1. what is google............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 definition..............................................................................................................................................2 1.2 beginning..............................................................................................................................................4 1.3 history................................................................................................................................................10 1.4 now a days..........................................................................................................................................

17 2 how does the company words...................................................................................................................18 2.1company..............................................................................................................................................26 Services........................................................................................................................................................28 3.1seach machine.....................................................................................................................................31 3.2gmail...................................................................................................................................................31 3.3blogger................................................................................................................................................31 3.3.1 what is blogger, what is a blog....................................................................................................31 3.3.2 blogger history............................................................................................................................32 3.3.3 Pros of Blogger Platform............................................................................................................32 3.4 Picasa.................................................................................................................................................33 3.5google maps/google earth...................................................................................................................36 4influence in our society..............................................................................................................................37

1. what is google
Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products,[5] and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program.[6][7] The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, often dubbed the "Google Guys",[8][9][10] while the two were attending Stanford University as PhD candidates. It was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for twenty years, until the year 2024.[11] The company's mission statement from the outset was "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",[12] and the company's unofficial slogan coined by Google engineer Amit Patel[13] and supported by Paul Buchheit is "Don't be evil".[14][15] In 2006, the company moved to its current headquarters in Mountain View, California. Google's rapid growth since its incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond the company's core web search engine. The company offers online productivity software, such as its Gmail email service, and social networking tools, including Orkut and, more recently, Google Buzz and Google+. Google's products extend to the desktop as well, with applications such as the web browser Google Chrome, the Picasa photo organization and editing software, and the Google Talk instant messaging application. Google leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, used on a number of phones such as the Motorola Droid and the Samsung Galaxy smartphone series', as well as the new Google Chrome OS,[16] best known as the main operating system on the Cr-48 and also, since 15 June 2011, on commercial Chromebooks such as the Samsung Series 5[17] and Acer AC700. [18] It has been estimated that Google runs over one million servers in data centers around the world,[19] and processes over one billion search requests[20] and about twenty-four

petabytes of user-generated data every day.[21][22][23][24]Alexa lists the main U.S.focused google.com site as the Internet's most visited website, and numerous international Google sites (google.co.in(14) is the most visited site in India, google.co.uk in the U.K, etc.) are in the top hundred, as are several other Google-owned sites such as YouTube (Alexa:3), Blogger (Alexa:6), and Orkut.[25] Google also ranks number two in the BrandZ brand equity database.[26] The dominant market position of Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy, copyright, and censorship

1.1 definition
Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in CaliforniaWhile conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships between websites They called this new technology, where a website's relevance was determined by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, that linked back to the original site. A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services designed by was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking The technology in RankDex would be patentedand used later when Li founded in China. Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine "BackRub", because the system checked to estimate the importance of a site. Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine wants to provide large quantities of information for people. Originally, Google ran under the Stanford University website, with the domain google.stanford.edu. and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was based in a friend's garage in California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. In May 2011, unique visitors of Google surpassed 1 billion mark for the first time, an 8.4 percent increase from a year ago with 931 million unique visitors. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of US$100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was even incorporated.[50] Early in 1999, while still graduate students, Brin and Page decided that the search engine they had developed was taking up too much of their time from academic pursuits. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer, and later criticized Vinod Khosla, one of Excite's venture capitalists, after he had negotiated Brin and Page down to $750,000. On June 7, 1999, a $25 million round of funding was announced,[51] with major Google's (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share. Shares were sold in a unique online auction format using a system built by, underwriters for the deal. The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a of more than $23 billion. The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionairesa competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place. Some people speculated that Google's IPO would inevitably lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires. al

investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture. In 2005, however, articles in and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy. In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on: a flat organization with a collaborative Google has also faced allegations of from former employees. The stock's performance after the IPO went well, with shares hitting $700 for the first time on October 31, 2007, primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and The company is now listed on the stock exchange under the GOOG and under the under the ticker symbol GGQ1. In March 1999, the company moved its offices to, home to several other noted technology startups. The next year, against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.] In order to maintain an uncluttered page design and increase speed, advertisements were solely text-based. Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bids and click-throughs, with bidding starting at five cents per click. This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com, an Idealab spin-off created by Bill Gross.[7 When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo! Search Marketing. The case was then settled out of court, with Google agreeing to issue shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[72] During this time, Google was granted a patent describing its PageRank mechanism.[73] The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased its current office complex from Silicon Graphics at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in The complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects. Three years later, Google would buy the property from SGI for $319 millionBy that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb Since 2001, Google has acquired many companies, mainly focusing on small venture capital companies. In 2004, Google acquired The start-up company developed a product called Earth Viewer that gave a view of the Earth. Google renamed the service t in 2005. Two years later, Google bought the online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire for $3.1 billion, giving Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies. Later that same year, Google purchased for $50 millionThe site would later be changed over to On August 5, 2009, Google bought out its first public company, purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 millio Google also acquired, a social network search engine, for $50 million, and commented on its internal blog, "we're looking forward to collaborating to see where we can take itIn April 2010, Google announced it had acquired a hardware startup, Agnilux. In addition to the many companies Google has purchased, the company has partnered with other organizations for everything from research to advertising. In 2005, Google partnered with to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of officesThe offices would be used for research projects involving large-scale data management, , and the

entrepreneurial space industry. Google entered into a partnership with in October 2005 to help share and distribute each other's technologies. The company also partnered with to enhance each other's video search services. Google's 2005 partnerships also included financing the new for mobile devices, along with other companies including Google would later launch "Adsense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.] Increasing its advertising reach even further, Google and advertising on popular social networking site MySpace In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-sharing site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006 Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as " in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a magazine article projected the 2008 YouTube revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales. In 2007, Google began sponsoring, a service that follows Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve using Google Earth to "track Santa" in 3-D for the first time, and displacing former sponsor. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks Santa its own channel In 2008, Google developed a partnership with to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched fromon September 6, 2008Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of photographs as part of its latest partnership. Some of the images in the archive were never published in the magazine. The photos were In 2010 made its first investment in a renewable-energy project, putting $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, or enough to supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty percent stake in the project to get funding for its development Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norway-based company that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related services. This acquisition will enable Google to add telephone-style services to its list of products On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network AdMob. This purchase occurred days after the closed its investigation into the purchase. Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount. In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years On April 4, 2011 reported that Google bid $900 million for six thousand On August 15, 2011, Google announced that it would acquire for $12.5 billion subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe. In a post on Google's blog, Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that Google's acquisition of Motorola Mobility is a strategic move to strengthen Google's patent portfolio. The company's Android operating system has come under fire in an industry-wide patent battle, as Apple and Microsoft have taken to court Android device makers such as HTC, Samsung and Motorola This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies to help protect it in its ongoing patent disputes with other companie and to allow it to continue to freely

1.2 beginning
In November 1999, Douglas Edwards became fledgling Google's first "brand manager," making him employee No. 59. In this excerpt from his new book, "I'm Feeling Lucky," Mr. Edwards gives an inside view of the company's early days, starting with his job interview

with co-founder Sergey Brin, then 26 years old.

4

Cindy McCaffrey, director of public relations, brought me back to the conference room to wait for Sergey. I wasn't nervous. Sergey was about the age of my favorite T-shirt (I was 41) and a Russian by birth. I had lived in Russia. I spoke some Russian. I had Russian friends. I felt unusually confident that the interview would go well. Perhaps I would become his mentor and we would toast each other's health with fine Siberian vodka. Sergey showed up wearing roller-hockey gear: gym shorts, a T-shirt and in-line skates. He had obviously been playing hard. I had known better than to wear a tie, but he took office casual to a new level. Sergey pored over my rsum and began peppering me with questions. "What promotion did you do that was most effective?" "What metrics did you use to measure it?" "What types of viral marketing did you do?" "How much do you think a company our size should spend on marketing?" Sergey asked me. Based on his earlier questions, it was easy to guess what he wanted to hear from me. "I don't think at this stage you should spend much at all," I said. "You can do a lot with viral marketing and small budgets." He nodded his agreement, then asked about my six months in Siberia, casually switching to Russian to see how much I had picked up. Finally, he leaned forward and fired his best shot, what he came to call "the hard question." "I'm going to give you five minutes," he told me. "When I come back, I want you to explain to me something complicated that I don't already know." He then rolled out of the room toward the snack area. I looked at Cindy. "He's very curious about everything," she told me. "You can talk about a hobby, something technical, whatever you want. Just make sure it's something you really understand well." I reached for a piece of scrap paper as my mind raced. What complicated thing did I know well enough to describe to Sergey? I decided to go with the general theory of marketing, which was fresh in my mind, because I'd only learned it recently. One of my dirty little secrets was a complete lack of academic preparation for the business world. Fortunately, my boss at the San Jose Mercury News, where I was working as a brand manager, had a Harvard MBA and a desire to drive some business theory into my thick skull. She had given me a bunch of her old textbooks, along with strong hints that I should spend time reading them. I began regurgitating everything that I could remember onto the paper in front of me: The five P's (or was it six?), the four M's, barriers to entry, differentiation on quality or price. By the time Sergey came back, I had enough to talk for 10 minutes and was confident I could fill any holes with the three Bs (Buckets of Baffling Bulls). I went to the whiteboard and began drawing circles and squares and lots of arrows. I was nervous, but not very. Sergey bounced on a ball and asked questions that required me to make up things on the spot. "What's more important: product differentiation or promotion?" "How does the strategy change if the price is zero?" He seemed to be paying attention, and I began enjoying myself. We were developing a special rapport! Clearly, he wanted to hear what I had to say and valued my opinions. Later I found out that Sergey did this with everyone he interviewed. An hour wasted with an unqualified candidate wasn't a total loss if Sergey gained insight into something he didn't already know. The light was fading by the time I finished, and Sergey invited me to join the staff for dinner, which was being brought into a small kitchen across from the conference room. A crowd of hungry engineers bounced from plate to plate with chopsticks picking at a large selection of sushi.

