Drafts - Rebar - Nov 30, 2023

Hilti PROFIS Engineering 3.0.
90
https://www.hilti.se/
Company: Page : 1
Addre ss: Spe cifie r:
Phone | Fax: | E-Mail:
De sign: Re bar - Nov 30, 2023 (1) Date : 21. 12. 2023
Re bar application:
Specifier's comments:
1. Input data
General
Design method EN 1992-1-1:2004 + AC:2010
Consider the effect of ΔFtd yes
Verification of interface shear 6.2.2
Consider compression reinforcement for no

CSD
Application type Slab extension
Continuous in X yes
Loading type Static
Design for yield no
Design working life 50 years
Product
Mortar HIT-CT1
Item number 435992 HIT-CT 1 (adhesive)
European Technical Assessment ETA-11/0390
Issued 16. 10. 2019
Installation Hammer drilling (HD), Installation Condition: Dry Concrete
Drilling direction Drilling aid is used (this improves the angle of drilling)
Material and Geometry

Existing concrete C30/37, fck = 30 N/mm²
New concrete C45/55, fck = 45 N/mm²
Joint roughness Rough
Interface between new and old concrete Rectangular cross section, width = 1,000 mm, height = 250 mm
Length of existing concrete 1,500 mm
Minimum concrete cover 25 mm
Cast-in front cover 25 mm
Temperature During installation: from 5°C to 20°C; During service: 20 °C / 20 °C (short / long
term)
Input data and re sults must be che cke d for conformity with the e xisting conditions and for plausibility!
PROFIS Engine e ring ( c ) 2003-2023 Hilti AG, FL-9494 Schaan Hilti is a re giste re d Trade mark of Hilti AG, Schaan
1
Hilti PROFIS Engineering 3.0.90
Company: Page : 2
Re bar application:
Post installed rebar
Diameter Coordinate Y Bond fyk Drilling length (lv)

Top layer 1 12mm 49 mm Good 500.00 N/mm² 337 mm
Bottom layer 1 12mm -49 mm Good 500.00 N/mm² 168 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement
Diameter Spacing (center to center) Cover Bond fyk Shape

Top layer 1 10 mm 150 mm 35 mm Good 500.00 N/mm² Straight
Bottom layer 1 10 mm 150 mm 35 mm Good 500.00 N/mm² Straight
Transverse reinforcement
Diameter Spacing (center to center) Cover fyk

Top layer 1 10 mm 150 mm 25 mm 500.00 N/mm²
Bottom layer 1 10 mm 150 mm 25 mm 500.00 N/mm²
2
Company: Page : 3
Re bar application:
1.1. Geometry & Loading

Geometrical dimensions in [mm]. Loading values in [kN, kNm]
3
Company: Page : 4
Re bar application:
1.2. Cross section view
4
Company: Page : 5
Re bar application:
1.3. Side section view
5
Company: Page : 6
Re bar application:
2. Loads
2.1. Load combination and Geometry
LC Load type Vx Vy N Mx Design Method Max drill length lv Max. Utilization
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [mm] [%]
Combination 1 Static 0.000 15.000 0.000 -15.000 EN1992-1-1 337.193 74
6
Company: Page : 7
Re bar application:
3. Overview of results
3.1. References
[1] EN 1992-1-1:2011 (01/2011): Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
3.2. Cross-section verification

Description Variable Value
Post-Installed Rebar diameter ϕ 12 mm
Reinforcement yield strength, post installed fyk 500.00 N/mm²
Concrete compressive strength, existing fck 30.00 N/mm²
Concrete compressive strength, new fck 45.00 N/mm²
Member height h 250 mm
Member width b 1,000 mm
The determination of the load bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete member is performed assuming the Bernoulli
Hypothesis ("plane sections remain plane").
For the (compressed) concrete the following stress-strain relationship (parabola-rectangle diagram) is used.
n
εc
σc = f
cd ⋅ [1 − (1 − ε c2
) ] f or 0 ≤ ε c ≤ ε c2 [1] Eq. (3.17)
σc = f
cd f or ε c2 ≤ ε c ≤ ε cu2 [1] Eq. (3.18)
α cc⋅fck
fcd =
γc
[1] (3.15)
The design stress-strain diagram for reinforcing steel (in tension and compression) is assumed as bi-linear with a horizontal top
branch.
fyk
fyd = design yield stress
γs
fyd
ε yd
= design strain at yielding of steel reinforcement
Es
ε ud design ultimate strain for steel reinforcement
fck [N/mm²] αcc [-] γc [-] fcd [N/mm²] ε c2 [-] ε cu2 [-]
30.00 1.000 1.500 20.00 0.002 0.0035
fyk [N/mm²] γs [-] fyd [N/mm²] Es [N/mm²] ε yd [-] ε ud [-]

