Fluent v6.2 Tut 21

Tutorial 21.
Using the Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model

with Heat Transfer
Introduction
This tutorial examines the flow of air and a granular solid phase consisting of glass beads
in a hot gas fluidized bed, under uniform minimum fluidization conditions. The results
obtained for the local wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in FLUENT are compared with
the analytical results.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
• Use the Eulerian granular model
• Set boundary conditions for internal flow
• Use a user defined function (UDF) to specify a phase-specific velocity inlet profile
• Calculate a solution using the segregated solver
• Compare the results obtained with analytical results.
Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in FLUENT and that
you have completed Tutorial 1. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.
Problem Description
This problem considers a hot gas fluidized bed in which air flows upwards through the
bottom of the domain and through an additional small orifice next to a heated wall. A
uniformly fluidized bed is examined, for the sake of comparison with analytical results
[1]. The geometry and data for the problem are shown in Figure 21.1.
c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-1

Using the Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model with Heat Transfer
pressure outlet
101325 Pa
insulated wall heated wall

T = 373 K
0.598
volume
fraction
of solids
uniform velocity inlet orifice

u = 0.25 m/s u = 0.25 m/s
T = 293 K T = 293 K
Figure 21.1: Problem Specification
Setup and Solution

Preparation
1. Download eulerian_granular_heat.zip from the Fluent Inc. User Services Cen-
ter or copy it from the FLUENT documentation CD to your working directory (as
described in Tutorial 1).
2. Unzip eulerian_granular_heat.zip.
fluid-bed.msh and gasvel.c can be found in the /eulerian granular heat folder
created after unzipping the file.
3. Start the 2D double-precision version of FLUENT.
21-2 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

Step 1: Grid
1. Read the grid file (fluid-bed.msh).
File −→ Read −→Case...
As FLUENT reads the grid file, it will report its progress in the console window.
2. Check the grid.

Grid −→Check
FLUENT will perform various checks on the mesh and will report the progress in the
console window. Pay particular attention to the reported minimum volume. Make
sure this is a positive number.
3. Display the grid with default settings (Figure 21.2).

Display −→Grid...
(a) Click Display and close the panel.

Extra: You can use the right mouse button to check which zone number cor-
responds to each boundary. If you click the right mouse button on one
of the boundaries in the graphics window, its zone number, name, and
type will be printed in the FLUENT console window. This feature is espe-
cially useful when you have several zones of the same type and you want
to distinguish between them quickly.

Grid
FLUENT 6.2 (2d, dp, segregated, lam)
Figure 21.2: Grid Display of the Fluidized Bed

Step 2: Models
1. Enable the segregated unsteady solver.
The segregated solver must be used for multiphase calculations.
Define −→ Models −→Solver...
(a) Under Time, select Unsteady and click OK.

2. Enable the Eulerian multiphase model for two phases.

Define −→ Models −→Multiphase...
(a) Select Eulerian as the Model and click OK.

3. Enable heat transfer by activating the energy equation.
Define −→ Models −→Energy...
4. Keep the default laminar model.

Experiments have shown negligible three-dimensional effects in the flow field for the
case modeled, suggesting very weak turbulent behavior.
Define −→ Models −→Viscous...

5. Set the gravitational acceleration.

Define −→Operating Conditions...
(a) Turn on Gravity.
The panel will expand to show additional inputs.
(b) Set the Gravitational Acceleration in the Y direction to -9.81 m/s2 .

Step 3: Materials
1. Compile the user-defined function, gasvel.c, that will be used to define the thermal
conductivity for the gas and solid phase.
Define −→ User-Defined −→ Functions −→Compiled...
(a) Under Source Files, click Add...

(b) In the Select File panel, select the file gasvel.c and click OK.
(c) In the Compiled UDFs panel, click Build.
FLUENT will build a libudf directory and compile the UDF.
(d) Click OK in the dialog box that will appear.
(e) Click Load to open the directory and load the UDF.

2. Modify the properties for air, which will be used for the primary phase.
The properties used for air are modified to match data used by Kuipers et al. [1]
Define −→Materials...
(a) Set the value of Density to 1.2.