"We just hired a chef, so this is a temporary set-up," Sergey told me. "And we've got a couple of massage therapists coming in as well." A warning light flashed in my head at that. This was the guy who didn't think there should be a marketing budget, and he had hired a chef and two massage therapists? But then I saw the platters of fatty tuna and shrimp and salmon and yellowtail. I grabbed some chopsticks and began loading my plate. Concerns about a business plan and revenue streams and organizational structure faded away. Google met most of my requirements. It offered at least the appearance of superior Internet-related technology, some eccentric genius types, funding that should last at least a year and a fun consumer brand that I could help to develop. Two weeks later, on Nov. 29, 1999, I started work as Google's online brand manager. You would have needed uncanny foresight or powerful pharmaceuticals to envision Google's success in 1999. Or maybe just money to burn. Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital had something, because the two venture capital firms invested $12.5 million each, leading cynics in the Valley to define "Googling" as "getting funding without a business plan." It's just as well that I hadn't realized how fragile Google truly was as I set up the meeting to discuss next steps for my marketing plan. "The most important thing to consider," I began, "is that our own internal research shows our competitors are beginning to approach Google's level of quality. In a world where all search engines are equal, we'll need to rely on branding to differentiate us from everyone else." The room grew quiet. I looked around nervously. Had I said something wrong? Yes. Not just wrong but heretical to engineers who believed anything could be improved through the iterative application of intelligence. Co-founder Larry Page made my apostasy clear. "If we can't Sometimes a founder put forth "a good idea." "I have a good idea," Sergey informed marketing manager Susan Wojcicki a couple of weeks after I started. "Why don't we take the marketing budget and use it to inoculate Chechen refugees against cholera. It will help our brand awareness, and we'll get more new people to use Google." Our company was barely a year old at the time. We had no real revenue. Spending a million dollars of our investors' money on a land war in Asia would indeed be a revolutionary approach to growing market share. Looking back a dozen years later, I kind of get Sergey's perspective. Saving lives was a better use of our budget than running ads, which just annoyed people to no effectand were therefore evil. Why not make a big donation to a humanitarian cause and build awareness by doing good? It had all the classic elements of a Sergey solution: a wildly unconventional approach to a common problem, technology harnessed to improve the human condition, an international scope. Sergey didn't ask my marketing colleague Shari or me what we thought of his idea. He knew that we would have ridiculed it. Instead, he turned to Susan, an early member of the inner circle. Sergey had met her family (he'd later marry her sister), and Susan understood Sergey well enough not to dismiss his outlandish suggestions out of hand. Instead, she went to gather data, which in this case meant asking her mom, a teacher in Palo Alto. As an educator, Susan's mother carried authority with Sergey, and when she confessed to being confused about our plan to support a rebel army in Russia, it took some of the wind out of his sails. He had a backup plan, though. "What if we gave out free Google-branded condoms to high-school students?"

Sergey asked Shari and me to investigate other charitable promotions along these lines, and we dutifully did, but it wasn't lost on us that our opinions had only been sought as an afterthought. April was right around the corner. My first April at Google. My first Google April Fools' joke. April Fools' Day would become a perennial black hole in my calendar, a gravity well into which my attention would be sucked from increasingly great distances in time. Sergey, on the other hand, loved April Fools'. When it came to April Fools', he dynamited decorum and put moderation to the torch. My idea for our first prank was "ante-temporal search," a breakthrough development that anticipated user requests. The tone was heavily geekish, but Susan liked it. Sergey thought it was overdone (akin to the pope saying you're overly religious), but encouragingly, he said it had potential. An engineer pinned the name "MentalPlex" on our new mind-reading technology. That settled, I hashed out the text for a link on the home page and a dozen error messages that would be displayed randomly if someone entered a query in the MentalPlex search box. Someone pointed out that with our newly launched foreign-language interfaces, we could extend the joke beyond English. "One of the error messages should say that MentalPlex has detected foreign thoughts," she suggested, "and then we can translate the interface text on the results page into German." The joke went up on Friday night. Soon Google users would see a spinning cartoon spiral on our homepage inviting them to try MentalPlex. I was relieved that we'd made the deadline. I was also terrified. As soon as we hit Submit on the push, I started compulsively refreshing my inbox to check for feedback from users. At 8:01 the first email arrived. "Google is great!" was the header. More emails started trickling in. People were surprised. They didn't think search engines had a sense of humor. They liked it. They were: LOL. ROFL. ROFLMAO. A chorus of hosannas sounded over the next few hours. "Turn it off. It thinks I'm German." The off-key refrain caught my ear. "I found MentalPlex mildly amusing, but the different languages on the results page make it harder to use. The joke gets old very quickly." Discordant voices increasingly sang about confusion and annoyance. Unfortunately, it was a Friday night. The engineering staff were with Sergey at Zibibbo, a trendy restaurant 20 minutes away in downtown Palo Alto. No one in the office was authorized to make changes to the joke. We were taking a pounding on email. Finally, an engineer stepped in. Now our unwanted results were in Portuguese. The engineers thought the joke was just too funny to eliminate entirely, so they simply shifted the interface to another language. Complaints kept coming. Though the tone was less virulent, users were still unhappy that they couldn't navigate the site easily. I had worked at Google long enough not to be intimidated by an org chart. I called Sergey. It was hard to hear over the background noise of rowdy engineers in a crowded restaurant, but I could tell he was surprised when I insisted that we drop all the foreign-language results. Sergey reluctantly agreed. It was midnight before all the foreign-language text was stripped off the site. "A not-insignificant fraction of our users are complete idiots," groused one engineer, "if they can't figure out how to use our site, just because it's all in Portuguese." Google had clearly crossed the gap from serving the tech elite to playing in the mainstream market an online segment that he knew to be densely populated with the clueless.

"I'm more worried that we got spooked by a little negative feedback," said another engineer. "We backed off the playfulness that's an important part of Google. We watered down our April Fools' joke to make it less invasive. I guess that's what happens as we grow upwe become a more conservative company." He did not see that as a positive development. I've heard the speculation about Google since I've left. That it's a monopoly. That it's tracking users. That it's in cahoots with the government. That it spies on people. That it's evil. Well, maybe it is all that. I haven't worked there in more than five years. Things change. But based on the people I knew during my time in the Plexmany of whom still put in long hours perfecting a product used by millions every dayI'd say that's highly unlikely. Is Google secretive? No question. Arrogant? Maybe. Tone-deaf to the concerns of the very users it claims to serve? Occasionally. But evil? I don't think so. I started my career working at ad agencies. It was fun, challenging and potentially wellpaying. I quit because I didn't like the idea that I might have to sell something I didn't believe in. I worked in public broadcasting and then newspapers, where I found coworkers who sacrificed material rewards to be part of something more connected to the common good than selling someone else's products. I got that same sense at Google, but with greater intensity and urgency. And stock options. This was no institution continuing a long tradition of public service. This was a headlong rush to reshape the world in a generation. And therein lies the company's biggest flaw in my estimationimpatience with those not quick enough to grasp the obvious truth of Google's vision. "When were we ever wrong?" Larry once asked me. Not often. But "not often" is not never. If Google's leaders accepted that reality, they might understand why some people are unwilling to suspend skepticism and surrender to Google's assurances that the company can be trusted. After Google, I find myself impatient with the way the world works. Why is it so hard to schedule a recording on my DVR? Why aren't all the signal lights synched to keep traffic flowing at optimum speed? Why, if I punch in my account number when I call customer service, do I have to give it to them again when I get a live person? These are all solvable problems. Smart people, motivated to make things better, can do almost anything. I feel lucky to have seen firsthand just how true that is. The Unlikely Making of the Google 'Doodle'

LEGO anniversary, 2008 One of the convictions that I brought with me to Google was that you needed to present your company's graphic signature in a monomaniacally consistent manner; to pound it into the public consciousness with a thousand tiny taps, each one exactly the same as the one before. So when Sergey reminded me that he wanted us to play with Google's signature homepage graphic in 1999, I put my foot down. This was not only the most prominent

placement of our logo; it was the only placement of our logo. We weren't advertising on TV or on billboards or in print. The logo floating in all that white space was it.

Cookie Monster, 2009 Sergey didn't see the big deal. He had changed the logo twice during Google's infancy, adding a clip-art turkey on Thanksgiving in 1998 and putting up a Burning Man cartoon when the staff took off to explore nakedness in the Nevada desert. But now Google was a real company, I told him. Real companies don't do that. Even as we argued, Sergey enlisted webmaster Karen White to resurrect the turkey for Thanksgiving, create a holiday snowman in December and festoon the logo with a hat and confetti for New Year's 2000. "What about aliens?" he asked. "Let's put aliens on the home page. We'll change it every day. It will be like a comic strip that people come back to read." I tried not to be condescending. I gave him my spiel about consistency of messaging and uniform touchpoints and assured him that it wasn't just my opinion; it was the consensus of marketing professionals world-wide. I knew I had finally convinced him when he stopped asking me about it.

Michael Jackson's birthday, 2009 I was wrong. Sergey wasn't convinced; he just didn't like repeating himself. So he turned to marketing manager Susan Wojcicki, who found illustrator Ian Marsden and put him to work. In May 2000, Ian created the first Google doodle. It featured surprise, surprisealiens making off with our logo. Our users loved the randomness of the logo artwork and sent us dozens of appreciative emails. Google's brilliant strategy of humanizing an otherwise sterile interface with cute little cartoon creatures was an enormous hit. It was so blindingly obvious that I was right, yet I was so clearly wrong. Google did that to youit made you challenge all your assumptions and experience-based ideas until you began to wonder if up was really up, or if it might not actually be a different kind of down.

