造句：在桌上排列着一些崭新的 (brand-new) 电脑，而电脑上又连着 (connect) 打印机
(printer)。
Lined up on the table, there are a number of brand-new computers connected to printers.
all the time 一直……，不停地……
on and on
continuously
constantly
without stopping
colored lights
colorful lights
… colorful rugs from Persia
These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad.
continuously continually
be always / continually doing
He is continually being late.
He is continually asking me for money.
go mad
go crazy
go wild
go bananas
go nuts
Oceans apart, day after day, and I slowly go insane.
on and off 断断续续地
off and on
反义：on and on 持续不停地
夸张 hyperbole
白发三千丈, 缘愁似个长
危楼高百尺, 手可摘星辰
燕山雪花大如席, 片片吹落轩辕台
Everybody was clapping their hands off.
I didn’t sleep a wink last night.
He has a skeleton of a wife.
双关 pun
刘禹锡《竹枝词》
144
杨柳青青江水平
闻郎江上唱歌声
东边日出西边雨
道是无晴还有晴
145
Lesson 19 A very dear cat
More sun and air for your son and heir.
We must all hang together or we shall all hang separately.
−What do lawyers do when they die?
−Lie still.
The professor tapped on his desk and shouted, “Gentlemen, order!”
The entire class yelled, “Beer!”
Lesson 19 A very dear cat
dear [dɪə(r)]
adj. 亲爱的；昂贵的
Dear Mr. Smith,
my dear daughter
Come on, dear.
dearest darling honey
sugar sweetheart
expensive
costly
pricy / pricey
cost sb. an arm and a leg
(A) Linda didn't like it.
(B) Bill lost it.
(C) It was very expensive.
(D) It was very small.
M: Did you see the diamond ring Bill gave to Linda?
W: I sure did. It must have cost him an arm and a leg.
Q: What does the woman imply about the ring?
Answer: (C) It was very expensive.
daylight / highway robbery
$10 for an orange juice? That's just daylight robbery!
kidnapper ['kɪdnæ pə(r)]
n. 绑架者，绑匪
kidnapper kidnap
The boy was kidnapped by a terrorist.
abduct abductor
hijack hijacker
ransom hostage
anonymous [ə'nɒnɪməs]
adj. 匿名的
an anonymous donor / phone call / letter
“onym” = name
synonym antonym
pseudonym pseudo-science
O. Henry is the pseudonym of William Sydney Porter.
withdraw [wið'drɔ:]
146
v. （从银行）取款
withdraw … from …
I’d like to withdraw 2,000 yuan from my account.
deposit … in …
I’d like to deposit 2,000 yuan in my account.
I’d like to open an account.
current account
checking account
deposit account
savings account
I’d like to close my account because I’m moving.
Can I cash a check here?
What’s the balance in my account?
What’s the interest rate?
I’d like to transfer $2,000 from my savings account to my checking account.
Can I wire some money to China from here?
Is it possible for me to exchange some British pounds for U.S. dollars?
What’s today’s exchange rate for U.S. dollars?
双关 pun
treasured / valued
expensive / costly
刘禹锡《竹枝词》
杨柳青青江水平
闻郎江上唱歌声
东边日出西边雨
道是无晴还有晴
Stephen hawking is a star scientist.
His expertise is related to cosmology.
He is a celebrity.
More sun and air for your son and heir.
We must all hang together or we shall all hang separately.
―What do lawyers do when they die?
―Lie still.
The professor tapped on his desk and shouted, “Gentlemen, order!”
The entire class yelled, “Beer!”
rarely seldom
almost never hardly ever
Rarely are kidnappers interested in animals.
take an interest in …
take no interest in …
take little interest in …
take considerable interest in …
have an interest in …
have no interest in …
147
have little interest in …
have considerable interest in …
show an interest in …
show no interest in …
show little interest in …
show considerable interest in …
造句：孩子们很少对历史感兴趣，但是小约翰最近却对古代雕塑产生了浓厚的兴趣。
Children are rarely interested in history, but little John recently took considerable interest in
ancient sculpture.
wealthy
rich
affluent
well-off
well-to-do
share a house / apartment / flat / room with …
I shared an apartment with Kim when I first came to Beijing.
room with …
I roomed with him at college.
live with …
cohabit with …
A sorrow shared by two is half sorrow; a happiness shared by two is double happiness.
We share an interest in history.
Alfred Bloggs 是 Ellesmere 公司工作的一名垃圾工，他和他的同事 George 合住一个公寓已
经很多年了。
Alfred Bloggs, a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation, has shared an apartment with his
colleague, George, for a great many years.
lead / live a … life
I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on
some of my prize plants.
take a walk / stroll
have a walk / stroll
go for a walk / stroll
What do you want to do after breakfast?
Why don't we take a walk down to the river?
Phoebe: Hey, is Chandler here?
Joey: No, no he went for a walk.
walk the dog
You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, …
He could not find his fifty pence anywhere, …
She could not find him anywhere.
receive sth. from sb.
148
get sth. from sb.
hear from sb.
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs.
Ramsay paid a ransom of £1,000.
in safe hands
Don’t worry about the children. They are in safe hands.
You can be sure your children are in good hands.
I am afraid that nuclear weapons could fall into the wrong hands.
safe and sound
The hostage now is safe and sound.
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of ￡1,000 to the first man who would fly across the
English Channel.
a reward of ￡1,000
a fund of ￡1,000
a debt of ￡1,000
an investment of ￡1,000
a scholarship of ￡1,000
instruct sb. to do
Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the
president's palace in a new African republic.
At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again―the
letter had made that quite clear―she changed her mind.
go to the police
inform the police
be afraid of ...
be afraid that ...
… but afraid of never seeing Rastus again …
… but afraid that she would never see Rastus again …
for fear of ...
for fear that ...
I didn't turn on the light, for fear of waking the baby.
I didn't turn on the light, for fear that it would wake the baby.
… but for fear of never seeing Rastus again …
… but for fear that she would never see Rastus again …
make sth. clear / explicit
Possible side effects must be made clear / explicit.
clarify
Could you clarify your remarks?
clarify one’s position
The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper would
keep his word.
the next / following / succeeding morning
the morning after
149
keep one’s word / promise
break one’s word / promise
He is a man of his word.
She is a woman of her word.
sure enough 果然
The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party.
Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away.
He looked very well, though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk.
When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find that the little black lamb was
almost white.
Strictly speaking, the whale isn’t a fish.
Judging from his face, he must be ill.
To make a long story short, he wanted money, and tried to get it without working.
The team has lost the last two games and, to make matters worse, two of its best players are
injured.
considering
including excluding
concerning regarding respecting
China’s foreign policy concerning / regarding / respecting Japan
in more ways than one
Known to millions, far and wide, for his book ‘A Brief History of Time’, Stephen Hawking is a star
scientist in more ways than one.
‘empty nest’ problem
‘empty nesters’
‘empty nest’ syndrome
150
Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots
pioneer [paɪə'nɪə(r)]
n. 先驱；v. 开拓，探索
Young Pioneers
Henry Ford was a pioneer in the auto industry.
The Wright brothers pioneered in early aviation.
break new ground
Deng Xiaoping’s reform programs broke new ground in China.
lead the way
The company led the way in developing environment-friendly products.
lord [lɔ:d]
n. 对（英国）贵族的尊称，勋爵
lord n. 对贵族 (noble / aristocrat) 的尊称
Lord Northcliffe
Lord Byron
duke marquis earl
viscount baron
sir n. 对爵士 (knight) 的尊称
Sir John Hawkwood
overland ['əʊvəlæ nd]
adj. 陆上的；adv. 通过陆路
an overland journey
overland adv. 通过陆路 = by land
We travelled overland / by land to Hangzhou.
by sea / by air
by bus / train / car / ship / boat / plane etc.
on foot
drive (from …) to …
fly (from …) to …
sail (from …) to …
take a bus / taxi / train / ship / boat / plane etc.
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of $1,000 to the first man who would fly across the
English Channel.
offer sb. sth.
offer sth. to sb.
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of £1,000 to the first man who would fly across the
English Channel.
An aeroplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world.
Shops cater for the do-it-yourself craze not only by running special advisory services for novices,
but by offering consumers bits and pieces which they can assemble at home.
offer to do = volunteer to do
them.
151
He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
a ￡1,000 of prize X
a prize of ￡1,000 √
a ransom of ￡1,000
a reward of ￡1,000
a debt of ￡1,000
a fund of ￡1,000
a scholarship of ￡1,000
an investment of ￡1,000
fly across the English channel
动词 + across + 宾语
cross + 宾语 + 方式状语
cross the English channel by plane
the (English) Channel
strait
the Bering Strait
the Taiwan Strait
stopped.
I shaved before I went to the party.
Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney.
He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to
land on the sea.
The plane had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.
Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust
the pen into my hands.
make … attempt to do
make an / no / little / the first / another attempt to do
Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was
unlucky again.
造句：过了一个多月才有人发现了这具尸体。
Over a month passed before the body was found.
造句：过了十年 (decade) 多才有人出来揭示 (reveal) 了这个秘密。
Over a decade passed before the secret was revealed.
in the early / late morning / afternoon / evening
at dawn / the crack of dawn / daybreak / sunrise
at dusk / sunset / sundown / twilight
take off 起飞 land 着陆
Flight No.714 took off / landed at 8:30 a.m.
take off sth. 脱衣服
put on sth. 穿衣服
He took off / put on his coat.
take … off … 使……脱离……
152
It is almost impossible to take your mind off the journey.
She was so pretty—I couldn't take my eyes off her.
“Have you seen James without his beard?” “I know—it takes years off him!”
take time off
Do you still live there?
Oh yes, yes. My husband‘s there now. He couldn't take time off to come to New York with me.
I have to take time off from work / school to go to the dentist.
take a day off
take the afternoon off
He has to travel 20 miles to work every day.
fail v. (fml.) （零部件）失灵
The brakes failed and the car crashed into a tree.
break down v.（交通工具, 大型机器）抛锚, 停止工作
The car / bus / train / washing machine broke down.
malfunction v. (fml.) 出故障
The satellite entered the orbit and quickly malfunctioned.
sth. goes wrong with … 出故障
Something’s gone wrong with my computer.
fail to do 没能完成某事
be forced to do
She was forced to retire early due to ill health.
… and he had to make a forced landing.
be / feel obliged to do
similar.
President Nixon felt compelled to resign.
I felt impelled to tell her the truth.
be / feel bound to do
All the countries are bound to submit to the regulations.
☓ be / feel necessary to do ☓
√ It is necessary for … to do √
must do / have to do
float on the water
ride the waves
pick up ↔ sb.
I'd really like to pick up Grandpa at the railroad station.
Railroad stations or airports, Grandpa always tells us he'll get here by himself.
He's something!
153
save / rescue
When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter than white?
had to leave.
salvage
The salvage operation had been a complete failure.
pick up ↔ sth.
The phone rang and I picked it up.
He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere ₤50.
pick up where we left off
After lunch shall we pick up where we left off?
Chandler: Wait! I just want you to know that ... I'm so happy you're going to be here.
Janice: Oh, me too ...
Chandler: Because ... that way ... we can pick up where we left off.
Janice: Huh?
Chandler: I never stopped loving you.
Louis
Illinois
Calais
Charles
Chamonix
Louis Blériot (1872-1936), French engineer and pioneer aviator.
After designing and building various types of experimental aircraft, he concentrated on
developing the monoplane.

On July 25, 1909, he flew from Calais, France, to Dover, England, in one of his monoplanes,
154
becoming the first aviator to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine.
During World War I Blériot's factory produced about 10,000 airplanes for the armed forces of
France and the other Allied powers.
model n.（车辆、机器的）型号
the latest model
the most popular model
My car is the latest model.
They produce a range of different computers, but this is the most popular model.
flight aviation
voyage navigation
造句：早在 20 世纪 30 年代，红军就完成了伟大的长征，在这期间他们走过了 25,000 里。
stick it out 坚持下去
Latham, however, stuck it out.
Rachel: Oh God, I hate my job, I hate it, I hate my job, I hate it.
Monica: I know honey, I'm sorry.
Rachel: Oh, I wanna quit, but then I think I should stick it out.
It seems / looks as if / as though … 看似, 好像……

造句：看似他们之间将有一次激烈的争吵 (a heated argument)。
It seemed / looked as if / as though there would be a heated argument between them.
a car / boat / horse / swimming race
match / game
a boxing / basketball / football / volleyball match / game
Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago.
contest
a speech / beauty / dance contest
promise to do
It promised to be an exciting race across the Channel.
It promises to be warm today.
Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on the
mystery.
set out / off start out / off
Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.
The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches.
within … of … 离……不到……
I live within a mile of the city center.
The company is within a week of bankruptcy.
for the second time
at the second time
for the first time
at the first time
155
In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R.E. Byrd,
successfully flew over the South Pole for the first time.
Is something still wrong, Robbie?
I'll be OK.
Going away to college for the first time always makes one a little nervous.
I guess so. I'll be OK. I just need time to think.
156
Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza
boxing ['bɒksɪŋ]
n. 拳击运动
boxing match boxing gloves
boxing ring boxer
prizefight prizefighter
referee
bare [beə(r)]
adj. 赤裸的
bare-headed bare-chested
bare-legged bare-assed
bare floor bare mountains
with one’s bare hands
Wu Song killed the tiger with his bare hands.
naked
He was naked to the waist.
the naked eye
nude
She once posed nude for a magazine.
marquis ['mɑ:kwɪs]
n. 侯爵
duke marquis earl
viscount baron
aristocracy
aristocrat noble nobleman
lord Lord Byron
sir Sir John Hawkwood
technically ['teknɪkli]
adv. 技术上；严格地说
a technically brilliant pianist
It is technically possible to produce a human being by cloning.
technically (speaking)
strictly speaking
Technically (speaking), the whale isn’t a fish.
Strictly speaking, the spider isn’t an insect.
popularity [pɒpju'læ rəti]
adv. 流行，普及；名望
the increasing popularity of organic food
The president’s popularity has declined considerably.
be popular with / among …
She was in love with Donald McGrath, the quarterback on our football team.
Football players are always popular with the ladies.
fame
All he thinks about is fame and gain.
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renown
celebrity
name
reputation
The restaurant has a very good / bad name / reputation.
famous well-known renowned
noted notable legendary
‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’
celebrated eminent
the most eminent boxer in England
infamous notorious
adore [ə'dɔ:(r)]
v. 非常喜欢，爱慕；崇拜
She adores her only son.
I absolutely adore chocolate.
like love care for fancy
I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room.
be the apple of one’s eye
His youngest daughter is the apple of his eye.
Oh look who it is, my husband, the apple of my eye.
fall in love with sb.

lose one’s heart to sb.
be mad / crazy about sb.
The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach.
carry a torch for sb.
have a crush on sb.
Monica had such a crush on him. Yeah, she used to kiss his poster every night before she went to
bed.
Oh! I used to do that too!
158
bet [bet]
v. 打赌
bet … on …
He bet all his money on the black horse.
I bet = I am certain
(A) Tom's apartment probably costs more than the man's.
(B) The man's place is becoming more expensive.
(C) Her apartment is better than the man's.
(D) She wants to see Tom's new apartment.
M: I’ve just been over to my friend Tom’s new apartment. It's much bigger than my place.
W: But more expensive I bet.
Answer: (A) Tom's apartment probably costs more than the man's.
you bet = certainly
Pete Waters, RFD Number 1, Chesterton. You know him?
Do I know Pete Waters? You bet I do! He was my roommate in college.
(A) He'll go if the woman goes too.

(B) He doubts he'll be able to go.
(C) He's too tired to go.
(D) He's eager to go.
W: Are you still planning to go to the concert?
M: You bet I am.
Q: What does the man say about the concert?
Answer: (D) He's eager to go.
academy [ə'kæ dəmi]
n. 专科学校，学院
West Point is a famous military academy.
Academy Award (Oscar)
academic
academic year
academic research
a boxing / basketball / football / volleyball match
It looked as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel.
a car / boat / horse / swimming race
159
contest
a speech / beauty / dance contest
open the US Open
tournament championship
games
the Olympic Games
the Goodwill Games
in those days
Though in those days, traveling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of
visitors across the Channel from Europe.
In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.
in those days
these days nowadays
today in this day and age
These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in
offices.
with bare fists
with naked fists
with one’s bare hands
because … since … as…
for … in that… now (that) …
Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, …….
because of … by reason of…
due to … owing to …
thanks to … on account of …
(A) She doesn’t like the professor very much.
(B) She doubts class will be canceled.
(C) She doesn’t want to attend the conference.
(D) She wonders whether the professor is an accountant.
M: Do you think professor Smith will cancel class on account of the special conference?
W: Not likely.
Answer: (B) She doubts class will be canceled.
know A as B
know A as B
refer to A as B
People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white-collar workers’ for the simple
know A as B
refer to A as B
call A B
From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him 'Mr. Bloggs', not 'Alf'.
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know A as B
refer to A as B
call A B
address A as B
Elizabeth: This is my father, Paul Stevens. Dad, this is Ross Geller.
Ross: It’s great to meet you Paul.
Paul: I usually prefer Elizabeth’s boyfriends to address me as Mr. Stevens.
Ross: Of course, of course, Mr. Stevens.
However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prize-fighter could be seriously
injured or even killed during a match.
..., boxing was very cruel, …
..., boxing was very brutal, …
..., boxing was very violent, …
..., boxing was very bloody, …
suffer
… a prizefighter could suffer a serious injury or even be killed during a match.
colorful: interesting, exciting, vivid
figure: character, personality
I just wanna be a person, not a personality.
The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the
first set of rules.
introduce v. 开始推行；开始采用
New safety measures will be introduced next month.
You can use my laptop freely.
The use of my laptop is welcome.
draw up 起草
I’ve drawn up a list of candidates that I’d like to interview.
… not … until …, when …
造句：直到毛主席 1949 年宣布 (proclaim) 中华人民共和国成立 (foundation), 中国人民才获
得了 (achieve) 解放 (liberation)。
The liberation of the Chinese people was not achieved until 1949, when Chairman Mao
proclaimed the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.
Though he was technically a prize-fighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prize-fighting into
a sport, for he brought science to the game.
do much / a lot / a great deal to …
do little to …
do nothing to …
change … into …
exchange … for …
造句：尽管严格地说只是一本书，但圣经在把这个粗鄙的世界变成一个文明世界方面却做出
了很大贡献，因为它给人类带来了信仰 (faith)。
Though it is technically a book, the Bible does much to change the crude world into a civilized
one, for it brings faith to humanity.
somebody's day
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Every dog has his day.
Don’t be disappointed: your day will come.
…, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
enjoy tremendous popularity
Jay Chou enjoys tremendous popularity among the young.
the rich the poor
rich and poor
young and old
the rich and powerful
alike: in the same way
The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.
idol / icon
He was an idol / icon of that times.
rise to fame
She first rose to fame as a singer at the age of 16.
The rise to fame was swift.
become famous overnight
With the success of their first record, they became famous overnight.
attract / draw / catch / capture / arrest one’s attention / the attention of sb.
offer to do 主动提出做某事
them.
pupil: apprentice
pupil student
freshman sophomore
junior senior
alumnus alumni
turn (sb.) against …
The wicked woman is trying to turn the boy against his father.
… soon became so successful
that Humphries became jealous of him.
as to arouse Humphries’ jealousy.
It is / was clear / obvious / apparent that …
The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.
A match was held at Stilton, and both men fought for an hour there.
…, but he was defeated.
he was beaten.
he failed.
he lost.
The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met
Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third
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match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England.
We finally won that team. X
We finally beat that team. √
We finally defeated that team. √
We finally won the game. √
We finally won the prize. √
ring: boxing ring
on / upon the occasion of his daughter’s wedding
for a second time = for another time
Everyone went to the funeral, for the 'ghost' was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother
who was supposed to have died as a young man.
It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of
England.
champion champagne
it was not until … that … and …
造句：直到 1949 年中华人民共和国成立中国人民才最终获得了解放并且成了国家的主人
(master)。
It was not until the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 that the Chinese people
were finally liberated and became masters of the country.
Sir James Clark Ross had obtained a sounding of over 2,400 fathoms in 1839, but it was not until
1869, when H.M.S. Porcupine was put at the disposal of the Royal Society for several cruises, that
a series of deep soundings was obtained in the Atlantic and the first samples were collected by
dredging the bottom.
it was not until …, when …, that … and ...
造句：直到 1949 年毛主席宣布中华人民共和国成立, 中国人民才最终获得了解放并且成了
国家的主人。
It was not until 1949, when Chairman Mao proclaimed the foundation of the People’s Republic of
China, that the Chinese people were finally liberated and became masters of the country.
meanwhile
at the same time
(in the) meantime
highly successful
a highly successful play
163
earn enormous sums of money
…, he was so extravagant that he always owed people money.
I owe you (one).
How much do I owe you?
Well, that'll be eighteen dollars and seventy cents. No charge for the cleanup. It's on the house.
本文体裁：传记 (biography: a special kind of narration)

A biography is defined as a written account of the series of events that make up a person’s life.
Date and place of birth and death (and Family information)
Lifetime accomplishments
Major events of life
Effects / impact on society, historical significance
百度搜“李延隆博客”
164
Lesson 22 By heart
lines [laɪnz]
n. （演员的）台词
lines
part
role
He plays the role / part of Hamlet.
leading role supporting role
hero / leading man
heroine / leading lady
cast an all-star cast
cast [kɑ:st] [kæ st]
v. 选派……扮演角色
be cast as / in the role of …
He was cast as / in the role of Othello.
play / perform / act (the role / part of) …
He played / performed / acted (the role / part of) Othello.
play the lead in ...
Bruce Willis played the lead in ‘ The Sixth Sense’.
star
Harrison Ford starred in ‘Air Force One’.
‘Air Force One’ starred Harrison Ford.
imprison [ɪm'prɪzn]
v. 关押
imprison sb. incarcerate sb.
jail / gaol sb. send sb. to prison
put sb. in prison lock up sb.
be sentenced to …
He was sentenced
to 10 years in prison.
to life imprisonment.
to death.
reveal [rɪ'vi:l]
v. 使显露；揭示
Her laugh revealed her even teeth.
reveal sth. to sb.
The doctor did not reveal the truth to the patient.
conceal sth. from sb.
The doctor concealed the truth from the patient.
expose
The soldiers were warned not to expose themselves.
squint [skwɪnt]
v. 眯着眼看
squint at … squint one’s eyes
165
peer at … peep / peek at …
leer at …
He was always leering at female members of staff.
glance at … glimpse …
gaze at …
stare at …
gape at …
glare at …
sire ['saɪə(r)]
n. 陛下（王室成员的尊称）
Your Majesty
His / Her Majesty
My Lord
Your Excellency
His / Her Excellency
proceed [prə'si:d]
v. 继续
proceed with …
proceed to do …
go on with …
go on to do …
go on doing …
continue to do …
continue doing …
carry on with …
carry on doing …
learn / know sth. by heart
bear / keep sth. in mind
make a mental note
remember / recall / recollect sth.
remind sb. of sth.
bring back memories
Richard, these are terrific pictures. This one really brings back memories.
in retrospect
In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.
… to remember
a day to remember
Gandalf, my old friend … this will be a night to remember.
ring a bell
(A) I haven't called Bill.
(B) I don't recognize that name.
(C) That doorbell doesn't work.
(D) I didn't ring that bell.
That name just doesn't ring a bell with me.
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Answer: (B) I don't recognize that name.
have a short memory
(A) The man shouldn't have invited her roommate to the meeting.
(B) Her roommate was unable to attend the meeting.
(C) Her roommate is unreliable about delivering messages.
(D) She forgot about the time change.
M: Why did you come to the meeting late? I left a message with your roommate about the time
change.
W: She has a very short memory and it really gets on my nerve sometimes.
Answer: (C) Her roommate is unreliable about delivering messages.
The movie has been running for 2 months.
The movie has ended its run.
on end
in a row
successively
(A) She rearranged the chapters of her book.
(B) She assured him that the chapter was finished.
(C) She worked on the chapter for quite a while.
(D) She wasn't sure how to end the book.
W: Did Linda ever finish that introductory chapter?
M: I'm not sure. She's spent hours on end rewriting it.
Q: What does the man imply about Linda?
Answer: (C) She worked on the chapter for quite a while.
(A) She wishes the rain would stop soon.
(B) She doesn’t care about the weather.
(C) She’ll go out after the rain stops.
(D) She expects it to rain for four more days.
M: It’s raining again.
W: This makes it four days in a row. Do you think it’ll ever stop?
Answer: (A) She wishes the rain would stop soon.
In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the
same lines night after night.
in many ways
in many respects
in many aspects
in more ways than one
Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one.
require sb. to do
request sb. to do
You’re required not to smoke here.
You’re requested not to smoke here.
go on doing
167
keep (on) doing
night after night
night by night
one night after another
know / learn sth. by heart
learn sth.
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, …
the case: a true situation 实情
This is not always the case.
This is indeed the case.
This is not the case at all.
This might not be the case.
This is not necessarily the case.
A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been
imprisoned in the Bastille for 20 years.
highly successful
a highly successful Academy
… was once cast as an aristocrat
… once performed / played / acted (the role / part of) an aristocrat
had been jailed / gaoled √
had been incarcerated √
had been locked up √
had been sent to prison X
had been put in prison X
In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to
the prisoner.
act 幕
scene 场
It happens in Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 1.
come on
There was great applause when the Russian ballerina came on.
appear
He scored only two minutes after he'd come on.
… with a letter and he would hand it to the prisoner.
… with a letter to hand to the prisoner.
be expected to do
be supposed to do
should do
(A) He's supposed to go to the meeting.
(B) He wants the woman to give George the message.
(C) He doesn't know why George can't attend the meeting.
(D) He forgot to deliver a message.
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W: Do you know if George is coming to the meeting?
M: Oh, no, I was supposed to tell you that he is sick and can’t come.
Answer: (D) He forgot to deliver a message.
表示 “建议, 要求, 命令”动词后的宾语从句中用 (should) do
order, ask, decide, demand, require, advise, recommend, suggest, insist …
He suggested that we (should) help them with English.

The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.
insist on …
…, he always insisted on its being written out in full.
play a joke on sb.
people.
play a trick on sb.
He played a trick on his wife, but she beat him up.
kid (sb.) / joke
Are you kidding (me)?
Are you joking?
have a joke with sb.
I’ve just had a joke with the manager.
make fun of sb.
The other children were always making fun of him because he was fat.
make a fool of sb.
I suddenly realized that I was being made a fool of.
play the fool (with sb.)
Stop playing the fool (with me). You’ll fall!
The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind
bars in his dark cell.
the curtain goes up / rises
the curtain comes down / falls
The curtain rose …
draw / pull the curtains
open / close the curtains
on the final act
in the last act
alone / on one’s own / by oneself
She was sitting alone on a park bench.
I don’t like walking home on my own at night.
Do you share the apartment or do you live by yourself?
all (alone / on one’s own / by oneself )
Wendy was frightened, all alone in that big old house.
169
oneself
Then I added with a smile,' It's a strange mixture I make myself.'
I would not hear of the suggestion and said that I would fix it myself.
lonely / lonesome
lonely hearts ad
Are you lonesome tonight? Do you miss me tonight? Are you sorry we drifted apart?
present sth. to sb.
present sb. with sth.
When Dickie was given the watch, he presented the assistant with the cloth bag.
He entered the cell and presented the aristocrat with the letter.
But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual.
as usual
Sam was in a bad mood as usual.
as ever
as always
like always
The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
look on stand by
Only one man tried to help us, the rest just looked on / stood by in silence.
onlooker bystander
look on … as …
We look on her as a daughter.
stand by sb.
He stood by her through the difficult times.
… anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines.
= … being anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines
= Being ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
be anxious / eager / impatient / itching / desperate / dying to do …
Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret.
fellow students
your country. — John F. Kennedy
170
learn / know sth. by heart
learn sth.
know their parts by heart
learn the contents of the letter by heart
learn his lines
read sth. to sb.
read sb. sth.
Read me the letter.
Then, he squinted his eyes and said: ‘the light is dim. Read the letter to me.’
汉语：parataxis—平行语，连动句，没有轻重之别。
英语：hypotaxis—层次语，突出中心动词，次要动词状语化。
Then, he squinted his eyes and said: ‘the light is dim. Read the letter to me.’
Then, squinting his eyes, he said: ‘ The light is dim. Read the letter to me.’
The gaoler found that he could not remember a word of the letter either, so he replied: ‘the light
is dim, sire. I must get my glasses.’
Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is
indeed dim, sire, I must get my glasses.'
He looked at his watch and saw that it was one o'clock, but the bell struck thirteen times and
then it stopped.
stopped.
with the coming of spring
with the approach of Christmas
with the outbreak of war
with the progress of science
with the evidence began to accumulate
As the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate, …
Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few minutes later with a pair of
glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
to one’s … 使某人……的是
to one’s amusement
to one’s surprise to one’s dismay
171
to one’s delight to one’s sorrow
to one’s excitement
much to one’s … 使某人大为
to one’s great … ……的是
much to the aristocrat's amusement
to the aristocrat's great amusement
…… and he proceeded to read it to the prisoner.
He violently beat the boy and the boy later died from his injuries.
He violently beat the boy who later died from his injuries.
Ha said he had lost his watch, but it was not true.
Ha said he had lost his watch, which was not true.
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Lesson 23 One man’s meat is another man’s poison
poison ['pɔizən]
n. 毒药
rat poison
poison gas poison arrows
one man’s meat is another man’s poison
The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a
dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one
of her five husbands.
The ring brought to Gollum unnatural long life. For 500 years it poisoned his mind.
poisonous toxic noxious
delicacy ['delɪkəsɪ]
n. 美味，佳肴
delicious
tasty
luscious
yummy
yucky
repulsive [ri'pʌlsɪv]
adj. 令人厌恶的
repulsive smell / behavior
repulse
The tourists were repulsed by the filthy conditions.
repel  repellent
revolt  revolting
disgust  disgusting
turn [tɜ:n]
v. 感到恶心，翻胃
The food makes my stomach turn.
The food turns my stomach.
The food disgusts / nauseates / sickens me.
The food repels / revolts my stomach.
The food makes me feel sick / lose my appetite.
The food makes me throw up / vomit.
fry [fraɪ]
v. 煎，炸
I have another fish to fry.
frying pan
out of the frying pan into the fire
fries / French fries
May I take your order?
What’ll it be for you?
I need a double cheese burger, a fries, and a small coke.
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I need a No. 1 combo.
For here or to go?
Here. / To go.
That’s five dollars and fifty cents.
Here you are. / Here you go.
This is your change and receipt.
Can I have some ketchup?
It’s on the service counter over there.
Thank you!
You’re welcome. Have a nice day!
associate [ə'səʊʃɪeɪt]
v. 联系；联想
associate A with B
We often associate wealth with happiness, yet this is not always the case.
link A with / to B
relate A with / to B
make a connection between A and B
establish a link between A and B
establish a relationship between A and B
despise [dɪ'spaɪz]
v. 鄙视
Do not despise your enemy.
scorn …
hold … in contempt
look down on / upon …
For in a university, science majors look down on humanities majors, foreign language majors on
Chinese majors, Chinese majors on philosophy majors, philosophy majors on sociology majors,
and sociology majors on education majors. Since education majors have no one to look down on,
they can only despise the professors in their own department.
— ‘Fortress besieged’ by Zhongshu Qian
respect … esteem …
honor … revere …
look up to …
174
hold … in high esteem
Because of their achievements they were held in high esteem.
One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
There’s no accounting for taste.
—Why did she marry someone like that?
—One man’s meat is another man’s poison. / There’s no accounting for taste.
People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be
eaten.
People become quite illogical when it comes to deciding what can be eaten and what cannot be
eaten.
与现在事实相反的“if” 型的虚拟语气
if + S. + did / were , S. + would / should / could / might + do
the Mediterranean
southern Europe
Italy Spain Greece …
the Mediterranean
the Near East
the Middle East
the Far East
for instance for example e.g.
如果你住在北京，你就会把豆汁儿 (Douzhir) 当作一道美味佳肴。
If you lived in Beijing, you would consider Douzhir a great delicacy.
如果你住在中国东北地区 (the Northeast of China), 你就会非常喜欢滑冰。
If you lived in the Northeast of China, you would consider skating a great pleasure.
such as / like
People’s ability to do the test is influenced by factors such as / like age, sex, and ethnic
background.
take … for example
Take me for example, I’ve never relied on other people for help.
175
be a case in point
Lack of communication causes serious problems and their marriage is a case in point.
by way of illustration
Other countries have totally different laws on abortion. By way of illustration let us look at the
cases of Germany and Japan.
to name but a few
So many industries have been hit in the recession. Steel, coal, construction, to name but a few.
… find it repellent / disgusting / revolting.
On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat—the
normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
on the one hand ... on the other (hand)…
On the one hand I'd like a job which pays more, but on the other (hand) I enjoy the work I'm
doing at the moment.
for one thing … for another …
"Why won't you come to New York with me?"
"For one thing, I don't like flying, and for another, I can't afford it."
not that …, but that …
Not that I love Caesar less, but that I love Rome more.
— Shakespeare ‘Julius Caesar’
Not that I love you less, but that I love liberty more.
Not that I love my teacher less, but that I love truth more.
at the … of …
She screamed at the sight of the ghost.
She trembled at the thought of the murder.
She fainted at the news of her father’s death.
She wept at the mention of the accident.
Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the
country.
practice: custom / tradition
a bad practice 不正之风
The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them
all our lives.
sad: unfortunate / regrettable
He made a sad mistake.
a happy discovery
the happy few
bring up / raise sb.
He was brought up / raised by his step-mother.
be brought up to do 从小就……
We have been brought up to fear insects.
I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity.
And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had
176
gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a
little schooling is good, more has to be much better.
certain foods
= certain kinds of food
stick to sth.
keep to sth.
throughout our lives
receive + n. 受到……；得到……；遭到……
These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St.
Bernard’s monastery.
receive praise
receive abuse
receive support
receive adequate treatment
receive a warm welcome
This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, for though the pictures were
supposed to be the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by Dickie.
Nothing is more shameless than fooling the public.
There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for.
Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow, the twittering of birds at dawn,
the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures.
But nothing can match them for speed and comfort.
in various parts of the world
all over the world
throughout the world
the world over
food.
The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has
been silent ever since.
You know how she feels about you. It’s been the same way ever since we were kids.
… have learned to connect snails with / to food.
… have learned to link snails with / to food.
… have learned to relate snails with / to food.
… have made a connection between snails and food.
… have established a link between snails and food.
… have established a relationship between snails and food.
… of one’s own 某人自己的……
…, but they lead mysterious lives of their own as well.
…, he has no private / personal garden.
collect: gather
Gather rose-buds while you may.
金缕衣杜秋娘
177
劝君莫惜金缕衣
劝君惜取少年时
花开堪折直须折
莫待无花空折枝
plants.
appeal to sb.
The quiet life of the country has never appealed to me.
In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal.
appeal (to sb.) for sth.
They are appealing to local businesses for sponsorship.
As the crisis grew worse, the government appealed for unity.
an appeal for help / food / extra staff …
It's missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.
主句 (进行时 / be about to do) + when ... “when”应译为“这时”或“突然”
I was having dinner when the phone rang.
I was about to leave when the phone rang.
He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a
piece of ice and broke his left leg.
submarine.
The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing case
lying on the floor.
take a stroll / walk
无边落木萧萧下
不尽长江滚滚来
prize: valued / treasured
Robert.
delighted: very pleased
be delighted / pleased with … / to do …
I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain―until I got back to the ship.
But I was extremely pleased with myself I had traced the cause of the trouble.
When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain―that I was a new boy in a huge
school, and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a
problem.
I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple
of hours.
Having left the bag in the hall, ???
Robert and I went into the living room and we talked for a couple of hours there.
about 2 hours
178
nearly 2 hours
roughly 2 hours
some 2 hours
approximately 2 hours
2 hours or so
I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner.
… when Robert suddenly proposed that I (should) stay to dinner.
stay to / for + 三餐名
Won’t you stay to / for dinner?
main dish / course
… and I unwillingly followed Robert out of the room.
… and I followed Robert out of the room with reluctance.
To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere: they had escaped from the paper bag
and had taken complete possession of the hall!
Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!
take possession of … 占据……
be in possession of … 拥有……
Once bitten, twice shy.
179
Lesson 24 A skeleton in the cupboard
seemingly ['si:mɪŋli]
adv. 看似，表面上
Running a mile under 4 minutes was a seemingly impossible task.
on the surface
Mike was very pleasant on the surface, but he had a nasty temper.
seem / appear to do
running a mile under 4 minutes, an impossible task
Running a mile under 4 minutes seemed / appeared to be an impossible task.
Mike, very pleasant, but he had a nasty temper.
Mike seemed / appeared to be very pleasant, but he had a nasty temper.
It seem / appear that …
running a mile under 4 minutes, an impossible task
It seemed / appeared that running a mile under 4 minutes was an impossible task.
Mike, very pleasant, but he had a nasty temper.
It seemed / appeared that Mike was very pleasant, but he had a nasty temper.
seeming / superficial
In spite of his seeming / superficial friendship, he gave me no help.
respectable [rɪ'spektəbl]
adj. 体面的，正派的
a respectable citizen
a respectable family
He is a bit too respectable for my taste.
respected
a highly respected surgeon
respectful
You should be more respectful of other people’s points of view.
respective
After the party we all went back to our respective homes.
respecting
concerning
regarding
造句：在这篇有关科学家的文章中，作者特别尊重那些不但是体面正派的公民，而且在各自
180
的领域中都深受敬仰的专家。
In the article respecting scientists, the writer is particularly respectful of those who are not only
respectable citizens, but respected experts in their respective fields.
conceal [kən'si:l]
v. 隐瞒，隐藏
conceal … from …
hide … from …
reveal … to …
disclose … to …
expose … to …
fiction ['fɪkʃn]
n. 小说
novel  fiction
poem  poetry
myth  mythology
scene  scenery
jewel  jewellery (jewelry)
leaf  foliage
table / chair …  furniture
pen / pencil …  stationery
trunk / suitcase …  luggage / baggage
unpack [ʌn'pæ k]
v. （从箱中）取出
pack  unpack
load  unload
lock  unlock
fasten  unfasten
screw  unscrew
petrify ['petrɪfaɪ]
v. 使……惊呆
Medusa
181
horrify terrify
frighten scare
be frightened / scared / afraid of …
Many girls are frightened / scared / afraid of cockroaches.
dangle ['dæ ŋgl]
v. 悬挂（并摆动）
A hanger dangled on the rope.
suspend hang
sway swing
unsympathetic
[ʌnsɪmpə'θetɪk]
adj. 不同情的，无动于衷的
unsympathetic sympathetic
pathetic apathetic
sympathize sympathize with …
sympathy
show sympathy
win sympathy
out of sympathy
Out of sympathy, I gave the beggar some change.
a skeleton in the cupboard
a skeleton in the closet
a family skeleton
wash one’s dirty linen
air one’s dirty laundry
We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret
which has been concealed from strangers for years.
Some person at the door is asking to see you.
… which has been hidden from strangers for years.
造句：我们常常在报纸上会读到一个表面上很体面的名人 (personality) 是如何因为偷税漏
税 (tax evasion) 而被起诉的 (be charged with …)，而这种行为他们对公众 (the public) 隐瞒
了很多年。
We often read in newspapers how a seemingly respectable personality was charged with tax
evasion which had been concealed from the public for years.
saying: proverb / adage 谚语；格言
The Chinese language possesses a vivid saying ‘God favors the diligent’.
As an old Chinese saying goes, ‘God favors the diligent’.
At the climax of the story, …
182
造句：这个道貌岸然的官员 (official) 贪污 (embezzle) 了巨额公款 (enormous government
funds)。现在这个秘密已经公开了，他也名声扫地。
The seemingly respectable official embezzled enormous government funds. Now the secret
becomes known and his reputation is ruined.
The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a
dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of
her five husbands.
make one’s hair stand on end
Wait until I tell you about the murder—it'll make your hair stand on end.
make one’s blood run cold
frighten / scare the life out of sb.
frighten / scare the hell out of sb.
Lynette? Honey? Are you home?
Three months.
God, you scared the hell out of me!
in one’s youth
in one’s childhood
in one’s early years
in one’s adolescence
in one’s middle age
in one’s old age
造句：当我在电视剧 (TV drama) 的最后一集 (the final episode) 看到主人公，那个对每个人
都很友善的体面的 (respectable) 律师，原来竟是个 (turn out to be) 残忍的谋杀犯时 (a
savage murderer)，被吓得毛骨悚然。
My hair stood on end when I watched in the final episode of the TV drama that the hero, a
respectable lawyer who had been so kind to everybody, turned out to be a savage murderer.
It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction, but in real life it is barely credible.
It is all very well for … to …, but … it is barely … .
造句：你在家里穿睡衣 (pajamas) 是无可厚非的，但是在公共场合就不太体面了。
It is all very well for you to wear pajamas in your own home, but in public it is barely respectable.
To varying degrees, we all have secrets which we do not want even our closest friends to learn,
but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard.
to varying degrees
Racism still exists to varying degrees.
The water of rivers, lakes and reservoirs in China was universally polluted to varying degrees.
closest friend intimate friend
bosom friend
fair-weather friend
pen pal / friend
internet pal / friend
不在同一层次上的双重定语从句
第一个定语从句修饰前面的名词或短语，第二个定语从句修饰“名词或短语+第一个定语从
句”两个定语从句之间没有并列连词连接。第一个定语从句的关系词(一般是关系代词作宾
语)可省略。
183
The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very
proud of the fact.
You’re the only person I’ve ever met who could do it.
He’s the best man I can find who can mend it within an hour.
be proud of …
take pride in …
pride oneself on …
Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things
we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
instead of doing …, however, …
Instead of becoming a doctor, however, Lu Xun became China’s foremost modern writer of
satirical essays.
transferred epithet 移就
a sad letter
a lonely night
平林漠漠烟如织
寒山一带伤心碧
自春来、
惨绿愁红，
芳心是事可可。
show = lead 领某人去某地
Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his back yard.
unpack my things / belongings
unpack my suitcase
形容词作主语补足语
She came home sick.
Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination
fresh and uncrumpled.
The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it
was about to leap out at me.
give sb. the impression that …
have / get the impression that …
be under the impression that ...
… and I had / got the impression that it was about to leap out …
… and I was under the impression that it was about to leap out …
Though the crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found, the
contents of the chest proved them wrong.
be about to do …
be on the point of doing …
It was on the point of leaping out at me.
leap jump bounce
That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
184
— Neil Armstrong
(A) He's growing very quickly.
(B) He's the tallest of three boys.
(C) He can jump high.
(D) He has to leave today at there.
M: Your little nephew is growing by leaps and bounds.
W: Yes. He must be at least three feet tall already.
Q: What do the speakers say about the woman’s nephew?
Answer: (A) He's growing very quickly.
But George didn’t sympathize with me.
But George had / showed no sympathy for me.
Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach.
medical staff
medical ethics
185
Lesson 25 The Cutty Sark
impressive [ɪm'presɪv]
adj. 给人以深刻印象的
an impressive ceremony / building / speech / performance …
The girl was very impressive in the interview.
impress sb. with / by sth.
The girl impressed her fiancé's family with her liveliness and sense of humor.
We were most impressed with / by your efficiency.
of the diamonds.
give sb. the impression that …
I had the distinct impression that I was being followed.
era ['ɪərə]
n. 时代，时期
era / epoch
the Victorian / Clinton era / epoch
the steam-engine / post-war era / epoch
We live in an era / epoch of breathtaking change.
the beginning / dawn / dawning of a new era / epoch
be on the threshold of a new era / epoch
in times of …
in times of peace / war
In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a
city-state …
age
the Bronze / Ice / Stone Age
the modern / computer age
In this age of the Internet, finding a job can be much easier.
The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which
began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.
rudder ['rʌdə(r)]
n. 舵
rudder 舵 anchor 锚
mast 桅杆 deck 甲板
186
hull 船体 cabin 船舱
bow 船头 stern 船尾
port 左舷 starboard 右舷
roll [rəʊl]
v. 滚动；卷起；摇摆；
发出隆隆声
Tears rolled down her cheeks.
The ball rolled down the hill.
rolling stone
a rolling stone gathers no moss
The ship was rolling heavily to and fro.
The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her.
Thunder rolled in the distance.
a roll of carpet / film / cloth
spring roll
The teacher called the roll.
Three senators missed the roll call.
The slow, steady roll of the ship made us feel sick.
the distant roll of thunder
steer [stɪə(r)]
v. 驾驶
This car is very easy to steer.
He steered the boat into the harbor.
drive
Can you drive?
He drives a taxi.
ride
I ride a bicycle to work every day.
pilot
The captain piloted the boat into a mooring.
She piloted the aircraft to safety after one of the engines failed.
fly
Only experienced pilots fly large passenger aircraft.
be at / behind the wheel
Who was at the wheel when the car crashed?
One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out
temporary ['temprəri]
adj. 临时的，暂时的，非永久的
a temporary job
a temporary measure
temporary relief from pain
temporarily
187
She's only working here temporarily.
Only an exceptionally heavy snowfall might temporarily dislocate railway services.
permanent
a permanent job
my permanent address
permanently
She had decided to settle permanently in France.
provisional
a provisional government
provisionally
The meeting has been provisionally arranged for 3 p.m. next Friday.
contemporary
contemporary music / art / dance
Marlowe was contemporary with Shakespeare.

