4 Matter and Energy

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4 Matter and Energy

Unit 4
Matter and Energy

Watch the following video

about energy transformations
and discuss with the teacher
https://youtu.be/_ve4M4UsJQo

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4 Matter and Energy
Understanding the matter:
Matter is made
of atoms
Atomic Structures:
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons
and electrons. Protons have a positive charge;
neutrons have no charge, and electrons have
a negative charge. These particles combine to
form the atomic structure.
The Atom
Neutron
EUREkA SCIENCE BOOK
Protons:
Protons have a positive electrical charge. This
means that they attract electrons. The
number of protons in an atom determines the
electrical charge of the atom.
Neutrons:
Neutrons have no electrical charge. This
means that they do not attract electrons or
protons. The number of neutrons in an atom
determines the mass of the atom.
Electrons:
Electrons have a negative electric charge.
This means that they are attracted to
protons. The number of electrons in an atom
determines the atom's electric charge.
Electron
Proton
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4 Matter and Energy

Rutherford atomic model (1911):

Atomic models advantages
This model was the first to distinguish
and disadvantages between the central nucleus and an orbit of
electrons around it.
Dalton's atomic model (1803):
Proposed by John Dalton, this model held
that everything was made of atoms, which
were indivisible and indestructible.

‘Solid Sphere’

Ernest Rutherford

Bohr atomic model (1913):

John Dalton In this model, the electrons revolve in circular
orbits around the nucleus.
Thomson's atomic model (1898):
Oxygen atom
Thomson's "plum pudding" model proposed
that atoms consist of a positively charged
uniform sphere with negatively charged
electrons embedded in it like plums. This was
an early model that suggested the existence
of subatomic particles and acknowledged the
Neils Bohr
electric properties of matter.

For more information watch the following

video:

J. J. Thomson https://n9.cl/avvek

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4 Matter and Energy

Advantages and disadvantages of atomic models

The following table explains the advantages and disadvantages of each model:

Atomic model Advantages Disadvantages

Explains that all elements are
Dalton (1803) made of atoms.
Explains the existence
Thomson (1904) electrons in atoms.
Explains the existence of the
Rutherford (1911) nucleus and that most of the
atom is empty space.
Explains how electrons can
jump between energy levels
Bohr (1913) and emit or absorb energy in
the form of light.
Does not explain why some
atoms have more mass than
others.
Does not explain the existence
of
of positively charged particles
in atoms.
Does not explain how
electrons orbit the nucleus
without spiraling into it.
Does not fully explain how
larger atoms behave or how
light has wave and particle
properties.

Test your knowledge

Complete the following statements with the words from the box:

3. The _____ atomic model was the first to

atoms, nucleus, electrons, Dalton,
Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr,
subatomic particles, electric
1. _____'s atomic model proposed that
everything was made of small particles
called _____, which were impossible to
divide or break.
2. In _____'s "plum pudding" atomic model,
atoms were made up of a positively
charged sphere with tiny negatively
charged particles called _____ embedded
in it.
discover the existence of a tiny, positively
charged center called the _____,
surrounded by orbiting negatively
charged particles.
4. The _____ atomic model states that
electrons revolve in circular orbits around
the _____.
5. All these models suggested the existence
of small particles within atoms called
_____ _____ and recognized the _____
properties of matter.

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4 Matter and Energy

Exploring the Interaction between Let's experiment!

Matter and Energy
The indestructible balloon

Matter and energy are two of the most

important concepts in science. Materials:
• Two Big balloons

What is matter? • A candle

Matter is anything that takes up space and • Water

has mass. Examples of matter include rocks,

water, air, and living things. Instructions:

1 2

Inflate the first

Light the candle
balloon with air
Rock Water Ball

What is energy? 3 4
Energy is the ability to do work. Energy can
take many forms, such as heat, light,
Fill the second
electricity, and sound. In this unit, we will Bring the
balloon with
balloon inflated
explore how matter and energy interact with with air close to water
the flame.
each other in the world around us.

5
Write down your
findings on a sheet
of paper and then
Bring the water- share them in class
with your
Heat Sound Electricity filled balloon
close to the classmates.
flame.