1.3 history
Google began in March 1998 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Ph.D. students at Stanford[1] working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP). The SDLP's goal was to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library." and was funded through the National Science Foundation among other federal agencies.[2][3][4][5] In search for a dissertation theme, Page consideredamong other thingsexploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph.[6] His supervisor Terry Winograd encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the best advice I ever got"[7]) and Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks to be valuable information about that page (with the role of citations in academic publishing in mind). [6] In his research project, nicknamed "BackRub", he was soon joined by Sergey Brin, a fellow Stanford Ph.D. student supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.[2] Brin was already a close friend, whom Page had first met in the summer of 1995 in a group of potential new students which Brin had volunteered to show around the campus.[6] Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996, setting out from Page's own Stanford home page as its only starting point.[6] To convert the backlink data that it gathered into a measure of importance for a given web page, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm.[6] Analyzing BackRub's output which, for a given URL, consisted of a list of backlinks ranked by importanceit occurred to them that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing techniques (existing search engines at the time essentially ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page).[6][8] A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services (a subsidiary of Dow Jones) designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.[9] The technology in RankDex would be patented [10] and used later when Li founded Baidu in China.[11][12] Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. By early 1997, the backrub page described the state as follows:[13] Some Rough Statistics (from August 29th, 1996) Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes ... BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on an Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks. -Larry Page page@cs.stanford.edu Originally the search engine used the Stanford website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997. They formally incorporated their company, Google Inc., on September 4, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students. However, they soon changed their minds and early on allowed simple text ads.[14]
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The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol,"[15][16] which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros (although Enid Blyton used the phrase "Google Bun" in The Magic Faraway Tree (published 1941), The Folk of the Faraway Tree (published 1946),[17] and called a clown character "Google" in Circus Days Again (published 1942),[18] and there is also the Googleplex Star Thinker from Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy). Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb, "google," was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning, "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."[19][20] The use of the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.[16] Google Home Page September 1998 By the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages.[21] The home page was still marked "BETA", but an article in Salon.com already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like Hotbot or Excite.com, and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded portal sites (like Yahoo!, Excite.com, Lycos, Netscape's Netcenter, AOL.com, Go.com and MSN.com) which at that time, during the growing dot-com bubble, were seen as "the future of the Web", especially by stock market investors.[21] In March 1999, the company moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.[22] After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.[23] The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex, a number that is equal to 1 followed by a googol of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[24] The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design.[25] In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.[1] The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[1] Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at $.05 per click.[1] This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing).[26][27][28] While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.[1] Google's declared code of conduct is "Don't be evil", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their prospectus (aka "S-1") for their 2004 IPO, noting, "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served as shareholders and in all other ways by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains."[29]

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[edit]Financing and initial public offering The first funding for Google as a company was secured on August 1998 in the form of a $100,000USD contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist.[30] On June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling $25 million was announced;[31] the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital.[30] While Google still needed a lot of funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public even though that would basically solve most of their financial issues. They were not ready to give up their control over Google. After borrowing the $25 million venture capital money from Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital, Sequoia forced Brin and Page to hire a CEO or else they would take back that borrowed $12.5 million. Finally, Brin and Page gave in and hired Eric Schmidt as Googles first CEO in March 2001 and the company went public three years later.[32] In October 2003, while discussing a possible initial public offering of shares (IPO), Microsoft approached the company about a possible partnership or merger.[33] However, no such deal ever materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Group to arrange an IPO. The IPO was projected to raise as much as $4 billion. On April 29, 2004, Google made an S-1 form SEC filing for an IPO to raise as much as $2,718,281,828. This alludes to Google's corporate culture with a touch of mathematical humor as e 2.718281828. April 29 was also the 120th day of 2004, and according to section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, "a company must file financial and other information with the SEC 120 days after the close of the year in which the company reaches $10 million in assets and/or 500 shareholders, including people with stock options."[34] Google has stated in its annual filing for 2004 that every one of its 3,021 employees, "except temporary employees and contractors, are also equity holders, with significant collective employee ownership", so Google would have needed to make its financial information public by filing them with the SEC regardless of whether or not they intended to make a public offering. As Google stated in the filing, their, "growth has reduced some of the advantages of private ownership. By law, certain private companies must report as if they were public companies. The deadline imposed by this requirement accelerated our decision." The SEC filing revealed that Google turned a profit every year since 2001 and earned a profit of $105.6 million on revenues of $961.8 million during 2003. In May 2004, Google officially cut Goldman Sachs from the IPO, leaving Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse First Boston as the joint underwriters. They chose the unconventional way of allocating the initial offering through an auction (specifically, a "Dutch auction"), so that "anyone" would be able to participate in the offering. The smallest required account balances at most authorized online brokers that are allowed to participate in an IPO, however, are around $100,000. In the run-up to the IPO the company was forced to slash the price and size of the offering, but the process did not run into any technical difficulties or result in any significant legal challenges. The initial offering of shares was sold for $85 a piece. The public valued it at $100.34 at the close of the first day of trading, which saw 22,351,900 shares change hands. Google's initial public offering took place on August 25, 2004. A total of 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of $85 per share.[35] Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as 2 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by

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selling stockholders. The sale raised US$1.67 billion, and gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.[36] The vast majority of Google's 271 million shares remained under Google's control. Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owns 2.7 million shares of Google.[37] The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG. [edit]Growth

The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant In February 2003, Google acquired Pyra Labs, owner of Blogger, a pioneering and leading web log hosting website. Some analysts considered the acquisition inconsistent with Google's business model. However, the acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine Google News. At its peak in early 2004, Google handled upwards of 84.7% of all search requests on the World Wide Web through its website and through its partnerships with other Internet clients like Yahoo!, AOL, and CNN. In February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own. This cost Google some market share, yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness, and today the verb "to google" has entered a number of languages (first as a slang verb and now as a standard word), meaning, "to perform a web search" (a possible indication of "Google" becoming a genericized trademark). Analysts speculate that Google's response to its separation from Yahoo! will be to continue to make technical and visual enhancements to personalized searches, using the personal data that is gathering from orkut, Gmail, and Google Product Search to produce unique results based on the user. Frequently, new Google enhancements or products appear in its inventory. Google Labs, the experimental section of Google.com, helps Google maximize its relationships with its users by including them in the beta development, design and testing stages of new products and enhancements of already existing ones.[38] the relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo After the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price more than quadrupled. On August 19, 2004 the number of shares outstanding was 172.85 million while the "free float" was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by insiders). In January 2005 the number of shares outstanding was up 100 million to 273.42 million, 53% of that was held by insiders, which made the float 127.70 million (up 110 million shares from the first trading day). The two founders are said to hold almost 30% of the outstanding shares. The actual voting power of the insiders is much higher, however, as Google has a dual class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. Page says in the prospectus that Google has, "a dual class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me." The company has not reported any treasury stock holdings as of the Q3 2004 report.

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On June 1, 2005, Google shares gained nearly four percent after Credit Suisse First Boston raised its price target on the stock to $350. On that same day, rumors circulated in the financial community that Google would soon be included in the S&P 500.[39] When companies are first listed on the S&P 500 they typically experience a bump in share price due to the rapid accumulation of the stock within index funds that track the S&P 500. The rumors, however, were premature and Google was not added to the S&P 500 until 2006. Nevertheless, on June 7, 2005, Google was valued at nearly $52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value. On August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as 3.14159265) more shares of its stock to raise money. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to $7 billion. Google said it would use the money for "acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets".[40] On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2) R&D center at NASA's Ames Research Center, and on December 31, 2005 Time Warner's AOL unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnershipsee Partnerships below. Additionally in 2005, Google formed a partnership with Sun Microsystems to help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help in the open source office program OpenOffice.org.[41] With Google's increased size comes more competition from large mainstream technology companies. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google. [42] Microsoft has been touting its Bing search engine to counter Google's competitive position. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as webmail (Gmail vs. Hotmail), search (both online and local desktop searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's Windows Live Local competes with Google Earth). In addition to an Internet Explorer replacement Google is designing its own Linux-based operating system called Chrome OS to directly compete with Microsoft Windows. There were also rumors of a Google web browser, fueled much by the fact that Google is the owner of the domain name "gbrowser.com". These were later proven when Google released Google Chrome. This corporate feud is most directly expressed in hiring offers and defections. Many Microsoft employees who worked on Internet Explorer have left to work for Google. This feud boiled over into the courts when Kai-Fu Lee, a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's non-compete contract (he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in China). Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on 22 December 2005, the terms of which are confidential.[43] Click fraud has also become a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that "something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model."[44] Some have suggested that Google is not doing enough to combat click fraud. Jessie Stricchiola, president of Alchemist Media, called Google, "the most stubborn and the least willing to cooperate with advertisers", when it comes to click fraud. While the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has also recently began to experiment with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company dMarc, which provides an automated system that allows companies to

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advertise on the radio.[45] This will allow Google to combine two advertising media the Internet and radiowith Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago SunTimes.[46] They have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house advertisements. During the third quarter 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, "We don't do the same thing as everyone else does. And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players. We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build." After months of speculation, Google was added to the Standard & Poor's 500 index (S&P 500) on March 31, 2006.[47] Google replaced Burlington Resources, a major oil producer based in Houston that had been acquired by ConocoPhillips.[48] The day after the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%.[49] Over the course of the past decade, Google has become quite well known for its corporate culture and innovative, clean products, and has had a major impact on online culture. In July 2006, the verb "to google" was officially added to both the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet.".[50][51] In November 2009, The Global Language Monitor named google No. 7 on the Top Words of the Decade list.[52] In December 2009 the BBC highlighted Google in their Portrait of the Decade (Words) series.[53] [edit]Philanthropy In 2004, Google formed a non-profit philanthropic wing, Google.org, giving it a starting fund of $1 billion.[54] The express mission of the organization is to help with the issues of climate change (see also global warming), global public health, and global poverty. Among its first projects is to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 mpg.[55] [edit]Acquisitions Main article: List of Google acquisitions Since 2001, Google has acquired several small start-up companies, often consisting of innovative teams and products. One of the earlier companies that Google bought was Pyra Labs. They were the creators of Blogger, a weblog publishing platform, first launched in 1999. This acquisition led to many premium features becoming free. Pyra Labs was originally formed by Evan Williams, yet he left Google in 2004. In early 2006, Google acquired Upstartle, a company responsible for the online collaborative word processor, Writely. The technology in this product was combined with Google Spreadsheets to become Google Docs & Spreadsheets. On October 9, 2006, Google announced that it would buy the popular online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion.[56] The brand, YouTube, will continue to exist, and will not merge with Google Video. Meanwhile, Google Video signed an agreement with Sony BMG Music Entertainment and the Warner Music Group, for both companies to deliver music videos to the site.[57] The deal was finalized by November 13.[58] On October 31, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased JotSpot, a company that helped pioneer the market for collaborative, web-based business software to bolster its position in the online document arena.[59]