Marlowe and Shakespeare were contemporaries.
fit [fɪt]
v. 安装；适合
fit sth. on / to sth.
I need to fit a lock on the bathroom door.
Anti-theft devices are fitted to all our cars.
be fitted with sth
The windows and doors are all fitted with security locks.
It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle, and we have to lower into the ground
and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top
and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.
The uniform fitted her perfectly .
The punishment should fit the crime.
This card just fits nicely into that envelope.
I was not surprised to find that the machine still refused to work after I had reassembled it, for
188
the simple reason that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal which did not seem
to fit anywhere.
I swim twice a week to try and keep fit.
be fit for
be fit to do sth
This book is not fit for publication!
He is not fit to govern this country!
But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle: …
Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European
tables.
delay [dɪ'leɪ]
v. & n. 耽搁；推迟，延期
We must leave without delay.
There was a delay of two hours before the plane took off.
You’ll be late if you delay.
I was delayed by the traffic.
delay / postpone sth. until …
The match had to be delayed / postponed until next week.
delay / postpone sth. for …
Our meeting was delayed / postponed for ten minutes.
delay / postpone doing sth.
It was an unpopular decision to delay / postpone building the new hospital.
bring / put sth.⇔ forward to …
The meeting has been brought / put forward to Thursday.
One of the most famous sailing ships of the 19th century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at
Greenwich.
in the early / middle / late 19th century
at the turn / dawn / beginning of the 19th century
at the end of the 19th century
The loss of the Titanic
the Cutty Sark
the Vasa
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912.
One of the most famous sailing ships of the 19th century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at
Greenwich.
GMT: Greenwich Mean Time
189
指“车、船、祖国”时常用 “she”
She was carrying 1,316 passengers and crew of 891.
What’s wrong with my car? She won’t start.
China has done what she promised to do.
serve as
This room can serve as a study.
Her death should serve as a warning to other young people.
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, …
act as … function as …
A five-year sentence should act as a deterrent to others.
Some English adverbs function as adjectives.
reminder (souvenir memo …)
Alison's story is a reminder of how vulnerable women can be in what is still essentially a man's
world.
serve / act as a reminder = be a reminder
The drop in stock prices serves / acts as a reminder that investing is a form of gambling.
The accident served / acted as a timely reminder of just how dangerous speeding can be.
Before they were replaced by steam-ships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry
tea from China and wool from Australia.
replace
Robots are replacing people on assembly lines.
190
be replaced by …
Before they were replaced by steam-ships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry
tea from China and wool from Australia.
The old farmhouse the family lived in was to be replaced by a new $500,000 home.
steamship
sailing ships
sailing vessels
ships with sails
be used to do
be used to doing
used to do
regarded as unsinkable, for she had 16 watertight compartments.
one of + 复数名词 + who / which / that + 谓语动词（单复数均可）
The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built.
One of the things that fascinates us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine
lives.
Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
John is the only one of the students in the class that never admits making a mistake even when it
is pointed out to him.
The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae.
match v. 与……相匹敌，是……的对手
No one can match the unknown archer.
The two teams are well matched.
match … in / for …
You can’t match him in knowledge of wild plants.
The hotel can’t be matched for good service and food.
191
After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later.
One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm.
She is going to set out from the French coast at five o'clock in the morning.
Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a 'guard of honour' of six pretty girls, he set
off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.
set out to do
send them.
Dimitri at once set out to find the thief.
Several people complained of ‘cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw
the puma up a tree.
While on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.
We started out on a 20-mile walk.
She had come on a visit to England.
After a day or so we will go on an excursion.
This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind.
go on
Peace negotiations are still going on.
His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep.
the beginning / dawn / dawning of a new era / epoch
The race was a landmark in the history of shipping.
造句：中华人民共和国的成立标志着新民主主义革命 (the new-democratic revolution) 的结
束和社会主义革命和建设的新时代的开始。
The foundation of the People’s Republic of China marked the end of the new-democratic
revolution and the beginning of a new era of the socialist revolution and construction.
The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae, but on the
Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead.
The first of the two ships that reached Java after the race had begun was …
the first, the second, the next, the last, the best, the only … 后常跟不定式作定语
When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman.
The Swedes were the first to recognize that public officials like civil servants, police officers,
health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they
are serving the public.
You are the second to ask me that question.
The last creature to compete with man was the mosquito.
The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they
insured it for the trip.
192
The first of the two ships to reach Java after the beginning of the race was the Thermopylae,
the lead
take (over) the lead (from …)
lose the lead (to …)
…, but on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took (over) the lead from the Thermopylae.
…, but on the Indian Ocean, the Thermopylae lost the lead to the Cutty Sark .
Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead.
be in the lead
go / move into the lead
She was in the lead from start to finish.
With a final burst of speed she went / moved into the lead.
It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during the race she had a lot of bad
luck.
It looked / seemed / appeared certain that …, but …
It looked / seemed / appeared as if / as though …, but …
It looked / seemed / appeared as if / as though she would be the first ship home, but during the
race she had a lot of bad luck.
造句：看似肯定会有一场激动人心的穿越海峡的竞速比赛了，但是莱瑟姆未能起得足够早。
It looked / seemed / appeared certain that there would be an exciting race across the Channel,
but Latham failed to get up early enough.
造句：看似好像会有一场激动人心的穿越海峡的竞速比赛了，但是莱瑟姆未能起得足够早。
It looked / seemed / appeared as if / as though there would be an exciting race across the
Channel, but Latham failed to get up early enough.
It was an incredible piece of luck.
With a bit of luck, we'll finish on time.
Often there is an element of luck in getting the right answer.
bad / ill / rotten / tough luck
The team has had a run of bad luck lately, losing their last five games.
strike (struck struck)
The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago and has
been silent ever since.
One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to
diamonds to notice any pain.
it strikes sb. that …
It suddenly struck Mrs. Richards that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come
to read the meter.
Most people were fast asleep when the earthquake struck.
be caught in …
We were caught in a heavy storm / a traffic jam.
heavy / severe / violent / devastating / disastrous storm
In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm and during the storm her rudder was torn away.
In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away.
193
miles.
tear sth. away / off / up …
The flag was torn away from the pole by the strong wind.
High winds nearly tore the roof off.
The storm had torn the old tree up by the roots.
roll heavily / violently from side to side / to and fro
The ship was rolling heavily to and fro.
The plane rolled violently from side to side in the storm.
from side to side
read sth. from cover to cover
sell sth. from door to door
vary from person to person
improve from day to day
on board
Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were
soon covered with colourful rugs from Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful
hand-made silver-ware.
spare
a spare key / battery / tire …
A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty
(=very difficultly).
The Officer went through the case with great care (=very carefully).
This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was a danger that if she travelled too quickly,
this rudder would be torn away as well.
there is / was a danger that …
There was a danger that the wave would rebound off the other side of the bank and send the
dish plunging into the water again.
There is a danger that the political disorder of the past will return.
There is a danger that museums will attempt to entertain rather than educate.
造句：如果 Ramsay 夫人报警，她可能就再也看不到 Rastus 了。
There was a danger that if Mrs. Ramsay went to the police, she would never see Rastus again.
Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her / the lead to the Thermopylae.
Because of this, the Thermopylae took (over) the lead from the Cutty Sark.
the Thermopylae was over 500 miles ahead.
equator
pole the North / South Pole
latitude longitude axis
call in at somewhere call in on sb.
Will you call in at the supermarket for some eggs and milk?
Could you call in on Mum on your way home?
194
by now
I had expected to be near my objective by now, but everything still seemed alien to me.
…, but by now the Thermopylae was over 500 miles ahead (of the Cutty Sark / her).
win.
tremendous
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity.
at (a) fantastic speed
Four days after setting out, while the Titanic …
Three days after Rastus' disappearance, Mrs Ramsay received an anonymous letter.
A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas.
considering prep. & conj.
Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one!
Even this was remarkable, considering (that) she had had so many delays.
There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
there is no doubt that …
There's no doubt that one day a cure will be found.
undoubtedly
She was undoubtedly the best candidate.
Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined.
needless to say, …
Needless to say, the man's name was Hans Bussman and he really was Franz's long-lost brother.
Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will
have to pay.
it goes without saying that …
It goes without saying that home is the warmest place in the world.
It goes without saying that a real sportsman will never dream of cheating in a game.
与过去事实相反的“if”型的虚拟
If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have
been erected.
… she would have won the Thermopylae easily. X
… she would have beaten / defeated the Thermopylae easily. √
造句：毫无疑问，如果泰坦尼克号没有撞到冰山，她将抵达目的地而毫发无伤 (intact)。
There is no doubt that if the Titanic had not been hit by the iceberg, she would have reached her
destination intact.
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Lesson 26 Wanted, a large biscuit tin
influence ['ɪnflʊəns]
n. 影响
the influence of … on / upon …
the influence of parents on / upon their children
the effect of … on / upon …
the effect of fertilizers on / upon the crops
the impact of … on / upon …
the impact of the oil spill on / upon marine life
pride [praɪd]
v. 骄傲
be proud of …
take pride in …
pride oneself on …
taste [teɪst]
n. 鉴赏力，品味
Phoebe: Oh that’s good, I guess she’ll have a choice between my guy and your weirdo.
Chandler: Why would our guy be a weirdo?
Phoebe: Because that’s just your taste.
a man / woman of taste
have … taste in …
She has good taste in music.
He has terrible taste in clothing.
tasteless
exert [ɪɡ'zɜ:t]
v. 施加
exert … on …
My wife exerts a lot of pressure on me to make more money.
…, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.
impose sth. on sb.
Some parents impose their own moral values on their children.
inflict sth. on sb.
Please don’t inflict your love on me.
devise [dɪ'vaɪz]
v. 设计，想出
The cartoon character Mickey Mouse was devised by Walt Disney in 1928.
conceive
come up with
(A) Very few people come to it.
(B) A good name hasn’t been found for it.
(C) People don’t like climbing the stairs to get there.
(D) She has decided to phone the ticket office.
M: What had they decided to call the stadium?
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W: No one has come up with a good name.
Q: What does the woman say about the stadium?
Answer: (B) A good name hasn’t been found for it.
wanted: 诚聘, 求购
help wanted section
(A) He wants help improving his vocabulary.
(B) He plans to read the entire newspaper.
(C) He rarely has time to read the newspaper on Sunday.
(D) He's interested in finding a job.
W: Since when do you read the Sunday Times?
M: Since I discovered its big help-wanted section.
Q: What can be assumed about the man?
Answer: (D) He's interested in finding a job.
The fugitive is wanted by the police.

avoid v. 躲避，避免
avoid sb. like the plague
avoid doing
造句：没有人可以避免受到社会的影响。
No one can avoid being influenced by society.
造句：没有人可以避免受到金钱的引诱。
No one can avoid being tempted by money.
造句：没有人可以避免犯错误。
No one can avoid making mistakes.
Everyone is influenced by advertisements.
 No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.
Everyone admits that …
 No one can deny that …
Everyone is attracted by …
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 No one can resist …
pride oneself on ...
take pride in ...
be proud of ...
Although we may much pride ourselves on our good taste, ...
Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, …
Although I much admire Newton as a scientist, I don’t like him as a man.
Much as I admire Newton as a scientist, I don’t like him as a man.
Although we may be proud of our good taste, ...
Proud as we may be of our good taste, ...
Although she is beautiful, I still don’t like her.
Beautiful as she is, I still don’t like her.
Although he tries, he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
Try as he does, he never seems to do the work beautifully.
Although he is a child, he can make a living.
Child as he is, he can make a living.
be free to do …
You are free to choose the things you want.
freely
You can choose the things you want freely.
be at liberty to do
You are at liberty to choose the things you want.
In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of
human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses.
in sth. / doing
In trying to persuade us to buy …
In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.
persuade sb. to do / into doing
talk sb. into doing
We talked Father into buying the car.
get sb. to do
The rough road across the plain soon became so bad that we tried to get Bruce to drive back to
the village we had come from.
persuade sb. not to do / out of doing
talk sb. out of doing
get sb. not to do
dissuade sb. from doing
造句：我劝他不要自杀 (commit suicide)
I persuaded him not to commit / out of committing suicide.
I talked him out of committing suicide.
I got him not to commit suicide.
I dissuaded him from committing suicide.
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this or that product
one product or another
some product or other
study …
make a study of ...
Recently the New York Animal Medical Center made a study of 132 cats over a period of five
months.
study …
make a study of ...
make a close study of …
discover
make an interesting discovery of …
Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea.
describe
make a vivid description of …
investigate
make a thorough investigation of …
summarize
make a comprehensive summary of…
analyze
make a detailed analysis of …
weakness 1. 懦弱, 软弱 [U]
So let us begin anew —remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and
negotiate.
— John F. Kennedy
2. 弱点, 缺点 [C]
反义: strength 优点, 长处 [C]
strengths and weaknesses
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of
Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus, and nonbelievers.
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Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing.
for nothing / for free / free of charge adv. 免费……
Guests can park for nothing / for free / free of charge.
no charge for … ……免费
There is no charge for parking.
be on the house 店主请客
Well, that'll be eighteen dollars and seventy cents. No charge for the cleanup. It's on the house.
An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong.
begin with …
Let’s go into the kitchen, and maybe you can help me set the table. Sounds good to me. What are
we having? I prepared lamb chops, mashed potatoes, and a tossed green salad to begin with.
Grandpa, you are a terrific guy!
begin with …
end with …
The rally ended with the singing of national anthem.
go wrong 出错，出问题，不顺利
We have all experienced days when everything goes wrong.
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round / around the world
all over the world
the world over
Michael Jackson was popular ~.
enable sb. to do ...
make it possible for sb. to do ...
Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of
people in this way.
Radio and television have enabled advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in
this way.
capture / attract / draw / catch / arrest / command / get (one’s) attention / the attention of …
This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in
England.
bake
baker
baker’s / bakery
roast
roast turkey
Peking roast duck
grill / broil
grilled / broiled chicken
barbecue (BBQ)
She paid me $30 for my bike.
She bought my bike for $30.
The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit
from the student for $24,000.
the response to … is / was tremendous / lukewarm
造句：学校提供了一笔 1000 美元的奖金给第一个能解决这个问题的学生。大家对这次比赛
的反应很热烈/很平淡。
In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of ₤1,000 to the first man who would fly across the
English Channel.
The university offered a prize of $1,000 to the first student who would find a solution to the
problem. The response to the competition was tremendous / lukewarm.
before (very / too) long
before much longer
shortly afterwards
Shortly afterwards, the police stopped the car and both men were arrested.
before much longer
shortly afterwards
a little later
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A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car.
before much longer
shortly afterwards
a little later
after a little / short time / while
After a little time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handed it to an
assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible.
all sorts / kinds / types of sth.
people.
造句：她每天必须要处理各种各样的投诉。
She has to deal with all kinds of complaints every day.
weigh …
The boy weighs 50 kilos.
be … (in weight)
The boy is 50 kilos (in weight).
be / stand … high / tall
He stands / is 1.8m tall.
be … deep / in depth
The hole is 2 feet deep / in depth.
extend to a depth of …
be … long / in length
The bed is 2 meters long / in length.
be … wide / across / in width
The river is 20 meters wide / across / in width.
along with …
Mr. Taylor, along with two assistants, is trying to stop the thieves.
together with ... coupled with ...
accompanied by ...
followed by ...
besides ... as well as ...
no less than ... including ...
The largest was 713 pounds (in weight).
The largest weighed 713 pounds.
But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly colossal biscuit
which weighed 2400 pounds.
造句：箱子太沉了，用了一辆卡车才把它运到目的地。
The box was so heavy that a lorry had to be used to carry it to the destination.
造句：两年多来这条街上新开了很多商店。
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In the past two years many shops have been set up in the street.
A new government was organized after the war.
战后成立了新政府。
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Lesson 27
Nothing to sell and nothing to buy
philosopher [fə'lɒsəfə(r)]
n. 哲学家
philosopher philosophy
“phil” = love
philology philologist
“soph” = wisdom
sophomore sophisticated
spiritual ['spɪrɪtʃuəl]
adj. 精神的
spiritual spiritual civilization
material material civilization
mental mental labor
manual / physical ~ labor
intellectual intellectual development
intelligent intelligent beings
grudge [ɡrʌdʒ]
v. 吝惜，不愿意给
grudge + n. / doing
He grudges paying taxes.
He grudges the money he pays in tax.
grudging reluctant unwilling
grudge（名词）恶意，怨恨
have / bear / hold a grudge 怀恨在心
(A) She has a bad memory.
(B) She's quick to forgive people.
(C) Her feelings are easily hurt.
(D) She doesn't get angry very often.
W: I wish I hadn’t hurt Mary’s feelings like that. You know I’ve never meant to.
M: The great thing about Mary is that she doesn’t hold a grudge. By tomorrow she’ll have
forgotten all about it.
Q:What does the man say about Mary?
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Answer: (B) She's quick to forgive people.
dignity ['dɪɡnətɪ]
n. 尊严
beneath one’s dignity
Arguing with you is beneath my dignity.
self-respect
self-esteem
indignity
shame / disgrace / humiliation
indignation
anger / rage / fury
deliberately [dɪ'lɪbərətli]
adv. 故意地
deliberately
intentionally
on purpose
accidentally
by accident
by chance
afflict [ə'flɪkt]
v. 使苦恼，折磨
inflict inflict sth. on sb.

Please don’t inflict your love on me.
conflict in conflict
The employers and workers are still in conflict.
sb. suffer (from) sth.
sth. distress sb.
sth. torture / torment / rack sb.
God Almighty, where are you when the world is racked by war?
ease [i:z]
n. 容易；舒适
with ease=easily
He passed the exam with ease.
at ease=in comfort=comfortably
He sat there at ease.
contempt [kən'tempt]
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n. 蔑视
hold … in contempt
contemptuous
despise
scorn
look down on / upon …
envious ['enviəs]
adj. 羡慕的
be envious of … envy
You lucky dog, I envy you.
You are my envy.
His talent is the envy of his colleagues.
jealous
be jealous of …
jealousy
It is said that …
They say that …
People say that …
It is reported that …
It is believed that …
It is estimated that …
It must be admitted that …
It must be pointed out that …
It must be stressed that …
It can be foreseen that …
live by doing 靠某种职业为生
He lives by writing.
He lives by sewing.
The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age which
live on sth. 靠某种食物或生活来源为生
He lives on meat and milk.
He lives on salary.
He lives on his parents.
feed on sth. 动物以……为主食
Cows feed on hay.
prey on sth. 肉食性动物以别的动物为食
Owls prey on mice.
In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom
and priests by selling spiritual comfort.
in (the) light of sth. 根据……；鉴于……
Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts
questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts further questions,
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and so on.
He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions,
then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light
of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.
I am afraid that you have to alter your ________ views in light of the tragic news that has just
arrived.
(A) indifferent (B) distressing
(C) optimistic (D) pessimistic
in (the) light of sth. 根据……；鉴于……
according to sth.
in accordance with sth.
considering sth.
taking into account sth.
In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers (live) by selling
wisdom and priests (live) by selling spiritual comfort.
并列句中重复的谓语动词可省略
Mary was happy, but / and / while / whereas Jane (was) miserable.
Mary was happy when Jane was miserable.
parallelism 排比
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
— Francis Bacon
Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.
— Francis Bacon
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small
wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be
replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure.
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada (death is) inevitable and in California (death
is) optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century.
Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression (can be) controlled, cataracts (can be) removed in
a 30-minutes surgical procedure.
Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is
extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.
Possible as it may be to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, …
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Although she is beautiful, I still don’t like her.
Beautiful as she is, I still don’t like her.
in terms of ... 以某种方式；从某个角度
In terms of money we’re rich, but not in terms of happiness.
Which sport has the most expenses _______ training equipment, players’ personal equipment
and uniforms?
(A) in place of (B) in terms of
(C) by means of (D) by way of
perform: do; carry out
there are times when ... = sometimes
There are times when even the tiger sleeps.
There are times when silence has the loudest voice.
there was a time when … = once
= occasionally
造句：在个别情况下，爱国主义(patriotism)不再是一个空洞的口号(an empty slogan)。
There are rare instances when patriotism ceases to be an empty slogan.
... we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service.
... we might grudge the high fee we would pay a surgeon for offering us precisely this service.
She gave me $30 for my bike.
She bought my bike for $30.
for nothing 免费
造句：有时候我们愿意给为我们服务的侍者小费 (pay tips) 并称赞 (pay compliments) 他们，
但是在母亲为我们提供一样的服务的时候我们却吝惜感谢 (give thanks to …) 之辞。
There are times when we would willingly pay tips and compliments to the waiters who serve us,
yet we might grudge giving thanks to our mothers for offering us precisely this service.
paid for at a shop.
Such are the conditions of society that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are
paid for at a shop.
Such is human nature that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the
造句：学校里的情况就是这样，优等生 (A students) 受到尊敬 (respect)，正如社会上成功者
208
(achievers) 受人景仰 (esteem) 一样。
The conditions of schools are such that A students are respected in the same way that achievers
are esteemed in the society.
just as
The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for just as goods are paid for at a
shop.
alike
He was adored by rich and poor alike.
six of one and half a dozen of the other
(A) There are six sections of each class.
(B) He has to leave since it's almost one o'clock.
(C) There are dozens of classes to choose from.
(D) It doesn't matter which class the woman takes.
W: I can't decide whether to take anthropology or geology this term.
M: It’s six of one and half a dozen of the other.
Answer: (D) It doesn't matter which class the woman takes.
be equivalent to ...
The volcanic eruption had an explosive power equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT.
bear a resemblance to ...
Tina bears a striking resemblance to her mother.
Your school may have done away with winners and losers, but life has not.
In some schools they have abolished failing grades; they'll give you as many times as you want to
get the right answer. This doesn't bear the slightest resemblance to anything in real life.
Everyone has something to sell.
topic sentence 主题句
supporting sentences 扩展句（论证和论据）
concluding sentence 总结句
It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers
live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort.
Though it may be possible to measure the value of material good in terms of money, it is
extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There
are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might
grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society
are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop.
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Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule.
Tramps appear to be the only exception to this general rule.
It seems that tramps are the only exception to this general rule.
It appears that tramps are the only exception to this general rule.
Every rule has its exception.
with the exception of ...
I like all kinds of films with the exception of horror films.
Beggars sell their human dignity for the pity of passers-by.
The moment they reach out their hands they are beggars spiritually.
in doing = in the process of doing
210
In trying to solve one problem, I created another.
on / upon doing
On being observed, it immediately ran away.
Upon arriving at the university, I went straight to the dormitory.
seek
seek refuge / asylum
seek compensation
seek comfort
seek reelection
Virgo woman seeks Scorpio man
feel sorry for …

Even the bull seemed to feel sorry for him, for it looked on sympathetically until the drunk was
out of the way before once more turning its attention to the matador.
feel sorry for …
have / feel sympathy for …
sympathize with …
take pity on …
He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences.
We only help those who really need help.
be aware of …
be conscious of …
be unaware of …
be unconscious of …
be ignorant of …
He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of
anxieties which afflict other people.
be free from ...
He has been free from care since he retired.
The composition is free from errors.
Organic produce is free from harmful chemicals.
free ... from ...
… but he frees himself from the thousands of anxieties …
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He dedicated his life to freeing the world from famine and disease.
which distress other people.
which torture / rack / torment other people.
which other people suffer (from).
make it possible for sb. to do
= enable sb. to do
They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio
and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people
in this way.
from place to place
here and there
hither and thither
The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her.
read sth. from cover to cover
sell sth. from door to door
vary from person to person
improve from day to day
from dawn to dusk
from head to foot
from top to bottom
from start to finish
from cradle to grave
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do.
in the open (air): outdoors
He is taller than I am.
He is taller than I.
He is taller than me.
He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need,
do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom.
occasionally
once in a while
from time to time
in times of happiness / grief / rage / crisis / boredom / war / peace …
them.
We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how
many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and
their freedom from care?
We often speak contemptuously of tramps …
put … in the same class as …
classify … as …
… and classify them as beggars.
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rhetorical question 修辞疑问句
O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?
‘Ode to the West Wind’
— P. B. Shelley
Who among us has not dreamed of that?
What is the use of our studying grammar if we can't put the grammatical rules into practice?
Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to
shatter men‘s bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?
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Lesson 28 Five pounds too dear
wares [weəz]
n. 货物，商品
ware n. 某种产品（不可数）
software hardware
silverware ironware
chinaware earthenware
goods merchandise
anchor ['æŋkə(r)]
v. 抛锚
They anchored the ship in the harbor.
The ship anchored in the harbor.
cast / drop anchor
weigh anchor / set sail
tempt [tempt]
v. 吸引，引诱
tempt sb. to do sth.
tempt sb. into doing sth.
The serpent tempted Eve to pick the forbidden fruit.
The serpent tempted Eve into picking the forbidden fruit.
lure / seduce / entice sb. into doing sth.
214
bargain ['bɑ:ɡən]
v. 讨价还价
bargain with sb. over / about sth.
He bargained with the vendor over / about the price of the eggplants.
haggle with sb. over / about sth.
Oh, this one’s nice! I like this one! Sir? Uh, kind sir? Can I see this one?
Wait a minute, no, this is, this is the reason you brought me. Okay? I know how to haggle. So let
me handle this from here on out.
bargain / buy
Oh my! Here‘s a real buy. It's a bargain. This house just came on the market.
disembark [dɪsɪm'bɑ:k]
v. 下船，下飞机
disembark from …
The passengers disembarked from the ferry / plane.
embark on …
We embarked on the ship for Shanghai.
board
The couple boarded the train for New York.
Flight No. 714 is now boarding at Gate 8.
assail [ə'seɪl]
v. 纠缠
be assailed by / with …
He was assailed by / with a street vendor.
He was assailed by / with worries.
pester harry harass
able to go home.
sexual harassment
inscribe [ɪn'skraɪb]
v. 刻字；题写
“in” + “scribe”(= to write)
He inscribed his name in the stone.
He inscribed his name in the book.
215
describe
prescribe
proscribe
subscribe
transcribe
outrageous [aut'reɪdʒəs]
adj. 出人意料的，过分的
The price is outrageous.
The price is preposterous.
The price is absurd.
That’s highway robbery / daylight robbery.
The car costs a fortune.
The car costs me an arm and a leg.
(A) Linda didn't like it.
(B) Bill lost it.
(C) It was very expensive.
(D) It was very small.
M: Did you see the diamond ring Bill gave to Linda?
W: I sure did. It must have cost him an arm and a leg.
Q: What does the woman imply about the ring?
Answer: (C) It was very expensive.
dear: expensive; costly; pricey; steep
Italian ex-mayor murdered
Small boats (which were) loaded with wares ……
be loaded with …
They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and cans of beer and rowed for a
be covered with …
be filled with …
… it is filled with what looks like a thick, greyish substance.
be packed / crammed with …
The streets were packed / crammed with Christmas shoppers.
be stuffed with …
a pillow stuffed with feathers
duck stuffed with ‘eight treasures’
stuffed birds
I’m stuffed. = I’m full.
He was fined for speeding.
We sped down the ski slopes.
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enter the harbor
depart from the harbor
pull / draw in the station
pull / draw out of the station
handmade silverware.
Before she had anchored, …
Before she had dropped / cast anchor, …
on board = aboard adv. & prep.
one of the most colorful figures
rug carpet mat
doormat bathmat
blanket
copper bronze brass
the Bronze Age
a brass band
potbelly coffee pot teapot
flowerpot kettle
the pot calling the kettle black
pan frying pan
out of the frying pan into the fire
It was difficult to avoid being tempted.
No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.
It was difficult to resist temptation.
Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, but I decided not to buy
anything until I had disembarked.
…, but I decided to disembark
before I bought anything.
before buying anything.
I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond
ring.
no sooner … than …
hardly / barely / scarcely … when / before …
No sooner had I got off the ship than I was assailed …
I had hardly got off the ship when I was assailed …
Hardly had I got off the ship when I was assailed …
get off the bus / ship / plane
I had no sooner disembarked from the ship than …
get on the bus / ship / plane
get into the car / taxi
get out of the car / taxi
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… than I was harried / harassed / pestered by a man who …
of the diamonds.
have no intention of doing sth.
not intend to do sth.
I didn’t intend to buy one, …
…, but the man must have noticed that I was …
…, but I could not deny that I was …
…, but I had to admit / acknowledge that I was …
造句：我当时并没有打算在这家公司工作，但我不能掩饰这样一个事实：他们提供的丰厚的
薪水 (handsome salary) 给我留下了深刻的印象。
I had no intention of working for the company, but I could not conceal the fact that I was
impressed by the handsome salary they offered.
go to great lengths to do
They have gone to great lengths to make us feel welcome.
do / try one’s best to do
Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow.
do / try one’s utmost to do
You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.
do everything / all one can to do
give one’s all to do
spare no effort to do
China will spare no effort to realize peaceful reunification.
go all out to do
(A) They should wait for John to bring the dessert.
(B) He thinks John must have spent a lot of money for the dinner.
(C) The dessert also looks impressive.
(D) He helped John make the sandwiches.
W: Look at the delicious sandwiches. John’s really gone all out this time.
M: Just wait until you see the dessert.
Q: What does the man imply?
Answer: (C) The dessert also looks impressive.
…… and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out at me.
He hit me on the nose.
He hit me in the face.
If you are lucky enough to get a sleeper, you spend half the night staring at the small blue light in
the ceiling, …
I took over half an hour to get rid of him.
218
send them.
I spent over half an hour (in) getting rid of him.
get rid of sb. dispose of sb.
There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking
for, …
expel
He was expelled from school for bad behavior.
the first, the second, the next, the last, the best, the only … 后常跟不定式作定语
When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman.
The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae, but on the
Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead.
The last creature to compete with man was the mosquito.
My birthday is fast approaching.
My birthday is coming soon.
My birthday is near at hand.
My birthday is just around the corner.
closely = carefully
… advertisers have made a close study of human nature…
at the base of …
on the basis of …
Decisions were often made on the basis of false information.
gold gold ring / medal
golden golden sunshine / hair
Speech is silver, but silence is golden.
His handwriting is neat.
He has a teacher’s handwriting.
His handwriting is illegible.
He has a doctor’s handwriting.
inscribe engrave
Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls,
bones, and the ivory tusks of mammoths.
The man said that the pen was worth £50, but as a special favour, he would let me have it for
£30.
I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay £5.
I shook my head …
I disagreed …
I said no to him …
hold up = extend 伸出
indicate = signify（间接地）表示
Her tone indicated that she didn’t believe a word of my explanation.
She signified her agreement by nodding her head.
219
… held up five fingers signifying that I was …
Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced
the price to £10.
outrageous absurd
preposterous
eventually
at last
finally
in the end
Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust
the pen into my hands.
shrug one’s shoulders
with a shrug
I will be on vacation till the end of the month when I return to shanghai.
run after = chase
Just as it was leaving, Mr. Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, …
readily = willingly
There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, …
No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day it
has never written a single word!
However hard I tried, …
Judges, however wise or eminent, are human and can make mistakes.
Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash.
to this day = so far
I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card!
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as ￡100 for a single appearance.
They had a single aim, a solitary goal—the top!
造句：无论我多么好地喂养 (feed) 这只鸡，它就是不肯产卵 (breed)，直到今天它连一个蛋
也没下过。
No matter how well I fed her, it was impossible to persuade the beautiful hen to breed and to this
day she has never laid a single egg!
220
Lesson 29 Funny or not
largely ['lɑ:dʒli]
adv. 在很大程度上，主要地
largely: to a great extent; chiefly
His success was largely due to his hard work.
The theory was largely adopted.
mostly: in most cases
We’re mostly out on weekends.
comic ['kɒmɪk]
adj. 喜剧的；可笑的
comic  comedy
funny amusing diverting
tragic  tragedy
farcical  farce
dramatic  drama
universal [ju:nɪ'vɜ:sl]
adj. 普遍的
cosmic
cosmos
comic
comet
cosmetics
global international world-wide
English has now become an international language. Therefore, if you have a good command of
this language, you hold the key to success.
universally
It is universally known that ...
comedian [kə'mi:diən]
n. 喜剧演员，丑角
comedian comedienne comedy
tragedian tragedienne tragedy
leading role / part protagonist
221
leading man hero
leading lady heroine
supporting role extra
distasteful [dɪs'teɪstfl]
adj. 讨厌的，令人不愉快的
be distasteful to sb.
It is distasteful to me to say this, but ......
I hate to say this, but ......
disgusting disgust
revolting revolt
repellent repel
repulsive repulse
pester ['pestə(r)]
v. 纠缠，一再要求
pester sb. for sth.
pester sb. with sth.
He pestered me with complaints.
He pestered me for money.
harry harass assail
recovery [rɪ'kʌvərɪ]
v. 恢复原状；康复
recovery from ...
recovery from illness
recovery from defeat
console [kən'səʊl]
v. 安慰，慰问
console sb. for sth.
console sb. with sth.
I consoled him for the loss of money.
I consoled him with money.
comfort
comfort a dying man
soothe
soothe a crying baby
calm sb. down
condole with sb.
222
The widow’s friends condoled with her at the funeral.
compensate
['kɒmpenseɪt]
v. 弥补，补偿
compensate (sb.) for sth.
Nothing can compensate (him) for his loss.
more than compensate for ...
His rise in status more than compensates for the loss of money.
make up for ...
redeem ...
offset ...
Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up.
表示“是否”时不能用 if 的几种情况：
1、主语从句位于句首时
If she likes the present is not clear to me. X
It is not clear to me if / whether she likes the present. √
Whether she likes the present is not clear to me. √
2、引导表语从句时
The question is if we have enough money. X
The question is whether we have enough money. √
3、引导同位语从句时
You have yet to answer my question if I can count on your help. X
You have yet to answer my question whether I can count on your help. √
4、作介词宾语时
He was worrying about if he had hurt her feelings. X
He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. √
5、引导动词不定式时
I don’t know if to see my doctor today. X
I don’t know whether to see my doctor today. √
6、直接跟 or not 时
Please tell me if or not you agree. X
Please tell me whether or not you agree. √
Please tell me if you agree or not. √
largely: chiefly / to a great extent
depend on ...
rest on ...
rely on...
ride on ...
hinge on ...
lean on ...
be dependent on ...
be based on ...
be built on ...
be founded on ...
223
be decided by ...
be dictated by ...
be determined by ...
Whether you find a joke funny or not largely rests / relies / rides / hinges / leans on where we
have been brought up.
Whether you find a joke funny or not is largely dependent / based / built / founded on where we
have been brought up.
Whether you find a joke funny or not is largely decided / dictated / determined by where we have
been brought up.
bring up sb.
He was brought up by his step-mother.
raise sb.
foster / adopt sb.
adopted son
adoptive parents
foster-parents
be brought up to do
all our lives.
We have been brought up to fear insects.
the sense of pride
the sense of honor
the sense of accomplishment
the sense of responsibility
the sense of superiority
the sense of inferiority
be bound up with ...
be closely connected with ...
Everyone’s future is bound up with the destiny of the Chinese nation.
bind
be bound to do ...
On our road ahead, we are bound to meet with difficulties.
be / feel bound to do ...
I felt bound to tell him the truth.
be / feel obliged to do ...
similar.
bind sb. to do
The Kyoto Protocol binds each country to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.
A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke.
a Frenchman
the French
an Englishman
224
the English / British
films.
In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an
Englishman laugh to tears.
in the same way
likewise
similarly
by the same token
laugh to tears
be bored to tears / death
laugh one’s head off
... which would make an Englishman laugh his head off.
clap one’s hands off
cry one’s eyes out
contrast 对比
A mother takes twenty years to make a man of her boy, and another woman makes a fool of him
in twenty minutes.
Men always want to be a woman’s first love; women have a more subtle instinct: what they like is
to be a man’s last romance.
universal: international, global, world-wide
appeal: attraction, charm, fascination
an international attraction
a global charm
a world-wide fascination
appeal to sb.
The idea never appealed to me very much, ...
attract / charm / fascinate sb.
appealing
attractive
charming
fascinating
films.
Wherever you live, ......
Whoever wants to sign up for the course is welcome. √
No matter who wants to sign up for the course is welcome. X
No matter who wants to sign up for the course, he is welcome.√
Whatever project he works on is always successful.
No matter what project he works on, it is always successful.
(let’s) say
Why don’t we have a break until, (let’s) say, 10:45?
Say / Let's say (that) the journey takes three hours, you'll arrive at 2 o'clock.
225
arise from ...
The argument arose from misunderstanding.
come / hail from ...
I come / hail from China.
come into fashion
Miniskirts have come into fashion.
be in fashion
be out of fashion
fashionable clothes / ideas / hairstyles …
come into use
Computers first came into use in the early 1950s.
come into effect
The new seat-belt regulations came into effect last week.
come into blossom
The trees are late coming into blossom this year.
come into being
Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of
agriculture, …
Comedians build their jokes on tragic situations ...
Comedians found their jokes on tragic situations ...
Many people find this sort of joke unpleasant / disgusting / repellent / revolting / repulsive.
Many people dislike / hate / despise / abhor / detest / loathe / abominate this sort of joke.
This sort of joke repels / revolts / repulses / disgusts / sickens many people.
the following example
the ensuing example
the under-mentioned example
the example below
the previous example
the preceding example
the above-mentioned example
the example above
enable sb. to do
They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money.
allow / permit sb. to do
make it possible for sb. to do
Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of
226
people in this way.
... will allow / permit you to judge for yourself.
... will make it possible for you to judge for yourself.
do sth for oneself
dependent on specialized labor.
A man whose right leg had been broken ......
take sb. to hospital
send sb. to hospital
go to hospital
be in hospital be hospitalized
leave hospital
the outpatient department (OPD)
the inpatient department (IPD)
casualty emergency room (ER)
able to go home.
Since the moment he arrived there, he had kept on pestering ...

keep (on) doing
Why do you keep (on) making the same mistakes?
How can I explain if you keep (on) interrupting me?
hospitals.
dread + n. / doing
She dreads getting old.
dread to do
I dread to think what will happen if I fail.
She dreads to get old. X
do / try one’s best to do
do / try one’s utmost to do
do everything / all one can to do
give one’s all to do
spare no effort to do
go all out to do
go to great lengths to do
The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real.
227
on Christmas Day
on Easter Day
at Christmas at Easter
The only regular visitors to the
monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter.
..., the man’s right leg was still in plaster.
He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing.
The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able
to leave hospital in time for new year celebrations were good.
to leave hospital in time for new year celebrations were good.
As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote; but
she is never sufficiently strong-minded to be able to stop the practice.
造句：他赢得这次比赛的可能性很小。
His chances of winning the game are remote.
The chances that he will win the game are remote.
take heart = be encouraged
lose heart
lose one’s heart to ...
sure enough
as expected
... than what was good for him.
has been supposed.
The project requires more labor than ____ because it is extremely difficult.
A. has been put in
B. have been put in
C. being put in
D. to be put in
We often advise him not to drink more wine ______ is good for his health.
A. as
B. than
C. that
D. but
The experiment requires more money than _____.
A. have been put in
B. being put in
228
C. has been put in
D. to be put in
The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than _____.
A. is necessary
B. being necessary
C. to be necessary
D. it is necessary
hospitals.
..., he had a good / great time ...
... kept telling everybody to what extent he hated hospitals.
— To what extent do you love her?
— I’ll die for her.
主句 (进行时 / be about to do) + when ... “when”应译为“这时”或“突然”
plants.
submarine.
lying on the floor.
slip on a piece of ice
trip over a stone
a slip of the pen
a slip of the tongue
229
Lesson 30 The death of a ghost
labourer / laborer
['leɪbərə(r)]
n. 劳动者
labourer / laborer labour / labor
skilled / unskilled labor
child labor labor market
labor force labor shortage
labor relations
My father is a labor. X
My father is a laborer. √
laborer farm laborer
hand farmhand
worker blue-collar worker
white-collar worker
overnight [əʊvə'naɪt]
adv. 在夜里，在夜间；突然，很快
adj. 夜间的；突然的，很快的
You can stay overnight if you want to.
an overnight journey
He became famous overnight.
an overnight success
conscientious
[kɑnʃi'ɛnʃəs]
adj. 认真负责的
a conscientious worker / attitude
conscience
have a clear / guilty conscience
A clear conscience is a soft pillow.
conscious consciousness
enhance people’s consciousness of public morality
suspect [sə'spekt]
v. 怀疑
230
He suspected an ambush.
I suspected his honesty.
suspect sb. of sth.
I suspected him of lying.
suspect suspicion suspicious
I’m suspicious of his motives.
recluse [rɪ'klu:s]
n. 隐士，隐居者
recluse hermit
anchorite loner
She has been a loner all her life.
solitary sociable
prefer one’s own company
We asked him to come and eat with us, but he said he preferred his own company.
rumor has it that … it’s rumored that …
Rumor has it that / It’s rumored that she only married him for his money.
word has it that …
Word has it that John is going to keep a dog as a pet.
legend has it that …
Legend has it that Qu Yuan, a great poet of the Warring States period, threw himself into the Mi
Luo River when he heard his homeland had been invaded.
haunt
A headless man haunts the castle.
The castle is haunted.
He is haunted by the experience of failure.
I’m haunted by homesickness.
The farm was possessed by two brothers, …
The farm was in the possession of two brothers, …
The farm belonged to two brothers, …
employ sb. hire sb.
engage sb. take on sb.
appoint sb.
He has been appointed (as) chief executive officer of the company.
fire sb. dismiss sb.
sack sb. / give sb. the sack
lay off sb. suspend sb.
The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out.
be willing / ready / prepared to do
(for) long
Have you known him (for) long?
I haven’t known him (for) long.
(for) a long time
I have known him (for) a long time.
every time (when)
231
each time (when)
whenever
no matter when
give up one’s job
leave one’s job
quit one’s job
resign
retire
it's the same old story
It's the same old story: too much work and not enough time.
it's a long story
to cut / make a long story short
It’s another / a different story
Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find that work had been done overnight.
动词不定式作结果状语时（尤其在表示随后发生的动作时）多表示意料之外的不愉快的结
果。此时常在动词不定式前加上 only 以进一步加强意料之外的语气。
He got home to learn that his father was ill.
Jim turned round to see that Mary was weeping.
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
moonlight.
stay up / sit up
He sat up all night, preparing for the exam.
burn the midnight oil
a night owl
wait up (for sb.)
I should go—Marie will be waiting up for me.
toss and turn
(A) Both of us were exhausted.
(B) We always tried to rest after exercising.
(C) I turned over and went to sleep again.
(D) I was overtired and couldn't sleep.
Last night I tossed and turned in bed, too exhausted to sleep.
Answer: (D) I was overtired and couldn't sleep.
not sleep a wink
not get a wink of sleep
I didn't sleep a wink last night with all that noise.
I didn't get a wink of sleep last night with all that noise.
During the day, sleep comes in snatches.
… lulls you to sleep.
The dream-like music lulls me to sleep.
claim to have done
… for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily
similar.
232
Fishermen and sailors sometimes claim to have seen monsters in the sea.
claim to do
So far, no organization has claimed to be responsible for the accident.
in the sunlight / in the sunshine / in the sun
in the moonlight / by moonlight
In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed a conscientious ghost that
did most of their work for them.
in time
You’ll get used to it in time.
in due time
with time
with the passing / passage of time
造句：现在医务界 (medical field) 弥漫 (prevail) 着一种不正之风 (a bad practice)，这已经成
了一个公认的事实。医生给病人开出 (prescribe) 过分昂贵的药，而病人不得不给医生掏红
包以换取更好的治疗和更安全的手术。
It has become an accepted fact that a bad practice is prevailing in the medical field. Doctors
prescribe much more expensive medicine than necessary and patients, for their part, have to give
doctors ‘hongbao’, money in a red envelope, for better treatment and safer surgery.
No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen.
造句：谁也没想到在村子里竟然藏着一个从来也没有被认出来 (recognize) 过的谋杀犯。
No one suspected that there might be a murderer hiding in the village who had never been
recognized.
Yet this is not always the case.
This is not always the case.
This is indeed the case.
This is not the case at all.
This might not be the case.
This is not necessarily the case.
learn of / about
know of / about
hear of / about
everyone / every one
… poisoned every one of her five husbands.
none other than 不是别人，正是……
造句：邻居们惊悉谋杀犯不是别人，正是受害者的妻子，而这个女人在年轻时一连毒死了自
己的五个丈夫。
Neighbors here were astonished to learn that the murderer was none other than the victim’s wife
who had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time.
when (he was) a young man
in his youth
233
when young
young
keep a secret
reveal a secret
a secret becomes known
old older oldest
old elder eldest
be obliged to do
join the army
join the party
join in the party
enlist in the army
be in the service
recruit conscript / draft
Have you ever been in the service?
So why did you enlist?
I was drafted into the army last year.
the Second World War
World War II
the First Chapter
Chapter One
life in the army
When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his father hid him
until the end of the war.
hear of / about …
know of / about …
Afraid of the authorities, …
Fearing the penalty from the authorities, …
the authorities
the local authorities
the French / Chinese authorities
It is all too easy to blame the railway authorities when something does go wrong.
government
administration
the Clinton / Bush administration
regime
a fascist regime
in hiding
The frightened family lived in hiding for three years.
be killed / wounded in action
be reported missing in action
battle
234
Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in
the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
They were tight-mouthed.
When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding.
造句：他觉得有责任把这个孤儿抚养成人。
He thought it his duty to bring up the orphan.
recluse / hermit
live / lead a … life
They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, but they lead mysterious lives of their
own as well.
Eric had lived / led the life of a recluse / hermit.
be unaware of …
be unconscious of …
not know …
not realize …
have no idea …
… quite unconscious of the fact that …
… never knowing / realizing that …
… not having the slightest idea that …
When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer.
造句：我觉得无法抵制诱惑。
I found it impossible to resist temptation.
235
Lesson 31 A lovable eccentric
lovable ['lʌvəbl]
adj.（人或动物）可爱的
lovable / loveable
a lovable eccentric / actor / dog
adorable endearing winsome
cute
a cute baby / puppy / kitten
beloved
my beloved wife / husband
eccentric [ɪk'sentrɪk]
n. 古怪的人；adj. 异常的，古怪的
eccentric eccentricity
exhibit exhibition
One of his eccentricities is sleeping under the bed.
freak oddball weirdo
sicko pervert
Phoebe: Oh that’s good, I guess she’ll have a choice between my guy and your weirdo.
Chandler: Why would our guy be a weirdo?
Phoebe: Because that’s just your taste.
Rachel: Oh my God! That's Monica!!
Joey: Oh no-no-no! No-no-no-no-no!
Rachel: You get away from me!! You sick, sick, sick, sicko!!
Ross: What's going on?
Rachel: Joey has got a secret peephole!
Chandler: Oh no! No! No! No!
Rachel: Yes! He has a naked picture of Monica! He takes naked pictures of us! And then he eats
chicken and looks at them!
Rachel: Look!
236
Ross: Dude! That's my sister!
Monica: Give me that!
Phoebe: All right, wait! Just wait. Everybody just calm down. Okay? Let's give our friend Joey a
chance to explain why he's such a big pervert!
Joey: No! I am not a pervert! Okay?
disregard [dɪsrɪ'ɡɑ:d]
v. 漠视，不顾，不理睬
disregard ignore
You shouldn’t disregard / ignore safety problems.
When I saw Jane, I stopped and smiled, but she ________ me and walked on.
[A] refused [B] ignored
[C] denied [D] missed
disregard ignore
neglect overlook
The joys of travel, having long ____ the disabled, are opening up to virtually anyone who has the
means.
[A] omitted [B] missed
[C] neglected [D] discarded
pay no attention to ...
take no notice of ...
turn a deaf ear to ...
turn a blind eye to …
convention [kən'venʃn]
n. 习俗，风俗，惯例
social conventions
accepted conventions
international conventions
custom tradition
institution practice
conventional
conventional values
conventional lifestyle
conventional measures
traditional customary
conscious ['kɒnʃəs]
adj. 感觉到的，意识到的
be conscious of ...
be conscious (of the fact) that ...
be aware of ...
be aware (of the fact) that ...
be unconscious of ...
be unconscious (of the fact) that ...
237
be unaware of ...
be unaware (of the fact) that ...
consciousness
enhance people’s consciousness of public morality
intensely [ɪn'tenslɪ]
adv. 强烈地
intense
intense heat / cold / pain
intense love / hatred / suffering
intensive
an intensive English course
two weeks of intensive negotiations
intensive reading
extensive reading
labor-intensive industry
capital-intensive industry
technology-intensive industry
knowledge-intensive industry
apologetic [əpɒlə'dʒetɪk]
adj. 道歉的，表示歉意的
be apologetic about ...
He was apologetic about his late arrival.
apologize apologize to sb. for sth.
He apologized to me for his late arrival.
apology
make an apology to sb. for sth.
owe sb. an apology
say sorry to sb. for sth.
reprimand ['reprɪmɑ:nd]
v. 训斥，批评
reprimand rebuke
reprimand / rebuke sb. for sth.
I was reprimanded / rebuked by my manager for being late.
accuse sb. of sth.
scold sb. for sth.
reproach sb. for sth.
He reproached me for not answering his letter.
blame sb. for sth.
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blame sth. on sb.
stage [steɪdʒ]
v. 组织，策划，举行，举办
stage: organize
stage a strike / a riot / a plot / a coup / an exhibition
China staged the 2008 Olympics.
deliberately
on purpose
intentionally
set out to do: begin a job, task, etc with a particular aim or goal 带着目的去做某事
send them.
Dmitri at once set out to find the thief.
We never set out to hurt you, Victor. And I'm sorry we did.
Are you done?
Yeah.
Atlantic, …
After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later.
draw (one’s) attention
attract / capture / catch / arrest / command / get (one’s) attention
This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in
England.
draw (one’s) attention
attract / capture / catch / arrest / command / get (one’s) attention
receive (one’s) attention
They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything
extraordinary.
without being conscious (of the fact) that …
without being conscious of ...
without being aware (of the fact) that ...
without being aware of ...
People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so.
(being) unconscious (of the fact) that ...
(being) unconscious of ...
(being) unaware (of the fact) that ...
(being) unaware of ...
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They disregard social conventions, quite unconscious / unaware of the fact that they are doing
anything extraordinary.
造句: 他们无视安全问题, 意识不到自己的所作所为有什么危险之处。
They disregard safety problems, without being conscious that they are doing anything dangerous.
They disregard safety problems, quite unconscious / unaware of the fact that they are doing
anything dangerous.
This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of
everyday life.
invariably: always
win sb. sth.
win sth. for sb.
My sincerity won me her heart.
My sincerity won her heart for me.
add color to sth.
Intelligent use of metaphors can add color to your writing.
add luster / lustre to sth.
add flavor / spice to sth.
add variety to sth.
dull boring monotonous
造句: 网上冲浪总是能赢得年轻人的痴迷(fascination), 因为它给平淡的日常生活增添了一丝
亮色。
Surfing the Net invariably wins itself the fascination of the young, for it adds color to the dull
routine of everyday life.
up to ... up until ...
up till ... until ...
up to ... less than ...
In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price.
notable
... 'the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue'.
figure
One of the most colorful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764.
He was a shrewd and wealthy businessman, but most people in the town hardly knew anything
about this side of his life.
“this side of his life”
 “his shrewdness and wealthiness”
Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life (= his
thriftiness).
know sb./sth. as sth.
The disease is commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.
造句：美国人把 Earvin Johnson 称为魔术师约翰逊 (Magic Johnson)。
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Earvin Johnson is known to the Americans as ‘Magic Johnson’.
造句：中国人把李白称为诗仙 (poet immortal)。
Li Bai is known to the Chinese as ‘poet-immortal’.
Robin Hood is a legendary hero.
famous / well-known
the legendary Hollywood director Steven Spielberg
The Chinese are legendary for their hospitality.
造句：在上梁山前很久，武松的力量和勇敢就已经很有名了。
Wu Song’s strength and courage had become legendary long before he joined the Liangshan
rebels.
Dickie hated / abhorred / detested / loathed / abominated snobs intensely.
Dickie found snobs repellent / repulsive / revolting / disgusting.
Snobs repelled / repulsed / revolted / disgusted Dickie intensely.
hardly ever almost never
seldom rarely
..., preferring always to go on foot rather than go in his car.
造句：尽管他有几个保镖 (bodyguard)，但他很少让他们陪着他 (accompany him)，总是更喜
欢独自一个人 (on his own) 去散步 (take a stroll)。
Though he owned several bodyguards, he hardly ever asked them to accompany him, preferring
always to take a stroll on his own.
It’s raining hard / heavily.
It’s pouring.
It’s raining cats and dogs.
... after he had been caught in a particularly heavy shower.
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be caught in ...
He was caught in a storm / traffic jam.
be struck by …
He wanted to buy a £300 watch for his wife, but he was in such a bedraggled condition that an
assistant refused to serve him.
金钱 + worth of + 物品
a ￡300 worth of watch
... but he was so bedraggled that ...
His family was so impoverished that he could hardly afford his tuition.
His family was in such an impoverished condition that he could hardly afford his tuition.
serve sb. with sth.
serve sth. to sb.
... refused to serve him with the watch.
... refused to serve the watch to him.
Dickie left the shop without a word and returned carrying a large cloth bag.
take French leave
Dumb dogs are dangerous.
weigh a ton
The chair weighs a ton.
The chair is extremely heavy.
…, he dumped it on the counter.
He slammed the door.
We all clapped our hands.
The soldier clicked his heels.
Don’t clatter the dishes—you’ll wake the baby up.
I’ll smack your bottom if you don’t behave yourself.
Dickie ignored him.
Dickie took no notice of him.
Dickie turned a deaf ear to him.
Dickie turned a blind eye to him.
You’re requested not to smoke here.
You’re required not to smoke here.
assistant severely.
When the assistant gave Dickie the watch, Dickie presented the assistant with the cloth bag.
She gave a lecture on modern American poetry and was attentively listened to.
The old professor wheeled himself to the platform and was warmly applauded by the students.
present sth. to sb.
He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat.
He paid me in cash / dollars.
Write it in ink / pencil / English.
动名词的逻辑主语
242
一般来说，动名词的逻辑主语在正式文体中用属格（所有格），在非正式文体中用普通格。
在《新概念英语》和考试中，均以正式文体为准。
Do you mind my smoking here?（正式）
Do you mind me smoking here?（非正式）
Your falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip.（正式）
You falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip.（非正式）
出现下列情况时，即使在正式文体中，动名词的逻辑主语也习惯使用普通格。
1、逻辑主语为名词指物。
The children are looking forward to spring coming.
2、逻辑主语为多个名词。
Do you remember Mary and her mother coming to see us last June?
3、逻辑主语为以“s”结尾的名词。
It's a disaster the bosses shutting all those factories.
4、逻辑主语与动名词分离。
I remember mother once telling us a story about the fox.
5、逻辑主语为不定代词，如：someone, everything, something; 或指示代词，如：this, that
They complained about everything going wrong.
He disapproved of that being said about Mary.
insist on ...
insist that ...
He insisted that the assistant (should) count the money before he left, ...
He always insisted on its being written out in full.
Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would
prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.
These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St.
Bernard's monastery.
the press 新闻界
the freedom of the press 新闻自由
In democratic countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned.
It took him four years to stage this elaborate joke simply to prove that critics do not always know
what they are talking about.
... critics do not always talk sense.
... critics sometimes talk nonsense.
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Lesson 32 A lost ship
salvage ['sæ lvɪdʒ]