(b) Set the value of Cp to 994.
(c) In the Thermal Conductivity drop-down list, select user-defined.
The User Defined Functions panel will automatically open.
(d) In the User Defined Functions panel, select conduct gas, and click OK.
(e) Click Change/Create.

3. Define a new fluid material for the granular phase (the glass beads).
(a) In the Name field, enter solids.

(b) Specify 2660 for the Density.
(c) Specify 737 for Cp.
(d) Retain user-defined in the Thermal Conductivity drop-down list, and click Edit...
(e) In the User Defined Functions panel, select conduct solid, and click OK.
(f) Click No in the dialog box asking if you want to overwrite air.
(g) Select solids under Fluent Fluid Materials.
(h) Click Change/Create.

Step 4: Phases
Define −→Phases...
1. Define air as the primary phase.

(a) In the Phases panel, select phase-1 and click Set....
(b) In the Primary Phase panel, enter air for the Name.
(c) Select air from the Phase Material drop-down list and click OK.
2. Define the solids (glass beads) as the secondary phase.

(a) In the Phases panel, select phase-2 and click Set....

(b) In the Secondary Phase panel, enter solids for the Name.
(c) Select solids from the Phase Material drop-down list.
(d) Turn on Granular.
(e) Under Granular Temperature Model retain Phase Property option.
(f) Set the Diameter to 0.0005 m.
(g) In the Granular Viscosity drop-down list, select syamlal-obrien.
(h) In the Granular Bulk Viscosity drop-down list, select lun-et-al.
(i) Click OK.

3. Define the inter-phase interactions formulations to be used.

(a) Click the Interaction... button in the Phases panel.
(b) In the Drag Coefficient drop-down list, select syamlal-obrien.

(c) Click the Heat tab, and select gunn in the Heat Transfer Coefficient drop-down
list.
The interphase heat exchange is simulated, using a drag coefficient, the default
restitution coefficient for granular collisions of 0.9, and a heat transfer coeffi-
cient. Granular phase lift is not very relevant in this problem, and in fact is
rarely used.
(d) Click OK.

Step 5: Boundary Conditions

For this problem, you need to set the boundary conditions for all boundaries.
Define −→Boundary Conditions...
1. Set the conditions for the lower velocity inlet (v uniform).

For the Eulerian multiphase model, you will specify conditions at a velocity inlet
that are specific to the primary and secondary phases.
(a) Set the conditions at v uniform for the primary phase.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select air in the Phase drop-down list
and click Set....
ii. Keep the default Velocity Specification Method and Reference Frame.
iii. Set the Velocity Magnitude to 0.25.
iv. Set the Temperature to 293.
v. Click OK.
(b) Set the conditions at v uniform for the secondary phase.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select solids from the Phase drop-down
list and click Set....
iii. Keep the default value of 0 for the Velocity Magnitude.
v. Set the Granular Temperature to 0.0001.
vi. Keep the default value of 0 for the Volume Fraction.
vii. Click OK.

2. Set the conditions for the orifice velocity inlet (v jet).

(a) Set the conditions at v jet for the primary phase.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select air in the Phase drop-down list
and click Set....
iii. Set the Velocity Magnitude to 0.25.
In order for a comparison with analytical results [1] to be meaningful, in
this simulation you will use a uniform value for the air velocity equal to
the minimum fluidization velocity at both inlets on the bottom of the bed.
v. Click OK.

(b) Set the conditions at v jet for the secondary phase.

iii. Keep the default value of 0 for the Velocity Magnitude.
v. Set the Granular Temperature to 0.0001.
vi. Keep the default value of 0 for the Volume Fraction.
vii. Click OK.
3. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet).

For the Eulerian granular model, you will specify conditions at a pressure outlet for
the mixture and for both phases.
The thermal conditions at the pressure outlet will be used only if flow enters the
domain through this boundary. You can set them equal to the inlet values, as no
flow reversal is expected at the pressure outlet. In general, however, it is important
to set reasonable values for these downstream scalar values, in case flow reversal
occurs at some point during the calculation.
(a) Set the conditions at poutlet for the mixture.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select mixture in the Phase drop-down
ii. Keep the default value of 0 for the Gauge Pressure.
iii. Click OK.