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4 Matter and Energy

Specific Properties of matter It is important to note that the properties of

Properties of matter are the characteristics matter can change depending on the form in

that make it possible to identify and describe which it is present, whether in solid, liquid or

a material. gaseous state. However, its identity and basic

There are two types of properties of matter: chemical properties remain the same.

physical properties and chemical properties.

Physical properties.- are those that can be Test your Knowledge

observed or measured without altering the
identity of the material. For example, color, Answer the following question
size, shape, density, texture, thermal
conductivity, solubility, among others. 1. What does specific properties of matter
refer to?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
___________.
Thermal
Size Density
conductivity
2. Write the two types of properties of

Chemical properties.- are those that matter.

describe how a material reacts with other • _________________________________.

materials to form new substances. For • _________________________________.

example, oxidation capacity, reactivity with

other compounds, ability to form compounds, 3. What are physical properties?

ability to dissolve in a liquid, among others. _____________________________________

_____________________________________
____________________________________.
4. What are chemical properties of matter?
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Oxidation
Reactivity ___________________________________.
capacity

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4 Matter and Energy

Thermal conductivity: The ability of a

Physical properties of matter
material to transfer heat. Materials with a
high thermal conductivity transfer heat faster
Physical properties of matter are those that than materials with a low thermal
can be observed or measured without conductivity.
altering the identity of the material. Some of
the fundamental physical properties of
matter include:

Density: is a measure of how much matter is

packed into a certain amount of space. It is
the amount of mass an object has compared
to its size. For example, a rock and a piece of
foam have the same size, but the rock is
denser because it has more mass packed into Solubility: The ability of a material to dissolve
the same amount of space. This property in a liquid to form a solution. The solubility of
helps us identify what a material is and helps a material depends on its physical state,
us predict whether it will float or sink in temperature and pressure, and can also vary
liquids. depending on the type of liquid you are
Rock is denser
working with.
because it has
more mass
An example of solubility is the
packed into
dissolving of sugar in water. Sugar
the same
is soluble in water, which means it
amount of
can dissolve and evenly distribute
space.
in the water to form a solution.

Solvent
Solute

Foam is less Physical state: The physical state of matter

dense because
it has less mass refers to its form, whether it is solid, liquid or
packed into
the same gas. The form in which a material is presented
amount of
space. can have a significant impact on its physical
properties.
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4 Matter and Energy

Oxidation capacity: The ability of a substance

Chemical properties of matter
to act as an oxidizing agent in a chemical
reaction.
Chemical properties of matter refer to the An oxidizing agent is a substance that can
behavior of substances when they experience remove electrons from another substance,
chemical reactions or changes. causing it to oxidize or lose electrons.
These properties determine a substance's
ability to combine with other substances and For example, when iron reacts with oxygen in
form new compounds. Some chemical the air it forms iron oxide, also known as rust:
changes are:

Fe2O3 (oxide).
Flammability: A flammable substance is one
that can ignite and burn easily, either
In the process the atoms are bonded
spontaneously or with a small spark or flame.
together. During the electron transfer
The degree of flammability depends on
process, the reducing agent is the one that
several factors, such as the chemical
gives up its electrons, i.e., it is the one that is
composition of the substance, its
oxidized. And the element that takes the
temperature and the presence of other
electrons from the other is the oxidizing
materials.
agent, leaving it in a lower oxidation state
The term is used to describe the potential
than it had initially.
hazard of a substance and its suitability for
use in certain situations, such as in fuels or
building materials. Reducing Agent

Propane
Iron (Fe)
losses
Gasoline Methane
electrons

Oxidizing Agent

Oxygen (O)
gains Iron Oxide
Ethanol Wood electrons

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4 Matter and Energy

Reactivity: Reactivity is the ability of a

substance to participate in chemical Test your knowledge
reactions. It refers to how easily a substance
reacts with other substances to form new
compounds. The reactivity of a substance Answer to the following questions
depends on its chemical composition,
temperature, and other factors. 1. What is density?
_____________________________________
Example: _____________________________________
Carbon (C) is not as reactive as sodium or _____________________________________
magnesium, but it still reacts with oxygen to _________________________.
form carbon dioxide (CO2) and is an
important component in many chemical 2. Circle the object that you think is the
reactions, such as combustion: densest.

C + O2 → CO2

3. What does reactivity refer to?

_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____.