500.00 1.150 434.78 200,000.00 0.002 0.020
7
Company: Page : 8
Re bar application:
Additional tension force due to shear load
ΔFtd = VE d ⋅ cot Θ [1] Section 6.2.3
V Ed [kN] Θ [°] cot Θ [-] ΔFtd [kN]

-15.000 42.5 1.091 16.370
Rebar arrangement and diameter at the interface; see figure below
1,000
119 12 238 12 238 12 238 12 119
70
70
1 2 + 3 4
12
12
250
250
86
86
5 6 7 8
12
12
70
70
-
119 12 238 12 238 12 238 12 119

1,000
Resulting rebar forces
Force (+Tension, -Compression)
Layer BottomLayer1 contains rebars 5-8

Layer TopLayer1 contains rebars 1-4
Layer Tension Force [kN] Additional tension force due Total Force [kN]
to shear load (ΔFtd ) [kN]
TopLayer1 92.699 8.185 100.884

BottomLayer1 - 8.185 8.185
max. concrete compressive strain: 0.269 ‰

max. concrete compressive stress: 5.01 N/mm²
resulting tension force in (x/y) = (-0.000/49.000): 92.699 kN
resulting compression force in (x/y) = (-0.000/-112.814): 92.699 kN
inner lever arm z = 162 mm
8
Company: Page : 9
Re bar application:
4. Rebar design in tension ([1] Section 8.4 , 8.7 )

4.1. Steel verification and lap length determination
Input

Characteristic concrete compressive strength, existing fck 30.00 N/mm²
Characteristic concrete tensile strength (5%-fractile), existing fctk;0.05 2.028 N/mm²
Partial material safety factor γc
1.500
Coefficient for long-term effects on the tensile strength αct
1.000
Design concrete tensile strength, existing fctd 1.352 N/mm²
Rebar diameter
Post-installed: ϕ 12 mm
Cast-in: ϕ 10 mm
Reinforcement yield strength
Post-installed: fyk 500.00 N/mm²
Cast-in: fyk 500.00 N/mm²
Partial material safety factor γs
1.150
Shape of rebar influence ([1] Table 8.2)
Post-installed: α1
1.000
Cast-in: α1
1.000
Concrete cover influence ([1] Table 8.2)
Post-installed: α2
0.700
Cast-in: α2
0.700
Transverse reinforcement influence ([1] Table 8.2) α3
0.912
Transverse pressure influence ([1] Table 8.2)
Transverse pressure p
0.00 N/mm²
α5
1.000
Lap length increase factor ([1] Table 8.3) α6
1.500
Governing loading situation
The results presented in the following are valid for the governing loading situation:
The design is performed based on the results of the cross-section analysis (incl. additional tension forces due to shear loads)
Installation/Drill length results
lv ≥ l0,max + l0,e + cf
l0,max = max (l , l0,Cast−In )

0,P ost−Installed
l0,e = max (e − min (4 ⋅ min (ϕ P ost−Installed , ϕ Cast−In ) , 50) , 0)
e clear spacing between lapped Post-Installed and Cast-In rebars

cf
front cover of cast-in rebars
Layer TopLayer1 contains rebars 1-4
9
Company: Page : 10
Re bar application:
Layer ϕ l0
[mm] [mm]
Post-installed TopLayer1 12 280
Cast-in TopLayer1 10 277
Layer l0,max
e
l0,e
cf
lv
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]

TopLayer1 / TopLayer1 280 72 32 25 337
Steel verification
A s ⋅fyk
FE d ≤ Fyd =
γs
Layer FEd ϕ
γs
As Fyd Utilization Status
[kN] [mm] [-] [mm²] [kN] [%]
Post-Installed TopLayer1 25.221 12 1.150 113 49.173 52 Ok
Cast-In TopLayer1 25.221 10 1.150 79 34.148 74 Ok
Lap length
l0 = α1 ⋅ α2 ⋅ α3 ⋅ α5 ⋅ α6 ⋅ lb,rq d ≥ l0,min [1] Eq. (8.10)

