ECS 478

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Chapter 2:
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
DESIGN & DETAILING
CONTINUOUS BEAM
DESIGN
LEARNING OUTCOME :
By completing this chapter, students shall be able to:

1.0 Determine moments and shear forces in continuous

beam.
2.0 Design a continuous beam and apply durability and
serviceability checks.
Introduction to Continuous Beam
 Continuous beams
are beams that
have more than
one span and
normally found in
cast in-situ
construction.

 Figure below
shows failure
mode of a
continuous beam
and the position
of the main
reinforcement.
Assumption Loading from Slab
 Loading acting on a beam can be contributed by loading from
the supported slabs, supported secondary beams,
brickwall, and other structure elements such as staircase,
roof truss etc.
 Load distribution from the slab to beam always depends on the
geometry of slabs, type of supports condition and continuity of
the slabs.
Assumption Loading from Slab (cont)
 For rectangular slabs that supported in 4-sides, the following
method can be used:
 0ne-way slab (Ly/Lx > 2.0)

where n = uniform distributed load on slab (kN/m2)

Assumption Loading from Slab (cont)
 For rectangular slabs that supported in 4-sides, the following
method can be used:
 Two-way slab (Ly/Lx < 2.0)

where n = uniform distributed load on slab (kN/m2)

Analysis Method
 There are few methods that could be used in obtaining shear
and moment values of a continuous beam for design purposes:

o Use of shear and moment coefficient

o Moment distribution
o Stiffness method

(a) Shear & moment coefficient

Flanged beams
 Flanged beams are cast as a part of the slab system.
 When the beams are resisting sagging moments, the slab act as a
compression flange and the members designed as T or L beams.
 With hogging moments, the slab will be in tension and the members
designed as a rectangular section.
 The effective flange width, beff (Cl.5.3.2.1) :
Analysis Method cont
(a) Shear & moment coef.
 b
Stress block analysis
ec 0.567 fck
Fc
AC x 0.8x
0.8

d
h z

As1
s
es
Fs = 0.87 fyk As1
s

In EC2 only the details of the stress block are given, not the flexural
design formulae. This is considered text book information.
Design Procedure for a rectangular beam :
Design Procedure for a flanged beam :
Shear Reinforcement (Cl. 6.2)
Shear Reinforcement (Cl. 6.2)
Detailing
Deflection
Deflection (contd.)
DESIGN AIDS, FIRE
DESIGN AIDS,FLEXURE z/d,
x/d
 Example
A 6 m span simply supported beam carries a
permanent load gk = 60 kN/m and variable
load qk = 18 kN/m. Determine
reinforcement requirements.
Take:
fyk = 500 N/mm2, fck = 30 N/mm2, d = 540
mm and b = 300 mm
 Design loading and maximum
moment
Ultimate design load wu
= 1.35 gk + 1.50 qk
= (1.35 x 60) + (1.50 x 18)
= 108 kN/m

ME,d = wul2/8
= 486 kNm
 Reinforcement
K = M/(bd2fck)
= 486 x 106/(300 x 5402 x 30)
= 0.185 > K' = 0.167
Design as DRB
Take d' = 50 mm
d‘/d = 50/540 = 0.092 < 0.171
Therefore, fsc = 0.87 fy
Compression steel,
A’s = (K – K’)fckbd2/fsc(d-d’)
= (0.185-0.167)x30x300x5402/(0.87x500x(540-50))
= 222 mm2

Provide 2 H16 bars (A’s = 402 mm2)

Tension steel:
As = (0.167 fck bd2/0.87fyk z) + A’s
= [(0.167x30x300x5402)/(0.87x500x(0.82x540)] + 222

= 2497 mm2

Provide 2 H32 bars and 2 H25 bars (As = 2592 mm2)

Check: 100 As/bd = 1.6 > 0.15

 Variable strut inclination
Shear reinforcement Compression chord
Fc

d z=
  V
0.9d M

Fs
s
 Shear without links
V
Rd
,
c 0
.
12
k
(ρ
100
f
) b
d  t
1
/
3
ck w 
V
Rd
,
c f
(
k,ρ
,
tf,b
d
ck
w)
Size Effect Dowel action Shear compression and Section size
A Aggregate interlock

k 
1
200
2
.0 
t  s
0
.02
d b
wd

V 
Shear strength of RC
Rd
,cvbd
(min)
minw concrete without shear
links is greater of:
v0
.
035
kf VRd,c and VRd,c (min)
min
3
/
2
ck
 Shear reinforcement
Diagonal compressive strut Vertical shear reinforcement

0.
36b
d(
1
f/250
)
f A V

sw
 Ed


w ck ck
V
Rd
,
max
θ
(cotθ
tan
) s 0.
78df cot
ywd

 V 

θ0
.
5 1

sin Ed
 Note that all shear in RC beams
0.
18
bd
(
1
 w ck ck
f/  must be resisted by links. i.e. there
250
)
f
is considered to be no contribution
from the concrete or from the