v. 营救，拯救，打捞
salvage
save / rescue
When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter than white?
had to leave.
pick sb. up
The 'Antoinette' floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.
sunken ['sʌŋkən]
adj. 沉没的
sunken treasure a sunken ship
The ship was sunken. X
The ship has sunk / has been sunk. √
her sunken eyes / cheeks
unsinkable
regarded as unsinkable, for she had 16 watertight compartments.
scour ['skaʊə(r)]
v. 彻底搜索
search (a place) for ...
The detective is searching for clues.
hunt for ...
I’m hunting for a job now.
The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large
cat' only five yards away from her.
fumble for ...
She fumbled for her keys in her purse.
244
the ceiling, or fumbling to find your ticket for inspection.
scour a place for ...
The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets ...
comb a place for ...
The police are combing the woods for the fugitive.
chest [tʃest]
n. 大箱子
chest cardboard box
packing case suitcase
boot / trunk money box / piggy bank
245
belongings [bɪ'lɒŋɪŋz]
n. 财产，动产，所有物
belongings / things
He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner.
property / real estate
the property market
real estate agent
possessions / property
People tend to amass possessions, sometimes without being aware of doing so.
assets
liquid / fixed / tangible / intangible assets
cruiser ['kru:zə(r)]
n. 巡洋舰
cruiser
“cru” = cross
cruise crucial crusade
a crusade against official corruption
find [faɪnd]
n. 被找到的人或物
My new secretary is a real find.
I made a great find in a second-hand bookstore.
246
buy / bargain
Oh my! Here’s a real buy. It’s a bargain. This house just came on the market.
must
(A) Move to a cheaper apartment.
(B) Find a person to share their apartment.
(C) Hire a new worker.
(D) Write an accurate description of a friend.
W1: What we need is a roommate who is neat and considerate.
W2: Let’s write that in the ad: neat-ness and consideration a must.
What do the speakers hope to do?
Answer: (B) Find a person to share their apartment.
naval ['neɪvl]
adj. 海军的
navy land force air force
nav / nau = ship navigation
nausea nauseate
nautical nautical chart nautical mile
aeronautics astronautics
Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
operation: work / activity / action

rescue / relief / cleanup operation
For them this is a major operation which involves considerable planning.
The patient will have / undergo an operation on appendicitis.
The doctor will do / perform / carry out an operation on the patient for appendicitis.
He is an authority on surgery.
The salvage operation had proved (to be) a complete failure.
The salvage operation had been a (complete) fiasco.
The salvage operation had been in vain.
The loss of the Titanic
The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912.
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The Cutty Sark
One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen
at Greenwich.
The small ship, Elkor, after she had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way
home.
I have to be very careful not to offend the boss, who could fire me at any time.
I have to be very careful not to offend the boss, because he could fire me at any time.
The action, which has aroused universal disapproval, is nevertheless the only solution.
The action, although it has aroused universal disapproval, is nevertheless the only solution.
on one’s way (to …)
On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his fifty pence and it bounced along the pavement and
then disappeared down a drain.
造句：在 Ellesmere 公司工作的垃圾工 Alfred Bloggs，在连续工作了 8 小时之后，正在回家
的途中。
… Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end.
Alfred Bloggs, a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation, who had been working for 8 hours on
end, was on his way home.
give up the search.
radio message radiogram telegram
mainland Europe
mainland China
captain / skipper first mate
sailor / seaman / mariner crew
She was carrying 1,316 passengers and a crew of 89l.
Though the crew were at first under the impression that …
instruct sb. to do ...
The editor at once sent the journalist a fax instructing him to find out the exact number of steps
and the height of the wall.
Mrs. Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside her
door.
abandon the search
stop / cease the search
abort the search
造句：老太太收到绑匪的一封信，命令她支付 1,000 英镑的赎金。
A letter from the kidnappers had been received by the old lady instructing her to pay a ransom of
￡1,000.
造句：考古学家作出了一个有趣的发现，一尊古代的女神像原来竟是 (turn out to be) 一位
看上去很摩登的女郎 (a very modern-looking woman)。
An interesting discovery was made by archeologists that an ancient statue of a goddess turned
out to be a very modern-looking woman.
The captain knew that another attempt would be made later, for the sunken ship he was trying to
find had been carrying a precious cargo of gold bullion.
248
make an attempt to do ...
The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only attempt.
The captain knew that his attempt would not be the only one.
The captain knew that his would not be the only attempt.
Our age is a tragic age.
Our age is a tragic one.
Ours is a tragic age. — Shakespeare
Brevity is beauty.
简洁即是美。
cargo freight
The ship carries both freight and passengers.
cargo ship / airplane
freight train
sea bed / sea floor / sea bottom
tremendous adj. very great
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity.
win.
The response to this competition was tremendous.
on board / aboard
All ticketed passengers for Flight 1066 to Athens should now be on board.
I get it!
I’m so excited about having Monica come on board with us.
His experience will be valuable to both of us. Welcome aboard, Malcolm!
... people on aboard were very excited ...
造句：消息传来时，演播室 (studio) 里的人们非常激动。
There was tremendous excitement in the studio when the news came.
造句：有越来越多的人对英语有兴趣。
There are more and more people who are interested in English.
There is growing interest in English.
造句：人们普遍同意妇女应该享有和男人完全的平等。
People generally agree that women should enjoy full equality with men.
There is general agreement that women should enjoy full equality with men.
249
Sorry, I was under the impression that you were the manager.
give sb. the impression that ...
be / live under the illusion / delusion that ...
Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life.
The worst thing about the do-it-yourself game is that sometimes even men live under the
delusion that they can do anything, even when they have repeatedly been proved wrong.
prove + 宾语 + 宾补
The facts proved their worries unnecessary.
What they had in fact found was a ship which had been sunk many years before.
造句：哥伦布其实发现的不是印度，而是一个全新的大陆，在那里土著居民 (aborigine) 已
经居住了 (inhabit) 两万多年了。
What Columbus had in fact found was not India but a new continent which had been inhabited
by aborigines for over twenty thousand years.
There were books, clothing and photographs, together with letters which the seaman had once
received from his wife.
clothes
Fine clothes make a man.
clothing
Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are daily necessities.
together with … = along with …
Peter was murdered, together / along with three guards.
These new facts, together / along with the other evidence, prove the prisoner's innocence.
his men
The general ordered his men to fire.
and, …
subordinate
He left the routine check to one of his subordinates.
superior
I’ll pass your complaint on to my superiors.
counterpart
Chinese President Xi Jinping and his American counterpart Barack Obama will hold talks on
Monday.
the grassroots
shipwreck
Poor man! — mentally a wreck.
Nothing of value was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved
to be of great interest.
of + 名词 : 描述人或事物的特征
250
1、做后置定语。
nothing of value = nothing valuable
a matter of significance = a significant matter
a ship of 46,000 tons
a man of wide social relations
2、在系动词后做表语。
... proved to be of great interest. = proved to be very interesting.
It is of no use = it is useless.
Her dress is of dark crimson.
He is of a peculiar disposition.
a man of middle height
The man is of middle height.
a girl of remarkable imagination
The girl is of remarkable imagination.
numerous / countless
food.
From a heavy gun that was raised, the captain realized that the ship must have been a cruiser.
from prep. 考虑到，从……来看/判断
From her looks I'd say she was Swedish.
From what I heard the company's in deep trouble.
From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light.
造句：从这些雕像的碎片来看，考古学家们明白了这座庙宇当初肯定是一个祭祀的场所。
From the fragments of statues, the archaeologists realized that the temple must have been a
place of worship.
In another chest, which contained the belongings of a ship's officer, there was an unfinished
letter which had been written on March 14th, 1943.
... which was dated March 14th, 1943.
date
a newspaper dated October 1st, 2005
a girl aged 20
a man named John
a novel entitled Three Kingdoms
a movie starring Tom Hanks
The movie starred Tom Hanks
The captain learnt from the letter that the name of the lost ship was the Karen.
The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read.
“名词 + 介词 + 关系代词” 引导非限定性定语从句
造句：他有两个儿子，其中的一个死于战火。
He has two sons, one of whom died in the war.
造句：演讲者提了 (pose) 四个问题，它们的答案被证明非常具有启发性(illuminating)。
The speaker posed four questions, the answers to which proved very illuminating.
…, parts of which it was still possible to read.
..., parts of which were still possible to read.
251
Most of our fears are unreasonable, but they are impossible to erase.
Most of our fears are unreasonable, but it is impossible to erase them.
…, but it was impossible to stop the thieves. √
…, but the thieves were impossible to stop. X
He is impossible to deal with. √
..., parts of which could still be read.
..., parts of which were still legible.
piece sth. ↔ together
The police are still trying to piece together the facts.
The archaeologists pieced the fragments together.
reconstruct
cast / shed / throw light on ...

These discoveries may cast some light on the origins of the universe.
Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.
submarine.
主句（进行时 / be about to do）+ when ... “when”应译为“这时”或“突然”
I was having dinner when the phone rang.
I was about to leave when the phone rang.
He was going to the sweet shop when he dropped his fifty pence.
plants.
lying on the floor.
This was later confirmed by a naval official at the Ministry of Defence after the Elkor had returned
home.
All the items that were found were sent to the War Museum.
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Lesson 33 A day to remember
prelude ['prelju:d]
n. 序幕，前奏
prelude (to sth.)
The high wind is the prelude to a heavy storm.
prologue (to …) preface (to …)
foreword (to …) epilogue (to …)
unforeseen [ʌnfɔ:'si:n]
adj. 意料之外的
unforeseen unexpected
foresee expect
foretell predict
Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest.
forecast weather forecast
series ['sɪəri:z]
n. 系列
series species
a series of books
a series of stamps
A series of rainy days spoiled my vacation.
a chain of …
a train of …
a trail of …
a string of …
a stream of …
catastrophe [kə'tæ strəfɪ]
n. 大灾难
mishap
accident contingency
disaster
calamity catastrophe
253
crockery ['krɒkəri]
n. 陶器
crockery
pottery
earthenware
china
chinaware
porcelain
suburb ['sʌbɜ:b]
n. 郊区
suburb suburban
rural urban
metropolitan cosmopolitan
panic ['pæ nɪk]
n. 惊慌
get into a panic in a panic
He fled in a panic.
Don’t panic in case of fire.
panic panicked ~ panicking
picnic picnicked ~ picnicking
stray [streɪ]
adj. 迷路的，偏离的；v. 迷路，偏离
a stray dog / boy / bullet
stray sheep
Some of the cattle have strayed.
Don’t stray from the point.
confusion [kən'fju:ʒən]
n. 混乱；迷惑
confuse confused confusing
disorder in disorder
mess in a mess
chaos in (a state of) chaos
chaos.
greedily ['gri:dɪlɪ]
adv. 贪婪地
greedy gluttonous
the seven deadly sins:
greed gluttony
lust envy
wrath sloth pride
… to remember
Gandalf, my old friend … this will be a night to remember.
254
Our marriage began to go wrong after we had our first child.
An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong.
We have all experienced days when life seems to be a bowl of cherries.
We have all experienced moments of misery and despair.
suddenly
all of a sudden
all at once
Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorry driver who was drawing up alongside the car, pulled
up all of a sudden.
get out of control / hand
(A) Discuss the situation with the person in charge of the dormitory.
(B) Ask her roommate not to make so much noise.
(C) Go to bed after midnight.
(D) Send a letter to the residents.
W: You know the noise in my dorm has really gotten out of control. My roommate and I can
rarely get to sleep before midnight.
M: Why don’t you take the problem up with the dorm supervisor?
Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?
Answer: (A) Discuss the situation with the person in charge of the dormitory.
We started burning some leaves in our yard, but the fire got _____ and we had to call the fire
department to put it out.
(A) out of hand (B) out of order
(C) out of the question
(D) out of the way
get sth. under control
(A) The air will be cleaner if they go to a different city.
(B) It’ll soon be too late to control the pollution.
(C) Society will not pay attention to the new laws.
(D) The situation will improve if changes are made.
M: Look at all the pollution going into the air from those factories. Do you think they’ll ever get
that under control?
W: With the new laws and social awareness, we’ll turn things around.
Q: What does the woman predict will happen?
Answer: (D) The situation will improve if changes are made.
What invariably happens is that a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the
same moment.
what invariably happens is that … 往往总是……
造句：往往总是干得最多的人收入最少。
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What invariably happens is that those who work most get paid least.
造句：往往总是老师一走班里就陷入一片混乱状态。
What invariably happens is that once teachers leave the class will be in a state of chaos.
choose to do
More and more people are choosing to live alone.
Catherine chose to ignore the doctor's warning.
It never rains but it pours.
As the old saying goes, happiness comes alone while misfortune loves company.
If anything can go wrong, it will. (Murphy’s law)
The heavy fog set up a traffic jam.
cause effect
lead to result in
bring about give rise to
produce create
trigger / spark
Even the smallest diplomatic incident can trigger / spark a major international conflict.
a series of reactions
a train of reactions
a trail of reactions
a string of reactions
a chain reaction
a domino effect
a ripple effect
keep an eye on sth. / sb.
Would you please keep an eye on my suitcase while I’m away?
look after / take care of / watch
babysit
He used to babysit for Mary when she worked nights.
babysitter
The doorbell rang.
ring the doorbell
go off
The alarm clock went off.
strike
The clock is striking the hours.
The clock began to strike twelve.
The foundation of the People’s Republic of China marked the beginning of a new historical period
in China.
mark the prelude to …
The dark clouds marked the prelude to a heavy storm.
The Lugouqiao Incident marked the prelude to China’s War of Resistance Against Japanese
Aggression.
While you are on the phone, the baby pulls the tablecloth off the table, smashing half your best
256
crockery and cutting himself in the process.
be on the phone
answer the phone
While you are answering the phone, …
answer the door
I’ll get it.
May I speak to Mr. John Smith?
This is John Smith speaking.
This is he.
Speaking.
Who is it?
Who is there?
Who is calling?
One moment, please.
Hold on / Hang on, please.
John, there’s a phone call for you.
John, you are wanted on the phone.
John, Tom’s on the line. Pick up the phone on your desk.
Sorry, Mr. Smith is in a meeting right now. Would you like to leave a message / May I take a
message?
Can you connect me with John Smith in the advertising department?
I’d like to place / make a collect call to Australia.
The connection is very bad. I can barely hear you.
There’s something wrong with the phone. Let’s hang up. I’ll call you right back.
He studied very hard (only) to fail the exam.
The firefighters raced up the building, (only) to be the first victims.
Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find that work had been done overnight.
in the process: at the same time
I stood up to say hello and spilt my drink in the process.
hang up
put the phone down
slam the phone down
get cut off
(A) Eating in a cafeteria.
(B) Buying something in a store.
(C) Talking on the telephone.
(D) Getting money at a bank.
M: Did you get cut off?
W: No, they asked me to hang up and try again later.
Q: What has the woman been doing?
Answer: (C) Talking on the telephone.
hurriedly in a hurry / rush
in haste
There’s no hurry / rush.
257
What’s the hurry / rush?
Take your time.
Excuse me, ma'am. Ticket, please.
Would you kindly hold these keys, please? I have a ticket, I know. I was in the smoking section.
It's OK, lady. Take your time.
et cetera (etc.)
and so on
and so forth
and the like
and what not
meanwhile
at the same time
in the process
(in the) meantime
As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing
three guests to dinner.
Don’t act as if you were the only pebble on the beach.
reduce sb. to sth.
reduce sb. to tears
reduce sb. to despair
reduce sb. to silence
unexpectedly / unforeseenly
suburb of Sydney.
on a small scale
on a limited scale
on a big / large / great / grand / vast scale
on a colossal / huge / enormous / immense / gigantic scale
on a national / nationwide scale
on a global / international / worldwide scale
as 引导的非限定性定语从句与 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的区别。
1、as 作为关系代词指代整个主句，而 which 作为关系代词指代整个主句或先行词均可。
2、as 引导的非限定性定语从句位于主句前、中、后均可，而 which 引导的非限定性定语从
句不能位于主句之前。
As a poet points out, life is but a dream.
Children, as is always the case, love their mother.
She became angry, as many could see.
3、as 引导的非限定性定语从句含有“众所周知”的意思，常译为“正如……”，而 which 引
导的非限定性定语从句则未必有这个意思。
The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
4、在“as + is/was + done”结构中可省略“is/was”，而在 “which + is/was + done”可省略“which +
is/was”，而不能只省略 be 动词。
As (is) reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.
258
a puma (which was) at large
As Napoleon once pointed it out, attack is the best method of defense.
As Napoleon once pointed it out, attack is the best method of defense. X
As Napoleon once pointed out, attack is the best method of defense. √
the morning / evening rush hour
Don't travel at rush hour.
When the traffic was very heavy, …
The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner.
immediately behind / above / below / in front of sth.
… happened to be a learner.
… chanced to be learner.
It happened / chanced that the woman immediately behind the two cars was a learner.
As it happened / As luck would have it, the woman immediately behind the two cars was a
learner.
She got into a sudden panic and stopped her car.
She stopped her car in a sudden panic.
brake hard / sharply
slam on the brakes
stop draw up pull up
up all of a sudden.
come to a stop / halt
It came to a stop outside the jeweler's.
up all of a sudden.
draw up
A taxi drew up at the gate.
draw sth⇔up
…, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules.
alongside adv. & prep.
A car drew up alongside.
A police car pulled up alongside us.
… slid off the back …
… slipped off the back …
The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the
vehicle and on to the road.
Giant pandas are considered a national treasure and the Chinese government are doing their best
to protect this endangered species.
Moreover, in the past two years other nearby cities may have begun to build similar golf courses
or resort hotels. Indeed, the fact that Ocean View has already built these facilities might actually
portend failure for Hopewell, …
yet / still (another / one more…)
yet one more question
259
still another example
He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired.
pile up
The work just keeps on piling up and makes me want to scream.
It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again.
The police took nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again.
The police spent nearly an hour (in) getting the traffic on the move again.
on the + noun. 处于某种状态
The dog is on the alert.
He is always on the go.
The patient is on the recovery.
Crimes are on the rise.
While you are on the phone, …
The house is on sale.
The workers are on strike.
I’m here on vacation.
I’m here on business.
The nurse is on call 24 hours a day.
the cake.
benefit from … 得益于……
benefit … 有益于……
This food will benefit your brain.
Your brain will benefit from this food.
what is left of sth. = what remains of sth.
…, for they greedily devoured what remained of the cake.
It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry Taylor, he
went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of
medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle's.
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Lesson 34 A happy discovery
forbidding [fə'bɪdɪŋ]
adj. 令人望而生畏的；冷冰冰的
a forbidding place
a forbidding appearance
unfriendly unwelcoming
inhospitable hospitable
The Chinese are very hospitable.
The Chinese are noted for their hospitality.
forbidden
the Forbidden City
the forbidden fruit
muster ['mʌstə(r)]
v. 鼓起，激起，振作起
muster (up) sth. = summon (up) sth.
muster / summon (up) courage
muster / summon (up) enthusiasm
muster / summon (up) strength
junk [dʒʌŋk]
n. 废品，破烂货
a piece of junk
The cupboard is full of junk.
junk food / mail
clutter
rubbish trash refuse
garbage litter clutter
Magazines littered / cluttered the floor.
be littered / cluttered with ...
The garden was soon littered with chunks of metal which had once made up a lawn mower.
261
dealer ['di:lə(r)]
n. 商人
an antique dealer
a furniture dealer
businessman / merchant
vendor retailer wholesaler
supplier sales representative
assistant / clerk
real estate agent
grocer
stationer
cherish ['tʃerɪʃ]
v. 珍爱，珍视；长期怀有某种感情
I’ll cherish our friendship for ever.
treasure value
Mary’s cherished possessions
Mary’s prize possessions
treasured valued
He cherished the hope of winning an Olympic medal.
He cherished the memory of his late wife.
He cherished the illusion that the girl was in love with him.
happy: lucky; fortunate
a happy coincidence
the happy few
all our lives.
He made a sad mistake.
exert ... on ...
charm attraction appeal
sth. exert a peculiar fascination on sb.
造句：很多中国年轻人非常喜欢韩国的 (Korean) 电视剧 (TV dramas)。
Korean TV dramas exert a peculiar fascination on a great many Chinese young people.
The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass
cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place.
The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening.
a new kind of machine
machines of a new kind
(be) free from ...
262
He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of
anxieties which afflict other people.
The composition is free from errors.
Organic produce is free from harmful chemicals.
free ... from ...
He dedicated his life to freeing the world from famine and disease.
pretentious adj. 自命不凡的；装腔作势的
造句: 谁也不用壮着胆子去接近一个不那么装腔作势的女孩子。
No one has to muster up courage to approach a less pretentious girl.
there be + 无灵主语
there is no denying that ...
there is no doubt that ...
there is every likelihood that ...
there is little likelihood that ...
there is no shortage of ...
Of course, New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because there is no shortage
of tall buildings.
there is an element of truth in ...
Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the
opportunity to find out.
there is a good deal of truth in ...
Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea.
There is little hope of any improvement in his condition.
There's still a faint hope that the two sides will reach an agreement.
It was rush hour, and there was no hope of getting a seat.
Is there any hope of getting financial support for the project?
Is there any hope that she will change her mind?
a boy of a girl
an angel of a wife
a palace of a house
a garden of Switzerland
Jane is a submissive lamb of a girl.
amongst: among
whilst: while
midst: middle
assorted vegetables
a box of assorted chocolates
tools in assorted sizes
swimsuits in assorted colors
by chance by accident accidentally
intentionally deliberately on purpose
No one succeeds by chance.
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above all (else)
Max is clever, hardworking, and above all (else) honest.
造句：一个真正全身心投入的猎头必须要有耐心，并且最重要的是，要有识才的慧眼。
A truly dedicated head-hunter must have patience, and above all, an eye for talents.
He has an eye for beauty.
When at Rome, do as the Romans do.
When at Rome, do like the Romans.
... Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.
She spoke as a lawyer.
She spoke like a lawyer.
He must be as knowledgeable as the dealer (is).
He isn’t as / so knowledgeable as the dealer (is).
Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be
amply rewarded.
be bent on sth. / doing
The boy is bent on mischief.
He is bent on winning at all costs.
be determined to do
be resolved to do
set one’s mind on sth. / doing
nourish
Lisa has long nourished the hope of becoming a ballerina.
The city at one time must have been prosperous, for it enjoyed a high level of civilization.
There is a lot of beautiful scenery in China.
China boasts a lot of beautiful scenery.
They have three lovely children.
They are blessed with three lovely children.
The girl has both beauty and brains.
The girl is endowed with both beauty and brains.
be rewarded
be amply rewarded
There is always hope that all my patience will be amply rewarded.
He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere £50.
describe … to sb.
Let me describe to you how it happened.
264
On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being …
describe … as …
pick sth.↔up
We managed to pick up a few bargains at the auction.
a mere … 仅仅……
He's a mere child.
It took her a mere 20 minutes to win.
Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere twenty miles away.
The latest exhibitions, films, or plays are only a short bus ride away.
only a short bus ride away
within walking distance
within driving distance
within commuting distance
only a stone’s throw away
Having never been there before, ...
As this was his first visit there, ...
This being his first visit there, ...
The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it.
Galileo’s observations show (that) Copernicus, another great astronomer, was right and that the
earth moves around the sun, not the other way around.
He agreed that a train did come into the station at the time on the paper and that it did stop, but
only to take on mail, not passengers.
can't be bothered (to do sth) 嫌麻烦（而不愿……）
The grass needs cutting but I can't be bothered to do it today.
He could produce excellent work but usually he can't be bothered.
unwillingly with reluctance
prise / pry sth. open
apart from ... / aside from ...
265
except ... / except for ...
but / but for ...
excluding ...
other than ...
Apart / Aside from the ending, it's a really good film.
I hardly know anyone in town apart / aside from William and you.
besides
as well as ...
in addition to ...
Apart / Aside from the injuries to his face and hands, he broke both legs.
Apart / Aside from these two books, he has written some plays and film scripts.
... the box was full of crockery, and much of it was broken.
... the box was full of crockery, much of which was broken.
造句：这个箱子 (chest) 里除了一些金条 (gold bullion) 之外, 装满了宝石 (precious stone),
其中大多数都是钻石。
Apart from some gold bullion, the chest was full of precious stones, most of them diamonds.
As its composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy
it.
remind sb. of sth.
That song always reminds me of our first date.
remind sb. about sth.
remind sb. to do sth.
Can you remind us about your plans for the building?
Remind me to buy some milk tonight.
Its composition and line reminding him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy it.
Glancing at it briefly, the dealer told him that it was worth £50.
of the diamonds.
Frank almost revealed his excitement.
His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as
obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
266
Lesson 35 Justice was done
justice ['dʒʌstɪs]
n. 正义，公正；司法，审判
Children have a strong sense of justice.
justice has been done / served
We might say that justice has been done when a man's innocence or guilt has been proved
beyond doubt.
do justice to … / do … justice
He didn't do himself justice in the exams.
The photograph does not do justice to the rich colors of the gardens.
bring sb. to justice
The killers will be brought to justice.
Justice has long arms.
court [kɔ:t]
n. 朝廷；法庭；球场
v. 讨好，追求；招致
A friend in court is better than a penny in purse.
courtesy courteous
go to court
settle sth. out of court
a tennis / basketball court
Some businessmen court only wealthy clients.
John has been courting Mary for 3 years.
court fame and gain
Pride courts failure.
innocence ['ɪnəsns]
n. 清白，无辜；天真无邪
innocence guilt
It now remains for the jury to decide on the defendant's guilt or innocence.
Children lose their innocence as they grow older.
be innocent of …
He is innocent of murder.
267
be guilty of …
He is guilty of murder.
undertake [ʌndə'teɪk]
v. 承担，着手做；承诺
undertake v. to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it 承担……并
着手做
undertake a task / a project / research / a study …
University professors both teach and undertake research.
The company has announced that it will undertake a full investigation into the accident.
undertake to do sth.
= promise to do sth.
He undertook to pay the money back in six months.
undertaking n.（重要而艰巨的）任务，工作；承诺
The construction of the tunnel is a large and complex undertaking.
Such undertakings require the precise planning and foresight of military operations.
give a undertaking
The landlord gave a written undertaking that repairs would be carried out before the end of the
month.
arduous ['ɑ:djuəs]
adj. 艰苦的，费力的
arduous task / work
the arduous task of loading all the boxes into the van
arduous journey / voyage
an arduous journey through the mountains
tough
a tough game / assignment / journey
laborious
Keeping the garden tidy all year round can be a laborious task.
strenuous
a strenuous climb / walk
His doctor advised him not to take any strenuous exercise.
interference [ɪntə'fɪərəns]
n. 干涉，管闲事
interference (in …)
I resent his interference in my work.
They expressed resentment at outside interference in their domestic affairs.
interfere (in …)
Don't interfere in matters that do not concern you!
I wish my mother would stop interfering and let me make my own decisions.
meddle (in …)
You're always meddling.
Don't meddle in my affairs.
He accused the US of meddling in China's internal affairs.
meddlesome = interfering
268
a meddlesome / interfering old woman
intervene (in …)
She might have been killed if the neighbours hadn't intervened.
The Central Bank intervened in the currency markets today to try to stabilize the exchange rate.
intervention
military / government intervention
accord [ə'kɔ:d]
n. 一致；协议，条约
of one’s own accord
He joined the army of his own accord.
The door seemed to move of its own accord.
with one accord
With one accord they all stood up and cheered.
be in accord with sth.
These results are in accord with earlier research.
the Helsinki accord on human rights
A peace accord was signed by both leaders.
convert [kən'vɜ:t]
v. 改变（形式或用途）；改变信仰
convert (sth.) to / into sth.
The stocks can be easily converted to cash.
They converted the spare bedroom into an office.
The pub is a converted warehouse.
a sofa that converts into a bed
convert (sb.) to sth.
European missionaries converted thousands to Christianity.
She converted to Catholicism.
Convertible
a convertible sofa
be associated with …
food.
be associated with …
be related with / to …
269
be connected with / to …
be linked with / to …
court of law
造句：成功这个词常常与勤奋联系到一起。
The word success is usually associated with diligence.
造句：软弱这个词常常与女人联系到一起，然而这却不总是实情。
Frailty, thy name is woman.
Yet this is not always the case.
造句：软弱这个词常常与女人联系到一起，然而这却不总是实情。
The word frailty is usually associated with woman, yet this is not always the case.
beyond doubt.
beyond (any) doubt
The research showed beyond doubt that smoking contributes to heart disease.
His ability to succeed has been established beyond any doubt.
beyond + n. 无法……; 不容……
The situation is beyond my control.
The rumor is beyond belief.
The results are beyond dispute / controversy.
Her beauty is beyond words / description.
His conduct is beyond reproach / criticism.
The pain is beyond human endurance.
Working with you is beyond my wildest dreams.
当 “part of” 之前没有形容词修饰时，通常不加不定冠词 “a”
Part of the building was destroyed in the fire.
Falling over is part of learning how to ski.
This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture.
Memory loss is a normal part of the aging process.
… so vast is the number of planets, that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the
universe.
machinery n. 1. [U] organization or structure 组织，机构，体系
machinery of … machinery for …
the machinery of government
The company has no effective machinery for resolving disputes.
machinery n. 2. [U] machines 机器
a piece of machinery
You should not drive or operate machinery after taking the medicine.
jewel  jewelry / jewellery
scene  scenery
weapon  weaponry
poem  poetry
Those who seek it undertake an arduous journey and can never be sure that they will find it.
270
You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey.
造句：追求完美 (perfection) 的人要走过一段艰苦的旅程，并且永远没有把握他们能达到
(achieve) 完美。
Those who seek perfection undertake an arduous journey and can never be sure that they will
achieve it.
Judges, however wise or eminent, are human and can make mistakes.
…, however wise or eminent (they are), …
Metals expand when (they are) heated.
While (he was) on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.
造句：年轻人, 无论多么年轻，多么没有经验 (inexperienced)，也应该受到尊重。
Young men, however young or inexperienced, should be treated with respect.
造句: 罪犯, 无论有多么残忍 (cruel) 或邪恶 (vicious)，也是人，而且应该人道主义地
(humanely) 对待他们。
Criminals, however cruel or vicious, are human and should be treated humanely.
= occasionally
There are rare instances when love turns to hatred.
there are instances when …
= there are times when …
= sometimes
there was a time when … = once
cease to do / doing: stop doing
That department has ceased to exist.
The factory has ceased making bicycles.
stop doing
stop to do
Please stop smoking. Smoke really bothers me.
I’m exhausted. Let’s stop to smoke.
Stop to smell the flowers.
abstract
Beauty itself is abstract.
concrete / solid
a concrete / solid example
造句: 在有些情况下爱国主义 (patriotism) 不再是 (cease to be) 一个空洞的 (empty)口号
(slogan)。
There are instances when patriotism ceases to be an empty slogan.
Reward or punishment are meted out quite independent of human interference.
A man or a woman is waiting in the room.
mete sth.⇔ out (to sb.)
give or administer (punishment, rewards, etc) 给予，加以（奖、惩等）
271
He felt he had a right to mete out physical punishment to the children.
Judges are meting out increasingly harsh sentences for car theft.
be independent of …
We need a central bank that is independent of the government.
quite independent of …
在完全没有……的情况下（独自）……
造句：计算机可以在完全没有人类干预的情况下发现潜在的问题并将其解决。
Computers can find out potential problems and solve them quite independent of human
interference.
造句：这个小男孩在完全没有父母帮助的情况下独立完成了这个拼图游戏 (jigsaw puzzle)。
The little boy finished the jigsaw puzzle quite independent of his parents’ assistance.
He is living proof of the wonders of modern medicine.
When we use a phrase like 'it serves him right', we are, in part, admitting that a certain set of
circumstances has enabled justice to act of its own accord.
It serves you right.
You deserve it.
You got what you deserve.
You’re asking for it.
As you’ve made your bed, now you have to lie on it.
in part = partly = to some degree
The accident was due in part to the bad weather.
Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and
technology, between discovery and manufacture.
Blacks have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment.
for one’s part
For my part, I prefer to live in the city.
on the part of … / on one’s part
It was a mistake on my part.
It was a mistake on the part of the authorities.
It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the
settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of
him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same
situation.
enable sb. to do
of one’s own accord
He joined the army of his own accord.
When a thief was caught on the premises of a large jewellery store one morning, the shop
assistants must have found it impossible to resist the temptation to say 'it serves him right'.
premises n. [plural] the buildings and land that a shop, restaurant, company etc uses 房屋建筑
物，经营场所
on the premises
There is always a manager on the premises.
off the premises
The manager escorted him off the premises.
272
find it impossible to resist the temptation to do …
造句: 当我看到那只迷人的 (fascinating) 玩具熊 (teddy bear) 的时候，我忍不住买了下来。
When I saw that fascinating teddy bear, I found it impossible to resist the temptation to buy it.
can’t help doing …
can’t help but do …
The shop assistants couldn't help saying ‘it serves him right’.
The shop assistants couldn't help but say ‘it serves him right’.
The shop was an old converted house with many large, disused fireplaces and tall, narrow
chimneys.
disused adj. 废弃不用的
Many disused railway lines have become public footpaths.
unused adj. 未使用过的
an unused envelope
towards / toward prep. near (a point in time) 临近（某一时间）
Toward the end of the afternoon it began to rain.
muffle v. to make a sound less loud and clear, especially by covering something
The falling snow muffled the sound of our footsteps.
muffled adj. muffled sounds cannot be heard clearly, for example because they come from
behind a door or wall
I could hear muffled voices in the next room.
副词和介词短语都可以作介词的宾语
There is a fine view from here.
I heard them calling me from below.
had happened.
They have just returned from abroad.
I took my watch from under the pillow.
He picked up the gun from behind the counter.
I live near here.
We didn’t meet until after the show.
The weather has been fine except in the north.
As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire
brigade.
As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager and the manager promptly
rang up the fire brigade.
As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire
brigade.
John went to see his bank manager and the manager sent the remains of wallet and the money
to the special department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies!
John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains of wallet and the money to the special
department of the Bank of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies!
273
glasses and the usual copy of the letter and he proceeded to read it to the prisoner.
glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner.
promptly adv. 1. immediately
If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by
destroying his shop.
And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler.
promptly adv. 2. punctually
They arrived promptly at two o'clock.
ring / call / phone sb. ⇔ up
She uses the office phone to ring up her friends in Sweden.
John called him up to make sure of the date of the graduation ceremony.
I'll phone the manager up tomorrow.
the fire brigade / department
fireman / firefighter / fire fighter
The cry had certainly come from one of the chimneys, but as there were so many of them, the
fire fighters could not be certain which one it was.
They located the right chimney by tapping at the walls and listening for the man's cries.
locate v. discover the exact position or place of sb. / sth.
We couldn't locate the source of the radio signal.
Police are still trying to locate the suspect.
tap v. to hit your fingers lightly on something, for example to get sb.'s attention
tap at / on …
Someone tapped at / on the door.
A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, …
tap sb. on the shoulder / arm / chest etc.
Ralph tapped me on the shoulder.
listen (out) for sth. wait alertly in order to hear (a sound) 留神等着听（某声音）
Please listen (out) for the phone while I'm in the bath.
Can you listen (out) for the doorbell?
They knocked at the walls and listened to the man's cries, and then found the right chimney.
Someone called the fire brigade and two fire fighters used a special type of grease and then freed
George.
The fire brigade was called and two fire fighters freed George using a special type of grease.
After chipping through a wall which was eighteen inches thick, they found that a man had been
trapped in the chimney.
It took a long time to chip a hole in the wall.
Archaeologists were carefully chipping away at the rock.
trap v. to prevent sb. from leaving a place, especially a dangerous place
Twenty miners were trapped underground.
Dozens of people were trapped in the rubble when the building collapsed.
There's no way out! We're trapped!
be / get stuck
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A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but
George was firmly stuck.
The sorry-looking, blackened figure that emerged, admitted at once that he had tried to break
into the shop during the night but had got stuck in the chimney.
be cornered
It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a
human being unless it is cornered.
be kept in …
As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.
be imprisoned
A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been
imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years.
As it was extremely narrow, the man was unable to move, but the fire fighters were eventually
able to free him by cutting a huge hole in the wall.
As it was extremely heavy, he dumped it on the counter.
The fire-brigade was called and two fire fighters freed George using a special type of grease.
The sorry-looking, blackened figure that emerged, admitted at once that he had tried to break
into the shop during the night but had got stuck in the chimney.
sorry adj. feeling ashamed or unhappy about something bad you have done
She was genuinely sorry for what she had done.
the sorry-looking, blackened figure
a very modern-looking woman
an ugly-looking black goat
blacken v. to become black, or make something black
The thunder became louder and the sky blackened.
figure n. someone with a particular type of appearance or character, especially when they are far
away or difficult to see
In the torchlight, he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkins, our
local grocer.
moonlight.
break into sth. to enter a building or car by using force, in order to steal sth.
Someone broke into my car and stole the radio.
Her house was broken into last week.
break in: to enter a building by using force, in order to steal sth.
If anyone tries to break in, the alarm will go off.
force an entry: 强行闯入
It was as clear as daylight then that burglars had forced an entry during her absence.
There was no sign of a forced entry.
hand sb. over to …: give a prisoner to another group of people, especially the police or the people
in authority in another country
The terrorists were taken to the airport, where they were handed over to the French authorities.
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Lesson 36 A chance in a million
credulous ['kredjələs]
adj. 轻信的
Anna is so credulous that she’ll believe anything you tell her.
naïve
“cred” = believe
credit n. 信用；赊账 credit card
credulous incredulous
credible incredible
credentials n. 证书；证件
obscure [əb'skjʊə(r)]
adj. 不起眼的，不出名的；
难以理解的
obscure: 1. unknown; little-known
an obscure little village
an obscure maidservant
remain obscure
The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure.
well-known; famous; noted; notable; eminent; celebrated;
renowned
obscure: 2. hard to understand
Very few people could understand his lecture because it was very _____.
(A) faint (B) obscure
(C) gloomy (D) indefinite
presume [pri'zju:m]
v. 假定，推测，认为
From the way they talked, I presumed (that) they were a couple.
be presumed dead / innocent …
A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to
bring about the hero's down-fall.
You are presumed innocent until you are proved guilty.
believe think suppose assume
… a German taxi driver, Franz Bussman, found a brother who was thought to have been killed
twenty years before.
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be under the impression that …
还以为……
take it for granted that …
想当然地认为……
You can’t take it for granted that the children will behave themselves.
plot [plɒt]
v. 秘密谋划，暗中策划
plot to do = scheme to do
The criminal was plotting / scheming to rob the bank.
conspire to do
The criminals were conspiring to rob the bank.
Bad weather and car trouble conspired to ruin our vacation.
resemblance [ri'zembləns]
n. 相似
resemble
She closely resembles her mother in every way.
resemblance
bear a resemblance to …
Your school may have done away with winners and losers, but life has not.
In some schools they have abolished failing grades; they'll give you as many times as you want to
get the right answer. This doesn't bear the slightest resemblance to anything in real life.
acquaint [ə'kweɪnt]
v. 使熟悉或了解
be / get / become acquainted with …
I’m not acquainted with him.
He became acquainted with the work.
be / get / become familiar with …
He was familiar with the work.
The work was familiar to him.
acquaintance
He is my only acquaintance in the little town.
reunite [ri:ju:'naɪt]
v. 使团聚
be reunited with …
The lost children were reunited with their parents.
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reunify
reunification
national reunification
I'd love to buy a Rolls-Royce, but it costs an arm and a leg.
Everybody was clapping their hands off.
I didn’t sleep a wink last night.
He has a skeleton of a wife.
We are less credulous than we used to be.
We spend more time traveling than we used to.
less + adj. / adv. + than …
not so / as + adj. / adv. + as …
We are not so / as credulous as we used to be.
造句：他不像以前那么内向 (introverted)了。
He is less introverted than he used to be.
He is not so / as introverted as he used to be.
造句：他英语说的不如以前好了。
He speaks English less well than he used to.
He doesn't speak English so / as well as he used to.
In the 19th century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers
with a series of coincidences — most of them wildly improbable.
would 和 used to do 类似，都可以表示过去习惯性的动作，如：One day in a week he would
spend a whole day in silence. 但注意：would 不能用在故事开头，往往在故事开头用 used to
do，而后面换为 would do，如：We used to work in the same office and we would often have
coffee together.
bring sth. to a conclusion
The two countries decided to bring the war to a conclusion.
come to / arrive at / reach / draw a conclusion
bring sth. to a close / an end
The rally was brought to a close / an end by the singing of the national anthem.
end / close / conclude …
…, a novelist would end / close / conclude his story by …
bring … to …
It was the war that first brought him to power.
So far the US has been unable to bring him to justice.
present sth. to sb.
He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat.
an unforeseen series of catastrophes
a series of ... a chain of ...
a train of ... a trail of ...
a string of ... a stream of ...
by coincidence
My mother is called Anna, and by coincidence my wife's mother is called Anna too.
coincide with sth.
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If our schedules coincide, we'll go to Shanghai together.
His tastes and habits ______ with those of his wife.
(A) combine
(B) compete
(C) coincide
(D) compromise
It is fortunate for the old couple that their son’s career goals and their wishes for him ________.
(A) coincide
(B) comply
(C) conform
(D) collaborate
— most of them being wildly improbable.
— most of them were wildly improbable. X
— and / but most of them were wildly improbable. √
— most of which were wildly improbable. √
Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, and / but much of it
was broken.
Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of which was
broken.
造句: 考古学家发现了十五尊雕像, 每一尊代表着一位女神。
The archaeologists found fifteen statues, each of them representing a goddess.
bring about the hero's downfall.
be presumed dead / innocent …
Their nephew was missing, presumed dead.
In English law, an accused man is presumed innocent until he is proved guilty.
He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive, …
living all living things living proof
At such times, justice acts like a living force.
live
experiments on live animals
be transmitted live
Is the wire live?
… and wickedly scheming to…√
… and wickedly conspiring to… X
a plot to assassinate the President
scheme intrigue conspiracy
schemes and intrigues
All the imperialist schemes and intrigues are doomed to failure.
downfall n. 1. fall from a position of prosperity or power
Greed led to his downfall.
downfall n. 2. thing that causes this
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His vanity was his downfall.
undoing
The team's weak defense was their undoing.
That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the
screen.
and so on
and so forth
and the like
and what not
etc. (et cetera)
Modern readers would find such naive solutions totally unacceptable.
improbable
incredible
unbelievable
inconceivable
unconvincing
preposterous
造句：中国学生会觉得这么简单的考试是完全无法相信的。
Chinese students would find such easy examinations totally incredible.
造句：事实证明他们的担心是多余的。
The facts proved their worries unnecessary.
造句：事实证明他的指责毫无根据。
The facts proved his accusation totally groundless.
造句：如果你住在北京，你就会把豆汁儿 (Douzhir) 当作一道美味佳肴。
If you lived in Beijing, you would consider Douzhir a great delicacy.
造句：如果你住在中国东北地区 (the Northeast of China)，你就会非常喜欢滑冰。
If you lived in the Northeast of China, you would consider skating a great pleasure.
Yet, in real life, circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about coincidences which anyone
but a 19th century novelist would find incredible.
in real life
in the real world
Under no circumstances should you approach that man.
Due to circumstances beyond our control, …
conspire to do sth.
Falling demand and high interest rates have conspired to produce a big drop in profits.
Nobody but Robert would do such a thing.
Who but a fool would do such a thing?
His house is the last but one in the street.
Take the next turning but one on your left.
nothing but = only
He is nothing but a thief.
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anything but = not at all
He is anything but a hero.
He is anything but stupid.
all but = almost
Britain's coal industry has all but disappeared.
His left arm was all but useless.
but 后可跟不定式 (to) do
We have nothing to do but wait here.
We have no choice but to wait here.
造句：在现实生活中，有时确实很多情况会凑到一起导致一连串的大灾难，而这些事情除了
受害者之外可能谁也不会相信。
In real life, circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about a series of catastrophes which
anyone but the victims would find incredible.
When I was a boy, my grandfather told me how a German taxi driver, Franz Bussman, found a
brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before.
When a boy, … X
In my childhood, …
In my early years, …
In my teens, …
In my adolescence, …
In my youth, …
Stop to smell the flowers.
I’m exhausted. Let’s stop to smoke.
Please stop smoking. Smoke really bothers me.
cease to do / doing
After they had gone on, Mrs. Bussman commented on the workman's close resemblance to her
husband and even suggested that he might be his brother.
comment on …
I don’t want to comment on other people’s views.
No comment.
comment that …
remark on … remark that …
bear a close resemblance to …
closely resemble …
Mrs. Bussman commented / remarked that the workman bore a close resemblance to her
husband / closely resembled her husband.
The workman and her husband were extraordinarily similar / particularly alike.
The workman and her husband had a lot in common.
There were striking similarities / was considerable commonality between the workman and her
husband.
Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the
war.
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pour scorn on …
pour contempt on …
pour ridicule on …
pour cold water on …
Franz didn’t take the idea seriously.
…, reminding her that his brother had been killed …
I must point out that you are making a dangerous mistake.
At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were
already under arrest.
His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action.
Though Mrs. Bussman was fully acquainted with this story, she thought that there was a chance
in a million that she might be right.
be acquainted with …
be familiar with …
Though Mrs. Bussman was fully familiar with this story, …
…, she thought there was the slightest / remotest chance that she might be right.
造句：尽管这位侦探非常了解这位老太太对周围每一个人总是这么好，但他认为仍有一丝可
能这位老太太就是谋杀犯。
Though the detective was fully acquainted with the fact that the old lady was always so kind to
everybody, he thought that there was a chance in a million that she might be the murderer.
needless to say
as you can imagine
Needless to say our house is now surrounded by a jungle.
When the brothers were reunited, Hans explained how it was that he was still alive.
how it was: how it happened
造句：当 Eric 回到农场后，他解释了他是怎么从团里逃出来的。
When Eric returned to the farm, he explained how it was that he deserted his regiment.
After he had been wounded, …
towards / toward midnight
Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls.
send sb. to hospital
take sb. to hospital
be in hospital
be hospitalized
be out of / leave hospital
To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was
good for him.
to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.
separate … from …
Theory should never be separated from practice.
cut … off from …
She realized that he was trying to cut her off from her friends.
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isolate … from …
He was isolated from all the other prisoners.
segregate … from …
Blacks were segregated from whites in every area of life.
make one’s way 前往某地
I made my way to the house.
I made my way into the backyard.
I made my way along the river.
I made my way up the stairs.
feel one’s way
The room was dark, so I had to feel my way along the wall to the door.
edge one’s way
across deep pools.
He forced / elbowed his way through the crowd.
find one’s way
wind / trace one’s way
The river winds its way through the valley.
Hans returned to his family home, but the house had been bombed and no one in the
neighbourhood knew what had become of the inhabitants.
become of sb. / sth.
What has become of Jane?
Whatever became of the parcel you sent?
No one in the neighborhood knew his family’s whereabouts.
Despite numerous searches and enquiries, her whereabouts are still unknown.
inhabitant inhabit
In the future people may inhabit other planets.
cohabit with … cohabitant
habitat
Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village 50 miles
away where he had remained ever since.
assuming (that) … 以为；假定，假如
Assuming (that) the man was making a homosexual advance, he stormed out of the house
angrily.
Assuming (that) the house is for sale, would you buy it?
You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, swim, meet interesting people and
enjoy good food—always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm.
even assuming (that) … = even if …
Even assuming (that) smokers do see the health warnings, I doubt they'll take any notice.
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settle down
He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.
…, Hans settled down in a village 50 miles away and he had remained there ever since.
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Lesson 37 The Westhaven Express
express [ɪk'spres]
n. 快车；快递；adj. 快速的
express / express train
the 8.00 am express to Edinburgh
the Beijing to Shanghai express
send goods by express
an express train / coach / bus
express delivery services
expressway / freeway / motorway
On motorways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, …
condition [kən'dɪʃn]
v. 训练，影响，使习惯或适应……；决定……；
condition v. 1. to train or influence a person or animal mentally so that they do or expect a
particular thing without thinking about it 训练，影响，使习惯或适应……
People are conditioned by the society in which they live.
condition sb. to do sth.
Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.
Many women are conditioned from birth to be accepting rather than questioning.
condition v. 2. determine 决定……
Environment conditions an animal's development.
What I buy is conditioned by the amount I earn.
conditioning n. 潜移默化的影响
Conditioning starts as soon as boys are given guns to play with and girls are given dolls.
Social conditioning makes crying more difficult for men.
exceptionally [ɪk'sepʃənəli]
adv. 例外地，反常地；极其
Exceptionally, students may be accepted without formal qualifications.
an exceptionally talented player
The weather was exceptionally cold.
exceptional
This is an exceptional case; I’ve never seen anything like it before.
The child had shown exceptional courage.
285
Her scores are quite exceptional.
extraordinary
her extraordinary beauty
Nelson Mandela is a truly extraordinary man.
remarkable
a remarkable feat
a remarkable achievement
exception
We all laughed, with the exception of Maggie.
Each plant, without exception, contains some kind of salt.
Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule.
dislocate ['dɪsləkeɪt]
v. 打乱，扰乱；使脱臼
Flights have been dislocated by the fog.
Only an exceptionally heavy snowfall might temporarily dislocate railway services.
dislocate one’s ankle / wrist …
a dislocated finger
dislocation
These policies could cause severe economic and social dislocation.
a dislocation of the shoulder
blame [bleɪm]
v. 责备
blame v. to say or think that sb. or sth. is responsible for sth. bad 责备
A bad workman blames his tools.
blame sb. / sth. for sth.
blame sth. on sb. / sth.
sb. / sth. is to blame (for sth)
George is to blame for the failure.
assistant severely.
accuse sb. of sth.
scold sb. for sth.
He reproached me for not answering his letter.
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consult [kən'sʌlt]
v. 向……请教；查阅
consult an expert / a doctor / a lawyer …
If symptoms persist, consult a doctor without delay.
consult / refer to a timetable / map / dictionary …
After consulting my railway timetable, I noted with satisfaction that there was an express train to
Westhaven.
Bruce consulted the map once more and told us that the village was now only fifteen miles away.
consult / refer to a dictionary for the word
look up the word in a dictionary
direct [dɪ'rekt]
adv. 中途不停地；不经中间环节地
direct adv. 1. without stopping or changing direction = directly
The train goes there direct / directly.
direct adv. 2. with no one in between = directly
He decided to contact the manager direct / directly.
He's directly (≠ direct) responsible to the boss.
The new property tax law won't directly (≠ direct) affect us.
It was a small house, directly (≠ direct) behind the church.
She left directly (≠ direct) after the show.
deep / deeply
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
He was deeply moved.
high / highly
He climbed high up the mountain.
It is highly confidential.
wide / widely
Open your mouth wide.
He seems to be widely known here.
sharp / sharply
We're meeting at one-thirty sharp.
turn sharp left / right
You turn sharp right at the crossroads.
Interest rates have fallen sharply over the last few weeks.
The government has been sharply criticized for human rights violations.
triumph ['traɪʌmf]
n. 胜利，成功（的喜悦）；
v. 获得成功，取胜
one of the triumphs of modern science
The winning team returned home in triumph.
There was a note of triumph in her voice.
287
Arch of Triumph
triumph over …
In the end, good shall triumph over evil.
triumphant
a triumphant cheer
triumphantly
Who has not stood in awe at the sight of a spider pouncing on a fly, or a column of ants
triumphantly bearing home an enormous dead beetle?
asterisk ['æ stərɪsk]
n. 星号（*）
“astr” / “aster” = star
astronomy astronomical
astrology astronautics
astronaut disaster
asterisk asteroid
great / enormous / tremendous faith
absolute / implicit faith
complete / total faith
unshakeable faith
blind faith
develop faith in …
have faith in …
put / place faith in …
shake / undermine faith in …
destroy faith in …
lose faith in …
restore faith in ..
timetable / schedule
train / railway / railroad ~
college / school ~
exam / examination ~
Ships may be delayed by storms; flights may be cancelled because of bad weather; but trains
288
must be on time.
He may hunt, beg, or stead occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even, in times of real need,
do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom.
snowfall n. 降雪；降雪量
heavy / light snowfall
annual / average snowfall
temporary
A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty.
too … to …
He was too excited to say a word.
I’m too pleased to help you.
She is too willing to marry him.
He’s too eager to pass the exam.
(only / all / but) too … to …
I’m only too pleased to help you.
They're but too glad to do so.
…, and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these
requirements.
the authorities
the local authorities
the Chinese authorities
Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well.
When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special
type of grass-seed which would grow quickly.
造句：当问题和困难确实出现 (arise) 的时候，我们很容易放弃自己的梦想。
It’s all too easy to give up our dreams when problems and difficulties do arise.
The truth is that when mistakes occur, they are more likely to be ours than theirs.
more … than … 有时可译为“与其说（后者）不如说（前者）”特别是 more 和 than 后跟同
样词性或结构时。
It is more a poem than a picture.
He is more diligent than clever.
The present crisis in capitalist countries is more a political than an economic crisis.
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Westhaven.
with satisfaction = satisfiedly
with ease = easily
with delight = delightedly
with pride = proudly
with a smile = smilingly
with attention = attentively
with confidence = confidently
with reluctance = reluctantly
a mere 后跟单数名词时 = only a / an
在其他情况下 a mere = only
It went direct from my local station and the journey lasted a mere (=only an) hour and 17
minutes.
He's a mere (=only a) child.
He's not a mere (=only a) boxer: he's world champion.
A mere (=Only) 2% of their budget has been spent on publicity.
He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere (=only) £50.
Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere (=only) twenty miles away.
When I boarded the train, I could not help noticing that a great many local people got on as well.
board a bus / train / ship / plane
The couple boarded the train for New York.
Flight No.714 for Paris is now boarding at Gate 8.
get on a bus / train / ship / plane
get off a bus / train / ship / plane
When I boarded the train, I could not help noticing that a great many local people got on as well.
I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond
ring.
get into a car / taxi
get out of a car / taxi
embark on a ship / plane
disembark from a ship / plane
can’t help (doing) sth. …
I couldn’t help thinking about the past.
'Stop biting your nails.' 'I can’t help it.'
can’t help but do …
Her evidence was so convincing that I could not help but agree with her.
sth. can’t be helped
I really don’t to go this weekend, but it can’t be helped.
(A) She can't help the man look for another platter.
(B) She forgot the platter had been broken.
(C) She didn't realize the platter had been broken.
(D) She doesn't want the man to replace the platter.
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M: I don’t know how I managed to break that platter. I’ll be more than happy to buy you a new
one.
W: Forget about it. Some things just can’t be helped.
Answer: (D) She doesn't want the man to replace the platter.
not if I can help it
'Are you going to watch the school play?' 'Not if I can help it.'
(A) She needs help finding a place to live.
(B) There aren't enough rooms available in the dormitories.
(C) She can't afford to live on campus.
(D) She doesn't want to live in university housing.
M: Will you be living in the dormitory this year?
W: Not if I can help it. I've been thinking of renting an apartment off campus with some friends of
mine.
Answer: (D) She doesn't want to live in university housing.
One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds
to notice any pain.
At the time, I didn’t think this was odd.
strike sb. as … 给某人某种印象，某人感到，觉得……
The idea struck me as stupid.
The request struck me as comic.
He struck them as an honest man.
I reflected that there must be a great many people besides myself who wished to take advantage
of this excellent service.
reflect v. 心想，考虑
reflect on …
I need time to reflect (on what to do).
reflect that …
She reflected that his argument was probably true.
take advantage of sth. 利用某物
I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed.
Many schools don't take full advantage of the Internet.
take advantage of sb. 利用某人，占某人的便宜
Don't lend them the car―they're taking advantage of you!
line.
部分倒装
1、否定词位于句首（如：not only, not until, neither, nor, never, hardly, barely, scarcely, few, little,
rarely, seldom, under no circumstances, in no way, …）。
line.
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2、“only + 状语” 位于句首。
3、such, so, well, often, many a time 等表示程度、频率的副词位于句首。
mighty adj. 1. very strong and powerful
a mighty warrior
a mighty empire
With a mighty kick, he broke down the door.
mighty adj. 2. large and impressive
mighty mountain peaks
mighty oak trees
hold sb./sth.⇔up: to delay sb. or sth.
Our flight was held up by fog.
My application was held up by the postal strike.
Road-works on the motorway are holding up traffic.
dawdle v. to take a long time to do sth or go somewhere
Stop dawdling and hurry up: we're late.
Eleanor will be back any moment, if she doesn't dawdle.
sth. after sth.
day after day
week after week
year after year
time after time
He fired shot after shot.
Shelley sent him letter after letter to explain the delay.
They sent regiment after regiment to attack us.
In factory after factory we were shown machines built by the workers themselves.
It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at 90 miles an hour,
but barely chugging along at 30.
sth. dawn on sb.
sth. occur to sb.
sth. strike sb.
sth. cross one’s mind
It dawned on me that Joanna had been right all along.
It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box.
It suddenly struck me how we could improve the situation.
It didn't cross her mind that she might be doing something illegal.
sb. realize that …
sb. become aware (of the fact) that …
sb. wake up to the fact that …
roar down …
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring,
chug v. if a car, train etc. chugs somewhere, it moves there slowly, with the engine making a
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repeated low sound
chug along / down / up etc.
An old car chugged down the road.
cover v. travel (a certain distance)
By sunset we had covered thirty miles.
miles.
The bird covered the distance in three minutes.
hear of / about
know of / about
learn of / about
determine / resolve to do sth. (fml.)
After the divorce she determined / resolved never to marry again.
choose to do sth.
What invariably happens is that a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the
same moment.
She chose to ignore my advice.
More young couples are choosing not to marry.
lodge / bring / file a complaint
get / receive a complaint
deal with / handle a complaint
investigate a complaint
resolve a complaint
reject a complaint
stationmaster / station master
an official in charge of a railroad or bus station
He denied the charge. / knowing about it. / that he had stolen the sheep.
He admitted / acknowledged the charge. / knowing about it. / that he had stolen the sheep.
deny the existence of sth. / sth.’s existence
When he denied the train's existence, I borrowed his copy of the timetable.
Atheists deny the existence of God.
Officials have repeatedly denied the existence of a secret report.
But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual.
There was a note of triumph in my voice when I told him that it was there in black and white.
note n. a way of speaking or writing that shows what someone’s feelings are 语言文字中带有某
种感情
there is / was a note of … in …
There was a note of doubt in her voice.
There was a note of self-satisfaction in his speech.
There was a note of sadness in her letter.
in black and white: in writing or in print 白纸黑字（书写的或印刷的）
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I want the contract in black and white.
a black-and-white photograph / television / printer
a color photograph / television / printer
beat sb. black and blue
be in the black
We've managed to stay in the black for over a year now.
be in the red
This is the airline's fourth straight year in the red.
glance at …
Glancing at it briefly, the dealer told him that it was worth £50.
take / have / shoot / throw / cast a glance (at …)
The couple at the next table cast quick glances in our direction.
So I drove back to the town and began to retrace the route, taking frequent glances at the map.
conduct sb. to …
I asked the attendant to conduct him to the door.
footnote n. a note at the bottom of the page in a book, which gives more information about
something 脚注
say v. 上面写着……
The sign says ‘Keep Out’.
What did the letter say?
The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: 'Do not touch the
exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!'
The ferry service has been suspended for the day because of bad weather.
The policeman was suspended while the complaint was investigated.
Dave was suspended from school for a week.
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Lesson 38 The first calendar
calendar ['kæ lɪndə(r)]