Paper combustion 4. Give two examples of chemical reactivity.

__________________.
__________________.

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4 Matter and Energy

Chemical compounds Inorganic compounds

Inorganic compounds are those that do not

Chemical compounds are substances formed
contain carbon, with some exceptions such as
by the combination of two or more elements
carbonates and bicarbonates. Inorganic
in defined proportions.
compounds are found in nature in the form of
salts, oxides, acids and bases.
Example:
Salt is a compound made up of chlorine and
sodium that we use to flavor our food. It's like
it's a spice that makes our food taste better.

Organic compounds

Organic compounds are those that contain

carbon and hydrogen and often also other
elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
and phosphorus. These compounds are found
in living things and in many chemicals Check out this interesting activity
important for industry and everyday life. where you can explore some chemical
Example: compounds:
Glucose is a type of sugar found in fruits and
https://n9.cl/cbipo
gives us energy when we eat it. It is like the
fuel our body needs to function.

C6H12O6

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4 Matter and Energy

Substances and Mixtures Separating mixtures

A substance is a pure material composed of Filtration: used to separate solids from

atoms or molecules of the same type, with a liquids using a filter that retains the solids and
defined and constant chemical composition. lets the liquid pass through.
Example:
Sodium chloride Filter paper

CL Filter funnel
CL Na Na
Filter flask

Atoms Sodium
Molecule

A mixture, on the other hand, is a

Separatory Decanting: used to
combination of two or more substances in
funnel
separate liquids of
varying proportions, and may be
different densities by
homogeneous or heterogeneous.
allowing the mixture
to stand in a vessel
until the liquids
separate into layers
and then carefully
Milk Salt and water
pouring off the top
Milk is a liquid.
heterogeneous
mixture of water, Salt and water Distillation: used to
fats, proteins, form a solution
lactose, minerals resulting in a separate liquids with
and vitamins, homogeneous different boiling points
which are found in mixture.
varying by heating the mixture
proportions.
until one of the liquids
Substances have specific properties, while evaporates and is then
mixtures can have variable properties condensed and
depending on the proportion of each collected in a separate
substance in the mixture. container.
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4 Matter and Energy

Forces Field forces

Forces are pushes or pulls that can cause Field forces are a little different because they
objects to move, change shape or stop. do not need objects to touch in order to act.
These forces can act at a distance.

Examples:

• Gravity is the force that pulls objects

towards the canter of the Earth.
• Magnetism is the force that causes
magnets to attract or repel each other.
Contact forces
• Electricity is the force that causes
electrons to move through a conductor.
Contact forces are forces that occur when
two objects touch each other.

Gravity Magnetism
Example:

When you push a box across the floor, you

are applying a contact force on the box.

Push
Electricity

Field forces are

also called non-
contact forces
because they do
not require direct
physical contact.

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4 Matter and Energy
Heat transfer
Heat transfer Is the process of transferring
thermal energy from one object or substance
to another. There are three main methods of
heat transfer: conduction, convection, and
radiation.
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction: Conduction is the transfer of
heat through a material or between two
materials in contact. It occurs when there is a
temperature gradient within a material or
between two materials in contact, and it is
the result of the movement of electrons and
atoms in the material. Metals are good
conductors of heat because their electrons
are free to move and can easily transfer
energy.
Heat transfer
EUREkA SCIENCE BOOK
Convection: Convection is the transfer of
heat through the movement of fluids (liquids
or gases). It occurs when a fluid is heated,
becomes less dense, and rises, while cooler
fluid sinks. This creates a convection current
that transfers heat from one place to
another. Convection is a major mode of heat
transfer in fluids, such as air and water.
Cold fluid
Hot fluid
Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat
through electromagnetic waves, such as light
or infrared radiation. It does not require a
medium to transfer heat and can occur
through a vacuum. All objects emit radiation,
with the amount of radiation emitted
dependent on the object's temperature. For
example, the sun emits radiation that is
absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and
surface, leading to the warming of the planet.
Radiation
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4 Matter and Energy
Magnetism
Magnetism is a force that causes some
materials to be attracted to certain objects,
such as magnets.
Magnetic poles
Magnets have two poles, the north pole and
the south pole, which interact with magnetic
materials. When we bring a magnet close to a
magnetic material, the magnet exerts an
attractive or repulsive force on the material,
depending on the orientation of the poles.
EUREkA SCIENCE BOOK
Practical example
Instructions:
How to experiment with magnetic force:
using a magnet or a magneto
To experiment with magnetic force in a
simple way, you can use a magnet.
Follow these steps:
• Get a magnet and some metal objects,
such as paper clips.
• Hold the magnet in your hand and bring
the metal objects close to it.
• Observe which objects are attracted and
which are repelled by the magnetic force
of the magnet.
• Experiment with different metal objects to
see how their shape or size affects the
magnetic attraction or repulsion.
In short, magnetism is a force that causes
some materials to be attracted to magnets.
Magnets have two poles, the north pole and
the south pole, which interact with magnetic
materials. A practical example to understand
the magnetic force is the game of fridge
magnets.
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4 Matter and Energy