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On March 17, 2007, Google announced its acquisition of two more companies. The first is Gapminder's Trendalyzer software, a company that specializes in developing information technology for provision of free statistics in new visual and animated ways[60] On the same day, Google also announced its acquisition of Adscape Media, a small in-game advertising company based in San Francisco, California.[61] Google also acquired PeakStream Technologies. [edit]Partnerships Google has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and services. On September 28, 2005,Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2) R&D center at NASA's Ames Research Center. NASA and Google are planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing, bio-info-nano convergence, and encouragement of the entrepreneurial space industry. The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers.[62] In October 2006, Google formed a partnership with Sun Microsystems to help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the open source office program OpenOffice.org.[63] Time Warner's AOL unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December 21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a $1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL.[64] As part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on video search and offer AOL's premium-video service within Google Video. This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premiumvideo services. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase. In August 2003, Google signed a $900 million offer with News Corp.'s Fox Interactive Media unit to provide search and advertising on MySpace and other News Corp. websites including IGN, AmericanIdol.com, Fox.com, and Rotten Tomatoes, although Fox Sports is not included as a deal already exists between News Corp. and MSN.[65] [66] On 6 December 2006, British Sky Broadcasting released details of a Sky and Google alliance.[67] This includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail service for Sky, incorporating the email domain "@sky.com". In 2007, Google displaced America Online as a key partner and sponsor of the NORAD Tracks Santa program.[68][69][70] Google Earth was used for the first time to give visitors to the website the impression that they were following Santa Claus' progress in 3-D.[71] The program also made its presence known on YouTube in 2007 as part of its partnership with Google.[72] In January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the Pontifical Council for Social Communications, allowing the Pope to have his own channel on YouTube.[73] [edit]New mobile top-level domain In coordination with several of the major corporations, including Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, and Ericsson, Google provided financial support in the launch of the .mobi top level domain created specifically for the mobile internet, stating that it is supporting the new domain extension to help set the standards that will define the future of mobile content and improve the experience of Google users.[74] In early 2006, Google launched Google.mobi, a mobile search portal offering several Google mobile products, including stripped-down versions of its applications and services for mobile users.[75] On September 17, 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service to its publishing partners providing the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the

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targeted placement of mobile text ads.[76] Also in September, Google acquired the mobile social networking site, Zingku.mobi to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices."[77] [edit]Legal battles [edit]Gonzales v. Google On Wednesday, January 18, 2006, the U.S. Justice Department filed a motion to compel in United States district court in San Jose seeking a court order that would compel search engine company Google Inc. to turn over, "a multi-stage random sample of one million URLs", from Googles database, and a computer file with, "the text of each search string entered onto Googles search engine over a one-week period (absent any information identifying the person who entered such query)."[78] Google maintains that their policy has always been to assure its users privacy and anonymity, and challenged the subpoena. On March 18, 2006, a federal judge ruled that while Google must surrender 50,000 random URLs, the Department of Justice did not meet the necessary burden to force Google to disclose any search terms entered by its users. [edit]See a dit]Bedrock Computer Technologies, LLC vs. Google, Inc A jury in Texas awarded Bedrock Computer Technologies $5 million in a patent lawsuit against Google. [79][80] The patent allegedly covered use of hash tables with garbage collection and external chaining in the Red Hat Linux kernel. The judgment was later vacated by the court.[81]lso

1.4 now a days

the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of time including the moment of speech; "that is enough for the present"; "he lives in the present with no thought of tomorrow" present time - the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past now - the momentary present; "Now is a good time to do it"; "it worked up to right now" here and now, present moment, moment - at this time; "the disappointments of the here and now"; "she is studying at the moment" date - the present; "they are up to date"; "we haven't heard from them to date" nonce, time being - the present occasion; "for the nonce" today - the present time or age; "the world of today"; "today we have computers" tonight - the present or immediately coming night Buy and Sell business is good, many people find this costless than having a physical shop / store. There are a lot of Buy and Sell businesses over the web, as well as scammers. Scamming is the only worry of buyers, online and offline. So you need to built a positive reputation for your potential customers. Regarding the forfeit, you have to show some proof that you are a legitimate supplier / distributor, or a private seller of the said product(s) else you will get trouble with some legalities. Also be aware if there's a rule / limitation about internet transaction in your country. Better be safe and secure.

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Now if you have made up your mind pursuing this kind of business, don't forget some important factors like: Actual images of your product. Do not upload images you get from google or any image hosting sites, being honest is the best policy. Give a full description of the product. As a buyer point of view, I need to know what are the details / information I should know about this product. Like "Is it new?", "How long it has been used?", "What are the defects / possible malfunction I should expect, and how often this occur" (for second hand items). And so many questions a curious customer would ask. Below are some of the information / details a possible customer would need: Contact information. Provide your business contact number for the serious customers. And other alternative information a possible customer could reach you even not going online. Not your personal. Delivery / shipping / meet-ups and other receiving options. Include this information for the user, so they will have option which one they will prefer. Reason for Buying / Selling. Of course a customer need to know why you are selling that product. Warranty / replacement option. Giving warranty / replacement period for the customer will surely add some comfort and trust. Of course there's still a downfall, if the customer is far.

2 how does the company words

his guide sets out the main requirements for incorporating a company in the United Kingdom i.e. England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It includes information and advice about: how to incorporate a limited company; the type of company you wish to incorporate; the company's officers; choosing a company name including controls and restrictions; & disclosure of company name and other information back to top Chapter 1 - Incorporating a new company 1. What is Incorporation? Incorporation is the process by which a new or existing business registers as a limited company. A company is a legal entity with a separate identity from those who own or run it. The vast majority of companies are limited liability companies where the liability of the members is limited by shares or by guarantee. A business cannot operate as a limited company until it has been incorporated at Companies House under the Companies Act 2006. Establishing your business as a company means the directors are required to file certain documents every year such as annual accounts and an annual return. They must also inform Companies House about any changes, such as the appointment or resignation of directors or a change to the company's registered office.It may be worthwhile seeking professional advice from a solicitor or accountant before deciding whether an incorporated company is the best way for you to run your business. You can also find useful practical advice for business start up on the business link website. 2. Who can incorporate a company? One or more persons can form a company for any lawful purpose by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association (see question 8). In law, 'person' includes
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individuals, companies and other bodies. By completing the memorandum the subscribers are confirming their agreement to form a company. 3. Is there more than one type of company? There are four types of company Private company limited by shares: This company has a share capital and the liability of each member is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on their shares. A private company cannot offer its shares for sale to the general public. Private company limited by guarantee: This company does not have a share capital and its members are guarantors rather than shareholders. The members' liability is limited to the amount they agree to contribute to the company's assets if it is wound up. Private unlimited company: An unlimited company may or may not have a share capital but there is no limit to the members' liability. Public limited company: A publiccompany has a share capital and limits the liability of each member to the amount unpaid on their shares. It may offer its shares for sale to the general public and may be quoted on the stock exchange. Further information about public companies is explained in chapter 3. 4. How do I incorporate my company and what fees apply? There are three ways to incorporate a company. Electronic Software Filing Electronic incorporations can be submitted electronically through suitably enabled software. However, many incorporation agents and software providers have developed their systems to the point where they are able to offer customers a web-based electronic service (this is chargeable). This means that occasional as well as regular customers can apply for incorporation. Many of the businesses shown on our list of software suppliers provide web-based services and depending on the volume of filings you anticipate making, it may be more practical for you to use their services. You can find more information about software filing and a list of providers on our website. The standard fee for electronic filing is 14 (or 30 for the 'Same-Day' service for applications received by 3pm Monday to Friday). Straightforward applications are normally processed within 24 hours. Web Incorporation Service via Business Link Web Incorporation is the safe and reliable way to file online, enabling you to quickly and easily incorporate your company. The standard fee for Web Incorporation is 18. There is no same day service and currently only applications for a private company limited by shares adopting model articles in their entirety with a proposed non sensitive name can use this service. For more information please visit the Businesslink website Paper filing Paper documents, which must be sent to the appropriate office, take longer to process than electronic documents. The standard registration fee is 40 (or 100 for the 'SameDay' service for applications received by 3pm Monday to Friday).The fee is 20 (or 100 for the 'Same-Day' service) in the following circumstances: your company's registered office is stated as being situated in Wales ("Welsh company") and you file documents in the Welsh language; your company is a Community Interest Company (the total fee will be 35 including the CIC Regulator fee and there is no same day service); or your company is an unlimited company. Cheques should be made payable to Companies House. Straightforward applications are normally processed within 5 days of receipt. When filing 'Same Day' applications by

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post, courier or by hand please ensure that you clearly mark the envelope "Same-Day Incorporation". 5. What documents are required to incorporate my company? To incorporate your company you must file the following documents: application to register a company (form IN01) and the fee; memorandum of association (see question 8); articles of association (unless you adopt model articles in their entirety (see question 9); additional information if your application includes a sensitive word or expression (see chapter 7). You may not be able to incorporate your chosen company name if it is the 'same as' another name appearing on the registrar's index of company names. There is an exception to this if an existing company (or LLP or other body on the index) is part of the same group as your company and consents to the use of your proposed name. This is explained more fully in chapter 6. 6. Can I reserve my proposed name? No. You cannot reserve a name. We cannot guarantee to process applications in strict order of the time or date of their receipt and in general electronic documents are processed more quickly than paper documents. 7. What is included in the 'Application to register a company (form IN01)"? This form requires the following information:the proposed company name; the situation of the company's registered office ('RO') i.e. whether it is in England and Wales, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland; the address of the RO (which must be the same as the situation of the RO); whether the company will be private, public or unlimited (see question 3); choice of articles of association; details of the proposed director(s), and the secretary if it has one; directors' service and residential addresses; a statement of capital and initial shareholdings or a statement of guarantee; whether a company limited by guarantee wishes to apply to be exempt from the requirement to use "limited" or "cyfyngedig" in its name (see chapter 6,); if the proposed name contains a sensitive word and a section requiring confirmation that you have requested the views of a government department or other body. (see chapter 7). a statement of compliance or guarantee 8. What is the memorandum of association? The memorandum of association confirms the subscribers' intention to form a company and become members of that company on formation. In the case of a company that is to be limited by shares, the memorandum will also provide evidence of the members' agreement to take at least one share each in the company. Under the Companies Act 2006, the memorandum is a much shorter document because all the constitutional rules of the company are contained in the articles of association (see question 9). Consequently, the memorandum serves a more limited purpose and once the company has been incorporated, it cannot be amended.Information on capital and shareholdings is no longer part of the memorandum as it is contained in the application to register (form IN01) as a 'statement of capital and shareholdings' or for a company limited by guarantee, a 'statement of guarantee', The required memorandum wording is included in the 'The Companies (Registration) Regulations 2008 (2008/3014)' and you should use this format when preparing your memorandum. You can also download a proforma memorandum from our website.