n. 日历
solar calendar
lunar calendar
Chinese calendar
perpetual calendar
desk calendar
wall calendar
unique [ju'ni:k]
adj. 唯一的，独一无二的
a unique position
Each person’s DNA is unique.
be unique to ...
Fingerprints are unique to every individual.
be peculiar to ...
Pandas are peculiar to China.
be confined to ...
..., for collectors are not confined to any one country.
be limited to ...
The air strikes are limited to military targets.
be restricted to ...
Access to the company files is restricted to management.
solely ['səʊlli]
adv. 唯一地
sole
He is the sole survivor of the car accident.
only single
... to this day it has never written a single word.
lone solitary
Owen scored the lone goal of the match.
They had a single aim, a solitary goal, the top.
bewilder [bɪ'wɪldə(r)]
v. 令人眼花缭乱，晕头转向
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Big city traffic bewildered the country girl.
bewildering
the bewildering amount of information
confuse
They confused me with their conflicting advice.
confusing
Many tourists were ________ by the city’s complicated traffic system.
(A) degraded (B) bewildered
(C) evoked (D) diverted
As an increasing number of traffic regulation schemes are devised, the poor bewildered driver
finds himself diverted and forced into one-way systems which cause even greater delays than the
traffic jams they are supposed to prevent.
puzzle perplex baffle
The murder case still puzzled / perplexed / baffled the police.
puzzling perplexing baffling
deduce [dɪ'dju:s]
v. 推理，推断
deduce ... from ...
I can deduce his motives from his behavior.
deduction
conclude ... from ...
What do you conclude from the evidence?
conclusion
infer ... from ...
What can we infer from the passage?
inference
scanty ['skæ nti]
adj. 不足的，匮乏的
scanty clues scanty evidence
scant insufficient inadequate
sufficient adequate
scarce
Food and clean water were becoming scarce.
rare a rare disease / species
sparse a sparse population
sparsely-populated regions
be deficient in ...
a diet deficient in vitamin C
be few and far between
People like John are few and far between.
Thank God people like John are few and far between.
engrave [ɪn'greɪv]
v. 雕刻
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inscribe
At the base of the gold cap, the words 'made in the U.S.A' had been neatly inscribed.
sculpt sculpture
etch
be etched / engraved on / in one’s memory
The scene will be etched / engraved on / in my memory forever.
correlate ['kɒrəleɪt]
v. 使相互联系
Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated.
relate
Cancer cases in the area are directly related to the new nuclear power station.
correlation
There’s a high correlation between smoking and lung cancer.
husband-to-be fiancé
bride-to-be fiancée
posterity
These works of art are preserved for posterity.
in the near / not-too-distant future
in the foreseeable future
in the long run
in the short run
Taking this decision will cost us more in the short run, but will be beneficial in the long run.
modern historians
today’s historians
historians of today
contemporary historians
position: situation
She’s in the enviable position of being able to choose who she works with.
When two of your best friends argue it puts you in a very awkward position.
in a delicate position
in a dominating position
in a favorable position
in an adverse position
China’s world position
come to do sth.
I’ve come to like her over the months.
A body came to be found under the bridge.
造句: 在计算机的帮助下,当代的科学家在开始进行复杂运算的时候处于得天独厚的地位。
With the assistance of computers, contemporary scientists are in a unique position when they
come to make complicated calculations.
They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily
accumulates.
“疑问词 + to do”可以视为名词性从句的缩略形式
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1、相当于宾语从句
They will hardly know which facts to select from …
 They will hardly know which facts they should select from …
I don’t know what to do.
 I don’t know what I should do.
I haven't decided whether to sell it or not.
 I haven't decided whether I should sell it or not.
Have you settled where to go?
 Have you settled where you should go?
2、相当于主语从句
Who to turn to is what she wants to know.
 Who she should turn to is what she wants to know.
3、相当于表语从句
The problem she faces is which way to take.
The problem she faces is which way she should take.
4、相当于同位语从句
The problem which course to take worried Lucy for hours.
The problem which course she should take worried Lucy for hours.
mass: a large quantity or number
a mass of ... / masses of ...
= a lot of… / lots of …
the great mass of evidence
Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than
what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.
This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are
crowded together.
the masses
It is an entertainment that will appeal to the masses.
mass education
the problem of mass unemployment
weapons of mass destruction
mass communication
ever-doing adj. 不断……的
We have to ask ourselves very seriously what will happen if this two-fold use of knowledge with
its ever-increasing power continues.
evidence that steadily accumulates
the ever-accumulating evidence
the world that steadily changes
the ever-changing world
the knowledge that steadily grows
the ever-growing knowledge
the economy that steadily develops
the ever-developing economy
the market that steadily expands
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the ever-expanding market
the reform that steadily deepens
the ever-deepening reform
the resources that steadily dwindle
the ever-dwindling resources
He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out.
furthermore moreover besides
in addition additionally
better still
worse still
to make things worse
to make matters worse
stranger still
During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and, stranger still,
by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours
printed on it; …
rely on ... depend on ...
bank on ... count on ...
hinge on ... rest on ...
build on ... ride on ...
reliance on …
the written word = written language
a written agreement / statement
the spoken word = spoken language
oral / verbal
an oral exam
a verbal agreement
as it were
He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.
Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts
questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts further questions,
and so on.
The Han nationality and the minority nationalities are all, as it were, members of the same family.
so to speak
He is, so to speak, a walking dictionary.
The Han nationality and the minority nationalities are all, so to speak, members of the same
family.
as it is
I thought things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse.
His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action.
But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.
reconstruct
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piece together
But the historian attempting to piece together the distant past ...
be faced with …
… for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
They were expecting their sixth child and were faced with even more pressing economic
problems.
After buying a new chain I was faced with the insurmountable task of putting the confusing
jigsaw puzzle together again.
be confronted with ...
But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave
passively when faced with experiences they can control.
He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available.
the most democratic form of ‘college’ imaginable
the most civilized society conceivable
the most talented person available
the farthest star visible
We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret
which has been concealed from strangers for years.
shed / throw / cast light on sth.
Figuring out how humans acquire language may shed light on why some children learn to read
and write later than others.
Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on the
mystery.
come to light
One of the most colorful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in 1764.
The devastating floods of two years ago pale in comparison with last week’s storms.
agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
come into being
To be or not to be, that is the question.
— William Shakespeare ‘Hamlet’
I think therefore I am.
come into being
come into fashion
come into use
come into effect
come into blossom
the advent of sth. / sb.
The advent of the steam engine heralded the beginning of a new era.
With the advent of the new chairman, the company began to prosper.
with the advent of ...
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with the coming / arrival of ...
with the birth of ...
with the genesis of ...
with the coming of spring
with the approach of Christmas
with the outbreak of war
with the progress of science
with the evidence began to accumulate X
As the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate, …
indicate
I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay￡5.
be puzzled by ...
be perplexed by ...
be baffled by ...
Doctors have long been puzzled by the rare skin condition.
It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of
artistic expression.
It has long been believed that cats have nine lives.
There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by
pushing them to the surface, or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive
formation.
ivory tower
a place or situation where you are separated from the difficulties of ordinary life and so are
unable to understand them, used especially to describe a college or university
The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age which
live by doing sth.
age
the Ice / Stone Age
the modern age
the computer age
times
Roman times
era / epoch
the steam-engine era / epoch
the beginning of a new era / epoch
The foundation of the People’s Republic of China marked the beginning of a new era / epoch.
B.C. / BC Before Christ
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A.D. / AD Anno Domini
造句：传说中道教的创始人老子，生活在大约公元前 6 世纪至公元前 5 世纪春秋时代的晚期，
靠掌管国家图书馆为生。
Laozi, legendary founder of Daoism, lived by taking charge of the royal library during the late
Spring and Autumn Period which began about 600 B.C. and ended about 500 B.C.
By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this
difficult code.
Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.
They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon.
wax and wane
ebb and flow
up and down
to and fro
on and off
人有悲欢离合
月有阴晴圆缺
此事古难全
但愿人长久
千里共婵娟
With joy and woe people meet and part
With light and shade the moon waxes and wanes
Since time immemorial it’s been unchanged
Would that we could live a long life
And together share the moonlight though thousands of miles apart
It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of
artistic expression.
depict v. 1. 描绘，描画；2. 描写
a picture depicting him as a clown
The novel depicts French society in the 1930s.
They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing.
definite a definite meaning
a definite answer definite article
indefinite indefinite article
an indefinite prison term
definitive
a definitive judgment
a definitive diagnosis
a definitive guide book
finite Human knowledge is finite.
infinite The universe is infinite.
infinitive
get to doing sth.=start doing sth.
He got to thinking that it was all his fault.
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It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that
sometimes accompany them.
Having left the bag in the hall, I accompanied Robert into the living room.
The disease is accompanied by sneezing and fever.
Chinese President Xi Jinping, accompanied by his wife Peng Liyuan, is undertaking a state visit to
the United Sates.
has been supposed.
make an effort to do sth.
spare no effort to do sth.
China will spare no effort to realize peaceful reunification.
... than what has been supposed.
good for him.
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304
Lesson 39 Nothing to worry about
boulder ['bəuldə(r)]
n. （风化的）大圆石头
boulder stone
Rock pebble
Fossil
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perturb [pə'tɜ:b]
v. 使不安
The letter shocked and disturbed / perturbed me.
It is disturbing / perturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet
countryside.
Ministers declared themselves profoundly disturbed / perturbed by the violence.
“turb” = stir
disturb perturb turbine
turbid turbid water
turbulent turbulent waves
the turbulent times of the French Revolution
underestimate [ʌndər'estɪmeɪt]
v. 低估
Never underestimate the power of the press.
overestimate 高估
He tends to overestimate his own abilities.
underrate 对……评价过低
As an actor, he is seriously underrated.
overrate 对……评价过高
In my opinion, she is a hugely overrated singer.
understate 对……轻描淡写
It would be a mistake to understate the seriousness of the problem.
overstate 对……过分夸张
He may have overstated his ability in the interview.
underplay 贬低……
She underplays her achievements.
overplay 过分强调……
You must not overplay his part in the negotiations.
swerve [swɜ:v]
v. 突然转向
swerve turn veer
The lorry swerved sharply to avoid the child.
He swerved suddenly, narrowly missing a cyclist.
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After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision.
Moments before crashing, the jet was seen veering sharply to the right.
change course
The plane changed course to avoid the storm.
unswerving
unswerving loyalty / belief / support …
ominously ['ɒmɪnəslɪ]
adv. 不吉利地，不祥地
I went into the kitchen and found him lying ominously still on the floor.
ominous
There was an ominous silence at the other end of the phone.
omen
a good / bad omen
He was convinced that seeing the black cat was a bad omen.
auspicious
It was an auspicious date for a wedding.
They won their first match of the season which was an auspicious start / beginning.
inauspicious
He made an inauspicious start to his career by breaking a leg in his first race.
There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that seeing a magpie is an auspicious
omen.
There has long been a superstition among the Chinese that hearing the crowing of a crow is an
ominous omen.
rip [rɪp]
v. 撕破，扯破
I ripped my jeans on the fence.
The flags had been ripped in two.
The nail ripped a hole in my jacket.
She ripped the letter open.
Be careful with that dress; it rips easily.
tear (tore torn tearing)
She realized she had torn her jacket on a nail.
I tore a hole in my jeans.
He tore the letter in two.
I tore open the package.
Careful, the fabric tears very easily.
split (split split splitting)
One of the boxes had split open.
Her dress had split along the seam.
Don't tell me you've split another pair of pants!
petrol ['petrəl]
n. 汽油
petrol gasoline / gas
petrol tank gas tank
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petrol / service station gas station
petroleum crude oil
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
obstacle ['ɒbstəkl]
n. 障碍物
The area was full of streams and bogs and other natural obstacles.
obstacle to …
obstacles to world peace
The tax puts obstacles in the way of companies trying to develop trade overseas.
block
a block in the pipe / drain
block to …
The government's stubborn attitude was a block to further talks.
hindrance to …
The higher interest rates have been a hindrance to economic recovery.
To be honest, she was more of a hindrance than a help.
barrier
The crowd had to stand behind barriers.
the language barrier
barrier to …
Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success.
impediment
a speech impediment
impediment to …
War is one of the greatest impediments to human progress.
renew [rɪ'nju:]
v. 更新，换新；继续；延期
renew the water in the goldfish bowl
The window frames need to be renewed.
We renewed our journey the next day.
I need to renew my passport this year.
renewed adj. happening again with increased interest or strength [only before noun] 更强烈
的……
renewed determination / enthusiasm
Renewed fighting has been reported on the border.
In response to renewed pleadings, Bruce stopped.
pleading ['pli:dɪŋ]
n. 恳求；adj. 恳求的
pleading n. an act of asking for sth. that you want very much, in an emotional way
He simply ignored my pleading.
pleading eyes
a pleading tone of voice
plead
plead for …
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Civil rights groups pleaded for government help.
He was on his knees, pleading for forgiveness.
plead with sb. to do sth.
Moira pleaded with him to stay.
She pleaded with him not to leave her alone.
plead ignorance / illness / a headache / tiredness / insanity
Ellie pleaded tiredness and went to bed very early.
She stayed home from work, pleading illness.
No one can plead ignorance of a subject any longer, for there are countless do-it-yourself
publications.
The rough road across the plain soon became so bad that we tried to get Bruce to drive back to
the village we had come from.
get sb. to do
He got his sister to help him with his homework.
We couldn't get him to sign the agreement.
persuade sb. to do / into doing
I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me.
Don't let yourself be persuaded into buying things you don't want.
talk sb. into doing
We finally talked Father into buying the new car.
get sb. not to do
persuade sb. not to do / out of doing
talk sb. out of doing
dissuade sb. from doing
Even though the road was littered with boulders and pitted with holes, Bruce was not in the least
perturbed.
be littered with …
litter
be pitted with …
The road was pitted with holes.
His face is pitted with smallpox.
be dotted / scattered with …
The sky is ~ with stars.
The lawn is ~ with pine trees.
be covered with …
handmade silverware.
be loaded with …
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be filled with …
… it is filled with what looks like a thick, greyish substance.
be packed / crammed with …
The streets were packed / crammed with Christmas shoppers.
be stuffed with …
a pillow stuffed with feathers
duck stuffed with ‘eight treasures’
stuffed birds
I’m stuffed.=I’m full.
named after him.
She is by no means pretty.
She's not a bad kid, by any means.
By no means can theory be separated from practice.
She's not at all happy about the current situation.
This will in no way influence our original decision.
I am no expert.
That girl is no fool.
Larry is no friend of mine.
His arguments are not remotely convincing.
On no account must you disturb me when I'm working.
Do not on any account leave the prisoner unguarded.
I tried to convince them, but they weren't in the least interested.
"Was she annoyed?" "Not a bit! She was delighted."
On no condition should untrained personnel use the equipment.
Under no circumstances will we agree to splitting up the company.
not a little = more than a little = very
Graham was not a little / more than a little frightened by what he had seen.
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perturbed = disturbed = worried
Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere 20 miles away.
glance at …
inform sb. of / about sth.
inform sb. that …
convince sb. that …
Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere (=only) 20 miles away.
It went direct from my local station and the journey lasted a mere (=only an) hour and 17
minutes.
It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties, but (that) he simply had no sense of
danger at all.
It is/was not that …, but (that) …
不是因为……, 而是因为……
It was not that I actually remembered anything at all. But my father had described over and over
again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was
positive I should recognize it as familiar territory.
It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of
their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of
course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
not that …, but that …
Not that I love you less, but that I love liberty more.
Not that I love my teacher less, but that I love truth more.
simply adv. used to emphasize what you are saying（用以加强语气）简直，实在，根本，就是
He simply had no sense of danger at all.
His pronunciation is simply terrible.
That is simply not true!
I simply refuse to go!
He simply won't accept the committee's decision.
No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could
possibly go.
Whatever the conditions were, …
possibly 经常与 can / could 连用以表示“尽全力”的意思，后跟动词时常用 can / could
possibly + 动词，后省略动词时常用 possibly can / could。
possibly go.
She's done everything she could possibly think of to help.
We shall be contributing as much as we possibly can to the campaign.
Doctors did everything they possibly could to save his life.
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造句：无论在任何情况下，雷锋都认为一个人应该尽可能地为社会做出贡献。
No matter what the conditions were, Lei Feng believed that a person should contribute as much
as he possibly could to society.
造句：无论在任何情况下，雷锋都认为一个人应该为社会做出他能想到的尽可能多的贡献。
No matter what the conditions were, Lei Feng believed that a person should make as many
contributions as he could possibly think of to society.
bump v. 碰撞
Be careful not to bump your head.
In the dark I bumped into a chair.
The car bumped against the curb.
bump over / across / along / down … 颠簸前进
A police car bumped down the track.
The old bus bumped along the mountain road.
The airplane bumped across a field before finally coming to a stop.
track n. a narrow path or road with a rough uneven surface, esp. one made by vehicles, people or
animals
scoop n. a tool with a deep bowl-shaped end which is used to dig out and move a soft or
powdery substance
a measuring scoop an ice-cream scoop
a scoop of ice-cream
scoop (up / out) sth.
He scooped water from the stream and splashed it on his face.
She bent down and scooped up the little dog.
Carefully scoop out the pulp with a small spoon.
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hammer / thunder
He hammered / thundered at the door.
He elbowed his way through the crowd.
I am fogged by the issue.
The lady housed the homeless.
We felt sure that sooner or later a stone would rip a hole in our petrol tank or damage the
engine.
sooner or later 迟早，早晚有一天
You should tell her, because she'll find out sooner or later.
rip / tear a hole
Because of this, we kept looking back, wondering if we were leaving a trail of oil and petrol
behind us.
leave a trail of … behind …
The hurricane left a trail of destruction behind it.
The bus left a trail of black smoke behind it.
He left a trail of muddy footprints behind him.
What a relief it was when the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain
where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes.
relief n. 宽慰，痛苦的缓解或解脱
find a temporary relief
permanent relief
to my great relief
give immediate relief from pain
give way to sth. 1. 被（更新更好的事物）代替
Steam trains gave way to electric trains.
Winter gave way to spring.
The storm gave way to bright sunshine.
give way to sb. / sth. 2. 让路，向……屈服
Drivers must give way to cyclists.
Give way to traffic coming from the right.
We must not give way to their demands.
stretch n. an area of land or water, esp. one that is long and narrow （狭长的）一片或一段地或
水域
stretch of …
a stretch of plain
a narrow stretch of water
a beautiful stretch of countryside
a particularly dangerous stretch of road
clump n. a group of trees, bushes, or other plants growing very close together 丛
a clump of trees / bushes / flowers / grass
worse n. [U] something worse
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I'm afraid there is worse to come.
We thought the situation was bad, but worse was to follow.
"What about the bride's dress ― wasn't it appalling?" "I don't know, I've seen worse."
fissure n. long deep crack in rock or in the earth （岩石中或土地中的）深长裂缝
in response to …
The president stepped down in response to public pressure.
renewed adj. happening again with increased interest or strength [only before noun] 更强烈
的……
get out
get out of a car / taxi
get in
get into a car / taxi
get on
get on a bus / train / ship / plane
get off
get off a bus / train / ship / plane
extend v.（时间或空间）延伸
The Sahara Desert extends for miles.
The show has been extended for another six weeks.
My garden extends as far as the river.
The driveway extends from the house to the high way.
An industrial zone extends along the river.
Bruce went into a low gear and drove at a terrifying speed, keeping the front wheels astride the
crack as he followed its zigzag course.
automatic gear
manual gear
an automatic gearbox
a four-speed manual gearbox
Andy drove cautiously along in third gear.
Helen changed gear / gears as she approached the intersection.
go / move / shift into … gear
I went / moved / shifted into fourth gear when I got onto the highway.
put / slam / slip sth. into … gear
I put / slammed / slipped the car into fourth gear when I got onto the highway.
astride prep. with one leg on each side of sth. 跨在……上
a photograph of my mother sitting astride a horse
She sat proudly astride her new motorbike.
The town lies astride a river.
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zigzag adj. a pattern that looks like a line of z's joined together
a zigzag path along the cliff
Before we had time to worry about what might happen, we were back on the plain again.
Bruce consulted the map once more and told us that the village was now only 15 miles away.
a nice cup of tea
charge at … 朝……猛冲
Suddenly the bear charged at us.
He charged at me with his fists flying.
come to a stop / halt / standstill
It came to a stop outside the jeweler’s.
grind come to a grinding halt
come to an end / a close
come to a decision / conclusion / agreement
A yellow light on the dashboard flashed angrily and Bruce cheerfully announced that there was
no oil in the engine!
flash angrily
Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.
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Lesson 40 Who’s who
hoax [həʊks]
n. 恶作剧（骗人相信某事）
hoax n. a kind of practical joke in which someone makes people believe something that is not
true
恶作剧（骗人相信某事）
play a joke / trick on sb.
make a fool of sb.
cheat sb. out of sth.
He cheated the old lady out of her fortune.
trick / deceive sb. into doing
I was tricked / deceived into believing his story.
indulge [ɪn'dʌldʒ]
v. 沉迷于……；尽情享受……
indulge in …
indulge in bad habits
I indulged in a hot bath / an expensive dinner after a day’s hard work.
indulge / spoil / pamper sb.
I don’t agree with indulging children.
a spoilt / pampered child
indulgent / self-indulgent
indulgence / self-indulgence
advance
[əd'vɑ:ns] [əd'væns]
adj. 提前的（定语）
advance adj. 提前的（定语）
advance party
advance notice / warning / planning
advance payment
What a job! Good work, Richard! I'm so glad you like them so much. Like them? They represent
your best work. Really? Absolutely. Well ... what do you think? Do I have my book? You do. You do.
There’s a book here. I'll have a contract and an advance payment waiting for you, first thing in the
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morning.
in advance
Rent must be paid one month in advance.
in advance of …
Galileo’s ideas were in advance of the age in which he lived.
advanced adj. 高级的, 先进的
advanced technology
an elementary / intermediate / advanced English course
elementary / intermediate / advanced English learners
remonstrate ['remənstreɪt] [rɪ'mɑ:nstreɪt]
v. 抗议，规劝，告诫
remonstrate with sb. (fml.) 向某人抗议
The coach angrily remonstrated with the referee.
Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen.
demonstrate v. 展示, 表明
protest against … 聚众抗议……
complain (to sb.) of / about sth.
Several people complained of cat-like noises at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the
puma up a tree.
nag sb. to do …
When my wife nagged me to do something about it, I told her that either I would have to buy a
new mower or let the grass grow.
pester sb. to do …
able to go home.
ironically [aɪ'rɒnɪklɪ]
adv. 讽刺地
ironically / sarcastically
'Perfume, eh?' he asked sarcastically. 'You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from
import duty.'
ironic / sarcastic
I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, 'I don't think the windows need cleaning at
this time of the night.'
irony / sarcasm
with heavy irony / sarcasm
'Good of you to arrive on time,' George said, with heavy irony / sarcasm.
hint / trace / touch of irony / sarcasm
There was a hint of irony / sarcasm in her voice.
the irony of fate
It's ironic that she became a teacher ―she used to hate school.
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Ironically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday.
who’s who 谁是谁（名字、职务等）
You’ll soon get to know who’s who in the company.
which is which
The twins are so alike that I can’t tell which is which.
When Scarlet returned to the farm, the old maidservant began to tell her who married whom,
who had what children and so on.
It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than
anyone else.
nobody can explain why …
it has never been explained why …
造句：谁也无法解释玛雅 (Maya) 文明为什么会突然从地球上消失 (vanish)。
It has never been explained why Maya civilization vanished from the earth.
I can’t understand / explain why …
why … is beyond me
造句：我无法理解 Jane 为什么愿意 (be prepared to do) 嫁给这样一个懒汉 (lazy-bones)。
Why Jane was prepared to marry such a lazy-bones is beyond me.
It has always been a mystery to me why city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately
pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.
it has always been a mystery to me why …
造句：我一直搞不懂 John 为什么偏要假装 (obstinately pretend) 喜欢古典乐 (classical
music)。
It has always been a mystery to me why John obstinately pretends that he would prefer classical
music.
(A) She's not sure how she was able to finish so early.
(B) She wasn't able to manage the project well.
(C) She's not sure how to solve the mystery.
(D) She still hasn't heard what was shocking.
M: I was shocked when I heard you'd finished your research project a whole month early.
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W: How I managed to do it is still a mystery to me.
Answer: (A) She's not sure how she was able to finish so early.
People still have different opinions about whether …
Whether the whole universe does so is a moot point at present.
whether … is a moot point at present
造句：人们对是否建造更多公路会减少交通堵塞 (traffic congestion) 尚有争议。
Whether building more roads reduces traffic congestion is a moot point at present.
造句：谁也无法解释为什么住在地中海地区的人看似比任何人都更爱吃章鱼 (octopus)。
It has never been explained why people who live in the Mediterranean seem to enjoy eating
octopus more than anyone else.
specialize in … 专门研究……
specialized adj. 专业的……
specialized knowledge
specialized labour / labor
a particular type of practical joke
practical jokes of a particular type
Antique shops of the more expensive kind where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass
cases to keep them free from dust are usually forbidding places.
Inviting the fire brigade to put out a non-existent fire is a crude form of deception which no
self-respecting student would ever indulge in.
put out = extinguish
put out / extinguish the fire / cigarette / light
smother
quench
blow out
However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prize-fighter could be seriously
injured or even killed during a match.
form n. a type of sth.
form of …
a severe form of cancer
different forms of government
no self-respecting … would do sth.
No self-respecting doctor would refuse to treat a sick person.
No self-respecting government would yield to terrorists.
造句：考试中作弊是一种很不光彩的行为 (disgraceful behavior)，任何有自尊的学生都不会
去做。
Cheating in examinations is disgraceful behavior which no self-respecting student would ever
indulge in.
Students often create funny situations which are amusing to / amuse everyone except the
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victims.
When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he
immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as
workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.
telephone the police
At first, she decided to go to the police, but …
Mrs. Ramsay was not to inform the police and had to pay ₤1,000.
inform sb. of sth.
inform sb. that ...
convince sb. that ...
remind sb. of sth.
remind sb. that ...
warn sb. of sth.
warn sb. that ...
assure sb. of sth.
assure sb. that ...
dress (sb.) up as ...
She intended to dress up as a ghost ...
He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman …
They dressed him up as a gorilla.
disguise sb. as ...
He disguised himself as a dustman.
disguised as ...（非谓语）
... two students disguised as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.
tear up sth.
The plumbers tore up the road to lay a new water main.
He tore up the letter with anger.
tear
The child’s misery tore my heart.
tear sth. in half / two
tear sth. to pieces
tear sth. away
As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman
ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously.
as soon as ...
immediately / directly ...
the moment ...
on / upon ...
no sooner ... than ...
hardly / barely / scarcely ... when / before ...
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Immediately / Directly he had hung up, ...
The moment he had hung up, ...
On / Upon hanging up, ...
He had no sooner hung up than he went over to ...
No sooner had he hung up than he went over to ...
He had hardly hung up when he went over to ...
Hardly had he hung up when he went over to ...
hang up
You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc.
put the phone down
slam the phone down
get cut off
(A) Eating in a cafeteria.
(B) Buying something in a store.
(C) Talking on the telephone.
(D) Getting money at a bank.
M: Did you get cut off?
W: No, they asked me to hang up and try again later.
Q: What has the woman been doing?
Answer: (C) Talking on the telephone.
He’s seen me! He’s coming over!
Hello. This is Richard Stewart. My wife, Marilyn Stewart, is a member of your program. I’d like to
come to the ten o’clock advanced class this morning. Oh, fine, fine. Be here a few minutes early.
You need to complete some forms before the class. Thanks. I’m on my way over. Good-bye.
Bye-bye.
be to do (fml.) 的四种用法
1、打算
I’m to see her tomorrow.
2、命令
You’re to be back by 10 o’clock.
No one is to leave the building.
3、能够
How am I to pay such a debt?
We Chinese people are not to be bullied.
4、应该
Such men are to be pitied rather than despised.
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Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
— Francis Bacon
people.
add v. 补充说
Then I added with a smile, ‘It’s a strange mixture I make myself.’
When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by
force.
similar.
Several people complained of ‘cat-like noises’ at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw
the puma up a tree.
…, as one of them put it ‘ate like kings’.
I don’t know how to put it.
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands …
She explained that Rastus was very dear to her.
He was still mumbling (mumble) something about hospitals at the end of the party when he
slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg.
play a joke / trick on sb.
all sorts / kinds / types of sth.
She has to deal with all kinds of complaints.
be thankful / grateful / obliged / indebted to sb. for sth.
I’m thankful to you for your help.
I’m much grateful to you for your advice.
I’m deeply obliged to you for your encouragement.
I’m most indebted to you for this piece of advance information.
I appreciate your help / it.
I owe you (one).
Archway arcade
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17-Arch Bridge Arch of Triumph
an archway nearby √
a nearby archway √
a near archway ☓
The archway is very near. √
in the near future √
a near relative √
造句：我的暑假是在乡下度过的，在那儿我可以更不受打扰地生活。
The monks prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy.
造句：我的暑假是在乡下度过的，在那儿我可以更不受打扰地生活。
I spent my summer vacation in the country where I had more privacy.
sure enough 果然
Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o'clock that evening.
on the scene / spot 在现场，到现场
Meanwhile, two other actors, Rockwall Slinger and Merlin Greeves, had carried two large food
baskets to a shady spot under some trees.
on the spot 当场……, 立即……
He would invent fanciful names on the spot.
receive + n. 受到了……; 得到了……; 遭到了……
These young people, who love the peace of mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St.
Bernard's monastery.
The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel
that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them
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some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of
ointment, …
receive support
receive a heavy blow
receive a serious injury
threaten to do 1. 威胁说……；2.有……的危险
We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide
threatens to overwhelm us.
The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help.
please v. 高兴, 乐意
Come whenever you please.
lose one’s temper
keep one’s temper
在英语中，this 和 that 均可前指，但一般只有 this 可以后指。
He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that …
Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is
indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.' With this, he hurried off the stage.
To be, or not to be: that is the question.
— Shakespeare
Good friends, good books and a sleepy conscience: this is the ideal life.
— Mark Twain
Of all men's miseries the bitterest is this: to know so much and to have control over nothing.
— Herodotus
point out 指出，提醒说
Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the
war.
be under arrest 被捕
be under + n. 处于某状态
The car is under repair.
The castle is under attack.
The subject is under discussion.
The matter is under consideration.
The patient is under observation.
The case is under investigation.
The bridge is under construction.
The building is under renovation.
Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call
before being taken to the station.
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give / grant (sb.) permission
refuse / deny (sb.) permission
The police granted him permission and a policeman …
造句：他问老师他是否能打个电话。老师不允许他这么做，于是他只好等到下课。
He asked the teacher if he might make a telephone call. Permission was denied and he had to
wait until the class was over.
pay phone / pay station 公共电话
复习“only + 状语”位于句首，用部分倒装
Only then did he realize that he was mistaken.
Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.
Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother will it learn how to swim.
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Lesson 41 illusions of pastoral peace
illusion [ɪ'lu:ʒn]
n. 错觉
illusion delusion
be / live under the illusion / delusion that …
He is / lives under the illusion / delusion that he is always right.
be under the impression that …
breed [bri:d]
v. 养育，培育
breed bred bred
a well-bred child
an ill-bred child
born and bred
I was born and bred in China.
I was China born and bred.
I was city born and bred.
I was country born and bred.
bring up sb.
raise sb.
rear sb.
rapture ['ræ ptʃə(r)]
n. 极度的高兴，狂喜
rapture > delight > joy / happiness
be in raptures / go into raptures about / over / at sth.
She was in / went into raptures about her new house.
extol [ɪk'stəʊl]
v. 高度赞扬，盛赞
extol the virtues / benefits of sth.
He extolled the virtues of Internet technology.
exalt eulogize
praise acclaim
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a much acclaimed novel
compliment
compliment sb. on sth.
Everyone at the party complimented Mary on her new dress.
superior [su:'pɪəriə(r)]
adj. 优越的，优秀的，高级的
He is a superior actor.
be superior to …
Your computer is far superior to mine.
inferior be inferior to …
senior be senior to …
junior be junior to …
prior be prior to …
posterior be posterior to …
cockcrow ['kɒkkrəʊ]
n. 鸡啼，公鸡打鸣
cockcrow
cockroach
Many girls are afraid / scared / frightened of cockroaches.
crow cackle quack
meow bark bleat
bellow grunt neigh
roar chirp twitter
warble
glint [glɪnt]
v. 闪烁
The dewdrops glint in the sunshine.
sparkle glitter
flicker flash twinkle
glow
The heated iron bar glowed.
descend [dɪ'send]
v. 下降，降临
We descended the stairs.
The plane started to descend.
ascend
be descended from …
descendant
He is descended from Confucius.
He is a descendant of Confucius.
descend on / upon …
Millions of tourists descend on Beijing every year.
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Total silence descended on the room.
A sense of complete helplessness had descended upon him.
A double blessing has descended upon the house.
Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at
weekends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in
the country.
obstinately ['ɒbstɪnətlɪ]
v. 顽固地，固执地
The old man is as obstinate as a mule.
as stupid as a donkey
as busy as a bee
as cunning as a fox
as brave as a lion
as proud as a peacock
as poor as a church mouse
as graceful as a swan
stubborn headstrong
determined resolute
appeal to sb.
plants.
appeal
The quiet life of the country has never attracted me.
The quiet life of the country has never intrigued me.
The quiet life of the country is not my cup of tea.
City born and city bred, I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a
train window, or something you occasionally visit during the weekend.
Because / Since I was born and bred in the city, …
Because / Since I was city born and bred, …
…, I have always thought of the country as something …
…, I have always considered the country something …
I have no intimate knowledge of the country.
造句：因为是土生土长的中国人，我总是认为美国就是在好莱坞电影里看到的样子，或者偶
尔在假期里看到的样子。
China born and China bred, I have always regarded America as something you watch in
Hollywood movies, or something you occasionally visit during holidays.
Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the
country.
go into raptures
go into ecstasies
at the … of 一……就……
On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat, …
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It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most
perilous nature, equipped in a manner which would make a modern climber shudder at the
thought, …
… as soon as they speak of / mention the country.
… immediately / directly they speak of / mention the country.
… the moment they speak of / mention the country.
造句：我的朋友们多数住在中国，然而他们仅仅一提到美国就欣喜若狂。
Most of my friends live in China, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of
America.
Though they extol the virtues of the peaceful life, only one of them has ever gone to live in the
country and he was back in town within six months.
extol the virtues / benefits of sth.
… only one of them has personal experience of living in the country.
Most of them are mere talkers.
造句：尽管他们盛赞美国生活的种种好处，但只有一个人曾经去那里住过，并且仅仅 (a mere)
不到两年就回中国了。
Though they extol the virtues of life in America, only one of them has ever gone to live there and
he was back in China within a mere two years.
Even he is still under the illusion that …
delusion that they can do anything, even when they have been repeatedly proved wrong.
… town life is somehow inferior to country life.
…country life somehow beats town life.
…country life somehow has an advantage over town life.
造句：甚至连他都依然有一种错觉：好像美国生活比中国生活优越。
Even he still lives under the illusion that American life is somehow superior to Chinese life.
be forever doing sth.
be always doing sth.
Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another, but he has never managed to get
enough money to have the church clock repaired.
be constantly / continually doing sth.
keep (on) doing sth.
do sth. all the time
造句：他总是不停地谈论友好的人民，干净的空气，蔚蓝的 (azure) 天空和廉价的商品。
He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the azure sky and the
cheap commodities.
compare A with / to B
I hate the way you always compare me with your ex-boyfriend.
nothing can be compared with …
造句：泰山日出的美景是无以伦比的。
Nothing can be compared with the sight of the rising sun glinting on Mount Tai.
compared to / with …
Compared to our small flat, Bill’s house seemed like a palace.
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in / by contrast to / with …
In contrast to the hot days, the nights are bitterly cold.
in / by comparison to / with …
People who do manual work often receive far more money in comparison with people who work
in offices.
at dawn
at the break / crack of dawn
at sunrise at daybreak
at dusk at sunset
from dawn to dusk
Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law.
My friend fails to mention the long and friendless winter evenings in front of the TV ― virtually
the only form of entertainment.
造句: 这个房地产经纪人 (real estate agent) 根本就没提在崎岖的 (rough) 乡间道路上又闷
又挤的 (stuffy and packed) 小公共汽车 (minibus)，而这几乎是唯一的交通方式。
The real estate agent failed to mention the stuffy and packed minibuses on rough country
roads—virtually the only form of transportation.
He says nothing about the poor selection of goods in the shops, or about those unfortunate
people who have to travel from the country to the city every day to get to work.
everyday life
everyday necessities
be beyond sb.
be a mystery to sb.
be beyond sb.
be a mystery to sb.
beat sb.
It is beyond me why …
It is a mystery to me why …
It beats me why …
I cannot understand why …
He says nothing about ...
living in the country ...
They could be saved ...
造句: 我无法理解为什么人们愿意 (be prepared to do) 放弃更高的薪水而为了可疑的
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(dubious) 成为白领工人的所谓特权。
Why people are prepared to sacrifice higher pay for the dubious privilege of becoming
white-collar workers is beyond me.
造句: 我无法理解为什么人们愿意忍受语言和文化的障碍 (barrier)，难以排遣的 (haunting)
寂寞和强烈的 (acute) 思乡之情 (homesickness)，为了换取可疑的住在美国的好处。
Why people are prepared to tolerate the language and cultural barriers, the haunting loneliness
and the acute homesickness for the dubious privilege of living in America is beyond me.
They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they
rightly belong.
save sb. sth. / doing sth.
If you lend me some money, it will save me a trip to the bank.
If you tell her the news, it will save me calling her.
rightly adv. for a good reason
It was a vicious foul, and the referee rightly removed him from the game.
A lot of people round here were furious, and rightly so.
… which they rightly belong to.
造句：他们可以省去诸多痛苦、不便和无尽的怀旧之情 (nostalgia)，如果他们选择住在他们
本应属于的国度 (land)。
They could be saved so much misery, inconvenience and endless nostalgia if they chose to live in
the land where they rightly belong.
If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide
you with the best that life can offer.
do without sth.
If you need my car, I can do without it today.
She can’t do without candy.
go without sth.
manage without sth.
provide sth. for sb.
They invariably live in the neighborhood / vicinity …
be available / free for sth. / to do sth.
My professor is always available for a conversation / to talk with his students.
be busy
be not available
be tied up
have a previous / prior engagement
I appreciate your kind invitation, but I have a previous / prior engagement.
chat / chit-chat
go up to the city
go down to the country
They walked up north.
They walked down south.
They sailed up the river.
They sailed down the river.
331
treat n. 难得的乐事
be a real / great treat
When we were kids, a trip to the beach was a real treat.
Her son's visits are a great treat for her.
as a special treat
We took the kids to the zoo as a special treat.
major: important; significant
minor unimportant
trivial insignificant
operation: work; activity; action
The salvage operation had been a complete failure.
rescue operation
relief operation
cleanup operation
… and it involves considerable planning.
造句：出国留学是一个重大的行动，需要精心的计划。
Studying abroad is a major operation which involves considerable planning.
draw to a close / an end / a conclusion
come to a close / an end / a conclusion
… of this / that sort / kind
I can’t approve of things of this sort.
this / that sort / kind of …
I can’t approve of this sort of thing.
be only a short bus ride away
be only a stone’s throw away
be within walking distance
be within driving distance
be within commuting distance
make do with …
John did not have a hammer, so he had to make do with a rock.
second best
be second only to …
The euro has a circulation second only to that of the dollar.
be second to none
When it comes to singing, John is second to none.
Country people run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as
many of the exotic items as they can carry.
run / go wild with delight
run / go crazy with delight
go into raptures / ecstasies
Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
No one has nothing to offer to society.
造句：男人也不是没有脆弱 (frailty) 的时候。
Nor are men without their moments of frailty.
332
There is something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter
nights.
shed bitter tears
shed blood
shed light on sth.
These discoveries may shed light on the origins of the universe.
on a Monday night
on a sunny afternoon
weekends when the thousands (that travel to work every day) are tucked away in their homes in
the country.
Few students could be more diligent than she (is).
tuck v. 掖进，塞进
tuck your trousers into your boots
be tucked away: be hidden
A group of tiny brick houses is tucked away behind the factory.
We were tucked away in a secluded corner of the room.
It has always been beyond me why …
It beats me why …
… they would prefer to live in the country rather than live in the city.
They are hypocritical.
333
Lesson 42 Modern cavemen
solitude ['sɒlɪtju:d]
n. 单独, 独自
Perhaps it is the desire for solitude or the chance of making an unexpected discovery that lures
people down to the depths of the earth.
I love tranquil solitude.
— P. B. Shelley
in solitude
I spent the morning in solitude.
I live in that solitude which is painful in youth, but delicious in the years of maturity.
— Albert Einstein
334
solitary
They had a single aim, a solitary goal—the top!
lure [lʊə(r)]
v. 引诱，诱惑
lure sb. to / into some place
He lured the victim into a deserted house.
lure sb. into doing
tempt sb. to do / into doing
entice sb. to do / into doing
foresight ['fɔ:saɪt]
n. 远见, 先见之明
foresight n. 远见, 先见之明
They had the foresight to invest in new technology.
forethought n. 远虑，提前的思考
With a little forethought many accidents could be avoided.
forecast n. 预测，预报
weather forecast
foresee vt. (foresaw, foreseen) 预见……
Bagrit foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, …
Of course, Leon Bagrit could not possibly have foreseen the development of the Internet, …
The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes.
foretell / predict v. 预言……
Precautions of this sort are necessary, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the
difficulties which will confront the pot-holer.
Considering how recent these developments are, it is even more remarkable that as long ago as
the 1960s, an Englishman, Leon Bagrit, was able to predict some of the uses of computers which
we know today.
335
mark the prelude to sth. 预示……
insistent [ɪn'sɪstənt]
adj. 声音持续不断的；坚持要求的
insistent adj. 1. 声音持续不断的
the insistent ringing of the phone
insistent adj. 2. 坚持要求的
be insistent on sth.
be insistent that + S. + (should) do
insist on sth.
insist that + S. + (should) do
persist in … / with … 坚持不懈
persistent adj. 坚持不懈的
consist of … 由……组成
Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective.
be consistent with … 与……符合，前后一致
resist v. 抵制，抵抗
be resistant to sth. 抗……，反对……
glisten ['glɪsn]
v. 闪光，闪烁
flash v.& n.
Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.
flicker v.& n.
The candle flickered in the wind.
glow v. & n.
The heated iron bar glowed.
There is something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter
nights.
twinkle v.& n.
— Jane Taylor
336
sparkle / glitter / glint v. & n.
The diamond sparkled in the sunlight.
— Shakespeare
glisten v.
His face glistened with sweat.
Her eyes glistened with tears.
Round about, piles of limestone glistened in all the colours of the rainbow.
Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.
Football, or soccer, as it is sometimes called, is very popular in the world.
suburb of Sydney.
As the Commanding Officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other
half was doing!
If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because
curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.
As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good
or evil.
Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as (it) has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.
The problem, as I see it, is no big deal.
The author was brought up in a small village, as it is recounted in some of his stories.
times.
A body came to be found under the bridge.
造句：H1N1 流感, 或称猪流感 (swine flu), 正如人们逐渐了解的那样，是一种高度传染性
(highly contagious) 但可防可控可治 (preventable, controllable and curable) 的疾病。
H1N1 flu, or swine flu, as it has come to be known, is a highly contagious but preventable,
controllable and curable disease.
337
desire for ... appetite for ...
lust for ... longing for ...
yearning for ... craving for ...
hunger / thirst for ...
the depths of the earth
the depths of the ocean
the depths of the space
the depths of the forest
the depths of despair
造句：正是对知识的渴诱使他走进了科学的世界。
It is the desire for knowledge that lures him to the scientific world.
give a satisfactory / convincing / logical / … explanation for sth.
defy explanation
owe sb. an explanation
I feel like I owe you an explanation. I don't ordinarily go around kissing guys at parties.
it is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for …
it has never been explained why …
造句：谁也无法解释为何玛雅文明从地球上突然消失。
It has never been explained why Maya civilization vanished from the earth.
It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for the disappearance of Maya civilization.
have a / an peculiar / extraordinary / unfailing fascination for …
Mars has an extraordinary fascination for would-be voyagers.
Cats have an unfailing fascination for most people.
For him, caves have the same peculiar fascination which high mountains have for the climber.
造句：书对他有一种独特的吸引力，就像化妆品 (cosmetics) 对他老婆的吸引力一样。
For him, books have the same peculiar fascination which cosmetics have for his wife.
exert a … fascination on sb.
have a … fascination for sb.
造句：我很喜欢集邮 (stamp collecting)。
Stamp colleting exerts a peculiar fascination on me.
Stamp collecting has a peculiar fascination for me.
dim / dimly 昏暗的/地，朦胧的/地
Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me'.
sth. can only be dimly understood
it is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for sth.
造句：他的行为很难理解。
His behavior can only be dimly understood.
It is impossible to give a satisfactory explanation for his behavior.
Horses are useful animals.
The horse is a useful animal.
A horse is a useful animal.
… is not a task for sb. ……不是某人所能胜任的
造句：出国留学不是懒汉 (lazy-bones) 所能胜任的。
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Studying abroad is not a task for the lazy-bones.
造句：做个好老公不是花花公子能胜任的。
Being a good husband is not a task for the playboy.
require the precise planning and foresight of …
造句：炒股 (speculation in stocks) 需要一个职业投资人的精密计划和远见。
Speculation in stocks requires the precise planning and foresight of a professional investor.
For them this is a major operation which involves considerable planning.
造句：出国留学是一个重大行动，需要大量精心的计划。
Studying abroad is a major operation which involves considerable planning.
It can take as long as eight days to rig up rope ladders and to establish supply bases before a
descent can be made into a very deep cave.
The wound will take a long time to heal.
It takes two people to make a quarrel.
— You’re an idiot!
— It takes one to know one !
Anyone can be passionate, but it takes real lovers to be silly.
— Rose Franken
it takes … to do sth.
造句：做一名长跑运动员需要耐力(stamina)。
It takes stamina to be a long-distance runner.
造句：反抗 (stand up to …) 老板需要很大的勇气。
It takes a lot of courage to stand up to the boss.
造句：照顾一名残疾儿童需要很大的耐心。
It takes a lot of patience to take care of a disabled child.
rig up: to make sth. quickly out of whatever you can find 草草做成，草草搭起
They rigged up a shelter using a sheet and some branches.
make a descent = descend
... before pot-holers can descend into a very deep cave.
precaution n. 预防措施
fire / safety / security / sanitary precautions
take precautions
The government took precautions to prevent the spread of the disease.
take measures
take effective / drastic measures
Precautions of this sort are necessary, …
This sort of precaution is necessary, …
confront / face sb.
be confronted / faced with ...
known
little-known
unknown
well-known
339
extend to a depth of ...
rise to a height of ...
be / stand … high / tall
be … deep / in depth
be … long / in length
be … wide / across / in width
This immense chasm has been formed by an underground stream which has tunneled a course
through a flaw in the rocks.
chasm n. 深渊，峡谷
It is a world of red sandy deserts (hence its name — the Red Planet), cloudless skies, savage
sandstorms, chasms wider than the Grand Canyon and at least one mountain more than twice as
tall as Everest.
tunnel
plateau
the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
plain
the North China Plain
basin the Tarim Basin
savannah prairie grassland
the Inner Mongolian Grassland
The cave might never have been discovered had not the entrance been spotted by the
distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.
The cave might never have been discovered if the entrance had not been spotted by the
distinguished French pot-holer, Berger.
If + S. + did / were, S. + would / should / could / might + do
were had should
If I were you, I would go abroad at once.
Were I you, I would go abroad at once.
If you had come here a little earlier just now, you might have met her.
Had you come here a little earlier just now, you might have met her.
If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.
Should it rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.
Were the sun to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.
340
a sort / kind of ...
They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.
Since its discovery, it has become, as it were, the pot-holer’s Everest.
Since its discovery, it has become, so to speak, the pot-holer’s Everest.
remain to be done 有待……
Several problems remain to be settled.
It remains to be seen how many senior citizens will actually benefit from this new plan.
across deep pools.
edge one’s way
squeeze one’s way
squeeze through / in / past / by ...
Squeezing through a cleft in the rocks, the pot-holers arrived at an enormous cavern, the size of a
huge concert hall.
make one’s way
find one’s way
trace / weave / wind one’s way
feel one’s way
tunnel one’s way
They plunged into the lake, and after loading their gear on an inflatable rubber dinghy, (they) let
the current carry them to the other side.
plunge into … “扑通”跃入水中
In this part of the cave, they could hear an insistent booming sound which they found was caused
by a small waterspout (shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave).
造句：她有一个养子，这个养子据她讲是个孤儿。
She has an adopted son who she says is an orphan.
造句：Aleko 突然得到了一只新的羊羔，这只羊羔他声称是买来的。
Aleko suddenly acquired a new lamb which he claimed was bought.
341
He’s just published an article which I don’t think is interesting at all.
I met a man whom I thought was a lunatic.
After switching on powerful arc lights, they saw great stalagmites— some of them over forty feet
high— rising up like tree-trunks to meet the stalactites suspended from the roof.
switch on ↔ sth.
switch off ↔ sth.
... — some of them being over forty feet high — ...
造句：在打开灯之后, 我看到在一个小黑盒子里面装着闪闪发光的 (sparkling) 钻石, 其中有
些有玻璃球 (marbles) 那么大。
After switching on the light, I saw sparkling diamonds—some of them as big as
marbles—contained in a small black box.
In the eerie silence of the cavern, the only sound that could be heard was made by water which
dripped continuously from the high dome above them.
造句：在这栋房子可怕的寂静中, 唯一能听到的声音就是从一扇打碎的窗子不断吹进 (blow)
的风声。
In the eerie silence of the house, the only sound that could be heard was made by wind which
blew continuously from a broken window.
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Lesson 43 Fully insured
insure [ɪn'ʃʊə(r)]
v. 投保，为……上保险
insure … against …
I have insured my house against fire / burglary.
I have insured myself against illness.
insure … for …
They’ve insured the painting for a million pounds.
insure (US) / ensure (UK)
= make sure / certain
insure / ensure passenger safety
One more goal will ensure / ensure victory.
The role of the police is to insure / ensure (that) the law is obeyed.
assure sb. of sth.
assure sb. (that) …
The dealer assured me of its quality.
I assure you (that) I’ll be there on time.
recover [rɪ'kʌvə(r)]
v. 重新获得，找回，赚回，补偿；康复，恢复正常
Four paintings stolen from the gallery have been recovered.
We recovered lost time by setting out early.
But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must
surely be unique.
recover sth. from sth.
Two bodies were recovered from the wreckage.
He was entitled to recover damages from the defendants.
After a few days of fever, she began to recover.
recover from …
He's in hospital, recovering from a heart attack.
Trade soon recovered from the effects of the war.
recover restore regain
343
admittedly [əd'mɪtɪdli]
adv. 诚然，的确，确实
admittedly adv. used, especially at the beginning of a sentence, when you are accepting that sth
is true 诚然，的确，确实
Admittedly, he didn't know that at the time.
Admittedly it was an unusual pie dish, for it was 18 feet long and six feet wide.
Admittedly, ..., but ...
Granted, …, but …
Admittedly, it was difficult, but it wasn't impossible.
Granted, he doesn't look too bad for his age, but I don't fancy him.
It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black.
It is true that / Admittedly, / Granted, ...,
but that is not to say that ...
but it does not follow that ...
but it does not necessarily mean that ...
but there is no guarantee that …
造句：确实很多大学生选择继续读研究生 (pursue their graduate studies)，但这并不意味着他
们都想做学者。
Admittedly, many college students choose to pursue their graduate studies, but it does not
necessarily mean that they want to be scholars.
annual ['æ njuəl]
adj. 每年的，年度的
annual income / meeting / ring
annually adv.
The jazz festival is held annually in July.
yearly adj. & adv.
yearly income / interest / budget
The magazine is issued twice yearly.
daily adj. & adv.
daily (=everyday) life
The zoo is open daily (=every day).
weekly adj. & adv.
a weekly magazine
The group meets weekly (=every week).
monthly adj. & adv.
a monthly salary of $850
344
They meet monthly (=every month) to discuss progress.
biannual
biennial triennial
centennial millennial
perennial
perennial happiness / youth
decade century millennium
teenager ['ti:neɪdʒə(r)]
n. 13~19 岁的青少年
teenager teen
a magazine aimed at teenagers / teens
in one’s teens
She was in her teens when she met him.
teenage
a teenage boy my teenage daughter
youth
a gang of youths
youngster
You youngsters have got your whole life ahead of you.
minor
It is illegal to sell alcohol to a minor.
adolescent
An adolescent between the ages of 13 and 19 is called a teenager.
an adolescent boy
juvenile
Most of the suspects were juveniles under the age of 17.
juvenile delinquent
juvenile delinquency
haul [hɔ:l]
v. （用绳子）用力拖拉
Rescue workers attached the men to ropes before hauling them to safety.
drag
He dragged the heavy chest across the floor.
The police dragged the soccer hooligan off the pitch.
tow
My car broke down and had to be towed to a garage.
trail
She walked slowly along the path, her skirt trailing in the mud.
tug
We tugged it so hard that the rope broke.
pull / draw
agonizing ['æ gənaɪzɪŋ]
adj. 令人痛苦的，令人伤脑筋的
an agonizing injury
345
an agonizing choice / decision / dilemma
agonized
an agonized expression / scream
agonize about / over …
For days I agonized about whether to accept his advice.
agony He groaned in agony.
vertically ['vɜ:tɪklɪ]
adv. 垂直地
the vertically challenged
the horizontally challenged
diagonally
The path goes diagonally across the field.
vertical / perpendicular
horizontal
diagonal
curved
circuitous / tortuous
The road is tortuous, but the prospects are bright.
insurance
~ company ~ agent / broker
~ policy ~ premium
medical care ~ endowment ~
unemployment ~ housing fund
insurance
social ~ personal ~
commercial ~ life ~
accident ~ travel ~
fire ~ car ~
normally adv. 1. usually 通常
The journey normally takes about two hours.
normally adv. 2. in a normal way 正常地
Her heart is beating normally.
possessions / property
property / real estate
belongings / things
practice n. 习俗，惯例，习惯性的做法
If, however, you were holding an open air garden party or a fete it would be equally possible to
insure yourself in the event of bad weather.
open-air = outdoor adj.
an ~ concert / swimming pool
in the open air = outdoors = out of doors adv.
The wedding was held ~.
346
indoor adj. indoors adv.
fete n. BrE an outdoor event where there are competitions and things to eat and drink, usually
organized to get money 游园会, 义卖会
in the event of …
in case of …
The party will be held indoors in the event of / in case of rain.
in any event = in any case = come what may
~ I shall go before Tuesday.
have to pay.
needless to say
Needless to say, the man's name was Hans Bussman and he really was Franz's long-lost brother.
The more he gets, the more he wants.
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
The more socialism spreads, the stronger become the forces of peace.
The younger the child, the more the child’s need of sleep.
The younger the child is, the more is / will be the child’s need of sleep.
The higher the standard of living, the greater the amount of paper used.
The higher the standard of living is, the greater is / will be the amount of paper used.
have to pay.
Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes is, the higher will be the premium
you will have to pay.
It is not uncommon to hear that a shipping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a
sunken ship.
it is not uncommon (for sb.) to do
It is not uncommon for students to have bank loans.
It is not uncommon for Chinese to be given names of popular slogans.
claim n. 索赔要求
Fortunately for them, the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated Ladies which deals with
claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to their dog.
make / file a claim for …
drop / waive a claim for …
allow / uphold a claim for …
dismiss / reject a claim for …
surely be unique.
Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well.
It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual
fair.
so (that) 作连词时一般来说有两种用法：1. 引导结果状语从句，译为“所以”，从句谓语动
词中一般没有情态动词。
2. 引导目的状语从句，译为“以便”= in order that …，从句谓语动词中多出现情态动词 can,
347
could, may, might, should, would 等。
We paid him immediately, so (that) he left contented.
We paid him immediately, so (that) he would leave contented.
fair.
This time they fixed heavy metal clamps to both sides of the dish so that they could fasten the
chains.
bake v. to cook food in an oven without extra fat or liquid 焙烤
During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake
biscuits and send them to their factory.
fair n. a large public event where goods are bought and sold, usually from tables which have been
specially arranged for the event, and where there is often entertainment 大型集市，庙会
decide 不一定译为“决定”，而常常译为“（在考虑之后）确定，断定，认为”，尤其是其后
加 that 引导的宾语从句时。
From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive.
I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
from his basement.
shortly before / after …
The accident happened shortly before midday.
I saw him shortly before he died.
Police arrived at the scene shortly after midnight.
Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate.
Shortly afterwards
Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen.
long before / after …
launch v. to put a boat or ship into the water 使船下水
The lifeboat was launched immediately to rescue the four men.
inn n. a small hotel or pub, especially an old one in the countryside（乡下的）酒馆，客栈
be more than … can / could...
When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear.
The pain is more than I can bear.
The story is more than I can believe.
The beauty of the West Lake is more than words can describe.
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
The pie committee telephoned a local garage owner and the owner arrived in a recovery truck to
348
salvage the pie dish.
a recovery vehicle / truck
one for taking broken-down cars, etc. to a garage 维修拖车（把毁坏的汽车等拉回修理厂的车）
Shivering in their wet clothes, the teenagers looked on while three men dived repeatedly into the
water to locate the dish.
shiver / tremble
She shivered at the thought of going into the dark house alone.
We were trembling with excitement.
The bridge trembled as the train sped across it.
Shivering in their wet clothes, the teenagers looked on while three men dived repeatedly into the
water to locate the dish.
had happened.
By this time her legs were beginning to tremble, so she sat down and accepted a cup of very
strong tea, while he telephoned the police.
look on
The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow-actor had at last learnt his lines.
onlooker
We look on her as a daughter.
locate
have difficulty (in) doing sth.
have trouble (in) doing sth.
have a hard time doing sth.
She had a hard time writing the dear John letter.
have a good time doing sth.
The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains
to the rim without damaging it.
hawser n.（船上的）粗缆绳
fix sth. to / on sth.