(b) Set the conditions for the primary phase.

i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select air from the Phase drop-down list
and click Set....
ii. Set the Backflow Total Temperature to 293.

iii. Click OK.
(c) Set the conditions for the secondary phase.
ii. Set the Backflow Total Temperature to 293.

iii. Set the Backflow Granular Temperature to 0.0001.
iv. Set the Backflow Volume Fraction to 0.
v. Click OK.

4. Set the boundary conditions for the heated wall (wall hot).
For the heated wall, you will set thermal conditions for the mixture, and momentum
conditions (zero shear) for both phases.
(a) Set the conditions for the mixture.
i. In the Boundary Conditions panel, select mixture from the Phase drop-down
ii. Select Temperature under Thermal Conditions, and input 373 for the Tem-
perature.
iii. Click OK.

(b) Set the conditions for the primary phase.

and click Set....
ii. Click the Momentum tab.

iii. Select Specified Shear under Shear Condition (the panel will expand), and
keep the default values of 0 for the X-Component and Y-Component.
(c) Set the conditions for the secondary phase.
For the secondary phase, you will set the same conditions of zero shear as for
the primary phase.

5. Set the boundary conditions for the adiabatic wall (wall ins).
For the adiabatic wall, you will retain the default thermal conditions for the mixture
(zero heat flux), and set momentum conditions (zero shear) for both phases.
(a) Set the conditions for the primary phase.
and click Set....
ii. Select Specified Shear under Shear Condition (the panel will expand), and
keep the default values of 0 for the X-Component and Y-Component.
iii. Click OK.
(b) Set the conditions for the secondary phase.
For the secondary phase, you will set the same conditions of zero shear as for
the primary phase.

Step 6: Solution
1. Set the solution parameters.
Solve −→ Controls −→Solution...
(a) Set the under-relaxation factor for Pressure to 0.5.

(b) Set the under-relaxation factor for Momentum to 0.2.
(c) Set the under-relaxation factor for Volume Fraction to 0.5.
You will have to scroll the Under Relaxation Factors list to display the under-
relaxation factor for Volume Fraction.
(d) Keep all default Discretization schemes.
(e) Click OK.
2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.

Solve −→ Monitors −→Residual...

3. Define a custom field function for the heat transfer coefficient.

First, define functions for the mixture temperature, and thermal conductivity, then
use these to define a function for the heat transfer coefficient.
Define −→Custom Field Functions...
(a) Define function t mix.
i. In the Field Functions drop-down list, select Temperature... and Static

Temperature.
ii. In the Phase drop-down list, select air, and click Select.
iii. Click the multiplication symbol in the calculator pad.
iv. In the Field Functions drop-down list, select Phases... and Volume Fraction.
v. In the Phase drop-down list, select air, and click Select.
vi. Click the addition symbol in the calculator pad.
vii. Repeat the steps above to add the term solids-temperature *
solids-vof.
viii. In the New Function Name field, enter t mix as the name of the defined
function.
ix. Click Define.

(b) Define function k mix.
i. In the Field Functions drop-down list, select Properties....

ii. In the Phase drop-down list, select air
iii. Set the property as Thermal Conductivity and click Select.
iv. Click the multiplication symbol in the calculator pad.
v. In the Field Functions drop-down list, select Phases... and Volume Fraction.
vi. In the Phase drop-down list, select air, and click Select.
vii. Click the addition symbol in the calculator pad.
viii. Repeat the steps above to add the term solids-thermal-
conductivity-lam * solids-vof.
ix. In the New Function Name field, enter k mix.
x. Click Define.
(c) Define function ave htc.
i. Click the subtraction symbol in the calculator pad.
ii. In the Field Functions drop-down list, select Custom Field Functions... and
k mix.
iii. Use the calculator pad and the Field Functions list as you did in the pre-
vious steps to complete the definition of the function as shown below.
−k mix × (t mix − 373)/(58.5 × 10(−6) )/80
iv. In the New Function Name field, enter ave htc.
v. Click Define.