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Please note, the wording of the memorandum is prescribed and it cannot be amended in any way. If you add or change the wording your application will not be accepted. 9. What are the articles of association? A company's articles of association are its internal rulebook, chosen by its members. Every company is required to have articles, which are legally binding on the company and all of its members. The articles help to ensure the company's business runs as smoothly and efficiently as possible and will set out how decisions are taken by the members and directors as well as various matters connected with the shares. The articles cannot contain rules that are against the law. Provided the members observe this general principle they have complete freedom to choose which rules are included in the company's articles, although they may find it convenient to rely on model articles as a default position. If the members decide to draw up their own rules as bespoke articles they may wish to obtain professional advice before proceeding. On incorporation your company can adopt model articles in entirety, model articles with amendments or it can draft its own bespoke articles. 10. What are model articles? Although the members can determine their own articles, they can also choose to adopt standard model articles set out in legislation. You are not obliged to adopt the provisions of model articles, but they are suitable for most standard companies, provide useful guidance and in some cases provide a safety net. They are available for private companies limited by shares, private companies limited by guarantee and public companies.The model articles are set out in schedules 1-3 of 'The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 (SI No. 3229)'. They can also be found in the FAQ's on our website.When you complete the 'Application to register a company (Form IN01)' you will need to specify if the proposed company is adopting: model articles in their entirety (they should not be filed with application form IN01); model articles with amendments (only the amended articles should be filed with the form IN01); or bespoke articles (copy of the articles must be filed with the form IN01). If you do not indicate which articles you are adopting, we will automatically apply the model articles appropriate to your company type. 11. Where can I find further guidance on the memorandum and articles of association? You can find very useful information in the guide, 'Companies Act 2006 final implementation - changes to constitutional documents, including model articles: a summary of what the new approach means. 12. Are there any model articles for unlimited companies? No. There are no model articles provided for unlimited companies. However, an unlimited company can choose to use model articles as the basis of its own articles of association. The articles must not include the provision for the liability of the members to be limited and the members should consider including an article containing power for an unlimited company by special resolution to increase or consolidate share capital, subdivide or cancel shares or reduce share capital and any share premium account. If you are thinking of incorporating an unlimited company you may wish to obtain professional advice.13. Do I need to notify Companies House if I change my articles? Yes. Once your company is incorporated, you must notify Companies House every time your company makes changes to its articles. You and your company may commit an offence if you do not do so. You can amend your articles by special resolution and deliver a copy to Companies House within 15 days of the date it is passed. You must also deliver a copy of the amended articles within 15 days of the date the amendment takes effect. It will help us if you file both at the same time.

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Further information about what you need to do if you amend your company's articles can be found in our guidance, 'Life of a Company Event Driven Filings GP3'. 14. What are entrenched or restricted articles? Your company may choose to adopt articles which include restricted provisions which can only be repealed or amended if certain conditions are met. For example, a rule which can only be changed with the support of a higher majority of shareholders than the 75 per cent that would be required to pass a special resolution. If your company's articles include any entrenched provisions you must complete the appropriate section of the 'Application to register a company (Form IN01)'. The articles themselves must make it clear what conditions need to be satisfied in order to change the entrenched provisions in question. 15. Where can I obtain articles which are appropriate for my company? Companies House cannot supply bespoke articles of association but you can purchase them from a company law stationer or formation agent. Alternatively, you can find model articles for your company on our website 16. What is the registered office? Every company must have a registered office. The registered office must be a physical location where notices, letters and reminders can be delivered to the company. The registered office does not need not be the place where the company carries on its day-today business so it could, for example, be your accountant's address. If the address is not effective for delivering documents, the company could risk being struck off the register or wound up by a creditor. If any person you deal with in the course of your business requests in writing the address of your registered office, or the location where they can inspect your company records, or details of the records that you keep at your registered office, you must respond within five working days. When you apply to incorporate your company you must state whether your company's registered office is to be situated in England and Wales, in Wales (a "Welsh" company), in Scotland or in Northern Ireland. The address of your registered office must also be in the same country as its situation. If you decide to change your registered office address, you must file a 'Change of registered office address' form AD01. The change is not effective until we register the form, which can be filed electronically as well as on paper. You can change the address of your registered office but you cannot change its jurisdiction. For example, if your registered office is in Northern Ireland you cannot change it to an address in Scotland. 17. What happens to the company incorporation documents sent to Companies House? We will carry out a number of examination checks including one necessary to ensure proposed officers are not on the 'Disqualified Directors Register' maintained by Companies House. If the documents satisfy all the appropriate examination checks, we will incorporate the company, issue a certificate of incorporation and place the documents on the company record for public inspection. Please note the incorporation does not take effectCompanies House has issued the certificate of incorporation. You should bear this in mind before obtaining company stationery or creating bank accounts. 18. What is the certificate of incorporation? The certificate of incorporation is conclusive evidence that the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 as to registration have been complied with and that the company is duly registered under this Act. The certificate will state: the name and registered number of the company; the date of its incorporation;

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whether it is a limited or unlimited company, and if it is limited whether it is limited by shares or limited by guarantee; whether it is a private or a public company; and whether the company's registered office is situated in England and Wales, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland. The certificate must be signed by the registrar or authenticated by the registrar's official seal.back to top Chapter 2 - Directors and secretaries Additional information about the role and responsibilities of directors' and secretaries can be found in our 'Life of a Company Part 2 Event Driven Filings' guide. 1. What is the minimum number of officers a company requires? Private companies: The Companies Act 2006 requires a private company to have atleast one director. However, a company's articles of association could impose a higher minimum requirement. At least one director must be an individual. A private company does not need to have a secretary unless the company's articles of association require it. Public companies: A public company must have at least two directors and a secretary. At least one director must be an individual. The secretary of a public company must be qualified (see question 3). 2. Can anyone be a company director? It is up to the members to appoint the directors who will run the company on their behalf. The only restrictions that prevent anyone becoming a director are: they must not have been disqualified from acting as a company director (unless the court has given them permission to act for a particular company); they must not be an undischarged bankrupt (unless they have been given permission by the court to act for a particular company); they must not be under the age of 16. 3. Does a company secretary need any qualifications? Not in the case of a private company. A secretary of a public company must have one or more of the qualifications described in chapter 3.back to top Chapter 3 - Public Companies 1. What are the requirements a public company must meet? A public company must meet the following requirements: it must have at least two directors (who may also be members of the company); it must have at least one director who is an individual; all individual directors must be aged 16 or over; it must have at least one secretary; the secretary must be qualified to act as a secretary. A qualified secretary is someone who: has held the office of secretary of a public company for at least three of the five years before their appointment; or is a barrister, advocate or solicitor called or admitted in any part of the United Kingdom; or is a person who, by virtue of his or her previous experience or membership of another body, appears to the directors to be capable of discharging the functions of secretary; or entity regardless of who holds its shares. Leaseholders can also exercise their right to manage the building they live in. To obtain the right to manage the leaseholders must set up a 'Right to Manage' ('RTM') limited company. Further information is included in question 3.

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A limited company could also be formed to own and manage the common parts of a development made up of separate units under 'commonhold'. This type of company is called a 'commonhold association'. Further information is included in question 6. 2. What documents are required to incorporate a Flat Management company? To incorporate a Flat Management company you need to file the documents set out in chapter 1, question 5. When you complete the 'Application to register a company (form IN01)' you will need to tick option 3 (bespoke articles) of section A7 and include the articles with the other documents. The Leasehold Advisory Service (LEASE) provides free advice on the law affecting residential leasehold property in England and Wales. Its website includes advice and contact information. 3. What are Right to Manage ('RTM') companies? RTM companies were introduced under theCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002. These are private companies limited by guarantee enabling long leaseholders in blocks of flats to take over the management of their building. Leaseholders must form a limited by guarantee company to exercise the management functions. The constitutional rules of an English RTM company are prescribed in articles of association included in The 'RTM Companies (Model Articles) (England) Regulations 2009' (SI 2009/2767). These regulations apply to all existing and proposed RTM companies. 4. What documents are required to incorporate an RTM company? To incorporate an RTM you need to file the documents set out in chapter 1, question 5. When you complete the 'Application to register a company (form IN01)' you will need to tick option 3 (bespoke articles) of section A7 and include the articles with the other documents. The name of your company must end with "RTM" Company Limited' or the Welsh equivalent. The Department of Communities and Local Government ('DCLG') is responsible for RTM companies in England. Further information and guidance can be found on the DCLG website. The Welsh Government is seeking to introduce amended regulations for Welsh RTM companies in Wales as soon as possible. Further information can be obtained by emailing alyn.williams@wales.gsi.gov.uk or you can telephone 01685 729191 Please note, RTM companies do not exist in Scotland or Northern Ireland. 5. What are Commonhold Associations? Commonhold Associations were introduced under the Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002. Commonhold is a form of freehold land ownership which is an alternative to long leasehold ownership of flats and other interdependent properties. It combines freehold ownership of a single property (a unit) in a larger development with membership of a limited company that owns and manages the common parts of the development, for example a block of flats where each flat is a unit and all the other parts, such as the hallway are commonhold. The constitutional rules of commonhold associations registered in England and Wales are prescribed in the articles of association included in The Commonhold Regulations 2009 (SI 2009/2363). 6. What documents are required to incorporate a commonhold association company? To incorporate your commonhold association you need to file the documents set out in chapter 1, question 5. When you complete the 'Application to register a company (form IN01)' you will need to tick option 3 (bespoke articles) of section A7 and include the