ϕ σ sd
lb,rq d = ⋅ [1] Eq. (8.3)
4 f
bd
F Ed
σsd =
As
l0,min = max (0.3 ⋅ α6 ⋅ lb,rq d , 15 ⋅ ϕ, 200mm) [1] Eq. (8.11)

fbd = 2.25 ⋅ η1 ⋅ η2 ⋅ fctd [1] Eq. (8.2)
η1 = 1.0 for good bond conditions [1] Section 8.4.2 (2)
η1 = 0.7 for all other cases
η2 = 1.0 for rebars with ϕ ≤ 32mm [1] Section 8.4.2 (2)
(132−ϕ)
η2
= for rebars with ϕ > 32mm
100
α ct ⋅fctk;0.05
fctd = [1] Eq. (3.16)
γc
fctk;0.05
= 0.7 ⋅ fctm = 0.7 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅ f
3
[1] Table (3.1)
ck
Post-installed rebars
In case of post-installed rebars, use fbd,P IR in [1] Eq. (8.3)
fbd,P IR = k b ⋅ fbd
kb bond efficiency factor from ETA-11/0390

l0,min = αlb ⋅ l0,min
αlb amplification factor from ETA-11/0390
10
Company: Page : 11
Re bar application:
Influencing factor (αi ) equations
Concrete cover
(cd −ϕ)
0.70 ≤ α2 = 1 − 0.15 ⋅ ≤ 1.00 [1] Table 8.2
ϕ
Straight bars Bent or hooked bars Looped bars

cd = c
a cd = min (c1 , c)
cd = min ( , c1 , c)
2
Transverse reinforcement (not welded)
0.70 ≤ α3 = 1 − K ⋅ λ ≤ 1.00 [1] Table 8.2

(∑ A st −∑ A st,min )
λ =
As
2
π⋅ϕmax
As =
4
2
σ sd π⋅ϕ σ sd
∑ Ast,min = 1.0 ⋅ As ⋅ = ⋅
fyd 4 fyd
assumption: α2 ⋅ α3 ⋅ α5 ≥ 0.7
→ l0 = 0.7 ⋅ α6 ⋅ lb,rq d
→ number of l0
transverse = 1 +
s trans
rebars
2
π⋅ϕ 0.7⋅α 6 ⋅lb,rq d
trans
→ ∑ Ast = ⋅ (1 + )
4 s trans
Transverse pressure
0.7 ≤ α5 = 1 − 0.04 ⋅ p ≤ 1.00 [1] Table 8.2
Combination limit
α2,3,5 = max (α2 ⋅ α3 ⋅ α5 ; 0.7) [1] Eq. (8.5)
Lap length increase
11
Company: Page : 12
Re bar application:
α6 = 1.5 [1] Table 8.3
Layer FEd ϕ As
σsd η1 η2
fctd
[kN] [mm] [mm²] [N/mm²] [-] [-] [N/mm²]

Post-Installed TopLayer1 25.221 12 113 223.00 1.000 1.000 1.352
Cast-In TopLayer1 25.221 10 79 321.12 1.000 1.000 1.352
Layer kb fbd fbd,P IR

αlb
lb,rq d l0,min
α1 cd
[-] [N/mm²] [N/mm²] [-] [mm] [mm] [-] [mm]

Post-Installed TopLayer1 1.000 3.04 3.04 1.400 220 280 1.000 70
Cast-In TopLayer1 - 3.04 - - 264 200 1.000 35
Layer α2
∑ A st ∑ A st,min As λ K
α3
[-] [mm²] [mm²] [mm²] [-] [-] [-]

Post-Installed TopLayer1 0.700 199 0 113 1.764 0.050 0.912
Cast-In TopLayer1 0.700 224 0 79 2.848 0.050 0.858
Layer p α5 α2,3,5 α6
l0
[N/mm²] [-] [-] [-] [mm]

Post-Installed TopLayer1 0.00 1.000 0.700 1.500 280
Cast-In TopLayer1 0.00 1.000 0.700 1.500 277
4.2. Steel verification and anchorage length determination