Unit 4
Matte and Energy
The atom

Did you know?

• The atom is the smallest unit of matter.

• Atoms are mostly empty space.
• You have about 7 trillion of trillion atoms in your body, that's equal to 49
followed by 24 zeros.

Activity:
Color the atom and place the names of its parts.

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4 Matter and Energy

Unit 4
Matte and Energy
Atomic Models Quiz

Read carefully and circle the correct answer.

1. Did John Dalton propose an atomic model in 1803? (Yes/No)

2. Did the understanding of atoms change from Dalton’s to Bohr’s atomic

models? (Yes/No)

3. Did Dalton’s atomic model propose that atoms were divisible? (Yes/No)

4. Did Thomson’s “plum pudding” model propose that atoms consist of a

positively charged uniform sphere with negatively charged electrons

embedded in it like plums? (Yes/No)

5. Did Thomson propose the “plum pudding” model in 1803? (Yes/No)

6. Did Bohr propose his atomic model in 1911? (Yes/No)

7. Did Thomson’s atomic model suggest the existence of subatomic particles

and acknowledge the electric properties of matter? (Yes/No)

8. Was Rutherford’s atomic model the first to distinguish between the central

nucleus and an orbit of electrons around it? (Yes/No)

9. Did Rutherford propose his atomic model in 1898? (Yes/No)

10. Did Bohr’s atomic model propose that electrons revolve in circular orbits

around the nucleus? (Yes/No)

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4 Matter and Energy

PERIODIC TABLE OF
THE ELEMENTS
UNIT 4

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4 Matter and Energy

Unit 4
Matte and Energy
Chemical Reaction

Objective: To demonstrate the production of carbon dioxide gas through

a chemical reaction.

Skill to be developed: Observation and critical thinking.

Instructions:

Stretch the opening of a balloon a few times to make it easier to inflate.

Use a funnel to pour some baking soda into the balloon.
Fill a bottle with vinegar.
Carefully attach the opening of the balloon to the top of the bottle,
making sure not to let any baking soda fall into the bottle yet.
Once the balloon is securely attached to the bottle, lift the balloon and
let the baking soda fall into the bottle.
Observe the reaction between the baking soda and vinegar and watch
as the balloon inflates with carbon dioxide gas.
This experiment demonstrates the production of carbon dioxide gas
when baking soda reacts with vinegar. The gas produced by this
reaction inflates the balloon. By observing and thinking critically about
what is happening in this experiment, you can develop your observation
and critical thinking skills.

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4 Matter and Energy

Unit 4
Specific properties of matter
Lesson

1. Specific properties of matter refer to:

a) To the characteristics of an object

b) To the characteristics that describe a material

c) To the physical properties

2. Density is an example of:

a) Physical property

b) Chemical property

3. What does chemical properties refer to?

a) To a mixture of two substances.

b) To the shape that a material has.

c) How materials react with other materials to form new substances.

4. See the image and indicate which property it belongs to:

a. Size a. Oxidation capacity a. Solubility

b. Density b. Solubility b. Density
c. Color c. Thermal c. Reactivity
conductivity

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4 Matter and Energy

Unit 4
Specific properties of matter
Lesson

5. Flammability is a ____________________property:

6. In oxidation capacity, the oxidizing agent is the one that gains electrons?

a) True

b) False

7. Which of the following substances has the highest flammability?

Screws

8. Which of the following objects is the densest?

A B

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