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articles with the other documents. The name of your company must end with 'commonhold association limited' or the Welsh equivalents. The Ministry of Justice is the responsible for commonhold associations. The Leasehold Advisory Service (LEASE) provides free advice on the law affecting residential leasehold property in England and Wales. Its website includes advice and contact information. Commonhold Associations do not exist in Scotland or Northern Ireland. back to top Chapter 6 - Choosing a Company name This chapter provides information about the restrictions, controls and requirements for approval of certain words and expressions when used in a company name. It includes guidance on name endings and company type; same as names; names that imply a connection with any part of government; punctuation and permitted characters; and sensitive words and expressions. Before choosing a name you should use our WebCHeck service to ensure your chosen name is not the 'same as' an existing name on the index of company names. You should also check the Trade Marks Register of the UK Intellectual Property Office to ensure that the proposed name does not infringe an existing trade mark. You can also seek advice from the Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys. 1. Can I choose any name I want for my proposed company? No. There are a number of restrictions and controls on your choice of company name. If your company is a private company limited by shares or guarantee its name must end with "limited" or "Ltd". However, if your company's registered office is stated as being situated in Wales (a "Welsh"company), its name may instead end with "cyfyngedig" or "cyf". If your company is a public company its name must end with 'public limited company' or 'p.l.c.'. However, if your company's registered office is stated as being situated in Wales (a "Welsh"company), its name may instead end with 'Cwmni Cyfyngedig Cyhoeddus' or 'CCC' The Company and Business Names (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2009 (SI2009/1085) set out the controls and restrictions on your choice of company name including: requirement that certain expressions and abbreviations (including Welsh equivalents) which describe a particular form of company, can only be used at the end of a name, such as "Public Limited Company" or "Community Interest Company". controls that restrict the use of "Right to Manage" (or the Welsh equivalent) or "RTM" in any part of the name unless the company is an RTM company; conditions a private company limited by guarantee must meet to enable it to be exempt from including "limited", "ltd", "cyfyngedig" or "cyf" at the end of its name (see question 2); rules which prevent the registration of a name which is the 'same as' an existing name on the index (see questions 3-7); controls over the use of certain characters, signs, symbols and punctuation in a company name. The following restrictions apply under sections 53-55 and 1197-8 of the Companies Act 2006: names that suggest a connection with Her Majesty's Government, a devolved government or administration or a specified public authority; names that include "sensitive" words and expressions included in regulations; names that include words that would constitute an offence;

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offensive names. 2. How can I be exempt from including "limited" in my company name? Your company must be a private company limited by guarantee and the articles of association must include clauses that: state that the objects of the company are the promotion or regulation of commerce, art, science, education, religion, charity or any profession. require its income to be applied in promoting its objects; prohibit the payment of dividends, or any return of capital, to its members; and require each member to contribute to the assets of the company if it is wound up during the time that he is a member or within 1 year of him ceasing to be a member If you wish to apply for the exemption upon incorporation you must complete Section A3 of the application to register (form IN01). 3. What is meant by 'same as'? If two company names are so similar they are likely to confuse the public as to which company is which, then they are the 'same as'. To determine whether a name is the 'same as' an existing name the regulations set out: the words and expressions that must be disregarded (see question 4); and the words, expressions, signs and symbols that are to be regarded as the same (see question 5). There is one exception to these rules which is explained in question 7. 4. What will be disregarded? The full list is set out in the regulations. They include: designated name endings (including permitted abbreviations and Welsh equivalents),e.g. "limited", "unlimited", "public limited company"; certain words and expressions including "biz", "co", "co.uk", "com", "company", "UK", "United Kingdom", "Wales", "Cymru", "net", "org.uk", "services", "international"; a blank space between or after a word, expression, character, sign or symbol; punctuation including a full stop, comma, colon, bracket, apostrophe; characters "*", "=", "#", "%" and "+" when used as one of the first three characters in a name; "s" at the end of a name (irrespective of whether it is a plural) ; "the" and "www" at the beginning of a name; any characters after the first 60 characters in a name. 5. What words and expressions will be regarded as the 'same as'? When comparing one name with another certain words and expressions will be regarded as the 'same as', for example, "and" and "&", "plus" and "+", "1" and "one", "6" and "six", "" and "euro", "$" and "dollar", "%" and "percent", "@" and "at". 6. Can you give some examples of 'same as' names? Catering Company Services Public Limited Company 7. Are there any exceptions to the 'same as' rules? Yes. The 'same as' rule will not be applied in the following circumstances: that the proposed company will be part of the same group as an existing company; the existing company consents to the registration of the proposed name; the application to register includes a letter/statement from the existing company which confirms its consent to the incorporation of the new company name and that it will form part of the same group.

2.1company
Googles mission is to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful.

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Beginning in 1996, Stanford University graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin built a search engine called BackRub that used links to determine the importance of individual web pages. By 1998 they had formalized their work, creating the company you know today as Google. Since then, Google has grown by leaps and bounds. From offering search in a single language we now offer dozens of products and servicesincluding various forms of advertising and web applications for all kinds of tasksin scores of languages. And starting from two computer science students in a university dorm room, we now have thousands of employees and offices around the world. On these pages, you can find more information about Googles products and services, our principles, history, company culture and more. A lot has changed since the first Google search engine appeared. But some things havent changed: our dedication to our users and our belief in the possibilities of the Internet itself. The global leader in "daily deals" is now valued at almost $13 billion after saying it increased the offering by 5 million shares to 35 million in total and pricing them at $20 each, above an initial range of $16 to $18. The debut of the three-year-old company, which sells Internet coupons for everything from spa treatments to nose jobs, is one of this year's most closely watched. Its tiny float represents just above 5 percent of the company and helped drive up demand and price. That constraint -- one of the smallest floats of the past decade -- should support Groupon's share price when it begins trading on the Nasdaq on Friday under the ticker GRPN, analysts say. But in the longer run, they cited concerns about competition from the deep-pocketed likes of Google and Amazon.com Inc; the need to spend continuously to drive user growth; and questions about accounting after the company altered its IPO filings twice to change the way it accounted for revenue. "Groupon is expensive. The $12.8 billion valuation is only achievable because of the low float," said Rob Romero, head of technology-focused hedge fund firm Connective Capital Management. "Today's reaction to LinkedIn floating additional share supply is an indication of how tight supply-demand of shares can distort valuation for a new IPO." LinkedIn, which remains well above its $45 IPO price, plummeted 9 percent after-hours after unveiling a proposal to sell up to $500 million in stock. It had floated 8.3 percent of its shares during the IPO. Pandora Media, a music streaming service and another recent dotcom debutante, sold 9.2 percent of the company. At $12.8 billion, Groupon commands a price tag more than twice what Google offered to buy the company last year. WIDESPREAD CRITICISM

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Beyond Friday, Groupon shares may prove volatile on concern about the company's ability to generate long-term profit and revenue growth, plus the likelihood that existing investors will sell some of their holdings at some point. Quirky music major and CEO Andrew Mason and his executive team spent almost two weeks on the road pitching to investors and addressing widespread criticism about Groupon's replicable business model, slowing growth and accounting concerns. "The post-IPO investor will be taking a risk on this deal," said Josef Schuster, founder of IPO research and investment house IPOX Schuster. "It's maybe a good trade for a day trader, in and out in a single day, but I don't want to be in it for the long run." To pull the deal off, the company cut its valuation by about half. Existing shareholders aren't selling. And it skipped meetings with potential investors in Europe and Asia. If underwriters, led by Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs and Credit Suisse, exercise their right to buy just over 5 million more Groupon shares in the IPO, known as the greenshoe, Groupon will raise more than $800 million, before fees. Wall Street will scrutinize Groupon's Friday showing for clues as to how other highly anticipated dotcom IPOs -- from the likes of Facebook or Zynga -- may fare. LinkedIn surged on the first day of trading in May and remains far above its $45 IPO price. Pandora's shares surged initially, then slumped. Its shares traded below the $16 IPO price on Thursday at just over $15. Groupon "is a company with permission to market to 150 million consumers daily. No other company in the world has ever had that type of reach," said Boyan Josic, chief executive at DailyDealMedia, which tracks the industry

Services
1. Your relationship with Google 1.1 Your use of Googles products, software, services and web sites (referred to collectively as the Services in this document and excluding any services provided to you by Google under a separate written agreement) is subject to the terms of a legal agreement between you and Google. Google means Google Inc., whose principal place of business is at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States. This document explains how the agreement is made up, and sets out some of the terms of that agreement. 1.2 Unless otherwise agreed in writing with Google, your agreement with Google will always include, at a minimum, the terms and conditions set out in this document. These are referred to below as the Universal Terms. 1.3 Your agreement with Google will also include the terms of any Legal Notices applicable to the Services, in addition to the Universal Terms. All of these are referred to below as the Additional Terms. Where Additional Terms apply to a Service, these will be accessible for you to read either within, or through your use of, that Service. 1.4 The Universal Terms, together with the Additional Terms, form a legally binding agreement between you and Google in relation to your use of the Services. It is