θ
22
45 longitudinal steel.
VRd,s = number of links in shear span x
total cross-sectional area x design stress

= [(z cot)/s] x Asw x fywd

= (Asw/s) z fywd cot

Ultimate strength of concrete strut,
= ultimate design stress x cross-sectional area
= (fck/1.5) x (bw x zcos)
Vertical component,
= [(fck/1.5) x (bw x zcos)] sin
So,
VRd,max = fckbw z cos sin/1.5
= fckbw z / 1.5 (cot  + tan)
 In EC2 this formula is modified by inclusion of
strength reduction factor (1) for concrete cracked
in shear, thus:
VRd,max = fckbw z 1 / 1.5 (cot  + tan)

where 1 = 0.6(1-fck/250) and taking z = 0.9d,

VRd,max = 0.36bwd(1-fck/250)fck /(cot  + tan)

 Example (Shear design)
Previous beam (wu = 108kN/m)

Take:
fyk = 500 N/mm2,
fck = 30 N/mm2,
d = 540 mm and b = 300 mm
 Check maximum shear at face
of support
Maximum design shear
= wu x effective span/2
= 108 x 6.0/2
= 324 kN
Design shear at face of support, VEd
= 324 – 108 x 0.15 (half bearing length)
= 308 kN
Crushing strength, VRd,max of diagonal strut,
assuming  = 22o, cot  = 2.5, is

VRd,max = 0.124 bwd(1-fck/250)fck

= 0.124 x 300 x 540 (1-30/250) x 30

= 530 kN (>308 kN)

Therefore  = 22o and cot  = 2.5 assumed

 Shear links
Distance d from face of support,
VEd = 308 – 108 x 0.54 = 250 kN

Asw/s = VEd/(0.78 d fyk cot)

= 250/(0.78 x 540 x 500 x 2.5)

= 0.475

Provide 8 mm links at 200 mm centres (Asw/s = 0.503)

 Minimum links
Asw,min/s = 0.08fck0.5bw/fyk
= (0.08 x 300.5 x 300)/500
= 0.26

Provide 8 mm links at 350 mm centres (Asw/s = 0.287)

Shear resistance of links specified is:

Vmin = (Asw/s) x 0.78 d fyk cot
= 0.287 x 0.78 x 540 x 500 x 2.5
= 151 kN
 Exercise : Beam Design
Figure below shows the simply supported beam and the size
of the beam. Assuming that : concrete cover = 25 mm,
diameter of bar is 20mm, diameter of link = 10mm, fck =
25N/mm²,fyk= 500 N/mm². Calculate the area of steel, shear
reinforcement of the beam and check the deflection of the
beam.

15kN/m
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
450mm
4m

200mm
Figure Q1 shows the floor plan of the typical car park area. By considering the data given:

a) Design the main reinforcement and shear link at mid span for Beam C/1-4.
b) Design the main reinforcement and shear link at over support for Beam C/1-4.
c) Check the deflection at mid span
d) Sketch the detailing of the beam

Data given:
Dimension of beam = 300mm x 650mm
Characteristic strength of the concrete, fck = 30 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of main bars & link, fyk = 500 N/mm2
Slab thickness = 200 mm
Ultimate design load for Beam C/1-4 = 90 KN/m
Effective depth of tension reinforcement, d = 600 mm
Depth of compression reinforcement, d’ = 50 mm
 EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF FLANGE BEAM (T BEAM)

Continuous beam
beff = Σ beff i + bw < b b = short span of slab = 3000 mm, bw = width of beam = 300mm
Where beff i = 0.2bi + 0.1lo < 0.2lo
and beff < bi, l = span length of beam = 8500 mm

Lo = 0.7l = 0.7 x 8500 = 5950 mm

As the beam is symmetric about its centreline, b1=b2 and beff1 = beff2
b = 3000 mm
b1 = b2 = 3000 mm – 300/2 = 2850 mm
beff i = 0.2bi + 0.1lo < 0.2lo
beff 1 = 0.2 x 2850 + 0.1 x 5950
= 1165 mm < b1 = 2850 mm , or
< 0.2lo = 0.2 x 5950
= 1190 mm
beff = beff1 + beff2 + bw
= 1165 mm + 1165 mm + 300 mm
= 2630 mm
 Flange beam design

1. Calculate Moment (M)

2. Calculate K = M/bfd²fck, where bf = bff
3. Calculate z
4. Calculate S = 2 (d – z), if S < h (slab thickness), then the section
design as a rectangular section.

NORMAL PRACTICE AS CIVIL ENGINEER,

• AT MID SPAN DESIGN AS A RECTANGULAR SECTION,
WHERE
b = WIDTH OF RECTANGULAR BEAM NOT FLANGE BEAM
(bff)