Input

Characteristic concrete compressive strength, existing fck 30.00 N/mm²
Characteristic concrete tensile strength (5%-fractile), existing fctk;0.05 2.028 N/mm²
1.500
Coefficient for long-term effects on the tensile strength αct
1.000
Design concrete tensile strength, existing fctd 1.352 N/mm²
Rebar diameter, Post-installed ϕ 12.000 mm
Reinforcement yield strength fyk 500.000 N/mm²
1.150
Shape of rebar influence ([1] Table 8.2) α1
1.000
Concrete cover influence ([1] Table 8.2) α2
0.700
Transverse reinforcement influence ([1] Table 8.2) α3
0.962
Transverse pressure influence ([1] Table 8.2)
Transverse pressure p
0.00 N/mm²
α5
1.000
Governing loading situation
The results presented in the following are valid for the governing loading situation:
The design is performed based on the results of the cross-section analysis (incl. additional tension forces due to shear loads)
12
Company: Page : 13
Re bar application:
Installation/Drill length results
lv ≥ lbd
Layer BottomLayer1 contains rebars 5-8
Layer ϕ lbd lv
[mm] [mm] [mm]

BottomLayer1 12 168 168
Steel verification
A s ⋅fyk
FE d ≤ Fyd =
γs
Layer FEd ϕ
γs
As Fyd Utilization Status
[kN] [mm] [-] [mm²] [kN] [%]
Post-Installed BottomLayer1 2.046 12 1.150 113 49.173 5 Ok
Anchorage length
lbd = α1 ⋅ α2 ⋅ α3 ⋅ α4 ⋅ α5 ⋅ lb,rq d ≥ lb,min [1] Eq. (8.4)

ϕ σ sd
lb,rq d = ⋅ [1] Eq. (8.3)
4 fbd
lb,min = max (0.3 ⋅ lb,rq d , 10 ⋅ ϕ, 100mm) [1] Eq. (8.6)

F Ed
σsd =
As
fbd = 2.25 ⋅ η1 ⋅ η2 ⋅ fctd [1] Eq. (8.2)

η1 = 1.0 for good bond conditions [1] Section 8.4.2 (2)
η1 = 0.7 for all other cases
η2 = 1.0 for rebars with ϕ ≤ 32mm [1] Section 8.4.2 (2)
(132−ϕ)
η2
= for rebars with ϕ > 32mm
100
α ct ⋅fctk;0.05
fctd = [1] Eq. (3.16)
γc
fctk;0.05
= 0.7 ⋅ fctm = 0.7 ⋅ 0.3 ⋅ f
3 [1] Table (3.1)
ck
Post-installed rebars
In case of post-installed rebars, use fbd,P IR in [1] Eq. (8.3)
fbd,P IR = k b ⋅ fbd
kb bond efficiency factor from ETA-11/0390

l0,min = αlb ⋅ l0,min
αlb amplification factor from ETA-11/0390
13
Company: Page : 14
Re bar application:
Influencing factor (αi ) equations
Concrete cover
(cd −ϕ)
0.70 ≤ α2 = 1 − 0.15 ⋅ ≤ 1.00 [1] Table 8.2
ϕ
Straight bars Bent or hooked bars Looped bars

cd = c
a cd = min (c1 , c)
cd = min ( , c1 , c)
2
Transverse reinforcement (not welded)
0.70 ≤ α3 = 1 − K ⋅ λ ≤ 1.00 [1] Table 8.2

(∑ A st −∑ A st,min )
λ =
As
2
π⋅ϕmax
As =
4
2
σ sd π⋅ϕ σ sd
∑ Ast,min = 1.0 ⋅ As ⋅ = ⋅
fyd 4 fyd
assumption: α2 ⋅ α3 ⋅ α5 ≥ 0.7
→ lbd = 0.7 ⋅ lb,rq d
→ number of lbd
transverse = 1 +
s trans
rebars
2
π⋅ϕ 0.7⋅lb,rq d
trans
→ ∑ Ast = ⋅ (1 + )
4 s trans
Transverse pressure
0.7 ≤ α5 = 1 − 0.04 ⋅ p ≤ 1.00 [1] Table 8.2
Combination limit
α2,3,5 = max (α2 ⋅ α3 ⋅ α5 ; 0.7) [1] Eq. (8.5)
14
Company: Page : 15
Re bar application:
Layer FEd ϕ As
σsd η1 η2
fctd
[kN] [mm] [mm²] [N/mm²] [-] [-] [N/mm²]