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important that you take the time to read them carefully. Collectively, this legal agreement is referred to below as the Terms. 1.5 If there is any contradiction between what the Additional Terms say and what the Universal Terms say, then the Additional Terms shall take precedence in relation to that Service. 2. Accepting the Terms 2.1 In order to use the Services, you must first agree to the Terms. You may not use the Services if you do not accept the Terms. 2.2 You can accept the Terms by: clicking to accept or agree to the Terms, where this option is made available to you by Google in the user interface for any Service; or by actually using the Services. In this case, you understand and agree that Google will treat your use of the Services as acceptance of the Terms from that point onwards. 2.3 You may not use the Services and may not accept the Terms if (a) you are not of legal age to form a binding contract with Google, or (b) you are a person barred from receiving the Services under the laws of the United States or other countries including the country in which you are resident or from which you use the Services. 2.4 Before you continue, you should print off or save a local copy of the Universal Terms for your records. 3. Language of the Terms 3.1 Where Google has provided you with a translation of the English language version of the Terms, then you agree that the translation is provided for your convenience only and that the English language versions of the Terms will govern your relationship with Google. 3.2 If there is any contradiction between what the English language version of the Terms says and what a translation says, then the English language version shall take precedence. 4. Provision of the Services by Google 4.1 Google has subsidiaries and affiliated legal entities around the world (Subsidiaries and Affiliates). Sometimes, these companies will be providing the Services to you on behalf of Google itself. You acknowledge and agree that Subsidiaries and Affiliates will be entitled to provide the Services to you. 4.2 Google is constantly innovating in order to provide the best possible experience for its users. You acknowledge and agree that the form and nature of the Services which Google provides may change from time to time without prior notice to you. 4.3 As part of this continuing innovation, you acknowledge and agree that Google may stop (permanently or temporarily) providing the Services (or any features within the Services) to you or to users generally at Googles sole discretion, without prior notice to you. You may stop using the Services at any time. You do not need to specifically inform Google when you stop using the Services. 4.4 You acknowledge and agree that if Google disables access to your account, you may be prevented from accessing the Services, your account details or any files or other content which is contained in your account. 4.5 You acknowledge and agree that while Google may not currently have set a fixed upper limit on the number of transmissions you may send or receive through the Services or on the amount of storage space used for the provision of any Service, such fixed upper limits may be set by Google at any time, at Googles discretion. 5. Use of the Services by you 5.1 In order to access certain Services, you may be required to provide information about yourself (such as identification or contact details) as part of the registration

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process for the Service, or as part of your continued use of the Services. You agree that any registration information you give to Google will always be accurate, correct and up to date. 5.2 You agree to use the Services only for purposes that are permitted by (a) the Terms and (b) any applicable law, regulation or generally accepted practices or guidelines in the relevant jurisdictions (including any laws regarding the export of data or software to and from the United States or other relevant countries). 5.3 You agree not to access (or attempt to access) any of the Services by any means other than through the interface that is provided by Google, unless you have been specifically allowed to do so in a separate agreement with Google. You specifically agree not to access (or attempt to access) any of the Services through any automated means (including use of scripts or web crawlers) and shall ensure that you comply with the instructions set out in any robots.txt file present on the Services. 5.4 You agree that you will not engage in any activity that interferes with or disrupts the Services (or the servers and networks which are connected to the Services). 5.5 Unless you have been specifically permitted to do so in a separate agreement with Google, you agree that you will not reproduce, duplicate, copy, sell, trade or resell the Services for any purpose. 5.6 You agree that you are solely responsible for (and that Google has no responsibility to you or to any third party for) any breach of your obligations under the Terms and for the consequences (including any loss or damage which Google may suffer) of any such breach. 6. Your passwords and account security 6.1 You agree and understand that you are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of passwords associated with any account you use to access the Services. 6.2 Accordingly, you agree that you will be solely responsible to Google for all activities that occur under your account. 6.3 If you become aware of any unauthorized use of your password or of your account, you agree to notify Google immediately at http://www.google.com/support/accounts/bin/answer.py?answer=58585. 7. Privacy and your personal information 7.1 For information about Googles data protection practices, please read Googles privacy policy at http://www.google.com/privacy.html. This policy explains how Google treats your personal information, and protects your privacy, when you use the Services. 7.2 You agree to the use of your data in accordance with Googles privacy policies. 8. Content in the Services 8.1 You understand that all information (such as data files, written text, computer software, music, audio files or other sounds, photographs, videos or other images) which you may have access to as part of, or through your use of, the Services are the sole responsibility of the person from which such content originated. All such information is referred to below as the Content. 8.2 You should be aware that Content presented to you as part of the Services, including but not limited to advertisements in the Services and sponsored Content within the Services may be protected by intellectual property rights which are owned by the sponsors or advertisers who provide that Content to Google (or by other persons or companies on their behalf). You may not modify, rent, lease, loan, sell, distribute or create derivative works based on this Content (either in whole or in part) unless you

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have been specifically told that you may do so by Google or by the owners of that Content, in a separate agreement. 8.3 Google reserves the right (but shall have no obligation) to pre-screen, review, flag, filter, modify, refuse or remove any or all Content from any Service. For some of the Services, Google may provide tools to filter out explicit sexual content. These tools include the SafeSearch preference settings (see http://www.google.com/help/customize.html#safe). In addition, there are commercially available services and software to limit access to material that you may find objectionable. 8.4 You understand that by using the Services you may be exposed to Content that you may find offensive, indecent or objectionable and that, in this respect, you use the Services at your own risk. 8.5 You agree that you are solely responsible for (and that Google has no respon

3.1seach machine 3.2gmail

Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service provided by Google Users may access Gmail as or IMAP protocols. Gmail was launched as an invitation-only on April 1, 2004 and it became available to the general public on February 7, 2007, though still in beta status at that time The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009, along with the rest of the suite. With an initial storage capacity offer of 1 per user, Gmail significantly increased the webmail standard for free storage from the 2 to 4 its competitors such as offered at that time Individual Gmail messages, including attachments, may be up to 25 MB, which is larger than many other mail services support. Gmail has a oriented interface and a "conversation view" similar to an Gmail is noted by for its pioneering use Gmail runs on /2.0 on As of October 2011, it had 260 million users worldwide.

3.3blogger
3.3.1 what is blogger, what is a blog

Blogger is a blog-publishing service that allows private or multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. It was created by Pyra Labs, which was bought by Google in 2003. Generally, the blogs are hosted by Google at a subdomain of blogspot.com. Up until May 1, 2010 Blogger allowed users to publish blogs on other hosts, via FTP. All such blogs had (or still have) to be moved to Google's own servers, with domains other than blogspot.com allowed via Custom URLs.[3] In July of 2011 a news outlet announced that Google intends to change the name of the service from "Blogger" to "Google Blogs," as part of a larger plan to re-brand or retire all non-Google brands in its portfolio of products and services

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3.3.2 blogger history

On August 23, 1999, Blogger was launched by Pyra Labs. As one of the earliest dedicated blog-publishing tools, it is credited for helping popularize the format. In February 2003, Pyra Labs was acquired by Google under undisclosed terms. The acquisition allowed premium features (for which Pyra had charged) to become free. In October 2004, Pyra Labs' co-founder, Evan Williams, left Google. In 2004, Google purchased Picasa; it integrated Picasa and its photo sharing utility Hello into Blogger, allowing users to post photos to their blogs. On May 9, 2004, Blogger introduced a major redesign, adding features such as web standards-compliant templates, individual archive pages for posts, comments, and posting by email. On August 14, 2006, Blogger launched its latest version in beta, codenamed "Invader", alongside the gold release. This migrated users to Google servers and had some new features, including interface language in French, Italian, German and Spanish.[5] In December 2006, this new version of Blogger was taken out of beta. By May 2007, Blogger had completely moved over to Google operated servers. Blogger was ranked 16 on the list of top 50 domains in terms of number of unique visitors in 2007
3.3.3 Pros of Blogger Platform

Blogger has its own advantages and disadvantages when compared to other platforms, in this post we are making out an honest attempt to rate the Blogger (Blogspot) based on the its merits and demerits.

Most reliable as it is a service offered by Google itself. Easy to start with and customize, posting updates is as simple as sending an email. Options to use 3rd party or own themes on the platform.

You can customize the template like your own and you can add your own hacks to start with. Ability to use custom domain for free,you just need to map it.) Ability to import your old blog feeds. Enhanced support for Mobile platforms No need to worry about the spam, security and hack everything will be taken care of Google. Native language support allows you to post in your own language. Posts will index soon on Google Search results. Completely Ad Free, it is your choice to show your own ads or not. Blogger will not show its ads on your blog : You can get your own soon with Blogspot platform as it runs on Googles platform, of course you need to satisfy the requirements but the rate of getting approved were really high with blogger. Cons of Blogger Platform Limited storage capacity of 1 GB and no ability to store images (you need to save images in your Picasa account with a threshold limit of 1 GB). No FTP support

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Everything you need should be customized, although community help by the fellow bloggers is available it is always hard to Do It Yourself (DIY). No definitive way to host blogger in a local system. Frequent outages (quite common to see users facing problems while posting e.g. errors like bx-fj78fy). Plugins are not available to enhance the experience, all the time you to code for getting the features like.