The shelves should be fixed to the wall with screws.
winch n. 绞车，卷扬机
349
put / bring sth. into operation
to make sth start working 开动，实施，使生效
It's time to put our plan into operation.
New legislation will be brought into operation in January.
gently adv. carefully, without a lot of force or sudden change in movement 小心翼翼地
Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box and suddenly noticed a miniature painting at the
bottom of the packing case.
moment n. 1. a particular point in time
Just at that moment there was a knock on the door.
moment n. 2. a very short period of time
I'll come back to that point in a moment.
It was quiet for a moment, then Rae spoke.
'I don't understand,' said Lucy after a moment.
perch be perched on …
The path led to a tiny village (which was) perched on the steep sides of a mountain.
precarious
a precarious future
He is in precarious health.
precariously
They lived precariously on the income from a few small investments.
overbalance v. 失去平衡
be / feel obliged to do sth.
However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to
investigate, …
He had been obliged to join the army during the Second World War.
clamp n. device for holding things tightly together, usu by means of a screw 夹具，夹钳
350
rest (sth.) on / against sth.
start (sth.⇔) up
if an engine, car etc. starts up, or you start it up, it begins working
The driver got back into the car and started up.
Rory started up the engine and got the vehicle moving.
Water streamed in torrents over its sides with such force that it set up a huge wave in the canal.
torrent n. 洪流
in torrents
The rain came down in torrents.
current stream trickle
The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent.
such … that …
He wanted to buy a £300 watch for his wife, but he was in such a bedraggled condition that an
assistant refused to serve him.
set up 造成，导致
It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.
There was a danger that the wave would rebound off the other side of the bank and send the
dish plunging into the water again.
there is / was a danger that …
This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was a danger that if she travelled too quickly,
this rudder would be torn away as well.
there is always hope that …
there is no denying that ...
there is no doubt / question that ...
there is every likelihood that ...
there is little likelihood that ...
there is no shortage of ...
there is an element of truth in ...
there is a good deal of truth in ...
rebound from / off … 从……反弹回来
The ball rebounded from / off the goalpost and Owen headed it in.
send … doing
A fire in the casino sent people fleeing for safety.
A careless step sent rocks tumbling down on the climbers below.
By working at tremendous speed, the men managed to get the dish on to dry land before the
wave returned.
dry land n. land rather than water
陆地
After three weeks at sea we were glad to be back on dry land again.
She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year.
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Lesson 44 Speed and comfort
monotonous [mə'nɒtənəs]
adj. 无聊的，单调的
Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails
soon lulls you to sleep.
The same old favorites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity.
The little boy wets the bed with monotonous regularity.
dull
This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of
everyday life.
“mon(o)” = single
monologue
monogamy
monoplane
a monolingual dictionary
monarch / monarchy
click [klɪk]
v. 发出喀哒声
click one’s fingers
The door clicked shut.
The soldier clicked his heels.
He slammed / banged the door.
The door slammed / banged shut.
(A) The dog shut the door.
(B) The shout was heard through the door.
(C) The door of the bank was locked.
(D) The door closed loudly.
The door banged shut.
Answer: (D) The door closed loudly.
When Mrs. Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him.
If fifty pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months inside money boxes.
As it was extremely heavy, he dumped it on the counter.
They plunged into the lake, …
352
We all clapped our hands.
Don’t clatter the dishes—you’ll wake the baby up.
I’ll smack your bottom if you don’t behave yourself.
inspection [ɪn'spekʃn]
n. 检查
“spect” = look
inspect / inspector / inspection
expect / expectation
suspect / suspicion / suspicious
spectacle / spectacular
circumspect / circumspection
prospect
retrospect
In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.
intimidate [ɪn'tɪmɪdeɪt]
v. 恐吓，威胁
timid adj. 胆小的
intimidate / intimidating / intimidation
Hatred is the coward's revenge for being intimidated.
— George Bernard Shaw
intimidate sb. into …
cow sb. into ..
bully sb. into …
People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by
land, sea, or air.
hardly anyone = almost no one
hardly anything = almost nothing
hardly ever = almost never
Hardly anyone writes to me these days.
Dad ate hardly anything.
positively adv. used to emphasize the truth of a statement, esp. when this is surprising （加强语
气）真，真的很，真的是
Some diets may be positively dangerous.
Tonight's performance is positively the last time the band will appear together.
造句：很少有人真喜欢几天以上吃同一种食物。
Hardly anyone can positively enjoy eating the same food for more than a few days.
..., for she had sixteen watertight compartments.
compartment
353
a cramped room / office / cabin
造句：走廊 (corridor) 如此狭小我只好侧着身子 (edge my way) 走过去。
The corridor was so cramped that I had to edge my way through it.
spacious
You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, ...
stuffy
The room is too stuffy. Please open the window to allow the air to circulate.
stuffed
take one’s mind off sth.
It is almost impossible to take my mind off my dog’s death.
The good thing about running is that it takes my mind off any problems I've got.
She found that hard work was the best way to take her mind off her sorrow.
be haunted by …
I am haunted by homesickness.
After 30 years he is still haunted by the experience of fighting in Vietnam.
take ... off ...
She was so pretty — I couldn't take my eyes off her.
"Have you seen James without his beard?" "I know — it takes years off him!“
take time off
Do you still live there?
Oh yes, yes. My husband‘s there now. He couldn't take time off to come to New York with me.
I have to take time off from work / school to go to the dentist.
take a day off
take the afternoon off
Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails
soon lulls you to sleep.
partial
a partial solution / success
a partial solar / lunar eclipse
a total solar / lunar eclipse
造句：吃药只能解决部分问题, 最重要的是你必须要过有规律的生活。
354
Rastus leads an orderly life.
造句：吃药只能解决部分问题, 最重要的是你必须要过有规律的生活。
Taking medicine is only a partial solution, and above all, you have to lead an orderly life.
rhythm 节奏
beat 节拍
melody 旋律
Let’s dance to the beat.
lull sb. to sleep
lull a baby to sleep
lullaby
造句：这梦幻般的音乐使我沉沉睡去。
The dream-like music lulls me to sleep.
During the day, sleep comes in snatches.
toss and turn
(A) Both of us were exhausted.
(B) We always tried to rest after exercising.
(C) I turned over and went to sleep again.
(D) I was overtired and couldn't sleep.
Last night I tossed and turned in bed, too exhausted to sleep.
Answer: (D) I was overtired and couldn't sleep.
the ceiling, or fumbling to find your ticket for inspection.
sleeper n. 1. 卧铺车；卧铺车厢；卧铺床位
sleeper n. 2. 睡觉的人
a light / heavy sleeper
大形年新颜国材用+中心名词
a little white lamb
small black boxes
As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a
deep impression in the glass.
He hit me on the nose.
He hit me in the face.
inevitably adv. 必然，不可避免
Inevitably the repair job was not quite so simple.
inevitable adj. 必然的，不可避免的
Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.
— John F. Kennedy
sth. can’t be helped
(A) She can't help the man look for another platter.
(B) She forgot the platter had been broken.
(C) She didn't realize the platter had been broken.
(D) She doesn't want the man to replace the platter.
M: I don’t know how I managed to break that platter. I’ll be more than happy to buy you a new
one.
355
W: Forget about it. Some things just can’t be helped.
Answer: (D) She doesn't want the man to replace the platter.
…, you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled.
When I got home, I was tired and sleepy.
I got home tired and sleepy.
…, for you are quite impossible to read. X
On motorways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the
greater part of the journey is spent on roads with few service stations and too much traffic.
motorway expressway freeway
more often than not
as often as not
More often than not, the arguments could have been avoided.
all too often
All too often, parents leave their children home alone.
every so often
She still calls me every so often.
sometimes occasionally
once in a while
from time to time
(every) now and then
(every) now and again
petrol / service station gas station
造句：我的几个住在乡下的熟人每年进城一两次来看戏，对他们来说这是一种特殊的享受了，
但是通常旅程中大部分时间花在了路上，在路上加油站很少，车辆却很多。
Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the
theatre as a special treat.
Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the
theatre as a special treat, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on
roads with few service stations and too much traffic.
by / in comparison
pale in / by comparison
I thought I was badly treated but my experiences pale in comparison with yours.
by / in contrast
A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so
worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending.
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long
since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like
its proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a
problem child for historians of science.
compared with / to ...
in / by comparison with / to ...
in / by contrast with / to ...
356
It's as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban
creatures.
A as against B is as C against D
The military power of the US, as against that of DPRK, is as the strength of an elephant against
that of a mouse.
comforts n. 使人感觉舒适的事物
hotels with all the modern comforts
After the trip, it was nice getting back to a few home comforts.
take a walk / stroll
have a walk / stroll
go for a walk / stroll
He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o'clock.
The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after heavy shower, I happened to be
plants.
What do you want to do after breakfast?
Why don't we take a walk down to the river?
Phoebe: Hey, is Chandler here?

Joey: No, no he went for a walk.
One wants to meet like-minded collectors, …

assuming (that) … 以为；假定，假如
造句：你将用半小时到那里——当然假定路上车不多的话。
You’ll get there in half an hour —assuming, of course, that the traffic is not heavy.
If it is not (calm), and you are likely to get seasick, no form of transport could be worse.
transport / transportation
public transport / transportation
A lot of people object to mobile phones, especially when they are used in public places like
restaurants or on public transport.
否定词+比较级=最高级
Nothing could have been more annoying.
There is no quicker method of disposing of patients than by giving them what they are asking for.
Nobody equals / matches him in strength.
In English she has no equal in her class.
In computer programming, Susan is head and shoulders above the rest of us.
relatively few / easy / new / minor …
357
Cave exploration, or pot-holing, as it has come to be known, is a relatively new sport.
be prepared to do = be willing / ready to do
造句：没有多少人愿意为了钱而牺牲掉自己作为人的尊严。
Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice their human dignity for money.
have the reputation of being …
She has the reputation of being a good doctor.
Peter has the reputation of being the worst boy in the class.
hardened adj. someone who is hardened has had a lot of difficult or unpleasant experiences and
is no longer much affected by such things 老练的，老资格的，见怪不怪的，麻木不仁的
have the disadvantage of …
He has the disadvantage of being unable to drive a car.
have the advantage of …
Though she has the twin advantages of wealth and beauty, she doesn’t live a happy life.
Travelling at a height of 30,000 feet, far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an
exhilarating experience.
exhilarating adj. 令人极其兴奋和高兴的
There is nothing more exhilarating than to be shot at without result.
— Sir Winston Churchill
They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money.
settle v. 舒适地坐到……
settle back in a deep armchair
We settled in front of the television for the evening.
Jessica settled herself on the sofa with a small sigh of relief.
Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near
Florence.
He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.
The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a
fight.
escapist n. 遁世逍遥者，逃避现实生活一心享受的人
service n. BrE a regular journey made by a bus, train, boat, plane etc to a particular place at a
particular time 汽车，火车，轮船，飞机等的班次
the 8:15 service to Cambridge
refinement
With several refinements your essay would be excellent.
occupy vt. 占据（时间，空间等）
358
A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car.
Mainframe computers were very large indeed, often occupying whole air-conditioned rooms,
employing full-time technicians and run on specially-written software.
occupied adj. 忙的，有事做的
keep sb. occupied
We need something to keep the children occupied.
The West Lake is breathtakingly beautiful!
take a … breath
He took a deep breath to compose himself.
If the landscape is hidden from view, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud
plains that stretch out for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky.
landscape n. 1. scenery of an area of land （陆上的）风景, 景色
landscape n. 2. picture showing a view of the countryside 野外风景画
prevent sb. from doing
造句：在新社会, 每个孩子都能接受良好的教育。
In the new society, there is nothing to prevent a child from receiving good education.
造句：她既有天赋又这么勤奋, 一定能实现自己的梦想。
Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an
enormous object drawn as faintly as possible'.
造句：她既有天赋又这么勤奋, 一定能实现自己的梦想。
She is so talented and diligent that there is nothing to prevent her from fulfilling her dream.
造句：无论在前进的道路上 (on our road ahead) 遇到 (encounter) 什么样的困难, 有一件事
是肯定的: 只要 (so long as) 我们坚持 (persist) 就一定能克服它 (manage to overcome it)。
Whatever difficulty we may encounter on our road ahead, one thing is certain: we will manage to
overcome it so long as we persist.
recover from … 从……中恢复
recover sth. 恢复了……
recover sth. 重新获得，找回，赚回，补偿

surely be unique.
arduous adj. 艰苦的, 费力的
Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law. Those who seek it undertake an arduous
journey and can never be sure that they will find it.
359
Lesson 45 The power of the press
democratic [demə'kræ tɪk]

adj. 民主的
a democratic country / government / society
the democratic process
dem(o)=people crat=ruler cracy=rule
democratic democrat democracy
demography (graphy=write)
epidemic (epi=among)
autocrat autocratic autocracy
bureaucrat bureaucratic bureaucracy
restrict [rɪ'strɪkt]
v. 限制，局限
The long skirt restricted her movements.
The government passed a law to restrict the sale of guns.
restrict … to …
Access to the club is restricted to members only.
I restrict myself to a glass of wine per day.
limit … to ...
The air strikes are limited to military targets.
confine … to ...
..., for collectors are not confined to any one country.
perpetual [pə'petʃuəl]
adj. 永恒的，长久的；没完没了的
A perpetual mist hung over the valley.
He soon grew tired of her perpetual demands for money.
eternal
eternal love / life / optimist
the eternal arguments between mother and son
everlasting
everlasting fame / glory / life
I'm tired of his everlasting complaints.
360
immortal
Plato believed that the soul is immortal.
the immortal Shakespeare
Emily Bronte's immortal love story
mortal
All human beings are mortal.
a mortal wound
permanent
a permanent job
my permanent address
temporary
a temporary job
a temporary measure
temporary relief from pain
obscurity [əb'skjʊərəti]
n. 默默无闻
obscurity obscure
Readers happily accepted the fact that an obscure maidservant was really the hero's mother.
live in obscurity live in comfort
live in peace live in fear
live in poverty live in luxury
live in happiness live in misery
commodity [kə'mɒdəti]
n. 商品
agricultural commodities
Coal is becoming a rare commodity.
Commodity prices fell sharply.
goods
industrial / agricultural goods
wares
craftspeople selling their wares
merchandise
a wide selection of merchandise
These tokens can be exchanged for merchandise in any of our stores.
the press / the Press
(the) freedom of the press
(the) freedom of speech / expression / thought / choice
(the) press / academic / political / religious freedom
rightly adv. for a good reason 应该
rightly belong.
361
造句：在民主国家，任何限制言论自由的企图都应该受谴责。
In democratic countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of speech are rightly condemned.
造句：在文明社会，任何歧视妇女的行径 (act) 都应该受谴责。
In civilized society any act of discrimination against women is rightly condemned.
attract / receive attention
public / media / press attention
Her case attracted a great deal of media attention.
far / much / even / still / yet …
slightly / a little / a bit …
These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in
offices.
good for him.
Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we
would equally enjoy reading about ourselves.
it is doubtful if / whether / (that) …
It is doubtful if he will survive.
It's doubtful whether the car will last another year.
It is doubtful that the missing airmen will ever be found.
…, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves if we read
about ourselves.
To ignore this would be a mistake.
A picnic would not be any fun without you.
Your wife would not be pleased to hear you say that.
It would be a shame to stay indoors on such a beautiful day.
造句：尽管我们可能喜欢对别人恶作剧(play jokes on …)，但是我们是否喜欢别人对我们恶作
剧是极其可疑的。
Though we may enjoy playing jokes on others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally
enjoy others playing jokes on ourselves.
Acting on the contention that facts are sacred, reporters can cause untold suffering to individuals
by publishing details about their private lives.
act on ... take action in accordance with or as a result of sth 依照……行事
She is acting on the advice of her lawyers.
Police say they acted on information received.
Robert.
contention n. (fml.) 观点，论点
untold: adj. = immeasurable
untold suffering / misery / damage etc.
造句：父母亲依照子女应该顺从 (be obedient to …) 长辈 (one’s elders) 这一观点干涉
362
(interfere in …) 成年子女的婚姻，可能给他们的成年子女(adult offspring) 造成不尽的痛苦。
Acting on the contention that children should be obedient to their elders, parents can cause
untold suffering to their adult offspring by interfering in their marriages.
Newspapers exert such tremendous influence that they can not only bring about major changes
to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow a government.
exert … on …
…, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.
My wife exerts a lot of pressure on me to make more money.
The influence of newspapers is so great that …
… exert such tremendous influence that …
造句：宗教有如此大的影响，它们不但会给普通人的精神面貌 (spiritual outlook) 带来重大
变化，甚至还可能决定世界的命运。
Religions exert such tremendous influence that they can not only bring about major changes to
the spiritual outlook of ordinary people but can even determine the destiny of the world.
The story of a poor family that acquired fame and fortune overnight, dramatically illustrates the
power of the press.
acquire fame and fortune overnight
With the success of their first record, they acquired fame and fortune overnight.
rise to fame swiftly
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old.
The rise to fame was swift.
make (the) headlines
hit the headlines
be / become a household name / word

Coca Cola is a household name around the world.
Microsoft has become a household word.
She became a household name in the 1960s.
Cindy married one of her publishers and became a household word.
illustrate v. to make the meaning of sth clearer by using examples, pictures, etc. （用例子、图表
等）说明，阐明
To illustrate my point, let me tell you a little story.
The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard.
amply / clearly / dramatically / graphically / vividly illustrate …
One example may amply illustrate this point.
The example of the United States graphically illustrates this point.
造句：一个原本默默无闻的 (obscure) 洗发水 (shampoo) 迅速变得家喻户晓的例子戏剧化
363
地说明了广告宣传的力量。
The example of an obscure shampoo that became a household name overnight, dramatically
illustrates the power of advertising.
a town of 11,000 inhabitants
a city of six million inhabitants
As the parents had five children, they perpetually struggled against poverty.
造句：基督徒的生活就是永远和自我的搏斗。
The life of a Christian is a perpetual struggle against self.
造句：炒股 (speculation in stocks) 就是永远和恐惧与贪婪的搏斗。
Speculation in stocks is a perpetual struggle against fear and greed.
be expecting (a baby)
be pregnant
conceive (a baby)
be in a family way
be knitting a tiny garment
When is your baby due?
She gave birth to twins.
She aborted after 2 months.
She is on maternity leave.
be faced with …
be confronted with …
…, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons.
…, for it is impossible to foretell the exact nature of the difficulties which will confront the
potholer.
…, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
pressing adj. urgent 紧急的
pressing problem / matter / need etc.
a pressing need for housing
Poverty is a more pressing problem than pollution.
与过去事实相反的虚拟
if + S. + had done, S. + would / should / could / might + have done
unnoticed adj. without being noticed 无人注意的
I tried to slip up the stairs unnoticed.
go / pass unnoticed
The event went unnoticed.
Her death passed unnoticed.
The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have
gone unnoticed.
造句：我不能让这种暴行 (brutality) 不了了之。
I cannot let this brutality go / pass unnoticed.
造句：要不是 (but for) 这封感谢信 (letter of thanks)，这件善举可能就不为人知地过去了。
But for the letter of thanks, the act of kindness might have gone / passed unnoticed.
odds n. difficulties 困难
364
struggle / fight / battle against the odds
beat / overcome the odds
against (all) the odds
The hospital's director has been battling against the odds to improve patient care.
The South Africans overcame the odds to beat Australia.
Against all the odds she achieved her dream of becoming a ballerina.
But they suddenly became the parents of quintuplets, four girls and a boy, an event which
radically changed their lives.
radically change / alter … 彻底改变了……
Computers have radically changed our lives.
Relativity and quantum mechanics have radically altered our picture of nature.
radical changes in education
造句：他突然间中了一千万美元的大奖 (win the lottery of …)，几乎是他年收入的 100 倍 (100
times the amount of his annual income)，这件事彻底改变了他的生活。
He suddenly won the lottery of ten million dollars, nearly 100 times the amount of his annual
income, an event which radically changed his life.
The day after the birth of the five children, an aeroplane arrived in Aberdeen bringing 60
reporters and photographers.
carry v. to publish or broadcast a news story 刊登，播出（新闻报道等）
All the papers carried the story the next day.
造句：当北京赢得了 2008 年奥林匹克运动会主办权的时候，电视摄像机和报纸把这一消息
传遍了全世界。
When Beijing won to right to host the 2008 Olympic Games, Television cameras and newspapers
carried the news to everyone in the world.
exclusive adj. available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared 独家的，独享的
exclusive access / rights / use
They have exclusive rights to market the drug in Africa.
The road is for the exclusive use of residents.
exclusive report / coverage / interview
Tune in to our exclusive coverage of Wimbledon.
be exclusive to …
This offer is exclusive to readers of The Sun.
Gifts poured in not only from unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who
wished to advertise their products.
pour in
Letters of complaints poured in.
Donations poured in for the earthquake victims in China.
pour into … / out of …
Crowds poured into / out of the stadium.
advertise a product 宣传产品
promote a product 推销产品
365
develop a product 开发产品
launch a product 推出新产品
Reporters kept pressing for interviews so lawyers had to be employed to act as spokesmen for
the family at press conferences.
press (sb.) for sth. 迫切要求，一再敦促
Reporters pressed (him) for an explanation.
I pressed (him) for his consent to our marriage.
be pressed for sth. 缺乏……
be pressed for time / money / cash / space
act as / serve as / function as / be used as … 当做……来使用
The box acts as a seat.
act as … 临时担任某种工作
My brother speaks French — he can acts as interpreter.
press conference 记者招待会
While the five babies were still quietly sleeping in oxygen tents in a hospital nursery, their parents
were paying the price for fame.
oxygen tent n. a clear covering put over the head and upper body of an ill person to provide
oxygen to help them breathe 氧气帐，氧幕
nursery n. a room in a hospital where babies that have just been born are looked after 医院的婴
儿室
pay the price for sth.
Being recognized wherever you go is the price you pay for being famous.
Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over industrialized planet.
be a small price to pay for …
be a high price to pay for …
Giving up his job was a small price to pay for his children's happiness.
Loneliness is a high price to pay for independence in your old age.
lead / live a … life
They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, but they lead mysterious lives of their
own as well.
be / become the victim of …
They had become the victims of commercialization, for their names had acquired a market value.
A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse
circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.
commercialization n. 商业化
commercialize / commercialise vt. [usually passive] to be more concerned with making money
from sth. than about its quality, used to show disapproval 使商业化
Christmas has become so commercialized.
market value n. the value of a product, building etc. based on the price that people are willing to
pay for it, rather than the cost of producing it or building it 市场价值
instead of …, … 本该……，却……
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367
plead [pli:d]
v. 以某事为借口
plead pleaded pleaded
plead pled pled
Ellie pleaded tiredness and went to bed very early.
He could not _____ ignorance as his excuse; he should have known what was happening in his
department.
(A) plead (B) resort
(C) petition (D) reproach
plead for sth.
He knelt in front of the king, pleading for mercy.
plead with sb. to do sth.
I pleaded with him to stay, but he turned his back on me.
ignorance ['ɪgnərəns]
n. 无知，不知道
Ignorance is bliss.
be ignorant of ...
Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a
savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”
Ignorance is bliss.
be ignorant of ...
ignore
neglect
When I saw Jane, I stopped and smiled, but she ________ me and walked on.
(A) refused (B) ignored
(C) denied (D) missed
The joys of travel, having long _______ the disabled, are opening up to virtually anyone who has
the means.
(A) omitted B) missed
(C) neglected D) discarded
newlyweds [n'ju:lɪwedz]
368
n. 新婚夫妇
newlyweds
fiancé fiancée
husband-to-be bride-to-be
groom / bridegroom bride
groomsman best man
bridesmaid maid of honor
novice ['nɒvɪs]
n. 新手
beginner / learner
The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner.
‘nov’=new novel a novel idea
novelty The car was a novelty in 1900.
innovate innovation
innovate in technique
renovate renovation
The Imperial Palace is under renovation.
consumer [kən'sju:mə(r)]
n. 消费者
consume consumption
customer client
consumer patron / regular
subscriber bargain hunter
creative [kri'eɪtɪv]
adj. 创造性的，有创造力的
creativity inventive
imaginative imaginary
She is a very _____ student. She’s always talking about travelling to outer space.
(A) imaginary (B) imaginative
(C) imaginable (D) imagining
creativity inventive
imaginative imaginary
original inspired
resourceful full of ideas
clog [klɒg]
v. （粘稠的东西）堵塞住……
clog sth. (up) with …
The pipe was clogged (up) with mud.
jam block obstruct
A crowd of people jammed / blocked / obstructed the road.
thwart
Harry knew that nothing could thwart his plans.
hamper hinder impede
Higher interest rates could hamper / hinder / impede economic growth.
369
delusion [dɪ'lu:ʒn]
n. 错觉
be / live under the illusion / delusion that ...
allusion
He resents any allusion to his baldness.
hallucination
The high fever gave her hallucinations.
mirage
海市蜃楼
adjustment [ə'dʒʌstmənt]
n. 调节，调整
make adjustments to ...
The room was full of dancers, all making last-minute adjustments to their costumes.
adjust (A) to B
You can adjust the belt to the size you want.
Some animals adjust (themselves) to their environment by instinct.
adapt (A) to B
Novels are often adapted to the stage.
She couldn’t adapt (herself) to eating fish every day.
adaptation
amend
amend a bill / rule / law / document
amendment
nag [næ g]
v. 数落，唠叨
nag (at) sb.
His wife nagged (at) him all day long.
bitch at sb.
Stop bitching at me!
complain/moan/grouch about sth.
chatter murmur mumble
370
Our passion for doing things for ourselves is so great that …
passion
his passion for table tennis
his passion for the girl
passionate
enthusiasm for … enthusiastic
zest for … zestful
zeal for … zealous
ardor for … ardent
do sth. for oneself
The following example of 'sick humor' will enable you to judge for yourself.
oneself
I made these curtains myself.
in person
You have to sign for it in person.
personally
The President wrote to us personally to thank us for our hard work.
increasingly: more and more
be becoming increasingly + adj.
It is also becoming increasingly difficult to deal with the problem of traffic in towns.
As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists
and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.
造句：有机食品正在变得越来越流行。
Organic food is becoming increasingly popular.
造句: 人们正在变得越来越了解 (aware) 国家和国际间的问题。
People are becoming increasingly aware of national and international issues.
be dependent on …
be independent of …
We are becoming increasingly independent of specialized labor.
造句: 我母亲住得这么远以至于我们很少 (hardly ever) 见到她。
So far away does my mother live that we hardly ever see her.
造句: 我们对因特网的热情是如此的高涨以至于我们对电视越来越没有兴趣了。
So great is our passion for the Internet that we are becoming increasingly less interested in the
television.
To plead ignorance of a subject is no longer a legitimate / justifiable excuse.
countless / numerous
food.
There are numerous people, who ...
take-home pay
a can’t-be-put-down book
371
a wait-and-see policy
a good-for-nothing man
own homes.
Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.
reading / writing / building materials
gaily: cheerfully / happily
gay / homosexual
He is gay.
lesbian
heterosexual / straight
embark on …
We embarked on the ship for Shanghai.
start on sth. set about sth.
disembark from …
Passengers began to disembark from the ferry.
Men, particularly, spend hours of their leisure time installing their own fireplaces, laying out their
own gardens; building garages and making furniture.
particularly / especially / in particular
lay out ...
While they were laying it out on the decks.
Lay out the map on the table and let’s have a look.
arrange
Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet.
The gardens were laid out with lawns and flower beds.
so ... as to do
I can only trust him so far.
I got a surprise for you.
Yeah? I got one for you too.
I’ve watched you do business for years, but I thought there was a limit to how sick you could …
How could you, Linus? How could you do what you did to me and to her? How could you go that
far? What the hell makes you think you have the right?
Habit.
as / so far as I know
as / so far as I can remember
as / so far as I can see
build: assemble
cater for ...
Schools often fail to cater for the needs of gifted children.
It is a resort that clearly caters for the well-off.
craze: fad / mania
The college runs summer courses.
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services for novices
the institute for the destitute
Haste makes waste.
Man proposes, God disposes.
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
— Thomas Edison
outlet n. means of releasing energy, strong feelings, etc.（精力、强烈情感等的）发泄的途径
outlet for …
Children need an outlet for their energy.
pent-up adj. pent-up feelings or energy have not been expressed or used for a long time（情感、
精力等）被压抑的，郁积的
He needs an outlet for all that pent-up anger.
not 与 all, every, everything, everyone, both 连用多表示部分否定
Every machine here is not produced in our plant.
Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.
He was born an idiot.
He was born idiotic.
He died a beggar.
He died poor.
tend to do
Women tend to live longer than men.
have a tendency to do
Women have a tendency to live longer than men.
Even men who can hardly drive a nail in straight are supposed to be born electricians, carpenters,
plumbers and mechanics.
drive the posts into the ground
the kitchen table.
(A) Pick up the man at 1:00.
(B) Meet her friends at the restaurant.
(C) Make lunch for the man.
(D) Do her errands after lunch.
M: We thought we'd all go out for lunch today. Can you be ready to leave at one o'clock?
W: I have to pick up my car and do a couple of other errands. So I'll just come straight to the
restaurant.
Q: What will the woman do?
Answer: (B) Meet her friends at the restaurant.
He is a born leader / musician.
gifted / talented
Picasso was one of the most gifted / talented artists.
have a gift for sth.
have an aptitude for sth.
have a gift / an aptitude for languages / painting / music / dancing etc.
373
When lights fuse, furniture gets rickety, pipes get clogged, or vacuum cleaners fail to operate,
some woman assume that their husbands will somehow put things right.
rickety: shaky
somehow adv. 1. in some way, or by some means, although you do not know how 以某种方式
Don't worry, we'll get the money back somehow.
somehow adv. 2. for a reason that you do not know or understand 不知怎么搞的，出于未知的
原因
Somehow, I don't feel I can trust him.
…, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to
escape.
And I couldn’t remember what it felt like when I could not walk down the street without holding
her hand.
I mean she was the same woman I fell in love with, she hadn’t changed. But somehow
everything’s different. We’ve lost something along the way.
put … right / in order 使……恢复正常
put … out of order 使……出故障
As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing.
a question of …
She is so diligent and talented that her success is only a question of time.
There would definitely be some job losses; it was just a question of how many.
a matter of time
a matter of life and / or death
a matter of personal taste
I can’t take the money. It is a matter of principle.
as … as anything (else)
It’s as easy as anything (else).
He’s as fat as anything (else).
call sb.⇔in to ask sb. to come and help you with a difficult situation 叫某人来帮忙
Your father is very sick. You’d better call in a doctor at once.
look at … = examine …
have a look at …
have a close look at …
get round / around to sth./ doing
有时间（找到时间）做某事
(A) It's new.
(B) It's dull.
(C) It's not clean.
(D) It has a broken handle.
W: I'm having trouble slicing the bread with this knife.
M: Oh. Sorry about that. I haven't gotten around to sharpening it yet.
Q: What can be inferred about the knife?
Answer: (B) It’s dull.
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not hear of sth. 不同意某事
I wanted to pay but she wouldn't hear of it.
I would not hear of the suggestion that I call in a man to look at our lawn mower.
… and examined it carefully
As far as I could see, it needed only a minor adjustment: a turn of a screw here, a little tightening
up there, a drop of oil and it would be as good as new.
as far as I can see
as good as ... : almost / nearly
The injured man is as good as dead.
Everything is as good as settled.
Thirteen is not as good as one, but it's better than nothing.
The waiter refused to wait on us.
The waiter refused to serve us.
If we see the unutterable, it is unwise to try to utter it, …
We only help those who really need help.
…, so I decided to take it apart.
be littered / cluttered with …
The floor was littered / cluttered with broken glass.
Even though the road was littered with boulders and pitted with holes, Bruce was not in the least
perturbed.
litter / clutter
Broken glass littered / cluttered the floor.
be pleased with ...
Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift.
I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain―until I got back to the ship.
trace: track down 找到
The president vowed to trace / track down those responsible for the bombing.
be faced with ...
be confronted with ...
China is faced / confronted with the problem of overpopulation.
I was not surprised to find that machine still refused to work after I had reassembled it, for the
simple reason that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal which did not seem to fit
anywhere.
for the simple reason that …
= simply because ...
People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white collar workers’ for the simple
leave sb. with sth.
fit: go
The key won’t fit / go in the lock.
375
in despair 绝望地
He killed himself in despair.
With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
despair of n. / doing
The teachers began to despair of him.
Mike despaired of ever seeing her again.
pass: go by / elapse
An idle youth, a needy age.
As you can imagine, …
Buried somewhere in deep grass there is a rusting lawn mower which I have promised to repair
one day.
376
Lesson 47 Too high a price ?
overpopulated
[əʊvə'pɒpjuleɪtɪd]
adj. 人口过多的
overworked overdressed
overestimated overcrowded
overcooked over-industrialized
overpopulated overpopulation
China is faced with the problem of overpopulation.
populate
densely / thickly populated regions
sparsely / thinly populated regions
overwhelm [əʊvə'welm]
v. 大水淹没某地
The village was overwhelmed by floods.
be overwhelmed with / by grief / despair / excitement ...
In June the town is overwhelmed by tourists.
I feel a little bit overwhelmed by work.
Her beauty completely overwhelmed him.
Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels.
overwhelming
an overwhelming victory
the overwhelming majority
insidious [ɪn'sɪdiəs]
adj. 潜在的，潜伏的，暗中为害的
an insidious disease
insidious jealousy
“sid / sed” = sit
377
I wanna hold you till I die, till we both break down and cry. I wanna hold you till the fear in me
subsides.
profound [prə'faʊnd]
adj. 深刻的，深远的，极度的
a profound effect / influence / impact
a profound poem
a profound question
profound sadness
profound irritation
maximum ['mæ ksɪməm]
adj. 最大的
maximum amount / number
maximum temperature
maximum voltage
maximize
to maximize profits
to maximize windows
maximization
the maximization of profits
minimum minimum wage
minimize
to minimize the civilian casualties
minimization
mobile ['məʊbaɪl] ['moʊbl]
adj. 可移动的
mobile home
mobile library
mobile phone
cell / cellular phone
hostile docile
fertile fragile
futile infantile
juvenile missile
agile reptile
snore [snɔ:(r)]
v. 打呼噜，打鼾
378
snore sneeze
sniff gasp
sigh yawn
blow one’s nose
clear one’s throat
break wind fart
Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over industrialized planet.
Environmental pollution is becoming increasingly serious.
Environmental pollution is a serious problem / issue.
Environmental pollution is a global problem / issue.
Environmental pollution is an issue that crosses the national boundaries.
We should pay attention to the issue of environmental pollution.
We should show concern for environmental pollution.
We should attach more importance / significance to the issue of environmental pollution.
We should make efforts to tackle the problem of environmental pollution.
be the price sb. pay for ...
造句：沙尘暴 (dust storm) 是我们为过度砍伐 (tree felling) 付出的代价。
Dust storms are the price we pay for excessive tree felling.
造句：这次事故是他为疏忽 (negligence)付出的代价。
The accident is the price he pays for his negligence.
be a small price to pay for sth.
造句：损失点钱对于提高地位来说算不了什么。
The loss of money is a small price to pay for the rise in status.
be a high price to pay for sth.
造句：为了成功牺牲健康不值得。
The sacrifice of health is a high price to pay for success.
come to do
times.
there are ... ways / kinds / sorts / types / categories / classes ...
There are three categories of accommodation: economical, standard and deluxe.
fall into ... categories
Shakespeare’s plays fall into three categories: tragedies such as Hamlet, comedies such as The
Merchant of Venice and histories such as Henry Ⅳ.
be divided into ... classes
Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death,
those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.
dispose of rubbish / garbage
rubbish / garbage disposal
recycle it
We keep trying all four methods, but the sheer volume of rubbish we produce worldwide
threatens to overwhelm us.
379
the sheer volume of sth.
the sheer size of sth.
The sheer size of the country makes communications difficult.
threaten to do
They threatened to kill him if he didn’t obey.
Mining operations threaten to destroy our environment.
promise to do
He promised to call me every week.
It promises to be warm today.
Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law.
The need to produce ever-increasing quantities of cheap food leads to a different kind of
pollution.
the ever-changing world
the ever-growing knowledge
the ever-developing economy
the ever-expanding market
the ever-deepening reform
the ever-dwindling resources
满足人们不断增长的物质和文化生活需求的需要
the need to satisfy people’s ever-increasing demands for material and cultural life
Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace.
pig farming cattle farming
chicken farming poultry farming
livestock farming
farm
farmed fish farmed shrimp
produce cheap meat products
assist burglars to burgle
live a ... life sing a song
breathe one’s last breath
die a glorious death
eat chicken
lamb
turkey
duck
lobster ...
The price we pay for cheap food may be already too high: Mad Cow Disease (BSE) in cattle,
salmonella in chicken and eggs, and wisteria in dairy products.
the price sb. pay for ...
Pollution is the price we pay for an overpopulated, over-industrialized planet.
380
The precious information came at a price.
The precious information came at a heavy price.
She is determined to have a child at any price.
at the expense of ...
Military strength is often achieved at the expense of a country’s economic health.
The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation’s soil was in the national
interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens.
BSE:
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
AIDS:
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
cattle people police
dairy dairy products dairy cattle
diary keep a diary
angle / angel
altitude / latitude
aboard / abroad
造句：我们为人口过多付出的代价可能已经太高了：失业现象，各种各样的污染，以及越来
越多的 (ever-increasing) 犯罪。
The price we pay for overpopulation may be already too high: unemployment, pollution of all
kinds, and the ever-increasing crime.
And if you think you'll abandon meat and become a vegetarian, you have the choice of very
expensive organically-grown vegetables or a steady diet of pesticides every time you think you're
eating fresh salads and vegetables, or just having an innocent glass of water!
have the choice of A or B
organically-grown vegetables
organically-grown produce
environment-friendly
environment-friendly products
a steady job / income
a steady relationship
a steady boyfriend / girlfriend
a steady decline / increase
every time (when) ...
whenever ...
no matter when ...
innocent adj. harmless, innocuous
造句: 如果你想放弃开车, 那么你可以两者选一: 或者是慢得出奇 (extraordinarily slow) 的
公共汽车,或者是过分拥挤 (over-crowded) 的地铁。
If you think you’ll abandon the car, you have the choice of the extraordinarily slow buses or the
over-crowded subway.
However, there is an even more insidious kind of pollution that particularly affects urban areas
and invades our daily lives, and that is noise.
造句: 有一种更为隐蔽有害的侵略, 它尤其影响人们的思维模式 (mode of thought) 并侵犯
381
当地的传统, 那就是文化侵略。
There is an even more insidious kind of aggression that particularly affects people’s mode of
thought and invades local tradition, and that is cultural aggression.
Burglar alarms going off at any time of the day or night serve only to annoy passers-by and
actually assist burglars to burgle.
go off
The alarm clock went off.
The gun went off accidentally.
The bomb went off at midnight.
ring
The phone / doorbell rang.
strike
The clock was striking the hours.
The clock began to strike twelve.
blare
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring,
roar / thunder
whine
serve to do
His death serves to remind us how dangerous using drugs can be.
serve as ...
She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past.
..., but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income.
A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly?) that dogs barking incessantly in the
night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from one to seven.
survey poll opinion poll
census
the Fifth National Census
investigation
the investigation of the case / market ...
rate
The essay rates a low grade.
The earthquake measured 8.0 on the Richter scale.
The students rates the teachers on a scale of 1 to 5.
range from A to B
range between A and B
The team contained ten players whose ages ranged from 10 to 16 / ranged between 10 and 16.
Lawn mowers whining on a summer's day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbors,
vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, planes
and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at
maximum volume.
apartment block
office block
382
object to + n.
oppose + n.
protest (against) + n.
boycott + n.
support / back + n.
be behind + n.
stand by + n.
advocate / endorse + n.
public transport
public transportation
= buses, trains etc.
She is on the phone / computer.
She is playing a piece of music on the piano.
mobile phone
cell / cellular phone
mid-thirties
early thirties
late thirties
rise / increase / jump / soar / rocket / spiral to ...
fall / drop / plunge / dive / plummet to ...
against …
compared to / with ...
in / by comparison to / with ...
in / by contrast to / with ...
A as against B is as C against D
The military power of the US, as against that of DPRK, is as the strength of an elephant against
that of a mouse.
whatever 引导让步状语从句时，常省略 be 动词。
Whatever the source of noise (is), one thing is certain : ......
After all, whatever her faults (are), she is your mother.
The country is always beautiful whatever the season (is).
a golden memory
a golden opportunity
383
Lesson 48 The silent village
inaccessible
[ɪnək'sesəbl]
adj. 无法到达的
The country consists mainly of dense jungles and inaccessible mountain ranges.
The bathroom is situated at the top of a flight of stairs, making it inaccessible to the disabled.
accessible
The village is isolated and accessible only by helicopter.
All parts of the museum are accessible to wheelchairs.
access n. 1.（接近或进入某地的）方法，通道
access to …
The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.
access n. 2.（使用某物或接近某人的）机会或权利
have access to …
Students must have access to a good library.
Only high officials have access to the president.
hospitable ['hɒspɪtəbl]
adj. 好客的
be hospitable to / towards sb.
The local people are very hospitable to strangers.
hospitality
Thank you for your kind hospitality.
The Chinese are noted for their hospitality.
inhospitable unfriendly
unwelcoming forbidding
a forbidding place / appearance
hostile ['hɒstaɪl] ['hɑ:stl]
adj. 很不友好的，有敌意的
hostile attitude
a hostile response / reaction / crowd / review / reception …
384
be hostile to / towards ...
But people who are cut off not only from foreign tourists, but even from their own countrymen
can be hostile to travellers.
be antagonistic to / towards ...
He's always antagonistic towards new ideas.
hostile docile
fertile fragile
futile infantile
juvenile missile
mobile reptile
vicinity [vɪ'sɪnɪti]
n. 附近地区
in the vicinity (of sth.)
There is no hospital in the vicinity.
There are several hotels in the immediate vicinity of the station.
We had spent several days in a small town and visited a number of old churches in the vicinity.
Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come
back.
in the neighborhood (of sth.)
Is there a good Chinese restaurant in the neighborhood?
Houses in the neighborhood of Paris are extremely expensive.
Hans returned to his family home, but the house had been bombed and no one in the
neighbourhood knew what had become of the inhabitants.
only a short bus ride away