Post-Installed BottomLayer1 2.046 12 113 18.09 1.000 1.000 1.352
Layer kb fbd fbd,P IR

αlb
lb,rq d lb,min
cd
[-] [N/mm²] [N/mm²] [-] [mm] [mm] [mm]

Post-Installed BottomLayer1 1.000 3.04 3.04 1.400 18 168 70
Layer α1 α2
∑ A st ∑ A st,min As λ K
α3
[-] [-] [mm²] [mm²] [mm²] [-] [-] [-]

Post-Installed BottomLayer1 1.000 0.700 85 0 113 0.752 0.050 0.962
Layer α4 p α5 α2,3,5
lbd
[-] [N/mm²] [-] [-] [mm]

Post-Installed BottomLayer1 1.000 0.00 1.000 0.700 168
15
Company: Page : 16
Re bar application:
4.3. Interface shear verification (without shear reinforcement in new

member) ([1] Section 6.2.2)
Input

Cross-section shape rectangular
Member height h 250 mm
Member width b 1,000 mm
Effective depth (cross-section) d 98 mm
Smallest width (tensile area of cross-section) bw 1,000 mm
Concrete compressive strength, existing fck 30.00 N/mm²
Concrete compressive strength, new fck 45.00 N/mm²
1.500
Coefficient for long-term effects on the compressive strength αcc
1.000
Design concrete compressive strength fcd 20.00 N/mm²
Reinforcement yield strength fyk 500.00 N/mm²
1.150
Surface roughness ([1] Section 6.2.5 rough
Roughness factor c
0.4
Verification
VE d ≤ VRd,c
VE d ≤ VE d,Limit
VE d,Limit = 0.5 ⋅ bw ⋅ d ⋅ ν ⋅ fcd [1] Eq. (6.5)

fck
ν = 0.6 ⋅ (1 −
250
) [1] Eq. (6.6N)
α cc⋅fck
fcd =
γc
[1] Eq. (3.15)
VRd,c = max (VRd,c , VRd,c,min ) ⋅

c
Hilti recommendation for shear interface calculations
0.5
based on EN1992-1-1, 6.2.2
1
VRd,c = [CRd,c ⋅ k ⋅ (100 ⋅ ρl ⋅ fck ) 3

+ k 1 ⋅ σcp ] ⋅ bw ⋅ d [1] Eq. (6.2.a)
VRd,c,min = (νmin + k 1 ⋅ σcp ) ⋅ bw ⋅ d [1] Eq. (6.2.b)
[1] Section 6.2.2 (1)
0.18
CRd,c =
γc
[1] Section 6.2.2 (1)

200
k = 1 + √ ≤ 2.0
d
A sl
ρl
= ≤ 0.02 [1] Section 6.2.2 (1)
bw ⋅d
F Ed,total
βU til = utilization of tensioned reinforcement
A ⋅f
sl yd
F Ed,total
ρl,ef f
= ρl ⋅ βutil = ≤ 0.02 effective ratio of tensile reinforcement
bw ⋅d⋅fyd
k1 = 0.15 [1] Section 6.2.2 (1)

NEd
σcp = < 0.2 ⋅ fcd [1] Section 6.2.2 (1)
Ac
[1] Eq. (6.3N)

3
νmin 2
= 0.035 ⋅ k 2
⋅ f
ck
16
Company: Page : 17
Re bar application:
C Rd,c [-] k [-] FEd,total [kN] β U til [-] fyd [N/mm²] ρl,ef f [-] fck [N/mm²]
0.120 2.000 109.069 0.277 434.78 0.0026 30.00
k1 [-] N Ed [kN] Ac [mm²] σcp [N/mm²] νmin [N/mm²] bw [mm] d [mm]

0.150 -0.000 249,095 -0.00 0.54 1,000 98
V Rd,c,min [kN] ν [N/mm²] fcd [N/mm²] V Ed,limit [kN] V Ed [kN] V Rd,c [kN] c [-]
53.137 0.528 20.00 517.440 15.000 46.403 0.400
V Rd,c,gov [kN] Utilization [%] Status

