B. Tech. IV Semester - VIII

CE 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

[3-1-2]

January 2023

Dr. G. J. Joshi
Professor
Transportation Engineering & Planning
Head, Department of Civil Engineering
S.V.National Institute of Technology
Surat – 395 007.
gj@ced.svnit.ac.in
 Inclusive Access Climate &
Efficiency Safety
Environment

Sustai
nable
Embedded
Develo
Increase the mitigation,
pment Secure Access
efficiency of adaption and
Goals to all economic Improve the
transport environmental
and social safety of mobility
systems and concerns into
opportunities
services supply and
demand

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 A Comprehensive Approach!!!

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 CE 302 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

[3-1-2]
COURSE OUTCOMES

Students will be able to……

CO-1: Carry out laboratory investigations for
characterization of highway materials
CO-2: Carry out design of geometric elements of highways
CO-3: Carry out design of exible & rigid pavements.
CO-4: Plan and conduct traffic studies and analyse traffic
condition
CO-5: Synthesize pavement condition with maintenance
needs
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 Text Books
S.K.Khanna, C.E.G. Justo, A Veeraragavan
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING, Nem Chand &
Bros. Roorkee (Revised 10th Edition,2015)

Dr.L.R. Kadiyali, Dr.N.B. Lal PRINCIPLES

AND PRACTICES OF HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING (Including Expressways and
Airports),Khanna Publishers, Delhi (Sixth
Edition, 2013)
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 A transportation system may be dened as
consisting of the xed facilities, the ow
entities and the control system that permit
people and goods to overcome the friction
of geographical space efficiently in order
to participate in a timely manner in some
desired activity

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 Roles of Transportation
• Economic
• Social & Cultural
• Military
• Political

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 Principle Divisions

• Urban Transportation
• Rural Transportation

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ACCESS FROM VARIOUS
LAND USES

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 MOVEMENT EFFICIENCY

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 Scope of Highway Engineering

► Development, Planning & Location

Growth History, Network Planning, Engineering Surveys,
Highway Alignment

► Highway Design, Road Geometrics, Rigid & Flexible

Pavement Design, Cross Drainage Works Design

► Traffic Performance & Its Control

Traffic Characteristics Studies, Traffic Regulation &
Control,
Intersection Design, Road Markings, Signals
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► Materials, Construction & Maintenance
Highway Materials, Mix Design, Highway Construction,
Pavement Evaluation & Management, Maintenance of
pavements & drainage

► Economics, Finance & Administration

Road User Cost, Economic Analysis of Highway Projects,
Impact Studies,
Highway Development Organisation, Financial
Management, Administration

► Research & Development

Standardisation, Performance Studies of materials and
other components of transportation systems

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 Highway Development

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 Early Developments
► Changing needs of transportation
► Changes in the mode of transportation
► Walk – Animal Drawn Vehicles – Automobiles
► Changes in the static and dynamic characteristics of traffic
► Changes in the traffic intensity / volume

Developments in Highway Design

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Geometric CE302 HIGHWAYStructural
ENGINERING 14
 ► Mesopotemia (5000 - 3500 BC

): Hard Surfaces for wheeled

traffic

► Assyrian Empire (2025BC

-609BC): First road construction

► Roman Empire (753 BC – 14 AD):

Extensive Road Construction &

Knowledge of Road Building

Technology

► Appian Way: 580 km long was

built with huge stone blocks in

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312 BC
► Straight alignment without gradients
100,000 km of
► Built on hard stratum removing upper soft soil stratum
road network to
► Total thickness varied from 0.75m to 1.2m serve military and
administrative
► Design of thickness not according to the traffic load functions

► Enormous cost of construction

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 Large stone slabs in lime mortar Lime Concrete 25 – 40 cm th.
10 – 15 cm th.
2.2 to 2.5 m

Kerb Stone
Total thickness
0.75 – 1.2 m

Large foundation stones Broken stones in lime mortar

In lime mortar 10 -20 cm th. 25 – 40 cm th.
Hard soil stratum

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Typical Cross Section of Roman Roads
 Pierre Tresaguet (1776 – 1796)

► Development of several methods of

road construction in France

► Thickness of construction in the

order of 30 cm

► Consideration of sub grade moisture

► Consideration of drainage of surface The Father of

water: Provision of cross slope Modern
(camber) 1:45 Highway
Engineering
Provision of shoulders and side
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►
 Sloping wearing surface
Side Drain (1 in 45) 5 cm thick
Shoulder Broken stones 8cm thick
2.7 m
Slope 1 in 20
30 cm

Sub grade
Large foundation stones on edge
17 cm thick

Typical Cross Section of Tresaguet’s Construction (1775 AD)

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 Thomas Telford (1757 – 1834)

► Founder of Institution of Civil Engineers in

England

► Use of heavy stones for road foundation

► Cross slope for top surface by varying

thickness of foundation stones

► Total thickness varied from 35 cm at edge to

41 cm at center.

► Provision of drains at every

2/4/2023 90
CE302 m laid
HIGHWAY below
ENGINERING 20

the foundation
 Sloping wearing surface
(1 in 45) 4 cm th. Broken stones 5 cm th.