3.4 Picasa
is an image organizer and image viewer for organizing and editing digital photos, plus an integrated photo-sharing website, originally created by Idealab in 2002 and owned by Google since 2004.[1] "Picasa" is a blend of the name of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, the phrase mi casa for "my house", and "pic" for pictures (personalized art).[1][2] In July 2004, Google acquired Picasa and began offering it as a free download.[1] Native applications for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Mac OS X (Intel only) are available through Google Labs. For Linux, Google has bundled Wine with the Windows version to create an installation package rather than write a native Linux version, but this version is severely out of date (the latest Windows version, however, can be run with Wine, see Linux section). There is also an iPhoto plugin or a standalone program for uploading photos available for Mac OS X 10.4 and later. It was reported in July 2011 that Google would be rebranding Picasa as Google Photos. Windows As of May 2011, the latest version of Picasa is 3.8, which supports Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7. [edit]Linux As from about early June 2006, Linux versions (2.2.2820-5) became available as free downloads for most distributions of the Linux operating system. It is not a native Linux program but an adapted Windows version that uses the Wine libraries.[4] Google announced that there will be no Linux version for 3.5, due to low adoption.[5] Since at least July 2009, and as of Nov 2010, Google has only officially offered Picasa 3.0 Beta for Linux http://picasa.google.com/linux/. [edit]Linux installation Further information: Using Picasa 3.8 in Linux Picasa 3.8 for Windows can be successfully installed and used under Linux through the use of Picasa 3.0 and Wine.[6] This involves merely installing the official Linux v3.0beta version, then downloading the Windows version and running the .exe installer through Wine, then overwriting the v3.0beta install with the Windows install. [edit]Web Album alternatives There are, however, also other programs that can upload to Picasa Web Albums. GwenView and DigiKam can upload to Picasa Web Albums when you install the kipiplugins package and Shotwell can upload to it without any plugins. [edit]Mac OS X On 5 January 2009 Google released a beta version of Picasa for Mac (Intel-based Macs only). Also, a plugin is available for iPhoto to upload to the Picasa Web Albums hosting service. There is also a standalone Picasa Web Albums uploading tools for OS X 10.4 or later.[7] The Picasa for Mac is a Google Labs release.[8] Unfortunately, Picasa for Mac uses the OS X "scroll with inertia" and scrolling speed settings with a high multiplier, making it impossible to configure both

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Safari/Chrome/Firefox scrolling and Picasa scrolling (in single-picture mode) to be usable at the same time. The thumbnail/gallery view is unaffected.[9] [edit]Features This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) [edit]Organization and editing For organizing photos, Picasa has file importing and tracking features, as well as tags, facial recognition, and collections for further sorting. It also offers several basic photo editing functions, including color enhancement, red eye reduction, and cropping. Other features include slide shows, printing, and image timelines. Images can also be prepared for external use, such as for e-mailing or printing, by reducing file size and setting up page layouts. There is also integration with online photo printing services. Other simple editing features include adding text to the image. Picasa supports most RAW files, a user is able to view and edit RAW files and save their finished edit (as JPG, et al) without any changes to the original RAW file. [edit]Keywords Picasa uses picasa.ini files to keep track of keywords for each image. In addition to this, Picasa attaches IPTC keyword data to JPEG files, but not to any other file format. Keywords attached to JPEG files in Picasa can be read by other image library software like Adobe Photoshop Album, Adobe Bridge, Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, digiKam, and iPhoto. According to Picasa Readme,[10] Picasa can parse XMP data. However, it cannot search local files for existing XMP keywords. [edit]Searching Picasa has a search bar that is always visible when viewing the library. Searches are live, so that displayed items are filtered as you type. The search bar will search filenames, captions, tags, folder names, and other metadata.[11] Picasa also supports boolean operators for searching in much the same way as Google's web search. All search terms are required by default (as with the operator "AND"), and images tagged with specified keywords can be excluded by using the hyphen (as in the boolean operator "NOT"). For example, searching for family children -friends will cause Picasa to display all images with the keywords "family" and "children", but which do not include the keyword "friends". Picasa also has an experimental feature that allows searching for images that contain certain colors with the "color:" operator.[12] [edit]Viewing Picasa has no separate view window. There is only an "edit view" with a viewing area. Fullscreen view is available in slideshow mode, by holding down the ctrl+alt keys while in "edit view", or by pressing the Alt Gr key. This feature is also available through the context menu of Windows Explorer, and provides a way to start the Picasa editor as well. [edit]Backup This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011)

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In Picasa 2 and earlier versions, changes to pictures made in Picasa overwrite the original file, but a backup version of the original is saved in a hidden folder named "Originals" in the same folder as the original picture (.picasaoriginals on Mac OSX) . In Picasa 3, changes to pictures made in Picasa are saved to a hidden file picasa.ini in the same folder as the original picture. This allows multiple edits to be performed without altering the original image. Viewing the picture in Picasa or using the Picasa Photo Viewer will apply modifications on the fly, whereas viewing through other programs (such as Windows XP's Photo and Fax Viewer) will display the original image. Changes can also be made permanent using the "Save" function, where the original file is backed up in a hidden folder .picasaoriginals located in the same folder as the original picture and the modified version is written in its place. Further reading: Manual section "Saving photos" on picasa.google.com [13] [edit]Face recognition On 15 August 2006, Google announced it had acquired Neven Vision, whose technology can be used to search for features within photos such as people or buildings. Google applied this technology for face recognition, and this functionality was launched on Picasa Web Albums on 2 September 2008.[14] Neven Vision incorporates several patents[15] specifically centered around face recognition from digital photo and video images. [edit]Geotagging This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) Since June 2007 Picasa can write geographic coordinates to Exif metadata, thus geotagging an image. Since version 3.5 of Picasa, Google Earth is not needed. Geotagging may be done directly inside Picasa, using a more practical Google Maps component, which enables this functionality in the Mac OS X version. [edit]Other Picasa applications [edit]Picasa Web Albums Picasa Web Albums (PWA) is a photo sharing web site from Google, often compared to Flickr and similar sites. It allows users with accounts at Google to store and share 1 GB of large photos for free. Storage is unlimited for photos 2048x2048 pixels or smaller for Google+ users, and for photos 800x800 for everyone else. Videos less than 15 minutes long also don't count towards the limit. After the limit is reached, photos are automatically resized. [16] Users may upload pictures through a variety of ways: via the PWA web interface on supported browsers,[17] Picasa 2.5.0 or later[18] on Microsoft Windows, using the Exporter for iPhoto, the Aperture to Picasa Web Albums plug-in, Uploader on Mac OS X,[19] F-Spot on Linux, or through WAManager in the Amiga-like OS MorphOS. In both free and paid accounts, the actual resolution of the photo is maintained, even though a smaller resolution photo may be displayed by the web interface. In Picasa 3 versions of the software[dubious discuss], using the 'original size' upload option, pixel size remains the same, but JPEG compression is increased significantly during upload to PWA. As JPEG is a "lossy" format, some picture information (and quality) is lost. Picasa 3.6 added an option to preserve original JPEG quality.[20]

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PWA uses an "unlisted number" approach for URLs for private photo albums. This enables a user to email a private album's URL to anyone, and the recipient can view the album without having to create a user account. This is done via an "authentication key" that must be appended to the URL for the album to be shown. The Picasa Help files say that private albums are not searchable by anyone except the user. Another visibility option named "sign-in required to view" is available. This makes the album viewable only to those with whom the album is explicitly shared. Ads are shown on the free Picasa Web Albums accounts. The Terms of Service[21] permit Google to use the uploaded photos to display on their website or via RSS feeds, and also for promoting Google services royalty-free. Additionally, the terms permit Google to allow other companies with which they are affiliated to use the uploaded pictures to provide syndicated services. This allowance is perpetual and cannot be revoked by the owner of the photos. Picasa Web Albums was first leaked on 6 June 2006.[22] When introduced, it came with 250 MB free space. On 7 March 2007, that was upgraded to 1 GB. As stated above, storage is now unlimited for small and resized photos. Users can also rent additional storage space (shared between Google services such as Gmail and Picasa Web Albums) from 20 GB to 16 TB.[23]

3.5google maps/google earth

Google Maps Overlay Here's a network link for Google Earth which will use Google Maps to give you a transparent map overlay for the area you are viewing in Google Earth. When I was entering placemarks for my recent holiday in Japan I noticed that Google Earth resolution (outside Tokyo) is fairly limited but Google Maps shows all of Japan with excellent detail. So here's my attempt at integrating those two services by putting a transparent Google Map over the Google Earth view. Generating the links to Google Maps was fairly straightforward, but getting the alignment right was quite a challenge. How to use Click here to open the Google Maps overlay in your Google Earth software. In the "Temporary Places" section you will find the Google Maps Overlay network link and you can move it to "My Places" to keep it.

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When you change your Google Earth view a new map overlay should appear after 4 seconds. The map overlay sits in the Google Map folder within the network link. Parameters You can edit the Google Maps Overlay network link and modify the parameters in the Location url: Please note: This service is a private experiment which can be terminated at any time. Enjoy it while it's there... Lots of error dialogs will pop up if an area is not available from Google Maps at the requested zoom level. Just click them all away and change your view to continue. The map data shown is copyrighted by Google and their data suppliers.

4influence in our society

A few years ago people began to Google themselves. They began to feed their name, plus a few details, to the open jaws of the mighty search engine and were delighted to read that they were mentioned, referred to or even listed in the hallowed halls of search results. However, due to increasing concern over data privacy, personal information and the growth of surveillance both on and off the internet, it might now be a cause for concern rather than delight if your details were returned in a Google search. Will it ever be possible to use search engines to find out deeply personal information about oneself, such as what we bought in our local supermarket last week? Or maybe it will allow me to find out what train or bus my boss took to work this morning? Data privacy and personal information are an old chestnut in the online community. Many of these issues have long been resolved in relation to both credit card details and personal information. If you were to ring any major credit card company right now and claim that your credit card had been charged without your authorisation, they would lead you to believe that the theft did not occur online or perhaps even electronically, but it was a human hand that stole from you. In relation to identity theft, the same cause and effect occurs; if the information being passed through call centres isn't guarded from human interaction, it will be open to attack. Placing this in the context of personal information being stored in the cached results of a search engine, the danger posed here will surely come from the human element rather than the search providers; put simply, it is the crackers and hackers that pose the threat to personal information, rather than Google itself. Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of textmessaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. But its a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinkingperhaps even a new sense of the self. We are not only what we read, says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. We are how we read. Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts efficiency and immediacy above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an
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earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace. When we read online, she says, we tend to become mere decoders of information. Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged. Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings. Its not etched into our genes the way speech is. We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand. And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains. Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet. The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli. We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed works. Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewritera Malling-Hansen Writing Ball, to be precise. His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches. He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up. The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time. Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers. Words could once again flow from his mind to the page. But the machine had a subtler effect on his work. One of Nietzsches friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing. His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic. Perhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom, the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his thoughts in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper. Personal information will never be available for identity theft from search engines for the same reason it is illegal to pirate, copy or distribute copyrighted material. You might not be personally offended to find that somewhere in the world, someone is illegally downloading the new James Bond film at this very moment; but you would surely come out fighting if people were downloading your high school grades.

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