42.510 36 Ok
17
Company: Page : 19
Re bar application:
6. Installation data
Mortar: HIT-CT 1 + Rebar
Item number: 435992 HIT-CT 1 (adhesive)
Reinforcement yield strength fyk: 500.00 N/mm²
Drilling method: Hammer drilling (HD) (Drilling aid is used)
Hole type: Dry Concrete
Installation temperature: from 5°C to 20°C
Roughness: Rough
Top layer 1
Rebar diameter: 12mm
Spacing: 250 mm
Top cover: 70 mm
Drill length, lv: 337 mm
Drill diameter, d0: 16 mm
Hole cleaning: Cleaning with the air nozzle
Bottom layer 1
Rebar diameter: 12mm
Spacing: 250 mm
Bottom cover: 70 mm
Drill length, lv: 168 mm
Drill diameter, d0: 14 mm
Hole cleaning: Compressed air cleaning
6.1. Maximum working time and minimum curing time 1)

Temperature in the base material T Maximum working time twork Minimum curing time tcure
-5 °C to -1 °C 1 hours 6 hours
0 °C to 4 °C 40 min 3 hours
10 °C to 19 °C 10 min 1.5 hours
20 °C to 29 °C 4 min 1.25 hours
1) The curing time data are valid for dry base material only. In wet base material the curing times must be doubled.
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Hilti PROFIS Engineering 3.0.

Design method EN 1992-1-1:2004 + AC:2010

Consider the effect of ΔFtd yes

Verification of interface shear 6.2.2

Consider compression reinforcement for no

Application type Slab extension

Loading type Static

Design for yield no

Design working life 50 years

Item number 435992 HIT-CT 1 (adhesive)

European Technical Assessment ETA-11/0390

Issued 16. 10. 2019

Installation Hammer drilling (HD), Installation Condition: Dry Concrete

Material and Geometry

New concrete C45/55, fck = 45 N/mm²

Joint roughness Rough

Length of existing concrete 1,500 mm

Minimum concrete cover 25 mm

Cast-in front cover 25 mm

Post installed rebar

Diameter Coordinate Y Bond fyk Drilling length (lv)

Diameter Spacing (center to center) Cover Bond fyk Shape

Diameter Spacing (center to center) Cover fyk

1.1. Geometry & Loading

1.2. Cross section view

1.3. Side section view

3.2. Cross-section verification

ε ud design ultimate strain for steel reinforcement

fyk [N/mm²] γs [-] fyd [N/mm²] Es [N/mm²] ε yd [-] ε ud [-]

Additional tension force due to shear load

ΔFtd = VE d ⋅ cot Θ [1] Section 6.2.3

V Ed [kN] Θ [°] cot Θ [-] ΔFtd [kN]

Rebar arrangement and diameter at the interface; see figure below

119 12 238 12 238 12 238 12 119

Resulting rebar forces

Force (+Tension, -Compression)

Layer BottomLayer1 contains rebars 5-8

TopLayer1 92.699 8.185 100.884

max. concrete compressive strain: 0.269 ‰

4. Rebar design in tension ([1] Section 8.4 , 8.7 )

Description Variable Value

Governing loading situation

Installation/Drill length results

l0,max = max (l , l0,Cast−In )

l0,e = max (e − min (4 ⋅ min (ϕ P ost−Installed , ϕ Cast−In ) , 50) , 0)

e clear spacing between lapped Post-Installed and Cast-In rebars

Layer TopLayer1 contains rebars 1-4

[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]

l0 = α1 ⋅ α2 ⋅ α3 ⋅ α5 ⋅ α6 ⋅ lb,rq d ≥ l0,min [1] Eq. (8.10)

l0,min = max (0.3 ⋅ α6 ⋅ lb,rq d , 15 ⋅ ϕ, 200mm) [1] Eq. (8.11)

In case of post-installed rebars, use fbd,P IR in [1] Eq. (8.3)

kb bond efficiency factor from ETA-11/0390

αlb amplification factor from ETA-11/0390

Influencing factor (αi ) equations

Straight bars Bent or hooked bars Looped bars

Transverse reinforcement (not welded)

0.70 ≤ α3 = 1 − K ⋅ λ ≤ 1.00 [1] Table 8.2

0.7 ≤ α5 = 1 − 0.04 ⋅ p ≤ 1.00 [1] Table 8.2