4. Define the point surface in the cell next to the wall, on the plane y = 0.24.
Surface −→Point...
(a) Under Coordinates, enter 0.28494 for x0, and 0.24 for y0.
(b) Enter y=0.24 for the New Surface Name.
(c) Click Create.

5. Define the surface monitor for the heat transfer coefficient.

Solve −→ Monitors −→Surface...
(a) Increase the number of Surface Monitors to 1.
(b) Enable Plot, Print, and Write for monitor-1.
(c) In the Every drop-down list, select Time Step, and click Define...
The Define Surface Monitor panel will open.
i. Enter htc in the Name field.

ii. In the Report Type drop-down list, select Facet Average.
iii. In the X Axis drop-down list, select Flow Time.
iv. Increase the Plot Window to 1.
v. In the Report of drop-down lists, select Custom Field Functions..., and
ave htc.
vi. In the Surfaces list, select y=0.24.
vii. Under File Name, enter htc-024 and click OK.
(d) Click OK in the Surface Monitors panel.

6. Initialize the solution.

Solve −→ Initialize −→Initialize...
(a) Under Compute From, select all-zones.

(b) Retain default values and click Init.
7. Define an adaption register for the lower half of the fluidized bed.
This register is used to patch the initial volume fraction of solids in the next step.
Adapt −→Region...

(a) Under Input Coordinates, specify the Xmaximum value as 0.3 and the Ymaxi-
mum value as 0.5.
(b) Click Mark.
(c) Click Manage...
The Manage Adaption Registers panel will open.
(d) Under Registers, in the Manage Adaption Registers panel, select hexahedron-r0,
and click Display.
Adaption Markings (hexahedron-r0) (Time=0.0000e+00)

FLUENT 6.2 (2d, dp, segregated, eulerian, lam, unsteady)
Figure 21.3: Region Marked for Patching
After you define a region for adaption, it is good practice to display it to

visually verify that it encompasses the intended area.
8. Patch the initial volume fraction of solids in the lower half of the fluidized bed.
Solve −→ Initialize −→Patch...
(a) In the Phase drop-down list, select solids.
(b) In the Variable drop-down list, select Volume Fraction.
(c) In the Value field, enter 0.598.
(d) In the Registers to Patch list, select hexahedron-r0.
(e) Click Patch.

At this point, it is good practice to display contours of the variable you just patched,
to ensure that the desired field was obtained.
9. Display contours of Volume Fraction of solids (Figure 21.4).

Display −→Contours...
5.98e-01
5.68e-01
5.38e-01
5.08e-01
4.78e-01
4.49e-01
4.19e-01
3.89e-01
3.59e-01
3.29e-01
2.99e-01
2.69e-01
2.39e-01
2.09e-01
1.79e-01
1.50e-01
1.20e-01
8.97e-02
5.98e-02
2.99e-02
0.00e+00
Contours of Volume fraction (solids) (Time=0.0000e+00)

Figure 21.4: Initial Volume Fraction of Granular Phase (solids).
10. Save the case file (fluid-bed.cas).

File −→ Write −→Case...

11. Set a time step size of 0.00025 s and run the calculation for 7000 time steps.
Solve −→Iterate...
The plot of the value of the mixture-averaged heat transfer coefficient in the cell
next to the heated wall versus time is in excellent agreement with results published
for the same case [1].
3000.0000
2500.0000
2000.0000
Vertex 1500.0000
Average
ave_htc
1000.0000
500.0000
0.0000
0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000 1.4000 1.6000 1.8000
Flow Time
Convergence history of ave_htc on y=0.24 (in SI units) (Time=1.7500e+00)

Figure 21.5: Plot of Mixture-Averaged Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Cell Next to the
Heated Wall Versus Time
12. Save the case and data files (fluid-bed.cas and fluid-bed.dat).
File −→ Write −→Case & Data...
Extra: If you decide to read in the case file that is provided for this tutorial on the
documentation CD, you will need to compile the UDF associated with this tutorial
in your working directory. This is necessary because FLUENT will expect to find
the correct UDF libraries in your working directory when reading the case file.