within walking distance
within driving distance
within commuting distance
only a stone’s throw away
abruptly [ə'brʌptlɪ]
adv. 突然地，意外地
abrupt adj. 1. sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way 突如其来的，意外的
an abrupt ending / change / departure
come to an abrupt end / halt
The bus came to an abrupt halt.
Our friendship came to an abrupt end.
385
bring sth. to an abrupt end / halt
The accident brought his career to an abrupt end.
abrupt adj. 2. seeming rude and unfriendly, esp. because you do not waste time in friendly
conversation 粗鲁无礼的，无耐心的
an abrupt manner
She was very abrupt with me in our meeting.
abruptly
The interview ended abruptly.
‘Good night, then,’ she said abruptly.
tramp [træ mp]
v. 缓慢而步履沉重地行走
tramp v. to walk somewhere slowly and with heavy steps 缓慢而步履沉重地行走
He tramped the streets looking for work.
tramp through / across / around …
We tramped through the wood for over two hours until we arrived at a deep stream.
go for a solitary tramp in the country
We had a long tramp home.
But real tramps are not beggars.
dilapidated [dɪ'læ pɪdeɪtɪd]
adj. 破旧的，年久失修的
dilapidated adj. (of furniture and buildings) old and in very bad condition 破旧的，年久失修的
a dilapidated chair / bed
We stayed in an old, dilapidated hotel with a leaky roof.
battered adj. old, used a lot, and in bad condition 破旧不堪的
a battered old suitcase
a battered old car
While the battered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police.
rickety adj. a rickety structure or piece of furniture is in very bad condition, and likely to break
easily 摇摇晃晃快散架的
a rickety old wooden chair
some women assume that their husbands will somehow put things right.
rag [ræ g]
n. 破布，碎布片
in rags
a tramp dressed in rags
Children in rags begged money from the tourists.
from rags to riches
He likes to tell people of his rise from rags to riches.
costume overalls / coveralls
uniform school / military uniform
sportswear leisure wear
underclothes underwear
suit shroud
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procession [prə'seʃn]
n.（人或车）队伍
procession n. a line of people or vehicles that move along slowly, especially as part of a ceremony
（人或车）队伍
a funeral / wedding / carnival procession
march in procession
Groups of unemployed people from all over the country marched in procession to the capital.
There seemed to be an endless procession of boyfriends knocking on her door.
parade n.（节日或庆典）游行的队伍；阅兵式；列队展示或表演
a victory / carnival parade
a military parade
a fashion parade
a parade of players before a football match
She had a constant parade of young men coming to visit her.
column n. a long moving line of people or things（人或事物的）队伍
a column of soldiers
a column of refugees
peer [pɪə(r)]
v.（因看不清而）仔细看
Mary peered at her watch.
He peered closely at the photograph.
Old women in black shawls peered at us from doorways.
squint at … squint one’s eyes
Stop squinting at the screen ― put your glasses on.
Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.'
peer at … peep / peek at …
leer at …
peep / peek at … leer at …
gaze at …
stare at …
gape at …
glare at …
much-travelled
much-loved
much-respected
much-admired
much-discussed
much-criticized
387
much-acclaimed
But people who are cut off not only from foreign tourists, but even from their own countrymen
can be hostile to travellers.
cut … off from ... to prevent sb./sth. from leaving or reaching a place or communicating with
people outside a place 使……与……隔绝
Having a new baby can cut a young mother off from the adult world.
Accessible only by air, the town is cut off from the rest of the country.
Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular,
Alpine villages tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high
mountains.
be out of touch with ... 与……失去联系，不了解……
We've been out of touch with Roger for years now.
Old people sometimes are out of touch with the modern world.
separate … from … 把……与……隔离
Separating prisoners from each other is sometimes the only way of preventing riots.
isolate … from ... 把……与……隔离
A high wall isolated the house from the rest of the village.
When a person has an infectious disease, he is usually isolated from other people.
segregate … from …（因种族，性别，宗教等原因）把……与……隔离
a culture in which women are segregated from men
Blacks were segregated from whites in schools.
one’s (fellow) countryman
= one’s compatriot
a hero much loved by his countrymen
Didn’t he feel guilty about betraying his fellow countrymen?
Chris Robertson of Australia beat his compatriot Chris Dittmar in the final.
one’s fellow Chinese / Americans …
your country.
— John F. Kennedy
Visits to really remote villages are seldom enjoyable ― as my wife and I discovered during a tour
through the Balkans.
as 引导的非限定性定语从句与 which 引导的非限定性定语从句的区别。
1、as 作为关系代词指代整个主句，而 which 作为关系代词指代整个主句或先行词均可。
2、as 引导的非限定性定语从句位于主句前、中、后均可，而 which 引导的非限定性定语从
句不能位于主句之前。
As a poet points out, life is but a dream.
Children, as is always the case, love their mother.
388
She became angry, as many could see.
3、as 引导的非限定性定语从句含有“众所周知”的意思，常译为“正如……”，而 which 引
导的非限定性定语从句则未必有这个意思。
The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
4、在“as + is/was + done”结构中可省略“is/was”，而在 “which + is/was + done”可省略“which +
is/was”，而不能只省略 be 动词。
As (is) reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.
a puma (which was) at large
suburb of Sydney.
As the Commanding Officer explained later, one half of the station did not know what the other
half was doing!
If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks, it may have been because
curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.
As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good
or evil.
These attracted many visitors, for they were not only of great architectural interest, but
contained a large number of beautifully preserved frescoes as well.
of + 名词 : 描述人或事物的特征
1、做后置定语。
2、在系动词后做表语。
Nothing of value was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved
to be of great interest.
Nothing valuable was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved
to be very interesting.
These attracted many visitors, for they were not only of great architectural interest, …
These attracted many visitors, for they were not only architecturally interesting, ...
The museum contains a number of original artworks.
The room was small and contained far too much furniture.
beautifully adv. 1. in a beautiful way 美丽地，漂亮地
They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls.
Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet.
beautifully adv. 2. very well 很好地
My leg has healed beautifully.
The children behaved beautifully.
造句：故宫 (the Imperial Palace) 吸引了很多游客，因为它不但在建筑方面很有趣，而且里
面有大量的保存完好的文物 (historical relic)。
The Imperial Palace attracts many visitors, for it is not only of great architectural interest, but
contains a large number of beautifully preserved historical relics as well.
On the day before our departure, several bus loads of tourists descended on the town.
The day after the birth of the five children, an aeroplane arrived in Aberdeen bringing sixty
reporters and photographers.
We met on the following day.
389
We met the following day.
We met in the spring of 1983.
We met the spring of 1983.
a truck load of wood
a ship load of cotton
a car load of visitors
descend on / upon ... 1. to visit sb./sth. in large numbers, esp. unexpectedly or inconveniently 大
批突然到来
Millions of tourists descend upon the area every year.
Crowds of tourists descended on the tiny church.
descend on / upon ... 2. (of night, darkness, a mood, etc.) to arrive and begin to affect sb./sth.,
esp. suddenly （黑暗，夜色，某种情绪等）突然降临
Total silence descended on the room.
Calm descended upon the crowd.
weekends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in
the country.
be more than … can / could ...
Dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in
seven feet of water.
The pain is more than I can bear.
The story is more than I can believe.
Such a complicated situation is far more than we could anticipate and deal with.
Taking a path which led out of the town, we crossed a few fields until we came to a dense wood.
take v. use (a road, path, etc) as a route to go to a place 取道……
I usually take the M6 when I go to Scotland.
lead v. to go in a particular direction or to a particular place 通往……
The path led down to a small lake.
This door leads into the garden.
We followed a dirt track leading through the woods.
The road leads west for three miles, then turns south.
trace / weave / wind one’s way
Highway 99 winds its way along the coast.
Lori spotted them as they weaved their way through the tables.
have no idea / not have any idea that / how / what / why / which / where …
He had no idea (that) she was like that.
She doesn't have any idea where they've gone.
They had no idea what time they were supposed to arrive.
moor v. 停泊
We moored alongside the quay.
moor … to …
We moored the boat to a large tree root.
A number of fishing boats were moored to the quay.
390
anchor v. 抛锚，停泊
They anchored the ship in the harbor.
The ship anchored in the harbor.
Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and …
cast / drop anchor
weigh anchor / set sail
We dropped anchor a few yards offshore.
The next morning, they weighed anchor and began to move south again.
In it there was a boatman who was fast asleep.
be fast / sound asleep
be sleeping deeply / soundly / tight
ferry n. 渡船；渡口
ferry v. to carry people or goods between two or more places 运送（人或货物）
ferry goods to the mainland
Can you ferry us across?
be reluctant / unwilling to do sth.
persuade sb. to do / into doing sth.
The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain.
be perched on …
For one agonizing moment, the dish was perched precariously on the bank of the canal, but it
suddenly overbalanced and slid back into the water.
a house perched on a cliff above the town
The place consisted of a straggling unmade road which was lined on either side by small houses.
straggle v. grow or spread in an irregular or untidy manner 无规则地或散乱地生长或散布
Unpainted wooden buildings straggle along the main road out of town.
a straggling village
vines straggling over the fences
winding tortuous
line v. form a line along sth. 沿某物排成行
Tall trees line the road on either side.
The road is lined with / by tall trees on either side.
Even under a clear blue sky, the village looked forbidding, as all the houses were built of grey mud
bricks.
The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat on a short
length of rope tied to a tree in a field nearby.
a very modern-looking woman
the sorry-looking, blackened figure
an ugly-looking black goat
Please keep your dog on a leash.
Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire.
She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening.
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The village seemed deserted, and the only sign of life was an ugly-looking black goat on a short
length of rope tied to a tree in a field nearby.
造句：这本书很无聊 (boring)，唯一有趣的部分是它的封皮。
The book is boring, the only interesting part being its cover.
造句：箱子 (chest) 里的东西 (contents) 令人失望，唯一有价值的发现是一柄看起来有趣的
雕花的匕首。
The contents of the chest were disappointing, the only valuable find being an interesting -looking
carved dagger.
Sitting down on a dilapidated wooden fence near the field, we opened a couple of tins of
sardines and had a picnic lunch.
all at once
suddenly
all of a sudden
alarm n. a feeling of fear or worry because sth. bad or dangerous might happen 惊慌，恐慌
She looked up in alarm.
Scientists have said there is no cause for alarm.
be filled with anger / fear / dread / horror / joy / happiness / doubt / alarm / revulsion /
admiration / remorse …
Their faces were suddenly filled with fear.
I am filled with admiration for your bravery.
Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us
from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared
picnic lunch.
Looking up I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as
we ate.
offer sb. sth.
offer sth. to sb.
be shy of … 对……腼腆羞怯；害怕……
Children are often shy of people they don't know.
I'm shy of buying shares, in case I lose money.
Once bitten, twice shy.
a nice cup of tea
Our next obstacle was a shallow pool of water about half a mile across.
When we later walked down the main street of the village, we were followed by a silent
procession of children.
come to life to become more interesting, exciting or full of activity 变活跃起来
The match finally came to life in the second half.
You're very cool with your brother, but with your friends you really come to life.
She smiled.
A smile appeared on her lips.
Her lips curved into a smile.
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Her rosy lips curved into a gentle smile.
in shirt sleeves / shirt-sleeves: dressed informally without wearing anything, such as a jacket,
over a shirt 只穿衬衣的
there is no doubt / question that ...
There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.
There is no question that the government knew about the deal.
quicken one’s pace
He quickened his pace, longing to be home.
Thinking that she was being followed, she quickened her pace.
make one’s way 前往某地
I made my way to the house.
I made my way into the backyard.
I made my way along the river.
I made my way up the stairs.
嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)
这种定语从句的特征是：既修饰先行词又同时做另一个主谓结构的宾语。
She has an adopted son who she says is an orphan.
Aleko suddenly acquired a new lamb which he claimed was bought.
by a small waterspout shooting down into a pool from the roof of the cave.
the stream, and we hoped that the boatman was waiting there.
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Lesson 49 The ideal servant
rambling ['ræ mblɪŋ]

adj. 不规则的，布局凌乱的
rambling adj. (esp. of buildings, streets, towns, etc.) extending in various directions irregularly
（尤指建筑物、街道、城镇等）无规则地向各方延伸的，布局凌乱的
She had a huge, rambling country house called 'The Gables'.
ramble v.& n. 漫步，闲逛

I like rambling in the country.
There's plenty to discover as you ramble around this little island.
I quite like the idea of going for a ramble one weekend.
rambler n. 漫步者
Exploring really deep caves is not a task for the Sunday afternoon rambler.
sentimentally
[sentɪ'mentəlɪ]
adv. 情感上；多情地
sentimental adj. 1. relating to emotions instead of reason 情感的（而非理智的）
for sentimental reasons
He wasn't the sort of person who kept things for sentimental reasons.
sentimental value
The rings that were stolen were of great sentimental value.
394
have a sentimental attachment to …
He had a sentimental attachment to his birth-place.
sentimental adj. 2. making people experience feelings of sadness, sympathy, love, etc., especially
in a deliberate and obvious way 煽情的
a sentimental song / book / movie
sentimental adj. 3. expressing feelings of sadness, sympathy, love etc., especially in a way that
seems inappropriate 多愁善感的
I'm just a sentimental old man.
sentimentally adv.
be sentimentally attached to …
The couple are sentimentally attached to each other.
preside [prɪ'zaɪd]
v. 主持（会议等）；掌管，领导
preside at … 主持……
I shall be pleased to preside at your meetings.
They asked if I would preside at the committee meeting.
preside over … 掌管，领导
The city council is presided over by the mayor.
Finch presided over the company for 30 years.
Aunt Harriet presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and
polished.
An all-night party on New Year's Eve, provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either
of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself
assiduously to the task.
I wanna hold you till I die, till we both break down and cry. I wanna hold you till the fear in me
subsides.
unrelenting [ʌnrɪ'lentɪŋ]
adj. 不屈不挠的；持续不断的
unrelenting adj. 1. extremely determined, never weakening in effort or admitting defeat 非常坚
决的，不屈不挠的
He was unrelenting in his search for the truth about his father.
395
She will be remembered as an unrelenting opponent of racial discrimination.
unrelenting adj. 2. an unpleasant situation that is unrelenting continues for a long time without
stopping（不愉快的事）持续不断的
an unrelenting downpour of rain
the unrelenting pressures of the job
relentless
her relentless pursuit of perfection
a regime that was relentless in its persecution of dissidents
the relentless crying of a small baby
a family facing relentless financial problems
relent v. 态度缓和；减弱
At last her father relented and came to visit her.
The pressure on us to finish this task will not relent.
incessant adj. (usually disapproving) never stopping （贬义）持续不断的，没完没了的
incessant noise / rain / chatter
A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed (surprisingly?) that dogs barking incessantly in the
night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7.
perpetual / eternal / everlasting adj. 永恒的，长久的；没完没了的
insistent adj. 声音持续不断的；坚持要求的
persistent adj. 坚持不懈的；没完没了的
disillusion [dɪsɪ'lu:ʒn]
v. 使幻想破灭
disillusion v. to make someone realize that something which they thought was true or good is not
really true or good 使幻想破灭
I hate to disillusion you, but not everyone is as honest as you.
be disillusioned with / by…
Voters are disillusioned with / by the democratic process.
be disenchanted with …
After three divorces he became disenchanted with married life.
be disappointed with / by / at …
feel let down let sb. down
qualification
[kwɒlɪfɪ'keɪʃn]
n. 资格，能力；文凭，资质证书
qualification n. an ability or quality that you need in order to do a particular job or position（某工
作需要的）资格，能力
qualification for …
Previous teaching experience is a necessary qualification for this job.
qualification to do sth.
There have been questions about his qualifications to lead the company.
Does he have the right qualifications to become a Supreme Court Justice?
qualification n. 2. an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the
necessary skills, etc. 文凭，资质证书
academic / vocational qualifications
396
You'll never get a good job if you don't have any qualifications.
qualify v.（使）有资格或能力
qualify as
He qualified as a doctor last year.
qualify sb. to do sth.
The test qualifies you to drive heavy vehicles.
qualify sb. for sth.
This training course will qualify you for a better job.
Membership qualifies you for a discount on purchases.
It is a good thing (that) … 幸亏……
It is a good thing that we brought an umbrella.
If she were alive today she would not be able to air her views on her favourite topic of
conversation: domestic servants.
If + S. + did / were …, S. + would / should / could / might + do …
air v. to express your opinions publicly 公开表达……
air one’s views / opinions / grievances / complaints (on …)
In an interview, the singer aired his views on family life.
造句：在会上每个人都将有机会 (get a chance) 当前的局势发表看法。
At the meeting everyone will get a chance to air their views on the current situation.
a topic of conversation / discussion / debate
一个交谈的/讨论的/辩论的话题
a sensitive / controversial topic
一个敏感的/引人争议的话题
domestic servant
maidservant
public servant
civil servant
Readers happily accepted the fact that an obscure maidservant was really the hero's mother.
leisurely adj. & adv. done without hurrying 悠闲的/地，从容的/地
a leisurely bath / meal / stroll
Couples strolled leisurely along the beach.
做家务
do (the) housework
do (the) household chores
洗衣服
do the laundry
do the washing
洗碗
do / wash the dishes
do the washing-up
397
attach sth. to sth.
The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains
to the rim without damaging it.
be attached to sb. / sth.
to like someone or something very much, because you have known them or had them for a long
time 依恋……
I've never seen two people so attached to each other.
The children are very attached to their grandparents.
We've grown deeply attached to this house and would hate to move.
I am sentimentally attached to my old guitar.
much / far too …
Alice is far too young to get married.
slightly / a little / a bit / a little bit too …
I think you’re a bit too young to watch this.
persist v. 1. to continue to do sth. in spite of difficulties or opposition, in a way that can seem
unreasonable 坚持，执意
persist in …
Why do you persist in blaming yourself for what happened?
She persisted in her search for the truth.
persist v. 2. if sth. bad persists, it continues to exist or happen（坏事）持续（存在或发生）
If the pain persists, you must see a doctor.
Competition between ourselves, person against person, community against community, still
persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was.
persistent adj. 坚持的，执意的；（坏事）没完没了的
She can be very persistent when she wants something.
a persistent cough
He resigned over persistent rumours of his affair with an actress.
long after …
long before …
shortly after …
shortly before …
shortly afterwards
entertain v. to invite people to eat or drink with you as your guests, especially in your home（在家
中）宴客
I don't entertain very often.
Bob and Liz entertained us to dinner last night.
lavish adj. very generous 慷慨的，大方的
entertain lavishly 大宴宾客
The Bradfords always entertained lavishly at Christmas.
immaculate = spotless adj. very clean and tidy 一尘不染的
parquet n. [U] small flat blocks of wood fitted together in a pattern that cover the floor of a room
镶木地板
a parquet floor
398
silver = silverware n. spoons, forks, dishes etc that are made of silver 银器，银餐具
It was my job to polish the silver.
gleam v. shine softly 发出柔和的光
He had polished the table-top until it gleamed.
gleaming windows
his gleaming white teeth
cabinet n. piece of furniture with drawers or shelves for storing or displaying things 储藏柜
miraculous adj. like a miracle; completely unexpected and very lucky 奇迹般的
A teenage boy had a miraculous escape from death last night when he fell into an ice-cold river.
They miraculously survived the plane crash.
preside over … 掌管……
He presided over the company for 10 years.
Some people believe the Fates preside over man’s destiny.
army n. a large number of people who are doing the same thing or in the same situation
army of …
Armies of rescue workers are sorting through the rubble.
the army of the unemployed
scrub v. clean sth. thoroughly by rubbing hard, esp. with a brush and soap and water 彻底擦洗
某物
She always referred to them as 'the shifting population', for they came and went with such
frequency that I never even got a chance to learn their names.
refer to A as B
call A B
know A as B
address A as B
shifting adj. always changing or moving 不停变化或移动的
… so frequently that …
… with such frequency that …
造句：电话铃如此频繁地响起以至于我甚至没机会睡觉。
The telephone rang with such frequency that I didn’t even get a chance to sleep.
造句：他如此轻松地通过了考试以至于老师怀疑 (suspect sb. of doing ) 他作了弊。
He passed the exam with such ease that the teacher suspected him of cheating.
造句：他上楼如此之艰难以至于我还以为 (be under the impression that …) 他腿受伤了。
He walked up the stairs with such difficulty that we were under the impression that he had
injured his leg.
learn (of / about) sth. to become aware of sth. by hearing about it from sb. else 获悉，得知
I learnt of her arrival from a close friend.
How did they react when they learned the news?
please.
enlightened adj. someone with enlightened attitudes has sensible, modern views and treats
people fairly and kindly 开明的
an enlightened policy / attitude …
399
domestic / medical / nursing / teaching / engineering / administrative staff
While she always criticized the fickleness of human nature, she carried on an unrelenting search
for the ideal servant to the end of her days, even after she had been sadly disillusioned by Bessie.
fickle adj. often changing 反复无常的，多变的
a fickle lover
the fickle finger of fate
fickleness n. 反复无常，多变
the fickleness of businessmen and politicians
the fickleness of the English climate
carry on sth. to continue doing, pursuing, or operating 持续做某事，一直做某事
We have carried on a correspondence for years.
He carried on his baking business until he retired.
unrelenting adj. 非常坚决的，不屈不挠的
be disillusioned with / by …
be very / extremely / completely / utterly / increasingly / sadly disillusioned with / by …
As she grew older, Laura became increasingly disillusioned with politics.
I feel utterly disillusioned by his refusal to take any action.
During that time she so gained my aunt's confidence, that she was put in charge of the domestic
staff.
be in charge of … 管理……
be in the charge of … / in one’s charge 由……管理
take charge of … 接管……
put sb. in charge of … 交给某人管理……
Peter is in charge of the company.
The company is in the charge of Peter / in his charge.
Peter will be taking charge of the company next Monday.
They put Peter in charge of the company.
Peter was put in charge of the company.
I cannot find words to describe the beauty of the West Lake.
The beauty of the West Lake is beyond words / description.
The beauty of the West Lake defies description. (defy v. 使……不可能)
industrious adj. 勤劳的
industrial adj. 工业的
the industrious ant
the industrial revolution
in addition to …
besides …
as well as …
apart from … / aside from …
There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.
except ... / except for ...
excluding ...
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but ...
other than ...
apart from ... / aside from ...
Yet, in real life, circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about coincidences which anyone
but a nineteenth century novelist would find incredible.
moreover / furthermore
besides
in addition
additionally
He could not find his fifty pence piece anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out.
expert adj. showing special skill or knowledge 熟练的，专家水平的
an expert gardener / driver
be expert in / at …
Bessie was expert in / at cooking.
play / perform / act (the role / part of) … 扮演……的角色
He played / performed / acted (the role / part of) Othello.
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary
discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
stopped.
before 的译法
强调主句的时间很长时,译为“才”
It will be a long time before we meet again.
强调主句的时间很短时,译为“就”
Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney.
negotiate.
— John F. Kennedy
2. 弱点, 缺点 [C]
反义: strength 优点, 长处 [C]
strengths and weaknesses
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of
Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus, and nonbelievers.
After being absent from The Gables for a week, my aunt unexpectedly returned one afternoon
with a party of guests and instructed Bessie to prepare dinner.
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be absent from … 不在……
party n. 一群; 一队; 一组
a search / rescue party
a party of tourists / sightseers
The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at
Christmas and Easter.
prepare / cook / fix dinner
Not only was the meal well below the usual standard, but Bessie seemed unable to walk steadily.
not only … but … as well / too
not only … … as well / too
not only … …
well adv. a lot, or to a great degree 相当地，颇为，……得多
well before / after / over / above / below / worth …
I don't know how old he is, but he looks well over forty.
Pete left the party well before you got there.
The castle is well worth a visit.
above / below (the) standard
Your work is above / below (the) standard.
bump / run into 1.撞到……上
The car bumped / ran into a big pine.
bump / run into 2.偶遇……
I happened to bump / run into a friend of mine in the street.
mumble v. to say something too quietly or not clearly enough, so that people cannot hear what is
said 小声咕哝
When she came in with the last course ― a huge pudding ― she tripped on the carpet and the
pudding went flying through the air, narrowly missed my aunt, and crashed on the dining table
with considerable force.
Pudding
trip / stumble over / on sth. 在……上绊倒
402
He tripped / stumbled over / on a rock.
Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade.
The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense walk of ice which rose over 100
mirth n. [U] (fml.) happiness and laughter 欢笑
Her body began to shake with mirth.
The performance produced much mirth among the audience.
That caused considerable mirth amongst pupils.
draw / come to / arrive at / reach a conclusion 得出结论
bring … to a conclusion 使……结束
readers with a series of coincidences — most of them wildly improbable.
The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them and,
long before the final catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal their amusement.
have a difficult / hard time doing
After her departure, aunt Harriet discovered that there were piles of empty wine bottles of all
shapes and sizes neatly stacked in what had once been Bessie's wardrobe.
… of all shapes and sizes
Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory.
… of all kinds
…, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet villages, …
find one’s way 到达……
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Lesson 50 New Year resolutions
formidable ['fɔ:mɪdəbl]
adj. 令人望而生畏的
formidable / awesome adj. 令人望而生畏的
a / an ~ task / challenge
forbidding adj. 不友好的，冷冰冰的
a forbidding appearance / place
recur [rɪ'kɜ:(r)]
v. 再次发生；反复发生
We must make sure that the problem does not recur.
a recurring illness / nightmare
occur v. 发生
When exactly did the incident occur?
Something unexpected occurred.
concur v. 同意；同时发生
We strongly concur with the recommendations of this report.
Everything concurred to produce the desired effect.
incur v. 招致，引起，带来（不好的结果）
She had incurred the wrath of her father by marrying without his consent.
inveterate [ɪn'vetərət]
adj. 根深蒂固的，积习难改的
an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler / liar
If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration
that results from failure.
inveterate hatred / prejudice / distrust
Hatred is inveterate anger.
— M. T. Cicero
deep-seated / deep-rooted
a ~ bad habit / faith in god
die hard
Old habits die hard.
assiduously [ə'sɪdjʊəslɪ]
adv. 刻苦地
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assiduous
an assiduous student / researcher
“sid” / “sed” = sit
sedulous insidious
preside president presidency
reside resident residence
consider considerate consideration
sedate sedative sediment
subside subsidy subsidiary
Aunt Harriet presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and
polished.
I wanna hold you till I die, till we both break down and cry. I wanna hold you till the fear in
me subsides.
betray [bɪ'treɪ]
v. 背叛；无意中暴露
betray v. 1. 背叛
Judas betrayed Jesus.
betray one’s beliefs / principles
betray v. 2. 无意中暴露
Her voice betrayed her nervousness.
betrayal
Forgetting history means betrayal.
cheat on sb.
He cheated on his wife.
desert
As he hated army life, he decided to desert his regiment.
be loyal / disloyal to …
betrayer / traitor / Judas
You Judas!
good-humoredly
['gʊd'hju:mədli]
adv. 心情好地
good-humored ill-humored
humor = mood
He is in a good / a bad / an ill humor.
blood / choler / phlegm / melancholy
New Year('s) resolutions
"Have you made any New Year's resolutions?" "Yes, I'm going to eat more healthily and give up
smoking."
UN resolution
It’s time for sth.
It’s time for school / dinner / bed.
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It’s time to do sth.
It’s time to get up.
It’s (high / about) time (that) ... (虚拟)
It’s (high / about) time (that) we went home.
It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ___?
(A) we are going home
(B) we go home
(C) we went home
(D) we can go home
If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry.
(A) bury (B) am burying
(C) buried (D) would bury
mentally: at heart
compile a list: make a list
dos and don’ts
likes and dislikes
ups and downs
highs and lows
ins and outs
same old ...
It’s the same old story.
It’s the same old excuse.
It’s the same old faces at the meeting.
“How are you doing?” “Same old.”
year in year out = year after year
day in day out = day after day
week in week out = week after week
month in month out = month after month
with monotonous regularity
The little boy wets the bed with monotonous regularity.
History repeats itself with monotonous regularity.
造句：这个老问题总是日复一日地重复出现。
The same old story recurs day in day out with monotonous regularity.
We resolve to get up earlier each morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a
thousand and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don't like, drive carefully, and take
the dog for a walk every day.
decide to do ...
make up one’s mind to do ...
make a decision to do ...
determine / resolve to do ...
be resolved / determined to do ...
I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived.
take the plunge
If you have been thinking about buying shares, now could be the time to take the plunge.
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a hundred / thousand / million and one = very many
housework household chores
I spent all morning doing (the) housework / household chores.
do the laundry / washing
do / wash the dishes = do the washing-up
(A) He has to wash a thousand dishes.
(B) He has more dishes than his brother.
(C) His brother takes too much time washing the dishes.
(D) He has asked his brother to wash the dishes many times.
W: Have you asked your brother to do the dishes?
M: Thousands of times.
Answer: (D) He has asked his brother to wash the dishes many times.
take the dog for a walk
walk the dog
be beyond sth. 无法……；不容……
The car is beyond repair.
The rumor is beyond belief.
The situation is beyond my control.
The results are beyond dispute / controversy.
Her beauty is beyond words / description.
His conduct is beyond reproach / criticism.
The pain is beyond human endurance.
Working with you is beyond my wildest dreams.
beyond doubt.
be beyond sb. = be a mystery to sb.
If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration
that results from failure.
an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler
old friend
regular / patron
hardened smuggler
maidservant
it is because … √
the reason is that … √
The reason is because … ☓
…, the only reason is that …
result from ... = be caused by ...
result in ... = cause ...
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Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we
never have time to carry them out.
fail to do
fail in one’s efforts / attempts at … / to do
造句：Latham 试图驾机飞跃英吉利海峡，但没有成功。
Latham failed in his efforts / attempts to fly across the English Channel.
造句：考古学家试图要确认被修复的女神像的身份，但没有成功。
The archaeologists failed in their efforts / attempts to discover the identity of the reconstructed
statue.
The archaeologists failed in their efforts / attempts at the identification of the reconstructed
statue.
scheme n. 1. 计划，方案；2. 阴谋诡计
never / not get round / around to sth./ doing
It had broken down the previous summer, and though I promised to repair it, I had never got
round to it.
(A) It's new.
(B) It's dull.
(C) It's not clean.
(D) It has a broken handle.
W: I'm having trouble slicing the bread with this knife.
M: Oh. Sorry about that. I haven't gotten around to sharpening it yet.
Q: What can be inferred about the knife?
Answer: (B) It’s dull.
carry sth. ↔ out 执行，实施
We carried out her instructions precisely.
We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we look
even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways.
fundamental adj. 根本性的
fundamental error / mistake
fundamental change / difference
make the fundamental error of doing sth.
造句：他犯了轻敌这个根本性的错误。
He made the fundamental error of despising his enemy.
so (that) 作连词时一般来说有两种用法：
1. 引导结果状语从句，译为“所以”，从句谓语动词中一般没有情态动词。
Drive carefully so that everyone can enjoy a long life.
fair.
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slip into … to gradually start to be in a bad state or situation 渐渐陷入某种不良状态
slip into debt / unconsciousness …
He had begun to slip into debt.
She slipped into unconsciousness and died the next day.
The country is slipping into recession.
pitfall n. a likely mistake or problem in a situation 易犯的错误，易出现的问题
the potential pitfalls of buying a house
Her advice helped me avoid some of the common pitfalls.
keep sth. to oneself
= keep sth. secret
I keep my love for Helen to myself.
keep sth. from sb.
The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bob. They did not even tell their wives.
They even kept it from their wives.
reveal a secret
a secret becomes known
limit oneself to sth. 给自己限定……
I limit myself to 2 glasses of beer a day.
She limits herself to 1,000 calories a day to lose weight.
do (physical) exercises 锻炼身体
of an evening / of a weekend ...
= in the evenings / at weekends ...
An all-night party on New Year's Eve provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either
of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself
assiduously to the task.
on … Eve
an excuse for (doing) sth.
sth. provide sb. with a good excuse for (doing) sth.
造句：突然得病使他有借口没有参加会议。
A sudden illness provided him with a good excuse for not attending the meeting.
造句：漫长辛苦的旅程使我有借口很早去睡觉。
A long and arduous journey provided me with a good excuse for going to bed early.
either of … 两个中任何一个……
each of … 三个以上中任何一个……
neither of … 两个都不……
none of … 三个以上都不……
both of … 两个都……
all of … 三个以上都……
apply oneself to sth.
= work hard at sth.
造句：近来我一直在努力地学习英语。
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Recently I have been applying myself assiduously to studying English.
The daily exercises lasted only eleven minutes and I proposed to do them early in the morning
before anyone had got up.
propose v. (fml.) to intend to do something 打算
propose to do sth.
How do you propose to deal with the situation?
propose doing sth.
How do you propose getting home?
The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was
considerable.
造句：连续数年 (for years on end) 每天早晨锻炼身体需要很强的自制力。
The self-discipline required to do physical exercises every morning for years on end is
considerable.
nevertheless / nonetheless / still / all the same / just the same 尽管如此，还是……
'You certainly did give me a surprise!' said the vicar. 'You've probably woken up everyone in the
village as well. Still, I'm glad the bell is working again.'
The girl is not beautiful.
Nevertheless / Nonetheless / Still / All the same / Just the same, I like her very much.
creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地走
One bad winter we watched the river creep up the lower meadows.
After jumping about on the carpet and twisting the human frame into uncomfortable positions, I
sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition.
about / around adv. 各处, 到处
As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure.
round about adv. 在附近，在周围
Round about, piles of limestone glistened in all the colors of the rainbow.
twist v. 转动，扭曲，缠绕
twist … into … 把……扭曲、缠绕成……
We twisted the bed sheets into a rope and escaped by climbing down it.
frame n. human or animal body（人或动物的）身体
Sobs shook her slender frame. 她抽泣着, 苗条的身体都在颤动.
Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.
It was this that betrayed me.
troop v. to walk somewhere together as a group 成群结队而行
The bell rings and they all troop into school.
unsettling adj. = disturbing
unsettle v. = disturb
fend sb. / sth. ↔ off 挡开，躲避开，抵御住
He tried to kiss her but she fended him off.
She managed to fend off awkward questions.
taunt jibe / gibe
taunts and jibes
aches and pains
410
hustle and bustle
wax and wane
Dynasties waxed and waned throughout the history.
ebb (away) subside
However, my enthusiasm ebbed (away) / subsided.
diminish: reduce / decrease
gradually / slowly / little by little / bit by bit / by degrees
fall / drop to …
The temperature drops to – 30 〫 and very few people attempt to cross the Pass.
plunge / dive to …
be back to where … start from 前功尽弃
bring … back to where … start from 使……前功尽弃
造句：一个根本性的错误使我们前功尽弃。
A fundamental error brought us back to where we had started from.
pick up where we left off
After lunch shall we pick up where we left off?
Chandler: Wait! I just want you to know that ... I'm so happy you're going to be here.
Janice: Oh, me too ...
Chandler: Because ... that way ... we can pick up where we left off.
Janice: Huh?
Chandler: I never stopped loving you.
I argued that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning, I would keep my
mind fresh for reading when I got home from work.
fresh adj. 精神饱满的
keep one’s mind fresh
A cup of coffee will keep your mind fresh in class.
Resisting the hypnotizing effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes
glued to a book.
glue vt. 粘住 & n. 胶水
be glued to sth. 全神贯注于……
We were glued to the television watching the election results.
造句：抵制着去睡觉的诱惑，我坐在书房里全神贯注地看《新概念英语》。
Resisting the temptation to go to bed, I sat in my study with my eyes glued to ‘New Concept
English’.
One night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television
pretending to read.
That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the
screen.
be one’s undoing 是某人失败的原因
Slack defense was the team’s undoing.
prove to be one’s undoing 被证明是某人失败的原因
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造句：缺乏经验被证明是他失败的原因。
Lack of experience proved to be his undoing.
downfall n. 1. 垮台
Greed led to his downfall.
bring about the hero's downfall.
downfall n. 2. 失败，垮台的原因
be one’s downfall
His vanity was his downfall.
prove be one’s downfall
An addiction to gambling proved to be her downfall.
doze off / nod off
take / have a nap
I usually take a nap after lunch.
get round / around to sth./ doing
…, but I have never got round / gotten around to reading it.
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Lesson 51 Predicting the future
notoriously [nəʊ'tɔ:rɪəslɪ]
adv. 臭名昭著地，
（坏事）众所周知地
notorious = infamous adj. famous or well-known for something bad 臭名昭著的，
（坏事）众所
周知的
a notorious criminal / area / bend in the road
be notorious for …
The city is notorious for its bumper-to-bumper traffic.
Predicting the future is notoriously difficult.
The local bus service is notoriously unreliable.
gain / achieve notoriety for / as …
She achieved notoriety for her affair with the senator.
He gained a certain notoriety as a gambler.
well-known famous noted notable eminent celebrated renowned
unknown little-known obscure
technician [tek'nɪʃn]
n. 技术员，技师
technician n. someone whose job is to check equipment or machines and make sure that they are
working properly 技术员，技师
a laboratory technician
a hospital technician
“-ian” = specialist
librarian historian musician
electrician mathematician
physician pediatrician
user-friendly ['ju:zə'frendli:]
adj. 易用的，易理解的，易操作的
user-friendly adj. easy to use, understand, or operate 易用的，易理解的，易操作的
a user-friendly interface / printer
Computer programs have become more user-friendly.
-friendly 1. suitable for particular people to use 易用的
a user-friendly computer program
413
a family-friendly restaurant
a customer-friendly shopping mall
customer-friendly banking facilities
-friendly 2. not harmful 无害的
environment-friendly products
ozone-friendly fridges
alternative [ɔ:l'tɜ:nətɪv]
adj. 另外的，其他的，别的
alternative adj. （只作定语）different from something else and able to be used instead of it 另
外的，其他的，别的
an alternative plan / route / way
alternative approaches to learning
Have you any alternative suggestions?
alternative n. 其他的选择
Is there a viable alternative to the present system?
If payment is not received within five days, legal action will be our only alternative.
I had no alternative but to report him to the police.
alternate adj. 1. （常作定语）(of two things) happening or following one after the other 交替的，
轮流的
alternate blue and red stripes
alternate triumph and despair
Private cars are banned from the city on alternate days.
alternate adj. 2. = alternative （只作定语）其他的，另外的，别的
We can't get home tonight, because there are no alternate flights.
I suggest you have an alternate plan in case you are sick on that day.
relieve [rɪ'li:v]
v. 减轻，缓解或解除（痛苦，问题等）
Drugs helped to relieve the pain.
Reading helped to relieve the boredom while he was ill.
The project is designed to relieve traffic congestion on the main routes into the city.
relieve sb. of sth. to help sb. by taking sth. heavy or difficult from them 替某人做某事，使某人
免于……
Let me relieve you of some of your bags.
The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.
…, when they(computers) would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical
work.
relief n. 宽慰，痛苦的缓解或解脱
find a temporary relief
permanent relief
to my great relief
give immediate relief from pain
What a relief it was when the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain
where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes.
造句：众所周知，缓解 (relieve) 人口过剩问题非常困难。
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Relieving the problem of overpopulation is notoriously difficult.
造句：众所周知，改掉 (give up) 一个根深蒂固的 (deep-seated) 坏习惯非常困难。
Giving up a deep-seated bad habit is notoriously difficult.
造句：众所周知，北京的交通拥堵问题非常严重。
The traffic congestion in Beijing is notoriously serious.
Who could have imagined, in the mid 1970s, for example, that by the end of the 20th century,
computers would be as common in people's homes as TV sets?
could have done: used to say that something was a possibility in the past, but did not actually
happen
I could have been killed.
He could have escaped, but he chose to stand and fight.
from mid July to mid August
mid-morning coffee
Mid-Autumn Festival
a young woman in her mid-twenties
midsummer / midwinter
on Midsummer Eve
in the early 1970s
in the mid 1970s
in the late 1970s
造句：比方说，有谁能在 20 世纪 90 年代中期想象到，仅仅十年 (a mere decade) 之后，手
机在中国和手表一样常见？
Who could have imagined, in the mid 1990s, for example, that after a mere decade, mobile
phones would be as common in China as watches?
They don't know how to run a business .
The company began as a small family business.
Owners of small businesses will be hit hardest by these tax changes.
big business n. [U] large and powerful companies in general
Does big business have more control over our everyday lives than our elected governments?
so-called adj. 1. commonly called 所谓的（通常被称为的）
They've found the flight recorder, the so-called black box.
so-called adj. 2. incorrectly called 所谓的（错误地被称为的）
His so-called friends betrayed him.
mainframe n. a large powerful computer that can work very fast and that a lot of people can use
at the same time 主机，大型机
Mainframe computers were very large indeed, often occupying whole air-conditioned rooms,
employing full-time technicians and run on specially-written software.
indeed adv. used with ‘very’ and an adjective or adverb to emphasize a statement or description
的确，确实
Most of the essays were very good indeed.
Thank you very much indeed.
air-conditioned adj. 装空调的
air conditioner n. 空调
run v. if you run a machine or engine, you make it operate 操作，使机器运转
415
I often run the washing machine more than once a day.
Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small
powerful personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
take over sth. 接管……，代替……
Military leaders took over the government.
Computers can thus be built to take over almost any job where a series of actions are repeated
over and over again.
be known as … 被称为……
be commonly known as … 常被称为……
The disease is commonly known as Mad Cow Disease.
primitive adj. of or at an early stage of social development 原始的，上古的
primitive culture / customs / tribes
primitive adj. simple and not modern 简单的，简陋的
The local hospital care is primitive and unreliable.
launch v. to make a new product, book etc available for sale for the first time 推出新产品，新书
等
The company hopes to launch the new drug by next October.
The new model will be launched in July.
He is going to launch his latest novel.
Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate.
describe … as …
point the way (to …) v. to show how something could change or develop successfully 指明了（……
的）方向
It can properly be described as the first 'home computer' and it pointed the way to the future.
Recent medical discoveries are already pointing the way to more efficient vaccines.
giant n. a very large and powerful organization 特大机构，大公司，巨头
the multinational oil giants
Japanese electronics giant Sony
DOS Disk Operating System: the basic software in a computer that makes it work and allows you
to use a program. It is usually used only in older computers. 磁盘操作系统
copy = imitate v. to behave or do sth. in the same way as sb. else 模仿
She copies everything her sister does.
Their tactics have been copied by other terrorists.
From those humble beginnings, we have seen the development of the user-friendly home
computers and multimedia machines which are in common use today.
humble adj. 1. 谦虚的
He was a genuinely humble man.
humble adj. 2. 地位卑微的
men of humble birth
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a humble occupation
humble adj. 3. simple and with only basic equipment or features 简单的，简陋的
They lived in a humble two-roomed apartment.
be in use: a machine, place etc. that is in use is being used（机器，场所等）在使用，得到使用
Electric vehicles built in 1920 were still in use in the 1950s.
I'll be glad to see the building in use again.
From those humble beginnings, we have seen the development of the user-friendly home
computers and multimedia machines which are in common use today.
So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.
we know today.
considering prep. & conj. in view of (the fact that); taking into consideration 考虑到……，鉴于……
Considering (that) he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.
as long ago as … = as early as …早在……就……
As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable
by gangsters.
as long as … 1. 长达……
as long as … 2. 只要 = so long as = provided = on condition (that)
Anthropology was by definition impossible, as long as these distinctions between ourselves and
the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's
minds.
So long as there's something to identify, we will give people their money back.
Bagrit dismissed the idea that computers would learn to 'think' for themselves and would "rule
the world", which people liked to believe in those days.
dismiss v. 1. to remove someone from their job 解雇，辞退
The poor girl was dismissed instantly.
dismiss v. 2. to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true,
or important 对……不予理会，对……不屑一顾
The government has dismissed criticisms that the country's health policy is a mess.
do sth. for oneself 亲自……，独立……
The following example of 'sick humour' will enable you to judge for yourself.
in those days 在当年，在当初
In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for Prize money.
these days 当今，现如今
These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than clerks who work in
offices.
Bagrit foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they
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would be capable of providing information about traffic jams and suggesting alternative routes,
when they would be used in hospitals to help doctors to diagnose illnesses, when they would
relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work.
foresee vt. (foresaw, foreseen) 预见……
The disaster could not have been foreseen.
Few analysts foresaw that oil prices would rise so steeply.
foresight n. 远见，先见之明
They had the foresight to invest in new technology.
forethought n. 远虑，提前的思考
With a little forethought many accidents could be avoided.
forecast n. 预测，预报
weather forecast
foretell / predict v. 预言……
we know today.
mark the prelude to sth. 预示……
traffic jams
traffic congestion
diagnose v. 诊断
The test is used to diagnose a variety of diseases.
diagnose sth. as …
The illness was diagnosed as cancer.
diagnose sb. as / with …
She was diagnosed as / with having diabetes.
relieve sb. of sth. to help sb. by taking sth. heavy or difficult from them 替某人做某事，使某人
免于……
Let me relieve you of some of your bags.
The new secretary will relieve us of some of the paperwork.
repetitive adj. done many times in the same way, and boring 重复性的
repetitive work / tasks / jobs
clerk n. 1. person employed in an office, a shop, etc to keep records, accounts, etc. 文书；办事员；
事务员
clerk n. 2. (AmE) assistant in a shop 店员，售货员
clerical adj. of, for or made by a clerk or clerks 文书或办事员的
routine clerical work
administrative and clerical staff
commonplace adj. happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual
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寻常的，司空见惯的，不足为奇的
Car thefts are commonplace in this part of town.
Computers are now commonplace in primary classrooms.
become commonplace
Foreign vacations have become commonplace.
regard sth. as commonplace
Such actions were regarded as commonplace during the war.
Of course, Leon Bagrit could not possibly have foreseen the development of the Internet, the
worldwide system that enables us to communicate instantly with anyone in any part of the world
by using computers linked to telephone networks.
can’t / couldn’t possibly … used to emphasize that you cannot do sth., or that sth.
cannot or could not happen or be done（强调）不能或不可能……
I can't possibly allow you to go home in this weather.
She couldn't possibly have heard what was said.
possibly 经常与 can / could 连用以表示“尽全力”的意思，后跟动词时常用 can / could
possibly + 动词，后省略动词时常用 possibly can / could。
possibly go.
She's done everything she could possibly think of to help.
We shall be contributing as much as we possibly can to the campaign.
Doctors did everything they possibly could to save his life.
instant communication 即时交流沟通
IM (instant messaging): a type of service available on the Internet that allows you to quickly
exchange written messages with people that you know 即时通讯
Nor could he have foreseen how we could use the Internet to obtain information on every known
subject, so we can read it on a screen in our homes and even print it as well if we want to.
smaller and smaller
cheaper and cheaper
more and more powerful
increasingly powerful
ever more powerful
This is what makes Leon Bagrit's predictions particularly remarkable.
If he, or someone like him, were alive today, he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next
50 years.
“疑问词 + to do”可以视为名词性从句的缩略形式
1、相当于宾语从句
They will hardly know which facts to select from …
 They will hardly know which facts they should select from …
…, he might be able to tell us what to expect in the next 50 years.
 …, he might be able to tell us what we should expect in the next 50 years.
2、相当于主语从句
Who to turn to is what she wants to know.
 Who she should turn to is what she wants to know.
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3、相当于表语从句
The problem she faces is which way to take.
The problem she faces is which way she should take.
4、相当于同位语从句
The problem which course to take worried Lucy for hours.
The problem which course she should take worried Lucy for hours.
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Lesson 52 Mud is mud
tint [tɪnt]
v. 染色，微染
tint v. to slightly change the colour of something 染色，微染
She's had her eyelashes tinted.
Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, …
dye v. colour sth., esp by dipping in a liquid 染色，浸染
dye one's hair
dye a white dress blue
Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!
stain v. colour (wood, fabric, etc) with a substance that penetrates the material 染色，渍染，着
色
He stained the wood dark brown.
We've decided to stain the shelves blue.
colour v. put colour on (sth.), e.g. by painting, dyeing or staining 着色
colour a picture
colour a wall green
dispel [dɪ'spel]
v. 驱散，打消
dispel v. to make sth. go away, esp. a belief, idea, or feeling 驱散，打消
dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / hesitations / prejudice …
This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.
Reading about them increases our understanding without dispelling our fears.
“pel” = push
dispel propel
repel expel
compel impel
outlandish [aʊt'læ ndɪʃ]
adj. 稀奇古怪的，非常怪异的
outlandish = bizarre adj. extremely strange and unusual 稀奇古怪的，非常怪异的
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an outlandish hairstyle
dancers in rather bizarre costumes
strange unusual odd peculiar
At the time, this did not strike me as odd.
These peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them
electric shocks as well!
weird
A really weird thing happened last night.
eccentric
His eccentric behaviour lost him his job.
outrageous [aʊt'reɪdʒəs]
adj. 令人震惊的，极其不合理的；
非常奇怪的
outrageous adj. 1. very shocking or unreasonable 令人震惊的，极其不合理的
His treatment of his wife is outrageous.
She blames me for causing her father's death. But that's outrageous!
Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually
reduced the price to £10.
outrageous adj. 2. extremely unusual and slightly amusing or shocking 非常奇怪的
outrageous clothes / behaviour
She says the most outrageous things sometimes.
Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous
requests for goods that do not exist.
freckle ['frekl]
n. 雀斑
freckle n. one of the small light-brown spots on the human skin 雀斑
Ann's face and back are covered with freckles.
mole n. small permanent dark spot on the human skin 痣
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beauty spot / beauty mark n. a small dark mark on a woman's face - used when you think it is
attractive 美人痣
acne n. 痤疮，粉刺
Many adolescents suffer from acne.