17 cm
22 cm
Broken stone 4.5 m Sub grade
in lime mortar
Foundation stones Angular broken stones
of varying size 7 cm size; 10 cm th.
(17 – 22 cm)

Typical Cross Section of Telford’s Construction (1803 AD)

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 John Macadam (1756 – 1836)
► Surveyor General of Roads in England
► Paradigm shift in road construction methods: Scientic Approach
► Importance of sub grade drainage and compaction
► Primitive understanding of load transfer mechanism
► Heavy foundation stones replaced by compacted layer of broken
stones

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 Broken stones passing 3.75 cm
Sieve; 10 cm thick

4.5 m
Surface course (5 cm th.)
with Stones passing 1.9 cm

25 cm

Broken stones passing 5 cm

Sieve; 10 cm thick
Compacted sub grade
With cross slope 1 in 36

Typical Cross Section of Macadam’s Construction (1827 AD

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 Road Development in India

► Ancient Period

► Mughal Period

► British Era

► Post Independence Era

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 Ancient Period

► Mohenjo –daro and Hrappa (3500 BC)

► Existence of road during Aryan period
► Maurya Empire (300 BC)
► Chankya’s Artha Shastra: Specications for hierarchy of
roads, road width & depth, surfaces and traffic control &
regulation / rules
► Analogy between back of a tortoise with road cross
section
► Emperor Ashoka (269 BC):

Maintenance and Development of roads

Road side plantations
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Rest houses for travelers @ 5 – 7 km interval
 Mughal Period

► Improvement & expansion of road network in India

► Road from Delhi – Daulatabad : M. Tughlaq

► Lahore (Punjab) – Sunargaon (Bengal): Grand Trunk

Highway: Shershah

► Road connectivity to all major towns and cities

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 British Era

 Political & Economic Transition: Deteriorating condition of

roads

 Road Maintenance by British Military Engineers

 Formation of Public Works Department (1865) by Lord

Dalhousie

 Major emphasis on development of railways: Transfer of

road development to Provincial Governments

 Realisation of importance of road network after rst

World War
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 Indian Road Development Committee (1927)
(Jaykar Commitee)

► Road development be considered as a subject of national

interest

► Extra tax / surcharge be levied on fuel to set up Road

Development Fund named as Central Road Fund

► Setting up of a technical advisory body pooling know – how

from all parts of nation

► To set up a research organisation to carry out R & D activities

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 Implementation of Jaykar Committee
Recommendation

► Formation of Central Road Fund (CRF) :1929

Central Road & Infrastructure Fund (CRIF) CIRF Act
2000 Rs. 2.00 (6.00) /liter on Petrol & HS Diesel
(Addition duty of customs and Additional duty of execise)

► Establishment of Indian Roads Congress (IRC) : 1934

► Motor Vehicle Act : 1939 Latest Amendment 2019

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► First Road Development Plan: Nagpur Plan (1943 – 1963)

 CRIF

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 Post Independence Era
 Establishment of Central Road Research Institute through CSIR
 National Highways Act (1956)

 Second Road Development Plan: Bombay Road Plan (1961 – 1981) by IRC
 Highway Research Board (1973)

 Third Road Development Plan (1981-2001) by IRC (Lucknow Plan)

 National Transport Policy Committee (1978)
 National Highways Authority of India (1986)
 National Highways Development Programme : 7 Phases
 Golden Quadrilateral & E-W, N-S Corridors
 Port (12 no.) Connectivity & Other Major Projects
 Express Highways (1000km)
 Special Accelerated Road Development Programme for North- East Region

 Emission Regulation : Adoption of Euro I II III IV V VI Norms

 Road Safety & Traffic Management Programmes: 3 E Approach

 Setting up of NRIDA ( earlierCE302

2/4/2023 NRRDA): Rural Roads Development
HIGHWAY ENGINERING 31
Programme (PMGSY:2001)
 Organisations involved in Highway
Development in India
► Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
(MoRTH) (https://morth.nic.in)
► Ministry of Rural Development (https://rural.nic.in/en)
(https://rural.nic.in/en/designation/nrrda)

► National Highways Authority of India (https:

//nhai.gov.in)
► National Highways & Infrastructure
Development Corporation Ltd. (https:
//nhai.gov.in)
► State Public Works
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/ Roads & Building
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Departments
 Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India

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 On going Projects – National Level

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 Indian Road Network
Total length of road network : 63.32 lakh km (31-3-2019)
Total number of NHs = 599

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 Surfaced and Total Road Length

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 Road Density (km/1000sqkm)

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 PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA

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 Panagarh-Palsit section of NH-2

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 Tuni-Ankapalli
section of NH-5

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Kavali-Nellore section of NH-5

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 Next Module…..

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 Major Criteria for Quality of Flexible
Pavement
 Physical properties of materials:
 Soil, Admixtures, Aggregates, Bitumen

 Gradation
 Mix Design
 Temperature (For bituminous layers)
 Compaction

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2/4/2023 …………….Later……………….
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