Step 7: Postprocessing
1. Display the pressure field in the fluidized bed (Figure 21.6).
(a) Select Pressure... and Static Pressure in the Contours of drop-down lists.
(b) Select Filled under Options.
(c) Click Display.
Note the build-up of static pressure in the granular phase.
2. Display the volume fraction of solids (Figure 21.7).
(a) Select Phases... and Volume fraction in the Contours of drop-down lists.
(b) Select solids in the Phase drop-down list.
(c) Click Display.
(d) Zoom in to show the contours close to the region where the change in volume
fraction is the greatest.
Note that the region occupied by the granular phase has expanded slightly, as a result
of fluidization.

7.79e+03
7.40e+03
7.01e+03
6.62e+03
6.23e+03
5.84e+03
5.45e+03
5.06e+03
4.67e+03
4.29e+03
3.90e+03
3.51e+03
3.12e+03
2.73e+03
2.34e+03
1.95e+03
1.56e+03
1.17e+03
7.79e+02
3.89e+02
-8.77e-02
Contours of Static Pressure (mixture) (pascal) (Time=1.7500e+00)

Figure 21.6: Contours of Static Pressure
6.29e-01
5.98e-01
5.67e-01
5.35e-01
5.04e-01
4.72e-01
4.41e-01
4.09e-01
3.78e-01
3.46e-01
3.15e-01
2.83e-01
2.52e-01
2.20e-01
1.89e-01
1.57e-01
1.26e-01
9.44e-02
6.29e-02
3.15e-02
0.00e+00
Contours of Volume fraction (solids) (Time=1.7500e+00)

Figure 21.7: Contours of Volume Fraction of Solids

Summary
This tutorial demonstrated how to set up and solve a granular multiphase problem with
heat transfer, using the Eulerian model. You learned how to set boundary conditions
for the mixture and both phases. The solution obtained is in excellent agreement with
analytical results from Kuipers et al. [1].
References
1. J. A. M. Kuipers, W. Prins, and W. P. M. Van Swaaij “Numerical Calculation
of Wall-to-Bed Heat Transfer Coefficients in Gas-Fluidized Beds”, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Twente University of Technology, in AIChE Journal, July
1992, Vol. 38, No. 7.

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Tutorial 21.

Using the Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model

• Use the Eulerian granular model

• Set boundary conditions for internal flow

• Calculate a solution using the segregated solver

• Compare the results obtained with analytical results.

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-1

insulated wall heated wall

uniform velocity inlet orifice

Figure 21.1: Problem Specification

Setup and Solution

3. Start the 2D double-precision version of FLUENT.

21-2 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

2. Check the grid.

3. Display the grid with default settings (Figure 21.2).

(a) Click Display and close the panel.

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-3

Figure 21.2: Grid Display of the Fluidized Bed

21-4 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-5

2. Enable the Eulerian multiphase model for two phases.

(a) Select Eulerian as the Model and click OK.

4. Keep the default laminar model.

21-6 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

5. Set the gravitational acceleration.

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-7

(a) Under Source Files, click Add...

21-8 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

(a) Set the value of Density to 1.2.

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-9

(a) In the Name field, enter solids.

21-10 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

1. Define air as the primary phase.

2. Define the solids (glass beads) as the secondary phase.

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-11

21-12 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

3. Define the inter-phase interactions formulations to be used.

(b) In the Drag Coefficient drop-down list, select syamlal-obrien.

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-13

Step 5: Boundary Conditions

1. Set the conditions for the lower velocity inlet (v uniform).

21-14 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

2. Set the conditions for the orifice velocity inlet (v jet).

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-15

(b) Set the conditions at v jet for the secondary phase.

3. Set the boundary conditions for the pressure outlet (poutlet).

21-16 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

(b) Set the conditions for the primary phase.

ii. Set the Backflow Total Temperature to 293.

ii. Set the Backflow Total Temperature to 293.

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-17

21-18 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

(b) Set the conditions for the primary phase.

ii. Click the Momentum tab.

c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005 21-19

21-20 c Fluent Inc. January 7, 2005

(a) Set the under-relaxation factor for Pressure to 0.5.

2. Enable the plotting of residuals during the calculation.