dimple n. 酒窝
chin dimple
n. 下巴窝
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intoxicate [ɪn'tɒksɪkeɪt]
v. 使醉酒；使陶醉
intoxicated adj. 1. (fml.) drunk 醉酒的
The driver was clearly intoxicated.
intoxicated adj. 2. feeling so excited or happy about something that you cannot think clearly 陶
醉的
be intoxicated by / with …
He was intoxicated by / with success.
Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud.
toxic noxious poisonous
toxic chemicals / substances / gases
mud is mud
call a spade a spade
tell it like it is
tell somebody straight
I told her straight that she was wrong..
keep v. have sth. in a particular place 在某处存放或放置某物

Where do you keep the cutlery?
Always keep your driving licence in a safe place.
George kept a bottle of whiskey under his bed.
oddly shaped forms
curiously shaped bits of metal
She has a perfectly shaped figure.
heart-shaped pear-shaped V-shaped
on display = on show 展示，陈列
A collection of photographs was on display in the hall.
Her work is on temporary display at the gallery.
The locomotive is kept on static display in the National Railway Museum.
造句：乔治在书房里一直陈列着一枚金牌。
George keeps a gold medal on permanent display in his study.
soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick greyish substance.
despite the fact that ... (fml.)
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in spite of the fact that ... (fml.)
= tough / although / even though / while ...
介词 + 名词 + 同位语从句
= 普通从属连词
for the reason that … (fml.)
because of the fact that … (fml.)
due to the fact that … (fml.)
on account of the fact that … (fml.)
= because …
delicate / light adj. 颜色淡的，浅色的
dark / deep adj. 颜色浓的，深色的
bright adj. 颜色亮的，鲜艳的
shade n. a particular type of red, green, blue etc. 色度
shade of …
a delicate shade of green
a bright shade of pink
a deep shade of blue
observant adj. perceptive; eagle-eyed 善于观察的，敏锐的
powers of observation 观察力
greyish (BrE) / grayish (AmE) adj. slightly grey 浅灰色的，灰了吧唧的
yellowish reddish bluish
greenish blackish whitish …
mud.
mud.
If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub
some into your skin.
Were you to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud.
perfumed adj. pleasant to smell because perfume has been added or used 加香水的，有香味的
perfumed soap / candles
If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub
some into your skin.
rub sth. with sth.
She began rubbing her hair with a towel.
A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but
George was firmly stuck.
rub sth. into sth.
rub salt into the wound
Rub the cream well into your skin.
dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / prejudice …
How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he
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is fond of relating.
came into (the) possession of sth. = get sth.
On her father's death, she came into possession of a vast fortune.
How did the painting come into your possession (= how did you get the painting)?
stuff n. [U] (infml.) things 东西，玩意儿
I've got some sticky stuff on my shoe.
Do you call this stuff beer?
be fond of …: having a great liking for … 非常喜欢……
I've always been very fond of you.
John's extremely fond of pointing out other people's mistakes.
relate sth. (to sb.)（向某人）讲述某事
History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did.
Furthermore, the acquisition of this bottle cured him of a bad habit he had been developing for
years.
furthermore further
moreover besides
in addition additionally
the acquisition of language
The money will be spent on acquisitions for the university library.
cure sb. cure a disease
cure sb. of a disease
heal sb. heal sb. of a disease
heal a disease X
There is no cure for AIDS.
develop / catch / acquire / form / cultivate / foster a habit
change / alter a habit
correct a habit
abandon / give up / drop / discard / kick a habit
requests for goods that do not exist.
The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening.
cosmetics n. [pl.] 化妆品
Lipstick and hair conditioner are cosmetics.
make-up / makeup n. [U] 化妆品
girls in heavy make-up
She doesn't wear makeup.
cosmetics
cosmic
cosmos
comic
comet
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make a … request for …
make repeated requests for help
They have made an urgent request for international aid.
issue / make a … appeal for …
The police have issued a new appeal for information.
The girl's family have made a public appeal for help to try and catch her killer.
would 和 used to do 类似，都可以表示过去习惯性的动作，如：One day in a week he would
spend a whole day in silence. 但注意：would 不能用在故事开头，往往在故事开头用 used to
do，而后面换为 would do，如：We used to work in the same office and we would often have
coffee together.
requests for goods that do not exist. He would invent fanciful names on the spot. On entering a
shop, he would ask for a new perfume called 'Scented Shadow' or for 'insoluble bath cubes'. If a
shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out. He
loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would
faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did.
We are less credulous than we used to be. In the 19th century, a novelist would bring his story to
a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences ― most of them wildly
improbable.
do sth. on the spot
= do sth. immediately
He had to make a decision on the spot.
On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called 'Scented Shadow' or for 'insoluble
bath cubes'.
on prep. as soon as 刚一
What was your reaction on seeing him?
The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind
bars in his dark cell.
in prep. during the act or process of 在……过程中
He tripped in racing for the bus.
In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to
the prisoner.
insoluble adj. cannot be dissolved; not soluble 不能溶解的
If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out.
put out adj. [Br.E.] [never before noun] annoyed 气愤的，不悦的
He seemed a bit put out at not having been invited.
He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would
faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did.
imaginary adj. 虚构的
imaginative adj. 富于想象力的
She is a very _____ student. She’s always talking about travelling to outer space.
(A) imaginary (B) imaginative
(C) imaginable (D) imagining
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temporarily adv. 暂时，临时
permanently adv. 长期，永久
in / out of stock（商店中）有/无现货的
Have you any grey pullovers in stock?
I'm sorry, that swimsuit is temporarily out of stock in your size.
faithfully adv. 忠诚地，诚恳地
He had served the family faithfully for 40 years.
Ann faithfully promised never to tell my secret.
call v. [Br.E.] to stop at a house or other place for a short time to see sb. or do sth. 在某处短暂停
留以拜访某人或做某事
She called for a chat.
call in at sth.
Will you call in at the supermarket for some eggs and milk?
the Thermopylae was over 500 miles ahead.
at a … date: a time in the past or future 在过去或未来的某时
The exact details of the plan will be worked out at a later date.
Johnson had agreed at an earlier date to take on the role of chairman.
The election is scheduled to take place at an unspecified date in the autumn.
How Harry managed to keep a straight face during these performances is quite beyond me.
keep a straight face: stop oneself from smiling and laughing 板着脸，忍住不笑
Brian looked ridiculous in leather trousers, and I was desperately trying to keep a straight face.
straight-faced adj. 板着脸的
We laughed, but Chris was straight-faced and seemed a little offended by the joke.
be beyond sb. to be too difficult for someone to understand 无法理解
be quite / completely beyond sb.
It's quite beyond me why anyone would want to marry him.
The system was complicated and completely beyond the learners.
prompt v. to encourage sb. to speak by asking them questions or suggesting words that they
could say 提问或提示以鼓励某人说
'And then what happened?' he prompted.
The speaker was hesitant and had to be prompted occasionally by the chairman.
exclusive adj. very expensive, and therefore available only to wealthy people 高级的，高档的
an exclusive store / restaurant / neighborhood
Newspapers and magazines offered the family huge sums for the exclusive rights to publish
stories and photographs.
The shop assistant looked puzzled and Harry repeated the word, slowly stressing each syllable.
stress v. to pronounce a word or part of a word so that it sounds louder or more forceful 重读
The word 'machine' is stressed on the second syllable.
When the woman shook her head in bewilderment, Harry went on to explain that ‘Myrolite’ was
a hard, amber-like substance which could be used to remove freckles.
in bewilderment = in confusion = in puzzlement = in perplexity
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She looked at him in bewilderment.
Matt stared at her in confusion.
She frowned in puzzlement.
Jane looked about in perplexity.
convey sth. to sb. 向某人传达或表达……
Please convey my good wishes to your parents.
If you see James, do convey my apologies to him.
The poem perfectly conveys to the reader the poet’s feelings.
This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman and she searched shelf after shelf.
This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman who searched shelf after shelf.
But when the train dawdled at station after station, I began to wonder.
sth. after sth.
day after day
week after week
year after year
time after time
He fired shot after shot.
Shelley sent him letter after letter to explain the delay.
They sent regiment after regiment to attack us.
In factory after factory we were shown machines built by the workers themselves.
produce v. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or
consider it 出示，拿出
Produce your ticket!
They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my
pocket.
all sorts / kinds / types of sth. sth. of all sorts / kinds / types 各种各样的，各式
各样的……
all sorts of silly jokes
all sorts of weird concoctions
all sorts of indignities
vehicles of all kinds
concoction n. sth. that has been made out of several things mixed together 调制品，混合物
a concoction of honey, yogurt, oats, and apples
comply with / fulfill / meet (with) / satisfy / suit one’s requirements
The new computer system will meet (with) all our requirements.
put on an act 装模作样
He wasn’t really angry; he just put on an act.
put on sth. 假装
put on a smile
put on airs
put on an injured expression
Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud.
blank adj. showing no feeling, understanding or interest 茫然的
Steve looked blank and said he had no idea what I was talking about.
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blank astonishment （惊讶得）目瞪口呆
a look of blank astonishment
However, it was his turn to be surprised, for the woman's eyes immediately lit up and she fetched
several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.
it is one’s turn (to do sth.)
It's your turn.
It's our turn to drive the kids to school this week.
light up if someone’s face or eyes light up, they show pleasure, excitement etc.（因喜悦、兴奋等
脸上或眼中）露出光彩
His eyes lit up with laughter.
Her face lit up with pleasure.
Suddenly, I saw the Officer's face light up.
… she fetched several bottles and she placed them on the counter for Harry to inspect.
… she fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.
(just) for once used to say that sth. unusual happens, especially when you wish it would happen
more often 这一回，这一次
Be honest for once.
Just for once, let me make my own decision.
For once Colin was speechless.
accept / admit / concede defeat
She is very determined, and will never admit defeat.
The prime minister conceded defeat and resigned.
discreet adj. careful not to cause embarrassment or attract too much attention, especially by
keeping something secret 言行小心谨慎的
The family made discreet enquiries about his background.
They are very good assistants, very discreet — they wouldn't go shouting to the press about
anything they discovered while working for you.
He was glad to get away with a mere 20 pounds and he beat a hasty retreat, clutching the
precious bottle under his arm.
beat a (hasty) retreat leave a place quickly in order to avoid an
embarrassing or dangerous situation 赶紧走了
The cat beat a hasty retreat when it saw the dog was coming.
I saw my aunt coming and beat a hasty retreat.
clutch v. to hold something tightly because you do not want to lose it 紧紧抓住
She was clutching a bottle of champagne.
from then on 从那以后
from now on 从今往后
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I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.
from his basement.
The curious bottle which now adorns the bookcase in his study was his first and last purchase of
rare cosmetics.
adorn v. (fml.) to decorate sth. 装饰
The walls were adorned with paintings.
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Lesson 53 In the public interest
evolve [i'vɒlv]
v. 演变，逐渐形成；进化
evolve v. 1. to develop and change gradually over a long period of time 演变，逐渐形成
The school has evolved its own style of teaching.
Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from highhanded or
incompetent public officers.
evolve from …
Popular music evolved from folk songs.
evolve into …
The group gradually evolved into a political party.
evolve v. 2. an animal or plant changes gradually over a long period of time 进化
Animals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.
evolve from …
Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
evolve into …
Slowly, these tiny organisms evolved into multicelled creatures.
evolution n. 进化；演变，逐渐发展
Darwin's theory of evolution
the evolution of farming methods
“volve” / “volu” = roll 转
evolve involve revolve
The earth revolves around the sun.
volume evolution revolution
an encyclopedia in 20 volumes
In politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution.
over-zealously ['oʊvə 'zeləslɪ]
adv. 过分热情地
overzealous adj. excessively enthusiastic 过分热情的
overzealous movie fans
an overzealous manager
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zeal for … zealous
passion for … passionate
enthusiasm for … enthusiastic
zest for … zestful
ardor / ardour for … ardent
qualified ['kwɒlɪfaɪd]
adj. 有资格的，有资质的
qualified adj. having finished a training course, or having particular skills, etc. . 有资格的，有资质
的
Tim is now a qualified architect.
be qualified for …
What makes you think that you are qualified for this job?
be qualified to do …
I'm not qualified to give advice on such matters.
A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably
qualified to investigate private grievances against the State.
qualify v.（使）有资格或能力
qualify as
He qualified as a doctor last year.
qualify sb. to do sth.
The test qualifies you to drive heavy vehicles.
qualify sb. for sth.
This training course will qualify you for a better job.
Membership qualifies you for a discount on purchases.
qualification n. （某工作需要的）资格，能力；文凭，资质证书
In addition to all her other qualifications, Bessie was an expert cook.
secretive ['si:krətɪv]
adj. 爱保密的，守口如瓶的
secretive adj. liking to keep things secret or to hide one's thoughts, feelings, etc. 爱保密的，守口
如瓶的
be secretive about …
He's being very secretive about his new girlfriend.
There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to
public inspection.
secrecy n. keeping secrets, or state of being secret 保密
in secrecy / in secret / secretly
Many civilians were slaughtered and buried in secrecy / in secret / secretly.
in the secrecy of one’s heart
The personable young man is Mary’s true love in the secrecy of her heart.
be veiled / shrouded / cloaked in secrecy
The president’s exact itinerary was veiled / shrouded / cloaked in secrecy for security reasons.
ascertain [æ sə'teɪn]
v. 查明，弄清，确定
ascertain v. (fml.) discover sth. so that one is certain 查明，弄清，确定
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The police have so far been unable to ascertain the cause of the explosion.
ascertain whether / what / how etc.
We need to ascertain whether the project is feasible.
ascertain that …
The police have ascertained that he knew the victim.
The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several
occasions.
prejudiced ['predʒədɪst]
adj. 有偏见的
prejudiced adj. showing an unreasonable dislike for sth. or sb. 有偏见的
The media has been accused of presenting a prejudiced view of people with disabilities.
prejudiced against …
The early Christian church was prejudiced against the Jews.
The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the
official files.
be biased against …
be biased in favor of / toward(s) …
be partial to / toward(s) …
He seemed a bit biased against women in my opinion.
The judge is biased in favor of the plaintiff.
The referee was clearly partial to the other side.
prejudice (against …)
bias (against …)
bias (in favor of / toward(s) …)
partiality (to / toward(s) …)
Scandinavian n. & adj. (native) of Scandinavia (i.e. Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland)
much 常与过去分词构成的形容词连用，表示“广为……”“广受……”
The money will buy much needed books for the school.
Education is a much discussed government service.
much-used much-needed
much-travelled much-loved
much-respected much-admired
much-discussed much-criticized
much-acclaimed
In this much-travelled world, there are still thousands of places which are inaccessible to tourists.
all over the world
around the world
the world over
Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.
please.
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Sweden n. 瑞典
Swede n. 瑞典人
Swedish adj. 瑞典的，瑞典人的，瑞典语的；n. 瑞典语
The Swedes were the first to recognize that …
the Swedish Parliament
a Swedish village
Switzerland n. 瑞士
Swiss n. 瑞士人（单复同型）；adj. 瑞士的，瑞士人的，瑞士方言的
protect … from …
The cover protects the machine from dust.
high-handed adj. using authority in an unreasonable way, without considering the opinions of
other people 专横的，颐指气使的
She resented his high-handed manner.
work v. to have a particular effect or result 有某种效果
The strategy seems to be working.
Criticizing your former employers works against you in the interview.
Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the
illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife,
but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in
another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to
Henry Taylor's house.
public official n. 公职人员（以官方的身份行事的人）
civil servant = public servant n. 公务员（政府文职人员）
health inspector n. someone who works for the government whose job is to visit restaurants and
make sure that they are clean and obeying laws about preparing food 卫生检查员
in the belief that … = because sb. believe that … 因为某人相信……
She wrote to him in the belief that he would help her.
“in the + 表示感觉的名词”在句中作原因状语
in the belief that … = because sb. believe that …
in the thought that … = because sb. think that …
in the discovery that … = because sb. discover that …
in the hope of doing / that … = because sb. hope to do / that …
health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that
(=because they believe that) they are serving the public.
They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that
(=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
the thought that (=because they think that) they have cheated of the best things that life has to
offer.
In the lift her thoughts were on lunch and a good rest; but when she got out at her own floor,
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both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that (=because she suddenly discovered that) her
front door was open.
The men of our family waded down through our flooded meadows with boathooks, in the hope
of being (=because they hope to be) able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the
current towards our bank.
as long ago as … = as early as … 早在……就……
parliament n. group of people who are elected to make a country’s laws and discuss important
national affairs 国会，议会
Parliament n. the main law-making institution in the UK, which consists of the House of
Commons and the House of Lords 英国国会（包括下议院和上议院）
parliamentary adj. 议会的，国会的
a parliamentary committee
Congress n. the group of people elected to make laws in the US, consisting of the Senate and the
House of Representatives 美国国会（包括参议院和众议院）
congressional adj. 美国国会的
a congressional committee
introduce v. 开始推行，开始采用
The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the
first set of rules.
scheme n. 1. 计划，方案；2. 阴谋诡计
Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we
never have time to carry them out.
safeguard v. to protect sth. from harm or damage 保护，保卫
We hope that world leaders can agree on a plan to safeguard the environment.
safeguard sb. / sth. against sth.
The company was blamed for failing to safeguard workers against dangerous chemicals.
safeguard n. 预防措施
safeguard against …
Congress established the law as a safeguard against tax evasion.
appoint v. to choose someone for a position or a job 任命，委任
They have appointed a new manager.
appoint sb. to sth.
It made sense to appoint a banker to this job.
appoint sb. to do sth.
A lawyer was appointed to represent the child.
appoint sb. (as) sth.
They appointed him (as) captain of the English team.
grievance n. a complaint or a strong feeling that you have been treated unfairly 委屈，不平，不
满，牢骚
inviting the members to air their grievances
Management agreed to settle the workers' grievances.
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Bill still harbours / nurses a grievance against his employers for not promoting him.
refer to A as B
call A B
address A as B
know A as B
常与副词 commonly, usually, generally, frequently, often 等连用
The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as
the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'.
Though these large machines still exist, many of their functions have been taken over by small
powerful personal computers, commonly known as PCs.
People who work in offices are frequently referred to as 'white collar workers' for the simple
be subject to sth. likely to be affected by sth., especially sth. bad 可能或易于受到……的影响
Flights are subject to delay because of the fog.
Smokers are more subject to heart attacks than non-smokers.
He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society.
两个含义相反的形容词连用时，常位于被修饰名词之后。
A man with a noble heart never bows before difficulties great or small.
We should be fair to all people, big and small, young and old.
level n. relative position in rank, class or authority 级别，阶层
These are subjects for discussion at management level.
make / bring / file / lodge / submit / a complaint about sth. / against sb.
I'd like to make a complaint about the noise.
He brought a complaint against his former manager.
I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived.
… if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
in writing 以书面形式
All bookings must be confirmed in writing.
in speech 以口头形式
He expressed his opinions both in speech and in writing.
speak in English
pay in cash
a short note scribbled in pencil
write a message in code
The title was printed in capital letters.
an average of … 平均……
Parents spend an average of $220 a year on toys for their children.
Prices have risen by an average of 4% over the past year.
on average / on an average 平均……
My income’s rather variable, but I earn $100 a day on average.
As a reasonable guess, they might, on an average, be 100 light years away.
every single 每一……（加强 every 的语气）
We eat rice every single day!
Don't write down every single word I say.
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There is nothing secretive about … 没有什么可保密的
There is nothing secretive about it.
There is nothing secretive about Christianity.
correspondence n. [U] the letters that someone sends and receives, especially official or business
letters 信件
She has a lot of correspondence to deal with.
mail n. [U] the letters and packages that are delivered to you 邮件
There isn't much mail today.
open adj. public, not limited 公开的，开放的，没有限制的
be open to sb. / sth.
The competition is open to anyone over the age of sixteen.
I'd like to think I am open to any reasonable suggestion.
justified adj. having an acceptable explanation or reason 合理的
be / feel justified in doing sth.
She felt fully justified in asking for her money back.
justify v. to show or prove that sb./sth. is right or reasonable 表明或证明……是合理的
The end justifies the means.
justification n. [U and C] a good and acceptable reason for doing sth. 正当的理由
justification for (doing) sth.
There is no justification for holding her in jail.
In the young there is a justification for this feeling.
on behalf of sb. / on sb.'s behalf in behalf of sb. / in sb.'s behalf
1. representing; instead of 代表，代替
Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.
2. in the interest of sb. 为了某人的利益
The legal guardian must act on behalf of the child.
They campaigned on behalf of asylum seekers.
The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.
take action: do sth. in response to what has happened 采取行动
Immediate action must be taken to stop the fire spreading.
It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, …
vary according to / depending on …
Prices vary according to the type of room you require.
The leaf's size varies widely according to the area where it grows.
Costs are likely to vary depending on where you live.
Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.
He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
assistant severely.
A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been
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ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner.
write to sb. = write a letter to sb.
ill-treat v. to treat sb. in a cruel or unkind way, abuse 虐待
ill-treat one's dog
They thought Mr. Smith had been ill-treating his wife.
ill-treated animals
ill adv. badly
ill-bred
ill-advised
ill-mannered
well-bred
well-advised
well-informed
well-intentioned
simply because … = for the simple reason that …
People who work in offices are frequently referred to as 'white collar workers' for the simple
I was not surprised to find that the machine still refused to work after I had reassembled it, for
the simple reason that I was left with several curiously shaped bits of metal which did not seem
to fit anywhere.
simply because … 只不过因为……
partly because … 部分是因为……
mainly because … 主要是因为……
Many exam candidates lose marks simply because they do not read the questions properly.
I decided to go with them, mainly because I had nothing better to do.
Hubert never experienced any fear, and this was partly because he was not particularly
intelligent.
The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a
record of the case.
Chief of Police n. the most senior police officer in a city who is in charge of all the police there 警
察局长
There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief
of Police strongly denied the accusation.
deny an accusation / a charge
accuse sb. of sth.
charge sb. with sth.
It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint
from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his lawyers to investigate
the matter.
deal well / badly etc. by / with sb. (fml.) treat sb. well, badly etc. 对某人好、坏等
He has always dealt well by me.
You've been badly dealt with.
The police dealt roughly with the rioters.
He deals fairly with all people.
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I consider he has been dealt with leniently.
The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the
official files.
It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to
check the facts.
The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further
complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted.
in question: being discussed 正在被讨论的，提到的，谈到的
The woman in question is sitting over there.
The job in question is available for three months only.
lodge a complaint against sb.
prosecute vt. 检举，起诉，对……提起公诉
Trespassers will be prosecuted.
Shoplifters will be prosecuted.
gone unnoticed.
put / bring an end to sth.: stop sth. from happening any more; abolish sth. 终止……，废止……
The government is determined to put an end to terrorism.
It's hoped the talks may bring an end to the violence.
go / pass unnoticed
The event went unnoticed.
Her death passed unnoticed.
gone unnoticed if there had not been the Ombudsman's prompt action.
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Lesson 54 Instinct or cleverness?
wage [weɪdʒ]
v. 发动（战争等）
wage war / a campaign / a struggle / a battle on / against …
The US waged war on Iraq without UN authorization.
The government determined to wage a campaign against official corruption.
declare war on …
be at war with …
provocation [prɒvə'keɪʃn]
n. 激怒, 惹怒
at the slightest provocation
He’d fly into a rage at the slightest provocation.
without provocation
The soldiers fired without provocation.
They sting and bite without provocation.
“voc” = “voke” 喊叫
provoke provocative
evoke evocation
revoke revocation
Her license was revoked.
revulsion [rɪ'vʌlʃn]
n. 厌恶
revulsion = disgust n. [U] a strong feeling of shock and very strong dislike 厌恶
She looked at him with revulsion.
He expressed his revulsion at / against / towards the whale hunting.
revolt v. to make someone feel unpleasantly shocked or disgusted 令人厌恶
be revolted by …
We were revolted by the dirt and mess in her house.
revolting adj. extremely unpleasant 令人厌恶的
Picking your nose is a revolting habit.
revolt  revolting
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repel  repellent
repulse  repulsive
disgust  disgusting
I was repelled by the smell.
The tourists were repulsed by the filthy conditions.
He claimed to be disgusted by the amount of violence in the film.
luscious ['lʌʃəs]
adj. 美味的，甘美多汁的
luscious adj. having a pleasant sweet taste or containing a lot of juice 美味的，甘美多汁的
the luscious taste of ripe peaches
a luscious and fragrant dessert wine
delicious appetizing
heavenly tasteful tasty
yummy yucky
delicacy
ingenuity [ɪndʒə'nju:əti]
n. 机灵，善于发明创造
ingenuity n. [U] the ability to invent things or solve problems in clever new ways 机灵，心灵手巧，
善于发明创造
ingenious adj. having a lot of clever new ideas and good at inventing things 机灵的，心灵手巧的，
善于发明创造的
She's very ingenious when it comes to finding excuses.
Johnny is so ingenious ― he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary
materials.
“gen” = 创造；生育
gene gender general
generate generation
genesis genius
genuine pregnant
bring sb. ↔ up
have been brought up to do 从小就……
all our lives.
I have been brought up to believe that it is proper to make contributions to charity.
And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had
gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a
little schooling is good, more has to be much better.
do more harm than good 弊大于利
Raising speed limits may do more harm than good.
do … harm / do harm to …
The occasional piece of candy doesn’t do you any harm.
Exhaust fumes has done considerable harm to the environment.
do sb. good
442
I think a trip to the beach would do us all a lot of good.
in more ways than one 有不只一方面的含义
continually continuously
be continually / always doing
contaminate v. to make sth. dirty, polluted, or poisonous by adding a chemical, waste, or infection
污染……
Flies contaminate food.
Industrial sewage continues to contaminate our beaches.
carry v. if a person, animal, or insect carries a disease, they can pass it to other people or animals
even if they are not ill themselves 携带病菌，传播疾病
Many serious diseases are carried by insects.
carrier 带菌者，病媒
an AIDS carrier
transmit
sexually transmitted diseases
contagious infectious catching
catch …
the cake.
Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and
kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
They sting or bite without provocation; they fly uninvited into our rooms on summer nights, or
beat against our lighted windows.
uninvited adj. 未经邀请的
an uninvited guest / visitor
A few people showed up / turned up uninvited at the party.
lighted adj. 1. a lighted window, room etc. is bright because there is a light on inside 亮着灯的
a lighted window / room
lighted adj. 2. a lighted candle, match etc. is burning at one end 点着的
a lighted candle / match
like moths.
dread sth. / doing
He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital.
dreadful adj. 可怕的, 糟糕的
live in dread of … 一直害怕……
I live in dread of losing her love.
stand in awe of … 对……充满敬畏
You can't help standing in awe of powerful people.
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Gifts poured in not only from unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who
wished to advertise their products.
some bearing on it.
dispel v. 驱散，打消
dispel doubts / fears / worries / rumors / hesitations …
This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.
Knowing that the industrious ant lives in a highly organized society does nothing to prevent us
from being filled with revulsion when we find hordes of them crawling over a carefully prepared
picnic lunch.
industrious: diligent
Aunt Harriet could not find words to praise Bessie's industriousness and efficiency.
industrial adj. 工业的, 产业的
industrial revolution
industrial workers
do nothing to do sth.
not do anything to do sth.
在某方面根本没用
造句：这些预防措施在阻止这种疾病蔓延方面没有任何作用。
Precautions of this sort are necessary, …
prevent … from …
造句：这些预防措施在阻止这种疾病蔓延方面没有任何作用。
The precautions did nothing / did not do anything to prevent the disease from spreading.
do little to do sth.
在某方面没多大作用
do much / a lot / a great deal to do sth.
在某方面有很大作用
Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a
sport, for he brought science to the game.
be filled with …
be filled with anger / fear / dread / horror / joy / happiness / doubt / alarm / revulsion /
admiration / remorse …
No matter how much we like honey, or how much we have read about the uncanny sense of
direction which bees possess, we have a horror of being stung.
sense of direction / humor / danger / justice / pride / honor / accomplishment / responsibility /
superiority / inferiority …
The sense of humor is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics.
He simply had no sense of danger at all.
have a horror of … = be afraid / frightened / scared of ...
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She has a horror of cockroaches.
She is afraid / frightened / scared of cockroaches.
造句：我害怕开车是没有道理的, 但这种感觉无法消除。
My fear of driving is unreasonable, but it is impossible to erase.
fascinating adj. 迷人的
fascinate vt. 迷住……
fascinating adj. 迷人的
fascinate vt. 迷住……
fascination n. 魅力，吸引力
At the same time, however, insects never fail to fascinate us.
At the same time, however, insects exert a peculiar fascination on us.
We enjoy reading about them, especially when we find that, like the praying mantis, they lead
perfectly horrible lives.
perfectly adv. completely ― used to emphasize what you are saying （用于加强语气）完全，
非常，极其
It's perfectly normal to feel like this.
To be perfectly honest, I didn't want to go anyway.
We enjoy staring at them, entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our
presence.
entrance vt. 令人着迷，陶醉
I’m completely entranced by / with the music.
The children sat silent on the carpet, entranced by the puppet show.
go about one’s business
做自己的事
The villagers were going about their business as usual.
go about sth.
着手做某事
I want to learn German but I don't know the best way to go about it.
be (un)aware of …
presence n. 出席，在场
in the presence of sb.
in sb.’s presence
Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life.
造句：我在场时请别抽烟。
Please don't smoke in my presence.
Everything around him was full of her presence, continually reopening the wound.
His daughter's presence seemed to fill her empty bedroom.
Everything around me is full of his / her presence, continually reopening the wound.
absence n. 不在场，缺席
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in the absence of sb.
in sb.’s absence
In my absence he will be in charge.
造句：在老师不在的时候，学生们都在忙自己的事。
In the absence of their teacher, the students were all going about their business.
stand in awe (of ...)
（对……）充满敬畏
pounce on … 猛扑向……
column n. a long moving line of people or things（人或事物的）队伍
a column of soldiers / refugees / tanks
triumph n. 胜利，成功（的喜悦）； v. 获得成功，取胜
Arch of Triumph
rhetorical question 修辞疑问句

We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how
many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and
their freedom from care?
O, wind, if winter comes, can spring be far behind?
— P. B. Shelley
Who among us has not dreamed of that?
What is the use of our studying grammar if we can't put the grammatical rules into practice?
Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to
shatter men’s bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?
prize: valued; treasured; cherished
The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after heavy shower, I happened to be
plants.
sheltered adj. 可避风雨的
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We found a sheltered spot to have a picnic.
survive vt. 经历……而幸存
A cat's ability to survive falls is based on fact.
severe adj. 严重的，严酷的，严厉的
a severe injury a severe winter
assistant severely.
produce v. 1. make, create 制造
produce v. 2. to grow sth. or make it naturally 出产（农场品），产（仔）
The tree produces fruit.
A cow produces milk.
A hen produces eggs.
produce v. 3. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or
consider it 出示，拿出
Produce your ticket!
They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my
pocket.
She produced all sorts of weird concoctions, but none of them met with Harry's requirements.
cluster n. a group of things of the same kind that are very close together （密密匝匝的）一簇，
一团
a cluster of red berries
be to be found / heard / seen 能够被找到 / 看到 / 听到
Such books are to be found in the library.
Not a sound was to be heard.
Not a soul was to be seen.
be to do (fml.) 的四种用法
1.打算
2.命令
3.能够
4.应该
colony n. a group of animals or plants of the same type that are living or growing together（住在
一起的）一群动物或植物
a colony of ants
a seal colony
They were visited by a large colony of ants because the ants obtained a sort of honey from them.
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned
to write.
We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, because people first
learned to write there.
Don’t sit on the chair because it has a broken leg.
Don’t sit on the chair which has a broken leg.
I have to be very careful not to offend the manager because he could give me the sack at any
447
time.
I have to be very careful not to offend the manager who could give me the sack at any time.
a sort of = a kind of …
有些像……的；……般的
Libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of
knowledge followed a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the
invention of printing.
I immediately embarked on an experiment which, even though it failed to get rid of the ants, kept
me fascinated for twenty-four hours.
embark on / upon sth.
own homes.
get rid of … 赶走……，打发走……
At the base of the gold cap, the words 'made in the U.S.A' had been nearly inscribed.
scurry v. run with short quick steps 小步快跑
The mouse scurried across the floor.
bewilder v. 令人迷惑，令人晕头转向
bewildering adj. 令人迷惑的，令人昏头转向的
Films, videos, CDs and CD-ROMS are just some of the bewildering amount of information they
will have.
in bewilderment / confusion
in surprise
in horror
in despair
in a panic …
I even went out at midnight with a torch and noted with satisfaction (and surprise) that the ants
were still swarming around the sticky tape without being able to do anything about it.
with satisfaction = satisfiedly
Westhaven.
with ease = easily
with delight = delightedly
with a smile = smilingly
'But it isn't perfume,' I said. 'It's hair gel.' Then I added with a smile, 'It's a strange mixture I mak
e myself.'
with pride = proudly
with attention = attentively
with confidence = confidently
with reluctance = reluctantly
448
swarm v. When insects swarm, they come together in a large group 昆虫聚集
do something about …
to do something in order to deal with a problem or difficult situation 解决，处理（问题或困难）
there is nothing … can do about …
对某问题某人无能为力
'That's the trouble, vicar,' answered Bill. 'It's working all right, but I'm afraid that at one o'clock it
will strike thirteen times and there's nothing I can do about it.'
Instead of …, however, …
本该……，结果却……
instead(,) … 结果却……
I gave him fifty pence yesterday and advised him to save it. Instead he bought himself fifty pence
worth of trouble.
on to … = onto … 到……上面去
be quick to do: to react quickly to what someone says or does 很快就……
He was quick to notice the mistake.
He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
an answer to sth: a solution to sth.
There is no easy answer to the problem.
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Lesson 55 From the earth: Greetings
astronomy [ə'strɒnəmi]
n. 天文学
“astr” / “aster” = star
astronomy astronomical
astrology astronautics
astronaut disaster
asterisk asteroid
“stell” = star
stellar stellar light stellar system
interstellar interstellar travel
constellation a constellation of famous scientists and artists
solar ['səʊlə(r)]
adj. 太阳的
solar energy solar system
solar radiation solar calendar
a partial / total solar eclipse
lunar
lunar calendar
a partial / total lunar eclipse
Venus ['vi:nəs]
n. 金星
Mercury（水星，商贸之神墨丘利）
Venus（金星，美神维纳斯）
Mars（火星，战神马尔斯）
Jupiter（木星，众神之王朱庇特）
Saturn（土星，农神萨图恩）
Uranus（天王星，天空之神乌拉诺斯）
Neptune（海王星，海神尼普顿）
Pluto（冥王星，冥王普路托）
bacteria [bæ k'tɪəriə]
n. 细菌
bacterium  bacteria
450
datum  data
medium  media
stratum  strata
curriculum  curricula
realm [relm]
n. 王国；范围，领域
the realm of literature / science
the political / military realm
the realm of necessity
the realm of freedom
The history of mankind is one of continuous development from the realm of necessity to the
realm of freedom.
domain
the political domain
the domain of natural science
field / area / world / sphere
the field of politics
the world of art
the area of education
the diplomatic sphere
the ideological sphere
Recent developments in astronomy have made it possible to detect planets in our own Milky Way
and in other galaxies.
detect v. to discover or notice sth, especially sth that is not easy to see, hear, etc. 发现，觉察
The tests are designed to detect the disease early.
an instrument that can detect small amounts of radiation
the Milky Way = the Galaxy 银河
in relative terms: compared with other, similar things 相对来说
Students have less money in relative terms, but spend more on books.
prove (to be) + adj. / n. 被证明是……
The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at
another place 20 miles away in the evening.
infinitely adv. very much ― used esp. when comparing things （尤其与比较级连用）……得多
Your English is infinitely better than my German.
Travel is infinitely more comfortable now than it used to be.
far / much / even / still / yet + 比较级
support v. to provide the right conditions, such as enough food and water, for life （提供合适的
条件以）维持生命，使活下去
The land is so poor here that it cannot support any crops.
Because of pollution, this lake is now too acid to support fish.
Only the Earth provides ideal conditions, and even here it has taken more than 4 billion years for
plant and animal life to evolve.
it takes … (for …) to do sth.
It took a few minutes for his eyes to adjust to the dark.
451
Whether a planet can support life depends on the size and brightness of its star, that is its 'sun'.
that is (to say): or more exactly 也就是说，确切地说
The fare is reduced for children, that is anyone under 15 years old.
One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is, to make it wider.
Languages are taught by the direct method, that is to say, without using the student's own
language.
I loved him ― that is, I thought I did.
I'll meet you in the city, that is, I will if the trains are running.
One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England,
and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre, that is something like
6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.
The film is only open to adults, i.e. people over 18.
The hotel is closed during low season, i.e. from October to March.
The price must be more realistic, i.e. lower.
She has worked at the bank for many years, nine to be exact.
He was economical with the truth ― in other words, he was lying.
It's fairly risky. Or to put it another way, don't try this at home.
Imagine a star up to 20 times larger, brighter and hotter than our own sun.
Imagine life without hot water.
Imagine that you have just won a million pounds.
up to sth.: 1. as much or as many as a certain amount or number but not more 多达……
The Olympic Stadium will hold up to 80,000 spectators.
The temperature went up to 35℃.
up to sth.: 2. = up till
for the whole of a period until a certain time or date 直到……
Up to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the most notable figures in our town.
Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit
round it and also provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
alternatively adv. used to introduce a suggestion or to mention sth. different to what has just
been stated 或者
The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own
transport.
We could go to the Indian restaurant, or alternatively, we could try that new Italian place.
the planet which supports life
 the life-supporting planet
animals which eat insects
 insect-eating animals
silverware which is made by hands
 hand-made silverware
452
diseases which are related to stress
 stress-related diseases
state-owned enterprises
flower-selling girls
epoch-making masterpieces
cancer-causing substances
Alternatively, if the star were small, the life-supporting planet would have to have a close orbit
round it and (would) also (have to) provide the perfect conditions for life forms to develop.
He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.
Her circumstances had never been good enough for her hopes to be realized.
But how would we find such a planet if there were such a planet?
At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
in existence 存在
The organization has been in existence for 25 years.
come into existence 开始存在
Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came into existence.
presence n. the existence of sb. or sth. in a particular place 存在
one’s presence
Her presence during the crisis had a calming effect.
We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our
presence.
the presence of …
Tests revealed the presence of poison in the blood.
The presence of pollen in the atmosphere causes hay fever in some people.
detect the presence of … 寻找……
a device for detecting the presence of submarines
The dogs were trained to detect the presence of explosives.
develop v. to design or make a new idea, product, system etc. over a period of time 开发，研制
Scientists are developing new drugs to treat arthritis.
development n. the process of creating a new product or method 开发，研制
His work is mainly in software development.
The funds will be used for product development.
The resolution of some problems of today is urgent and critical for the survival of a society.
Overemphasis upon some existing problems could cause harmful effects.
The efforts to solve problems of the future is sometimes of paramount importance for the
avoidance of potential threats or even catastrophes we can anticipate.
His acceptance of bribes led to his arrest.
It is impossible to look for life on another planet using earth-based telescopes.
-based: 1. combines with nouns referring to places to mean sth. positioned or existing mainly in
the place mentioned, or operating or organized from that place 位于……
a Washington-based organization
land-based missiles
-based: 2. used with some names to make adjectives describing the main substance in a product
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主要成分为……
lead-based paints
carbon-based fuels
nitrogen-based fertilizer
pasta and other wheat-based products
Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to
detect objects as small as planets.
Our own warm atmosphere and the heat generated by the telescope would make it impossible to
detect objects as small as planets if we looked for life on another planet using earth-based
telescopes.
Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be
suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system.
Even a telescope in orbit round the earth, like the very successful Hubble telescope, would not be
suitable because of the dust particles in our solar system if we looked for life using a telescope in
orbit round the earth.
Hubble Edwin Powell 1889-1953. American astronomer who discovered (1929) that the
velocities of nebulae increase with distance
Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
The Hubble Space Telescope is a telescope in orbit around the Earth.

Its position outside the Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely sharp images, and since its
launch in 1990, it has become one of the most important telescopes in the history of astronomy.
It has been responsible for many ground-breaking observations and has helped astronomers
achieve a better understanding of many fundamental problems in astrophysics.
particle n. a very small piece of sth. 微粒
dust particles
tiny particles of soil
elementary particle n. one of the types of pieces of matter including electrons, protons, and
neutrons that make up atoms 基本粒子
A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space,
because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards the outer edges of our own solar
system.
A telescope would have to be as far away as the planet Jupiter to look for life in outer space if we
looked for life in outer space, because the dust becomes thinner the further we travel towards
454
the outer edges of our own solar system.
The harder they worked the hungrier they became.
They became (the) hungrier the harder they worked.
We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the
process of losing vigour with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get, was
something self-evident, like the cooling of a hot kettle or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes.
Once we detected a planet, we would have to find a way of blotting out the light from its star, so
that we would be able to 'see' the planet properly and analyze its atmosphere.
way of doing sth.
a new way of storing information
way to do sth.
What is the best way to clean this?
blot n. a mark or dirty spot on sth., esp. made by ink 污点，墨迹
ink blots
This is a serious blot on your career.
blot out: to cover sth. so that you can no longer see it 遮住
Dark clouds overhead had blotted out the sun.
so (that) 作连词时一般来说有两种用法：1. 引导结果状语从句，译为“所以”，从句谓语动
词中一般没有情态动词。
We paid him immediately, so (that) he left contented.
We paid him immediately, so (that) he would leave contented.
properly adv. (BrE) completely, fully, thoroughly 完全地，彻底地
Is the chicken properly defrosted?
He got properly beaten by the world champion.
If we looked for life on a planet, in the first instance, we would be looking for plant life, rather
than 'little green men'.
in the first instance (fml.) as the first part of a series of actions 首先，第一
In the first instance, notify the police and then contact your insurance company.
Anyone wishing to join the society should apply in the first instance to the secretary.
Little green men is a popular expression used to describe extraterrestrial life.
The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria.
455
The life forms most likely to develop on a planet would be bacteria if the planet could support
life.
It is bacteria that have generated the oxygen we breathe on earth.
As Earth-dwellers, we always cherish the hope that we will be visited by little green men and that
we will be able to communicate with them.
The city dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort.
cherish v. to keep hopes, memories or ideas in your mind because they are important to you and
bring you pleasure 长期怀有某种感情
Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be
amply rewarded.
He cherished the hope of winning an Olympic medal.
He cherished the memory of his late wife.
He cherished the illusion that the girl was in love with him.
an idea that belongs in the realm(s) of science fiction
I suppose it's not beyond the realm(s) of possibility.
This is not really within the realm(s) of my experience.
science fiction (also informal sci-fi) n. [U] a type of book, film/movie, etc. that is based on
imagined scientific discoveries of the future, and often deals with space travel and life on other
planets 科学幻想（科幻）
If we were able to discover lowly forms of life like bacteria on another planet, it would completely
change our view of ourselves.
lowly adj. low in rank, importance, or social class 卑微的，低等的
He was a lowly assistant gardener.
low adj. & adv. 低的（地）
bow low to the Queen
That plane's flying too low!
We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who
were newcomers to the district.
As Daniel Goldin of NASA observed, 'Finding life elsewhere would change everything. No human
endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.'
Daniel Goldin
Daniel Saul Goldin (born July 23, 1940) served as the 9th and longest-tenured Administrator of
NASA from April 1, 1992, to November 17, 2001. He was appointed by President George H. W.
Bush and served under three presidential administrations.
NASA n.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration a US government organization that controls space
travel and the scientific study of space （美国）国家航空航天局
observe v. (fml.) to make a written or spoken comment about someone or something （评论）说
"I've always found German cars very reliable," he observed.
She observed that it would soon be time to stop for lunch.
observation n. a spoken or written remark about something you have noticed 言论，评论
A young English writer made the pertinent observation a year or two back that the talent goes
into the first draft, and the art into the drafts that follow.
elsewhere adv. in, at, or to another place 在别处，到别处
456
The answer to the problem must be sought elsewhere.
Our favourite restaurant was full, so we had to go elsewhere.
Finding life elsewhere would change everything if life were found elsewhere.
If life were found elsewhere, no human endeavour or thought would be unchanged by it.
457
Lesson 56 Our neighbor, the river
boundary ['baʊndri]
n. 分界线，边界
boundary n. dividing line 分界线，边界
The river forms a natural boundary of our farm.
The fence marks the boundary between my property and hers.
National boundaries are becoming increasingly meaningless in the global economy.
Electronic publishing is blurring the boundaries between dictionaries and encyclopedias.
border / frontier
the Italian border / frontier
the border / frontier between China and Russia
overtake [əʊvə'teɪk]
v. （坏事）突然降临
overtake overtook overtaken
A sudden illness overtook him.
visit / befall (befell befallen)
A sudden illness visited / befell him.
happen to
A sudden illness happened to him.
predecessor ['pri:disesə]
n. 前辈，前任
predecessor successor
ancestor forefather forebear
descendant
He is a direct descendant of Confucius.
offspring
the conflict between parents and their offspring
posterity
These works of art are preserved for posterity.
meadow ['medəʊ]
n. 草地；牧场
meadow awn
458
pasture prairie
savanna(h) grassland
the Inner Mongolian Grassland
occurrence [ə'kʌrəns]
n. 事情，事件
occurrence occur
happening happen
trifle incident
a border incident
a shooting incident
affair
current affairs
China’s internal affairs
love affairs
event
accident / contingency
coincidence
proportion [prə'pɔ:ʃn]
n. 比例
the proportion of sth. to sth.
What's the proportion of boys to girls in your class?
in proportion to sth.
Payment will be in proportion to the work done, not to the time spent doing it.
out of (all) proportion to sth.
They earn salaries out of all proportion to their ability.
a high / large proportion of …
a small / tiny proportion of …
a high / large percentage of ...
a small / tiny percentage of ...
a / the majority of ...
a / the minority of ...
site [saɪt]
v. 使位于
site locate situate
The house is sited / located / situated on the hill.
site location situation
juncture ['dʒʌŋktʃə(r)]
n. 时刻，关头
At this juncture it’s too late to say anything.
The battle had reached a critical / crucial juncture.
time moment
point instant
unduly [ʌn'dju:li]
adv. 过分地，过度地
459
unduly = excessively adv. 过分地，过度地
The levels of pollution in this area are unduly high.
He did not sound unduly worried at the prospect.
undue = excessive adj. 过分的，过度的
The work should be carried out without undue delay.
We did not want to put any undue pressure on them.
due adj. proper, suitable 适当的
After due consideration, we have decided to appoint Mr. Davis to the job.
submerge [səb'mɜ:dʒ]
v. 淹没，潜入水中
submerge submarine
dive diver / frogman
plunge into ...
go down / go under / go to the bottom
man’s best friend, the dog
God Almighty, Jesus Christ
The river which forms the eastern boundary of our farm has always played an important part in
our lives.
play a … role / part in … 发挥某种作用
造句：西安市在中国历史上有至关重要的作用。
The city of Xi’an played a crucial role in the history of China.
造句：政府在促进人权方面应该发挥更显著的作用。
The government should play a more prominent part in promoting human rights.
Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary
discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.
The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in
belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.
John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of
the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion
of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are
taken up into the vernacular of his family.
If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
If + S. + did / were …, S. + would / should / could / might + do …
There would be no living things without air.
There would be no living things if there were no air.
In his position, I would commit suicide.
If I were in his position, I would commit suicide.
make / earn a living
Be quiet or you’ll wake the house.
the village the town the city
the country the world
entertain the world
460
The whole country was / were shocked at the news.
... we have to pump from the river for irrigation.
... we have to pump from the river to irrigate the fields.
We know instinctively, just as beekeepers with their bees, that misfortune might overtake us if the
important events of our lives were not related to it.
instinctively = by instinct
particularly = in particular
accidentally = by accident
carefully = with care
delightedly = with delight
angrily = with anger
... misfortune might visit / befall us ...
... misfortune might happen to us ...
relate sth. to sb.
She related the events of the previous week to the police.
relate A to / with B
report / recount / relate sth. to sb.
tell sb. (about) sth.
Sometimes we go upstream to a favourite backwater, sometimes we have our party at the
boathouse, which a predecessor of ours at the farm built in the meadow hard by the deepest pool
for swimming and diving.
go / row / sail upstream
Learning is like rowing upstream: not to advance is to drop back.
go / row / sail downstream
a predecessor of ours
one of our predecessors
hard by … (fml.) very near to …
The cafeteria stands hard by our dormitory.
heat wave 酷暑时期
cold spell 严寒时期
It’s a boiling / scorching / sizzling hot day.
It’s a bitterly / biting / freezing cold day.
We welcome the seasons by the riverside, crowning the youngest girl with flowers in the spring,
holding a summer festival on Midsummer Eve, giving thanks for the harvest in the autumn, and
throwing a holly wreath into the current in the winter.
We celebrate the arrival of the seasons.
Mid-Autumn Festival
Dragon Boat Festival
Thanksgiving Day: the fourth Thursday in November
the Puritans the Mayflower
Columbus
American Indians / Native Americans
the Pilgrims
the Pilgrim Fathers
461
roast turkey apple pie
I give thanks to my mother for supporting me all the time.
I give thanks to my math teacher for not flunking me.
This rarely / seldom occurs.
a rare / common / regular / everyday occurrence
Laughter was a rare occurrence in his classroom.
Unfortunately, computer errors are a common occurrence.
Street-fights are an everyday occurrence in this area of the city.
go to extremes
Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with
unimportant facts and statistics.
Our climate is usually moderate.
We are lucky in that only the lower fields, which make up a very small proportion of our farm, are
affected by flooding, but other farms are less favourably sited, and flooding can sometimes spell
disaster for their owners.
a high / large proportion / percentage of …
a small / tiny proportion / percentage of …
a majority of …
a vast / great / overwhelming majority of …
a minority of …
a small / tiny minority of …
spell v. to cause sth. bad to happen in the future 招致，导致
spell disaster / trouble / danger for …
The lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers.
This cold weather could spell trouble for gardeners.
creep v. 蹑手蹑脚地走
Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living-room for two days before anyone found
me out.
Curiosity swallowed him.
A gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my heart.
stall n. an enclosed area in a building for an animal such as a horse or cow 牲口棚，马厩，牛棚
stand to do sth: to be likely to do or have something 可能……
stand to gain / lose / win …
Many small companies stand to lose financially if the new law is introduced.
We were, however, worried about our nearest neighbours, whose farm was low lying and who
were newcomers to the district.
The plane flew low.
lowly adj. humble
a lowly servant
put … out of order
put … in order put … right
be out of order
462
The bell had been out of order for many years.
put … out of business
put … out of work
I am out of patience.
I am out of anger.
The TV is out of repair.
out of sympathy / pity
out of interest
out of respect
out of conscience
out of necessity
out of desperation
negotiate.
— John F. Kennedy
… find out how they were managing to deal with it.
From an attic window we could get a sweeping view of the river where their land joined ours, and
at the most critical juncture we took turns in watching that point.
… get a sweeping view
… get a bird's eye view
…, when the flood was at its height …
…, at the height of the flood …
the height of ...
August is the height of summer.
The storm is at its height.
take turns (in) doing sth.
take turns to do sth.
There is only one computer, so we have to take turns
(in) using it.
to use it.
sign indication omen
a good omen
a bad omen
Next came a horse, swimming bravely, but we were afraid that the strength of the current would
prevent its landing anywhere before it became exhausted.
全部倒装
②谓语动词不是及物动词。
2、表语置于句首。
Now comes your turn.
On the hill stands a temple.
463
Happy is he who has a sound mind in a sound body.
Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.
… prevent it from landing anywhere …
He always insisted on its being written out in full.
Suddenly a raft appeared, looking rather like Noah's ark, carrying the whole family, a few hens,
the dogs, a cat, and a bird in a cage.
Noah’s ark
the Genesis
the New Testament (Christians)
the Old Testament (Jews)
deluge
We realized that they must have become unduly frightened by the rising flood, for their house,
which had sound foundations, would have stood stoutly even if it had been almost submerged.
sound adj. in good condition and not damaged in any way 完好的
The floor was completely sound.
Is the building structurally sound?
stout = sturdy adj. strong and thick 粗壮的，结实的
stout boots for climbing
a stout walking-stick
of being able to grapple a corner of the raft and pull it out of the current towards our bank.
wade
trek
in the hope of / that …
… in the hope that they would be able to …
Police are carrying out a house-to-house search in the hope of finding the missing girl.
health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief (=because
they believe) that they are serving the public.
both were forgotten in her sudden discovery (=because she suddenly discovered) that her front
door was open.
They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that
(=because they believe that) they may one day need just those very things.
the thought (=because they think) that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer.
grapple v. to take a firm hold of sb./sth. and struggle with them 紧紧抓住，扭住，扭打
They managed to grapple him to the ground.
We still think it a miracle that they were able to do so.
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Lesson 57 Back in the old country
alien ['eiljən]
adj. 外国的；外星的
alien cultures
alien beings
be alien to …
The idea is alien to our religion.
Luxury is alien to her nature.
be foreign to …
Jealousy is foreign to his nature.
exotic adj. 外国的，新奇漂亮的
exotic tropical plants
I am charmed with her exotic beauty.
emigrate ['emɪgreɪt]
v. 移居国外
migrate emigrate immigrate
People migrate to cities in search of work.
Swallows migrate south in winter.
emigrate from immigrate to
Europeans emigrating from their homelands after World War Ⅱ were encouraged to immigrate
to Australia.
absorb [əb'sɔ:b]
v. 使全神贯注
465
be absorbed in …
be engrossed in …
be wrapped up in …
be immersed in …
He is totally immersed in the novel.
be busy (in) doing
be up to one’s neck / ears in …
embedded [ɪm'bedɪd]
adj. 嵌入的
be (firmly) embedded in …
be (firmly) rooted in …
be (firmly) entrenched in …
be (firmly) ingrained in …
His roots and mine had become too firmly embedded in the new land.
He had lived in it as a child when it was already disappearing, and his hero was firmly rooted in
his memories and experiences, and in both the history and the mythology of the vanished
frontier.
deep-rooted / deep-seated
a deep-seated faith in god
a deep-rooted bad habit
inveterate hatred / prejudice / distrust
an inveterate smoker / drinker / gambler / liar
milestone ['maɪlstəʊn]
n. 里程碑；划时代事件
milestone in …
October 1st, 1949 was a milestone in the history of China.
mark a milestone in …
This voyage marked an important milestone in the history of exploration.
a milestone on / along the road to …
We believe that what we have agreed today will be a milestone on the road to true peace and
prosperity in our country.
crossroads n. 十字路口；抉择关头
at a crossroads
He was at a crossroads in his career.
territory ['terətri]
n. 领土，地盘；领域
466
territory n. 1. [U] & [C] 领土，地盘
enemy / disputed / foreign territory
occupied territories
They refused to allow UN troops to be stationed in their territory.
A tiger has a large territory to defend.
A dog uses urine to mark its territory.
territory n. 2. [U]（知识或经验的）领域
familiar / unfamiliar territory
The company is moving into unfamiliar territory with this new software.
Social work is familiar territory to her.
stumble ['stʌmbl]
v. 绊脚
stumble v. strike one’s foot against sth. and almost fall 绊脚 = trip
In her hurry she stumbled and spilled the milk all over the floor.
stumble over / on … = trip over / on … 在……上绊了一下
Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.
Running along the beach, she stumbled on a log and fell on the sand.
stumble across / on / upon … to find sth. or meet sb. by accident 偶然发现或遇到…… = come
across …
We stumbled across him at the mall.
Police investigating tax fraud stumbled across a drugs ring.
History relates that they stumbled on a magnificent waterfall.
stumble into … to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入……
I stumbled into acting when I left college.
I stopped to let the car cool off and to study the map.
cool off v. to return to a normal temperature after being hot 冷却下来，凉爽下来
Cool off with an iced drink.
By late autumn Mediterranean islands have cooled off, and can have rainy days.
study v. examine (sth) very carefully 仔细察看（某事物）
study the map / menu …
Scientists are studying the photographs of Mars for signs of life.
expect (sb.) to do: 以为；料想
He didn't expect to see me.
We expected him to arrive yesterday.
objective n. 目标，目的 = goal
Everest is the climber's next objective.
Let justice be our objective.
by now
After crossing the equator , the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now
the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.
be alien to …
a way of life that is totally alien to us
The idea is alien to our religion.
Luxury is alien to her nature.
467
recover from … 从……恢复
You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey.
recover sth. 1. 恢复……
= restore sth. / regain sth.
recover sth. 2. 重新获得，找回，赚回，补偿

Four paintings stolen from the gallery have been recovered.
We recovered lost time by setting out early.
surely be unique.
presence n. 1. 出席，在场，存在
We enjoy staring at them entranced as they go about their business, unaware (we hope) of our
presence.
At present, there is no telescope in existence that is capable of detecting the presence of life.
in sb.’s presence
Harry is very thrifty, but in the presence of his friends he never shows this side of his life.
I asked you not to smoke in my presence.
presence n. a person or spirit that you cannot see but that you feel is with you in a place 似乎在
场
His daughter's presence seemed to fill her empty bedroom.
continually
continously
Everything around me is full of his / her presence, continually reopening the wound.
make a new life for sb. 为……开创新生活
I was determined to make a new life for myself in Australia.
After the divorce she moved to Buckingham to make a new life for herself.
turn over a new leaf 弃恶从善，洗心革面重做人
The thief was determined to turn over a new leaf once he was released from prison.
cease to do 不再……
grieve v. to feel extremely sad, especially because someone you love has died 悲伤
grieve over / for …
They are still grieving over / for their dead child.
She grieved the death of her husband.
grievance n. 委屈，不平，不满，牢骚
468
He did not marry again and I was brought up without a woman's care; but I lacked for nothing,
for he was both father and mother to me.
bring up sb. 把……抚养成人
lack sth. 缺乏……
lack for sth. (fml.) = need sth. 需要……
lack for nothing 应有尽有
语义相对的名词并列，常省略冠词
Father and son went to New York by a morning train.
We are brother and sister.
Husband and wife are talking about the boy’s future.
Please pass me pencil and paper.
He always meant to go back one day, but not to stay.
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
Whoops! I didn't mean to step on your toe.
I mean to leave that meeting with a new contract.
be (firmly) embedded in …
be (firmly) rooted in …
be (firmly) entrenched in …
be (firmly) ingrained in …
folk (BrE) / folks (AmE) n. people 人们
ordinary working-class folk
I'd like a job working with old folk or kids.
Young folk these days don't know the meaning of work.
He became mortally ill a few months before we had planned to go and, when he knew that he
was dying, he made me promise to go on my own.
mortally = fatally adv. 致命地
mortally / fatally ill / injured / wounded
a mortal / fatal illness / injury / wound
remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the world was named after
him.
alone / on one’s own / by oneself
She was sitting alone on a park bench.
I don’t like walking home on my own at night.
Do you share the apartment or do you live by yourself?
Wendy was frightened, all alone in that big old house.
I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most
helpful on the cross-country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
同一层次上的双重定语从句
两个定语从句修饰同一个名词或短语，中间用并列连词 (and, or 或 but) 连接，此时关系词
往往不可省去。
This book is intended for foreign students who have already mastered the elements of English,
469
and who now want to use their knowledge of language to read books on their own subjects.
The past progressive is chiefly used for past actions which continued for some time but whose
exact limits are not known.
不在同一层次上的双重定语从句
第一个定语从句修饰前面的名词或短语，第二个定语从句修饰“名词或短语+第一个定语从句”
两个定语从句之间没有并列连词连接。第一个定语从句的关系词（一般是关系代词作宾语）
可省略。
The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very
pound of the fact.
…, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)：既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结
构的宾语。
It is/was not that …, but (that) …
不是因为……, 而是因为……
It was not that I actually remembered anything at all, but (that) my father had described over and
over again what we should see at every milestone, after leaving the nearest town, so that I was
positive I should recognize it as familiar territory.
It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. He simply had no sense of danger at all.
 It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties, but (that) he simply had no sense of
danger at all.
not that …, but that … 不是因为……, 而是因为……
over and over (again) 一再地，屡次地，三番五次地
I’ve told you over and over (again) not to do that.
again and again time after time
time and (time) again
many times repeatedly
be positive (that) … 对……确定
Are you absolutely positive you locked the door?
I was sure / certain / confident / convinced (that) …
I had no doubt (that) …
I bet (that) …
familiar / unfamiliar territory 熟悉/不熟悉（的领域）
Social work is familiar territory to her.
All this is familiar territory to readers of her recent novels.
well interj. used for expressing a feeling such as doubt, surprise, or anger 哎呦（表达怀疑、惊讶
或愤怒等感情）
Well, they have a lot of nerve!
Well, she could at least have phoned to say she wasn't coming!
470
I looked at the map and then at the milometer.
thermometer 温度表
barometer 气压计
odometer / milometer 里程表
speedometer 速度计
I had come ten miles since leaving the town, and at this point, according to my father, I should be
looking at farms and cottages in a valley, with the spire of the church of our village showing in the
far distance.
come = travel
Some of the birds have come thousands of miles to winter here.
(with +) n. + 非谓语
The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights (being) on and its horn
blaring, roared down the arcade.
It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued, with the sharks being driven away or
killed.
turning (BrE) / turn (AmE) n. 道路转弯处
He must have taken a wrong turning in the dark.
Take the first turning on the left.
So I drove back to the town and began to retrace the route, taking frequent glances at the map.
retrace v. to go back exactly the way you have come 折返
After a few minutes, he turned around and began to retrace his steps.
retrace v. repeat (a journey, route, etc.) exactly 重走
We shall be retracing the route taken by Marco Polo.
They are hoping to retrace the epic voyage of Christopher Columbus.
take / shoot / throw / cast a glance at … 扫视……
The couple at the next table cast quick glances at us.
The other people shot sidelong glances at me.
land up = end up = finish up: to finally be in a particular place or situation 最终；最后……
He'll land / end / finish up in hospital if he carries on drinking like that.
land up / end up / finish up doing
Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he landed up / ended up / finished up becoming a
successful writer of detective stories.
I felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.
as if / as though 从句中表达与事实相反或可能性很小时，可以用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反
用一般过去时（be 动词一般用 were），与过去事实相反用过去完成时，与未来趋势相反用
would / should / could / might + 动词原形
It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions.
As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing
three guests to dinner.
471
I felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes do in dreams.
It looks as if it might rain.
注意，as if / as though 从句中虚拟语气为进行时的时候，一般都用 were doing 的形式。
Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a
metal rod. (The Da Vinci Code)
It looks as if he were talking to someone invisible.
stumble into … to become involved in sth. by chance 偶然卷入、参与或陷入……
I stumbled into acting when I left college.
I felt as if I had stumbled into a nightmare country, as you sometimes stumble into a nightmare
country in dreams.
And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.
连词 as 引导的方式状语从句中常省略主句中出现过的成分而只残存“as+状语”结构。
And, as in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help me.
 And, as there is nobody in sight to help me in a nightmare, there was nobody in sight to help
me.
In New York, as in some other cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more
serious.
 In New York, as environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious in some other
cities, environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
Fortunately for me, as I was wondering what to do next, there appeared on the horizon a man on
horseback, riding in my direction.
全部倒装
②谓语动词不是及物动词。
2、表语置于句首。
…, there appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, …
…, a man on horseback appeared there on the horizon, …
on horseback
a soldier on horseback
They travelled over the mountains on horseback.
in sb.'s direction
Tony glanced in her direction and their eyes met.
ask / tell / show sb. the way to …
He asked me the way to London.
Could you tell me the way to the station?
Could you please show me the way to the temple?
The village no longer existed because it had been submerged, and all the valley had been
submerged too.
472
Lesson 58 A spot of bother
composure
[kəm'pəʊʒə(r)]
n. 镇静，沉着
keep / maintain one’s composure
lose one’s composure
recover / regain one’s composure
compose / collect oneself
He took a deep breath to compose / collect himself.
composed / collected
He appeared composed / collected despite the stress.
hinder ['hɪndə(r)]
v. 妨碍，阻碍
hinder v. to make it difficult for sth. to develop or succeed 妨碍，阻碍
a political situation that hinders economic growth
They went through the rooms, being careful to touch nothing, as they did not want to hinder the
police in their search for fingerprints.
hinder hamper impede
Higher interest rates could hinder / hamper / impede economic growth.
Social unrest will hinder / hamper / impede economic development.
put sand in the wheels of …
put obstacles in the way of …
stand in the way of …
These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the
wheels of trade between rich countries.
The tax puts obstacles in the way of companies trying to develop trade overseas.
The British government would not stand in the way of such a proposal.
inconceivable
[ɪnkən'si:vəbl]
adj. 难以置信的，无法想象的
inconceivable adj. too strange or unusual to be thought real or possible 难以置信的，无法想象
的
473
The chaos was inconceivable.
It is inconceivable that a man in such a powerful position could act so unwisely.
conceive v. (fml.) to imagine a particular situation or to think about sth. in a particular way 设想，
想象
conceive of sth.
Many people can't conceive of a dinner without meat or fish.
conceive of … as …
The ancients conceived of the world as (being) flat.
conceive + 宾语从句
I cannot conceive that he would wish to harm us.
I cannot conceive why you allowed the child to go alone.
incredible unbelievable
unimaginable unthinkable
beyond belief
veritable ['verɪtəbl]
adj. 真正的，货真价实的
veritable adj. a word used to emphasize a description of sb. or sth. 真正的，货真价实的 = real
The area is a veritable paradise for those who love walking and swimming.
My garden had become a veritable jungle by the time I came back from holiday.
“ver” = true
very adj. 正是的
He died in this very room.
At that very moment the phone rang.
verify v. 证实，核实
His story has been verified by other witnesses.
Please verify that there is sufficient memory available before loading the program.
verdict n. （陪审团的）裁决
After a week the jury had still not reached a verdict.
veracity n. = truth 真实，真实性
Some people questioned the veracity of her story.
magpie ['mæ gpaɪ]
n. 喜鹊；饶舌者；喜欢收藏物品的人
magpie n. 1. 喜鹊
magpie n. 2. person who chatters a lot 爱饶舌的人
magpie n. 3. person who collects or hoards things 爱收集或贮藏东西的人
She had lived in the flat for 30 years and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; …
He is a bear.
He is a beast.
He is a fox.
He is a snake.
He is a stupid ass.
He is a dark horse.
He is a lucky dog.
He is a big fish.
474
He is a lame duck.
He is an old goat.
He is an eager beaver.
toss [tɒs]
v. 抛掷，扔
toss v. to throw sth., esp. sth. light, with a quick gentle movement of your hand 抛掷，扔
She crumpled the letter and tossed it into the fire.
… it seemed as though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over.
Toss the carrots in some butter before serving.
tossed green salad
toss and turn 辗转反侧
I was tossing and turning all night.
fussy ['fʌsi]
adj. 神经过敏的，小题大做的；挑剔的
fussy adj. 1. nervously active or excited about small things （对小事）神经过敏的, 小题大做的
fussy parents
The old lady thought he was a fussy creature, …
fussy adj. 2. giving too much close attention to detail, etc. and therefore difficult to please 挑剔
的
A lot of small children are fussy eaters.
be fussy / picky / choosy / particular about …
He is very fussy / picky / choosy / particular about the clothes he buys.
a spot of ...= a small amount of …
Shall we stop for a spot of lunch?
a spot of bother = some trouble
I’m having a spot of bother with my car / one of my teeth.
The old lady was glad to be back at the block of flats where she lived.
block n. a large building divided into separate parts 大楼
a block of flats
an office block
an apartment block
Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted
car park.
tire vt. 使疲劳
grow linking-v. become different quite slowly 慢慢变得……
造句：我对英语的兴趣随着每一堂课慢慢增长。
My interest in English grew stronger with every class of the course.
造句：他的自信心随着每一次取得的成功渐渐增长。
His self-confidence grew greater with every success he achieved.
both were forgotten in her sudden discovery that her front door was open.
lift (Br.E.) = elevator (Am.E.) n. 电梯
In the lift she was thinking about lunch and a good rest.
one’s thoughts are / were on …
475
On my way to the school, my thoughts were on the final examinations.
in the + noun. 句中多作原因状语
…, both were forgotten because she suddenly discovered that …
They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief (=because
they believe) that they may one day need just those very things.
She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous
piece of negligence, when she remembered that she had gone shopping after the home help had
left and she knew that she had turned both keys in their locks.
reprimand … (for …)
assistant severely.
He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be altered.
She was thinking that she must reprimand her home help the next morning for such a monstrous
piece of negligence, …
home help n. (Br.E.) someone who helps ill or old people in their homes with cleaning, cooking
etc. 家务助手
negligence n. [U] 疏忽，粗心大意
The accident was due to her negligence.
turn the key in the lock
insert the key in the lock
remove / take out the key from the lock
She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open, yet
following her regular practice she had shut them before going out.
follow one’s regular practice
Following my regular practice I write once a month to my son in the States.
look into sth.: investigate or examine sth. 调查或仔细查看
I wrote a letter of complaint and the airline has promised to look into the matter.
The police are looking into the records of all those involved in the crime.
drawing room n. (formal or old-fashioned) a room in a large house in which people relax and
guests are entertained 客厅，起居室
hall
living room / sitting room / drawing room
dining room kitchen bathroom
guestroom study bedroom
master bedroom storeroom
attic / loft basement / cellar balcony
476
confusion n. mess; disorder; chaos 混乱
the cake.
over adv. across a distance in a particular direction or at a location 在那边
He lives over in England.
as clear as day / daylight / crystal
It was very clear then that …
It was as clear as daylight then that …
as clear as mud
as dark as pitch
as easy as ABC
as swift as lightning
as cold as ice
as straight as an arrow
as strong as a horse
as brave as a lion
as cunning as a fox
as greedy as a wolf
as stubborn as a mule
as poor as a church mouse
force an entry = break in 强行闯入
The police forced an entry into the building.
There is no signs of forced entry.
while she was away
in / during one’s absence
in / during the absence of sb.
in one’s presence
from his basement.
one’s aim / purpose is to ...
one’s dream is to ...
one’s plan is to ...
one’s hope / wish is to ...
one’s advice / suggestion is to ...
one’s first impulse / reaction is to …
prudent adj. sensible and careful, esp. by trying to avoid unnecessary risks 审慎的，明智的
prudent house buyers
it is prudent (for sb.) to do sth.
It would be prudent to save some of the money.
It might be prudent to get some expert advice first.
反义: rash adj. 轻率的，鲁莽的，不计后果的
Don’t make rash promises.
477
Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on foot.
have (got) sb. with you: if you have someone with you, they are present with you 某人与自己在
一起
Luckily I had a friend with me who spoke German.
fetch sb. from sth. 从……把某人接来，叫来或找来
Would you mind going to fetch the kids from school?
I have to fetch my mother from the railway station.
porter n. 1. (Br.E.) = doorman (Am.E.) someone whose job is to take care of a building and be
present at its entrance in order to help visitors 门房
porter n. 2. a person whose job is to carry things, especially traveler's bags at railway stations,
airports, etc. 脚夫，搬运工
She gave her luggage to a porter and showed him her ticket.
By this time her legs were beginning to tremble, so she sat down and accepted a cup of very
strong tea, while he telephoned the police.
be beginning to do 渐渐开始
It was beginning to get dark.
By now we were beginning to get tired and the rain was falling heavily.
During the summer, I noticed that the leaves of the tree were beginning to wither.
had happened.
strong adj.（饮料、酒等）浓的，烈性的
strong coffee / tea / beer …
反义：weak
weak coffee / tea / beer …
Then, her composure regained, she was ready to set off with the porter's assistance to search for
any intruders who might still be lurking in her flat.
keep / maintain one’s composure
lose one’s composure
recover / regain one’s composure
Then, her composure was regained, and she was ready to ...
Then, her composure regained, she was ready to ...
set off / out start off / out
intruder n. someone who illegally enters a building or area, usually in order to steal sth. 非法入
侵者（尤指为行窃）
The police think the intruder got in through an unlocked window.
intrude v. to interrupt someone or become involved in their private affairs in an annoying and
unwanted way 打扰，侵扰，干涉（隐私等）
I don't wish to intrude, but could I talk to you for a moment?
intrude into / on / upon …
Employers should not intrude into the private lives of their employees.
Civil Rights campaigners say the new laws will intrude on people's personal freedom.
lurk v. to wait somewhere quietly and secretly, usually because you are going to do sth. wrong 潜
478
伏
She didn't see the figure lurking behind the bushes.
They went through the rooms, being careful to touch nothing, as they did not want to hinder the
police in their search for fingerprints.
go through sth.: to search sth. in order to find sth. in particular 搜寻
The Officer went through the case with great care.
Bad weather is hampering the search for survivors.
in search of … = searching for …
go in search of a cheap hotel
Soon the hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in
search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country.
The chaos was incredible / unbelievable / unimaginable / unthinkable / beyond belief.
She had lived in the flat for thirty years and was a veritable magpie at hoarding; and it seemed as
though everything she possessed had been tossed out and turned over and over.
At least sorting out the things she should have discarded years ago was now being made easier
for her.
sort out: 1. to separate one type of thing from another 从……中挑出来
I've sorted out the papers that can be thrown away.
sort out: 2. to arrange or organize sth. that is mixed up or untidy, so that it is ready to be used
将……分类整理好
We need to sort out our camping gear before we go away.
should have done 应该做的却没有做
You should have declared that. Perfume is not exempt from import duty.
police inspector n. a police officer of middle rank 巡官
constable n. a British police officer of the lowest rank 警察
tell sb. of sth. (fml.) describe an event to sb. 向某人讲述某事
He told us of his extraordinary childhood.
ransack v. to search a place, making it untidy and causing damage, usually because you are
looking for sth. 洗劫
The house had been ransacked by burglars.
The inspector began to look for fingerprints, while the constable checked that the front door
locks had not been forced, thereby proving that the burglars had either used skeleton keys or
entered over the balcony.
One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out
check v. make sure of sth. by examining or investigating it （用检查或调查的方法）印证、确认
某事物
check (that) …
Go and check (that) I've locked the windows.
force / pick / break a lock 撬锁
thereby adv. (fml.) with the result that sth. else happens 因此，由此
thereby doing sth.
He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to vote.
Regular exercise strengthens the heart, thereby reducing the risk of heart attack.
479
thus doing
The universities have expanded, thus allowing many more people the chance of higher
education.
They diluted the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness.
The merchants began to import corn, thus forcing farmers to cut their prices.
skeleton key / passkey 万能钥匙
There was no trace of fingerprints, but the inspector found a dirty red bundle that contained
jewellery which the old lady said was not hers.
trace n. a small sign that shows that sb. or sth. was present or existed 痕迹，踪迹，迹象
there is no trace of …
There was no trace of anyone having entered the room since then.
bundle n. parcel, package 包裹
嵌入式定语从句 (Embedded Attributive Clause)：既是先行词的后置定语，又是另一个分句结
构的宾语。
I hired a car the day after landing and bought a comprehensive book of maps, which I found most
helpful on the cross country journey, but which I did not think I should need on the last stage.
entry (into …) 进入（……）
造句：老师突然进来把孩子们吓了一跳。
The children were surprised by the sudden entry of their teacher.
造句：夜色昏暗，谁也没有注意到他们进入了军营。
It was dark and their entry into the camp had gone unnoticed.
job n. (infml.) a crime, esp. stealing 作案，罪行
an inside job
He got six months for that last job he did.
The inspector then asked the old lady to try to check what was missing by the next day and
advised her not to stay alone in the flat for a few nights.
creature (esp. following an adjective) a person, considered in a particular way（尤其用于形容词
后）有某种特点的人
a fussy / strange / pathetic … creature
ring sb. ⇔ up 给某人打电话
As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the
fire-brigade.
给某人打电话
ring / phone sb. ⇔ up (Br.E.)
= call sb. ⇔ up (Am.E.)
telephone / phone / call sb.
give sb. a call
= give sb. a ring (Br.E.)
480
help in sth.
Local teachers provided invaluable help in developing the material.
describe … as …
481
Lesson 59 Collecting
amass [ə'mæ s]
v. 积累，积聚
How had he amassed his fortune?
For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.
accumulate
accumulate knowledge / possessions
Debts began to accumulate.
However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to
investigate, …
collect / gather
Dust had collected on the window-sill.
I didn't know what to do with it, so it just sat there collecting dust .
The darkness is gathering.
You may as well take these books ― they're just gathering dust on the shelf.
pile up / build up
He piled up huge debts.
Traffic is building up on roads into the city.
The gallery has built up a fine collection of contemporary art.
indiscriminate
[ɪndɪs'krɪmɪnət]
adj. 不加选择的
be indiscriminate in …
He is indiscriminate in his choice of friends.
discriminate
discriminate against …
discriminate against women
discriminate against ethnic minorities
discrimination
racial discrimination
482
sexual discrimination
religious discrimination
requisite ['rekwɪzɪt]
n. 必需品
requisite
necessity
daily necessities
prerequisite
mania ['meɪniə]
n. 狂热，癖好；躁狂症
mania / craze
soccer mania / craze
fitness mania / craze
maniac
a sex maniac
kleptomania
pyromania
megalomania
dipsomania
bibliomania
remote [rɪ'məʊt]
adj. 遥远的；（可能性）微小的
in the remote past / future
remote control
The chances are remote / slight / slim / small.
The chances are high / good.
to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good.
strong-minded
[strɒŋ 'maɪndɪd]
adj. 意志坚强的
strong-minded iron-willed
resolute determined
stubborn obstinate
hesitant
verify ['verɪfaɪ]
v. 证实，核实
verify data / details
testify
testify against sb. / in favor of sb.
justify
The end justifies the means.
contented [kən'tentɪd]
adj. 心满意足的
483
a contented heart
a contented smile
Whenever he returns to this place he is happy and contented.
content
be content with …
be content to do …
He is content with his present job.
He is content to stay in his present job.
collecting
collection
tend to do
have a tendency to do
be inclined to do
be apt to do
intend to do mean to do
be going to do plan to do
have every intention of doing
have no intention of doing
of the diamonds.
amass possessions
accumulate belongings
… without being conscious of doing so.
extraordinary.
… without being conscious of doing so.
… without knowing so.
… without realizing so.
… (being) unaware / unconscious of doing so.
造句：人们变老时往往睡得更少，有时候自己都没有意识到。
People tend to sleep less when they get older, sometimes without being aware of doing so.
Indeed they can have a delightful surprise when they find something useful which they did not
know they owned.
delightful surprise
painful joy
sweet sorrow
hating love
mixed feelings / emotions
move house / home
We’re moving house / home next week.
484
move
We’re moving next week.
move to ...
We’re moving to Shanghai.
move in
They've bought a new house, but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.
move out
Her landlord has given her a week to move out.
up sticks / pull up stakes
This is the fourth time in five years that we've had to up sticks / pull up stakes.
be called …
be regarded as …
be classified as …
be branded as …
They leave unwanted objects in drawers, cupboards and attics for years, in the belief that they
may one day need just those very things.
undesirable / unwelcome
in the belief that …
= because they believe that …
造句：他每天都吃维生素药丸，相信这样对健康有好处。
He takes vitamin pills every day in the belief that they may benefit his health.
造句：他给这个女孩子写了一封又一封信希望能赢得芳心。
He wrote to the girl one letter after another in the hope of winning her heart.
He is just the man wanted by the police.
He is the very man wanted by the police.
He is just the very man wanted by the police.
As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons, lack of physical and
mental energy, both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away, and sentiment.
“名词 + 介词 + 关系代词” 引导非限定性定语从句
He has two sons, one of whom died in the war.
She hurried home to feed her cats, one of which had just had kittens.
sentiment n. [U] (usu. derog. 通常作贬义) tender feelings of pity, nostalgia, etc. which may be
exaggerated or wrongly directed (contrasted esp. with reason)
（对怜悯﹑ 怀旧等的）情感，多愁善感，感情用事（尤与理智相对）
There's no room for sentiment in business.
485
Things owned for a long time are full of associations with the past, perhaps with relatives who are
dead, and so they gradually acquire a value beyond their true worth.
Things kept / possessed for a longtime …
… full of connections with the past , …
relative
a close relative
a distant relative
a direct / straight relative
a blood relative
one’s own flesh and blood
nostalgia
gradually
slowly
little by little / bit by bit
by degrees
beyond their true worth
above / over their true worth
more than their true worth
greater than their true value
in excess of their true value
appreciate depreciate
The value of our house has appreciated by 50%.
The value of our house has depreciated by 50%.
intentionally on purpose
accidentally by accident
by chance unintentionally
fortuitously
in an attempt to … = in order to …
They closed the road in an attempt to reduce traffic in the city.
Among these I would list string and brown paper, kept by thrifty people when a parcel has been
opened, to save buying these two requisites.
The actors are listed in order of appearance.
list one’s faults
list one’s achievements
save = avoid save sth./doing
Setting down clear rules from the start will save arguments later on.
A stitch in time saves nine.
save sb. sth./doing sth.
If you lend me some money, it will save me a trip to the bank.
If you tell her the news, it will save me calling her.
rightly belong.
486
I know someone who always cuts sketches out from newspapers of model clothes that she would
like to buy if she had the money.
know of / about …
hear of / about …
named it Angouleme.
… if she could afford them.
… if she could afford such purchases.
As she is not rich, the chances that she will ever be able to afford such purchases are remote; but
she is never sufficiently strong-minded to be able to stop the practice.
chances that … / of … are remote / slight / slim / small
chances that … / of … are high / good
there is little chance of …
There is little chance of her being able to afford such purchases.
strong-minded enough
It is a harmless habit, but it litters up her desk to such an extent that every time she opens it,
loose bits of paper fall out in every direction.
litter (up) ...
in all directions
In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different.
The refugees have been fed, clothed and housed by welfare organizations around the world.
accommodate
The hotel can accommodate 600 guests.
The Palace Museum houses the biggest collection of antiques in China.
Whatever it consists of, stamps, records, first editions of books, china, glass, antique furniture,
pictures, model cars, stuffed birds, toy animals, there is always something to do in connection
with it, from finding the right place for the latest addition, to verifying facts in reference books.
Whatever it is made up of, …
Whatever it is composed of, …
Whatever it comprises, …
in connection with … 关于……
concerning … regarding …
respecting … relating to …
I am writing to you in connection with your job application.
reference book 参考书
bibliography 参考书目
some bearing on it.
have … bearing on … 与……有关
Exercise has a direct bearing on how healthy you are.
487
What he said had not much bearing on the problem.
His private life has no bearing on his competence as a manager.
… which have some connection with it.
… which have some relationship with it.
meet v. get to know, get acquainted with 结识……
I’d like you to meet one of my best friends, Peter.
You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, meet interesting people and enjoy
good food …
compare notes (with sb)
exchange ideas or opinions 交换意见、交换观点、交流心得
We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards.
Leading scientists got together in Paris to compare notes on current research.
She raised her wrist, showing off a sparkling diamond bracelet.
The restaurant was a real find.
My new secretary was a marvelous find.
in political circles
in legal circles
in literary circles
Soon the hobby leads to travel, perhaps to a meeting in another town, possibly a trip abroad in
search of a rare specimen, for collectors are not confined to any one country.
in search of …: searching for … 寻找
Scientists are in search of a cure for the disease.
Over the years, one may well become an authority on one's hobby and will very probably be
asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if successful, to larger audiences.
may / might / could well: used to say that sth. is likely to happen or is likely to be true 可能
What you say may well be true.
You could try the drugstore, but it might well be closed by now.
Yuan Longping is a leading authority on hybrid rice.
gathering n. a group of people meeting together 人群，聚会
a social / family gathering
a gathering of religious leaders
Over the years, one may well become an authority on one‘s hobby and will very probably be
asked to give informal talks to little gatherings and then, if (he is) successful, to larger audiences.
In this way self-confidence grows, first from mastering a subject, then from being able to talk
about it.
Collecting, by occupying spare time so constructively, makes a person contented, with no time for
boredom.
488
Lesson 60 Too early and too late
punctuality [pʌŋktʃʊ'æ lətɪ]

n. 守时，准时
Punctuality is the soul of business.
Procrastination is the thief of time.
punctual punctually
We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual.
Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o'clock that evening.
“punct” = point
punctual punctually punctuality
puncture acupuncture punctuate
The tyre / tire punctured.
A nail punctured our tyre / tire.
a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire
The children have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.
The transcription of his speech must be punctuated.
rural ['ruərəl]
adj. 农村的
rural adj. connected with or like the countryside 农村的
rural areas / accents
Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
pastoral adj. showing country life or the countryside, especially in a romantic way 田园的
a pastoral scene / poem / painting
urban suburban
metropolitan metropolis
cosmopolitan cosmopolis
intellectual
[ɪntə'lektʃuəl]
n. 知识分子；adj. 智力的
intellectual intellectual development
intelligent intelligent being
489
mental mental work
spiritual spiritual civilization
reproach [ri'prəutʃ]
v. 责备
reproach v. criticize sb. or oneself, esp. for failing to do sth. 责备
The General was reproached by his allies for failing to inform them of his plans.
I have nothing to reproach myself for.
But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.
accuse sb. of sth.
scold sb. for sth.
blame sb. for sth.
blame sth. on sb.
fraction ['fræ kʃn]
n. 分数；一小部分，些微
a fraction of … ……的一小部分
I bought these shoes at a fraction of its original price.
a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch … 不到一秒钟 / 一分钟 / 一英寸
She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering.
The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a
minute too late.
a high / large proportion of …
a small / tiny proportion of …
a high / large percentage of ...
a small / tiny percentage of ...
public affairs n. issues and questions about social, economic, political or business activities, etc.
that affect ordinary people in general 公众事务
Terrorism is a threat to the civilized world.
造句：礼节 (politeness / courtesy) 是文明社会所有公众事务中一个必备的习惯。
Politeness / Courtesy is a necessary habit in all public affairs in civilized society.
chaos.
If we didn’t have it nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in state of
chaos.
Without it we could not make a living.
If we didn’t have it we could not make a living.
Nothing ever seems to upset him.
bring sth. to a conclusion
490
readers with a series of coincidences—most of them wildly improbable.
draw / come to / reach a conclusion
This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the
conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific
establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出
的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
chaos: disorder; mess; confusion
the cake.
in (a state of) chaos 处于一片混乱（状态）
造句：在老师不在的时候，班里处于一片混乱状态。
In the absence of the teacher, the class was in a state of chaos.
Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it.
sparsely / thinly populated 人口稀少的
densely / thickly populated 人口稠密的
extraordinary.
living n. 1. 生计
make / earn a living
2. 生活；生活方式
plain / luxurious living
the art of living
There can’t be any tolerance of this brutality.
The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and
organized for the matter in hand.
work on sth. / doing 致力于……
John is still working on the new book.
The couple need to work on improving their relationship.
abstruse adj. difficult to understand 深奥的；难理解的
have sth. done
I’m going to have my hair cut.
He had his watch stolen.
By this time, a Lancaster bomber in reasonable condition was rare and worth rescuing. The
French authorities had the plane packaged and moved in parts back to France. Now a group of
enthusiasts are going to have the plane restored.
the job / task / matter in hand
Could you just concentrate on the job in hand?
As the matter in hand was urgent, we dealt with it at once.
I always keep a dictionary close at hand.
My birthday is near at hand.
The signature must be made by hand.
They are always on hand whenever you need them.
I can’t remember his phone number off hand.
491
He is therefore forgiven if (he is) late for a dinner party.
Metals expand when (they are) heated and contract when (they are) cooled.
Francis Preston Blair Jr., although (he was) born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri.
Judges, however wise or eminent (they are), are human and can make mistakes.
While (he was) on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman.
We’ll resolve the Taiwan issue with peaceful means when (it is) ever possible, with force when (it
is) necessary.
cut things fine 时间不留余地，掐钟点
He cut things fine by reaching the classroom only 20 seconds before the bell rang.
It is hard for energetic, quick-minded people to waste time, so they are often tempted to finish a
job before setting out to keep an appointment.
be / feel tempted to do 很想……
I feel tempted to take a day off.
Several times since, she has been tempted to ring him up. Her pride, however, would not let her
to do so.
have an appointment 有约
make an appointment 订约
keep an appointment 赴约
cancel an appointment 取消约会
break an appointment 爽约
If no accidents occur on the way, like punctured tyres, diversions of traffic, sudden descent of fog,
they will be on time.
a flat / burst / punctured tyre / tire
diversion n. (Br.E.) = detour (Am.E.) a different way that traffic is sent when the usual roads are
closed （交通）改道
They turned back because of traffic diversions.
come down / descend 下雾
A dense fog came down / descended in the afternoon.
lift / clear / disperse 雾散
The fog had lifted / cleared / dispersed by late morning.
be a trail to sb. 令某人头疼讨厌
She was a trail to her parents when she was younger.
as much as ... 和……一样；就等于……
That is as much as to say I am a liar.
I hope you have as much fun as I did.
He is as much a bore as his father.
She is as much a beauty as her mother.
… too early / soon 早了……
He arrived ten minutes too early.
… too late 晚了……
He arrived ten minutes too late.
nuisance n. a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems 令人讨厌
的人或事
I don't want to be a nuisance so tell me if you want to be alone.
492
The only thing to do was ask them to come half an hour later than the other guests.
动词不定式做表语时, 若前面出现了实义动词 “do”，则常去掉 “to”
All I have to do is dream.
The best thing you can do now is write her an apology.
All I wanted was to help him.
The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down
from one generation of story-tellers to another.
动词不定式做“except / but”的宾语时, 若前面出现了实义动词 “do”, 则常去掉“to”
They did nothing but / except complain.
I’ve done everything you wanted but / except make the beds.
We have no choice but / except to wait here.
If you are catching a train, it is always better to be comfortably early than even a fraction of a
minute too late.
catch a train / bus / plane
a fraction of a second / a minute / an inch … 不到一秒钟 / 一分钟 / 一英寸
She hesitated for a fraction of a second before answering.
The car stopped within a fraction of an inch of the wall.
Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than if you miss the train
and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; and you avoid the frustration of arriving at the
very moment when the train is drawing out of the station and being unable to get on it.
Although being early may mean wasting a little time, this will be less than (it will be) if you miss
the train and have to wait an hour or more for the next one; …
He's never more annoying than when he's trying to help.
He's never more annoying than (he is) when he's trying to help.
Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than when they first hear the bad news.
Sometimes patients are more depressed six months later than (they are) when they first hear the
bad news.
pull / draw out of the station
pull / draw in / into the station
The train slowly drew in / drew into the station.
And even a harder situation is to be on the platform in good time for a train and still to see it go
off without you.
in good time (for sth.) (UK): 早早就……
There wasn’t much traffic so we got there in good time.
He arrived in good time for dinner.
befall (befell befallen)=overtake / happen to 不幸的事降临到……
A great misfortune befell him.
She entered the station 20 minutes before the train was due, since her parents had impressed
upon her that it would be unforgivable to miss it and cause the friends with whom she was going
to stay to make two journeys to meet her.
due: adj. 1. 到期的, 到时间的
When is your baby due?
493
The train is due (in) at 8:00.
(A) She wants the man to be at the station when she arrives.
(B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
(C) The train will be an hour late.
(D) She’ll leave home at 6:30.
M: It says here the next train is due in at 6:30.
W: I know, but I don’t know whether I can make that one. I’d rather call you from the
station than have you waiting around for an hour.
Answer: (B) She isn’t sure which train she’ll be on.
due: adj. 2. 适当的
after due consideration
undue / unduly 过度的/过度地
They are either unduly optimistic or unduly pessimistic.
impress sth. on / upon sb.
让某人铭记某事
Father impressed on me the importance of hard work.
I had always impressed upon the children that if they worked hard they would succeed in life.
cause sb. to do 使得某人做某事
make a journey 到某地去
She felt in her handbag for the piece of paper on which her father had written down all the
details of the journey and gave it to the porter.
feel for … 摸着找……
She felt in her bag for a pencil.
I felt for the switch on the wall and turned it on.
take on ... 上（货/乘客等）
The bus stopped to take on more passengers.
The ship took on more fuel here.
The girl asked to see a timetable, feeling sure that her father could not have made such a mistake.
timetable / schedule
train / railway / railroad ~
college / school ~
exam / examination ~
The porter went to fetch one and arrived back with the station master, who produced it with a
flourish and pointed out a microscopic 'o' beside the time of the arrival of the train at his station;
this little 'o' indicated that the train only stopped for mail.
do sth. with a flourish
为了引起注意而用较大的动作自信地/潇洒地做某事
The waiter handed me the menu with a flourish.
The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.
494
break / violate rules
ignore / disregard rules
make / formulate / establish / lay down rules
obey / comply with / abide by / observe rules
leave sb. / sth. ↔ behind
留下（不带走）
Don’t leave me behind!
495

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Lesson 1 A puma at large

accuse sb. of (doing) sth.

I thought of a good idea.

investigate the market

prove (to be) + adj. / n. 被证明是……

in the possession of sb. / in one’s possession

arise arose arisen

造句：过去日夜辛苦工作的老王两年前下岗 (be laid off) 了，从那以后就变得懒了。

wake (up): vi & vt. 醒了; 唤醒…

Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops.

at one time = once

W: I don’t imagine you would have time to help me with this.

Her hands rested on her hips.

manual ['mæ njuəl]

manual work / labor

for the reason that …

(A) Take a lot of money.

shatter one’s dream / hope / confidence …

造句: 在朝阳区建国门外大街上高档的国贸商城 (China World Shopping Mall) 刚刚开始营业。

Stove gas cooker

come / go to one’s rescue

cross the pass on foot

India gained independence from Britain in 1947.

(A) These things take time to learn.

a dreadful / terrible accident, disease, nightmare

aroma the aroma of hot coffee

(A) She doesn't want the man to call her.

(A) Someone already borrowed her newspaper.

Hawaii is a paradise for surfers.

I’d rather you started off now.

metre / meter ['mi:tə(r)]

fill up sth. 把……装满

She is by no means pretty.

After designing and building various types of experimental aircraft, he concentrated on

developing the monoplane.

It seems / looks as if / as though … 看似, 好像……

fall in love with sb.

(A) He'll go if the woman goes too.

本文体裁：传记 (biography: a special kind of narration)

He suggested that we (should) help them with English.

Marlowe was contemporary with Shakespeare.

The fugitive is wanted by the police.

inflict inflict sth. on sb.

造句：学校里的情况就是这样，优等生 (A students) 受到尊敬 (respect)，正如社会上成功者

feel sorry for …

Since the moment he arrived there, he had kept on pestering ...

... after he had been caught in a particularly heavy shower.

salvage ['sæ lvɪdʒ]

packing case suitcase

boot / trunk money box / piggy bank

operation: work / activity / action

cast / shed / throw light on ...

calendar ['kæ lɪndə(r)]

fix sth. to / on sth.

Phoebe: Hey, is Chandler here?

One wants to meet like-minded collectors, …

recover sth. 重新获得，找回，赚回，补偿

democratic [demə'kræ tɪk]

be / become a household name / word

only a short bus ride away

rambling ['ræ mblɪŋ]

ramble v.& n. 漫步，闲逛

trip / stumble over / on sth. 在……上绊倒

mole n. small permanent dark spot on the human skin 痣