( 1),.

T h e Hardy Cross Method

- - - - - - - - ... --- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - -
T he ea rl ie st systematic m et ho d of - - -- - .... - - - - - -
ne tw or k analysjs (Hardy-Cross
M et ho d) is kn ow n as th e head ba
lance or closed loop m et hp d.

This m et ho d is applicable to system

in which pipes fo rm cfosed
lo op s. T he ou tf lo w s from th e syst
em ar e generally as su m ed to oc cu
at th e no de s ju nc tio n. r

Fo r a given pi pe sy st em w ith kn ow
n ou tfl ow s, th e H ar dy -C ro ss
m et ho d is an ite ra tiv e pr oc ed ur e ba se d on initial
th e pi pe s. ly ite ra te d flows in

A t ea ch ju nc tio n th es e flo w s m
us t sa tis fy th e co nt in ui ty cr ite rio
th e al ge br ai c su m of th e flo w n, i.e .
ra te s in th e pi pe m ee tin g at a ju
to ge th er w ith an y ex te rn al fl o w nc tio n,
s is ze ro .
15
 (I). The Hardy Cross Method

► The method is based on

► Cont-inuity Equatio,n:
► Inflow = outflow at nodes

Qc

► Energy Equation:
► Summation of head loss in closed loop is zero
 (I).. The Hardy Cross Method I
• J
- - - ... ,_ - - ~ .... """' I
!
~
I' I I
I . .I
· ' I- I J.i- ., -
\I'...,- ... illlllll!lt
I
lllll(llllt - .._ -- ~ - ... -- - - ..-, - --- llll!![a - ... - - - - - - - ,_

- I I ' ' -1 I I I -

:►• The relatio~sh11ip between :h ead 10.ss a nd d,isch.a rge must be maintaine.d 1

1 1
1 1 1

for each pipe

.• Darcy-,W eisbac,h ,EHuation , '

. ' I n 8~
ht(pipe)=KQ ,' n=2 K=---
, . 1

ga2DS
► Exponenti1a·1 fric.t jon formula 'H ,a·z en-WHHams

h1 (pipe) = KQ"
'

n =1.85 K = 10.67
. c1.s5d4.87

17
(1),. Hardy Cross Method (DerivationJ

Actual discharge: Q __ Assumed discharg~: Qa

Correction: 4 - - -
-

~ 1l
~K(Qa +AQ). =0 ,
---

L n;I nK(AQ)2~
- - .

LKQa" + LnK(AQ)Q~n-1+ n-2+ ... ~o,? .....

-
For small values of correction

AQ=
LKQan
1:JnKQan-11
18
(1),. Ha rdy Cro ss Me tho d
--- --- --- --~ --- --- --~ --- --- --- --- --- --- -~
► Prob lem Desc ripti on

- -

► Netw ork of pipe:s form 1ing one or ,m ore close d loops

~ Given
► Dem ands @ netw ork ·n odes (junc tions)
► d, L., pipe-mate rial, Temp, and'· P @ one node

► Find
flow direc tion for all pipes in netw or·k
► · Discharge · &
► Press ure@ all node s & HGL

19
 i ,I

il11 II
I

/ ,JI I I jl '

(1). Hardy-Cl"oSs Method (Procedure)

------------~----~-~~--------------------
I. Divide network into number of cl osed' alculate I h, 1 Qr•·. Ifor each pipe and sum
d)
1

_c_._·
loops. for l,oop rJ h/ Q3 • _

· , e) c ,alculate correction
2. For each loop: /lQ = -l: ht-/(nrJ h/QJ )._-
a) Assume discharge Qa and direction for NOTE: For common members between 2
each pipe.Apply Continuity at each node, · loops both corrections have to be mad~.
Total inflow = Total Outflow. Clockwise As loop I member, /lQ = !10 1 - f1Q 2· As ·
positive. loop 2 member, fl Q = fl Q~2 -fl-0 1•

b) Calculate equivalent resistance K for each f) Apply correction to Oa, Onew=Oa + fl Q.

pipe given L, d, pipe material and water
temperature.
g) Repeat steps (c) to (f) until flQ becomes
very small and Eht=O in step (c).
c) Calculate hrK Qa" for each pipe. Retain
sign from step (a) and compute sum for
loop l: ht. h) Solve for pressure at each node using
energy conservation.

20
 Ex am ple : 5-1
--- --- ~- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --~ --- --- ~--
,Zlll _ n
~,~ tr
--•· ,l). ..-- ---- -0- ---- ---0 -
r
__ "
r
__
r
Negle cting mino r losse s in the pipe,
deter mine the flows in the pipes and 0
the press ure heads at the node s

(kine matic visco sity= I . I 3x I o- 6m 2/ s) . f. -,,

..I

J;w
l so
All 8C CD VE u M SE
Lm._JJ ..... l,{Jt) 6()0 20., 600 600 200 200
l>i::unc-tc t (nun I 150 150 .100 J50 150 .zoo 100
Jloughn ns ~ut
of 30 pi~ • 0 .06 mm
Prr..ut t txaJ ~lr••tio n at A - 10 ,n o.d..

FJrn,1lltJ!lf ,,/ Jupr woda

Node A 8 C D E E
21 f.lrnrio n (m o.4. ) JO 15 10 zo l2
Example :· 5-1
---- --~-~~~-~- ---- -----------------------
1 t I I

► Solu1 t40
1

tio1
~: ,,i
i ,.lfa
., 1 ... A
. I
. I
120 .
,..
_B $0
-
,.
... (:
w

► Identify ·loops
► Loop ' 1,.,and'~oop,' 2
1

1
'I I
I 1J 1 (l(l I I (D to I @ 10 I
,,
I

► Allocate estimated flows in

If ·•
I
I f 1.

e,ach pipe
11

,. I ' '

...... . .
.-
"",f 60 "' E I. J(t ...D
t-UI
\
!so . lJO
► Compute-head 'loss . · 1

• •

Discharge Sign Convention

coefficient of ea·ch pipe

.K = -g-!-~-5 .. l : t:r~sb~:~; 0 CW=+ve

l _ · ·. ·{· .el D , 2.51 ]·

- - -2 10 -+--
fj · 3.7 Refj
► Compute head loss in each
pipe
i2 h1 =h =kQ2
 1 st. Iteration
---------------- ---------------- ----------- -
Pipe e/0 Q(Ur.)
~
- -

Re', (xro•J
-
Assumed Discharged
- -- --

f K
- -

hL Cm1 hJQ
i
---
:r. J ,.
AR O.OO<l?◄ J 10.,0IJ 5 ..4 J 0.01$7 i 97.0 11.41 9$.'4
,. .BE 0 .8006-0 1.0.00 IJ I 0 ..020S l..l 177.0 3'.39 lJ9.77
..I~0t,p i, £.'F O~DD040 - 60.00 ,4.51 0.6 J71 J I 2l.9.l - 40.42 ,13.15
FA 0.00110 - 100~00 5.6J OJ ) lli.2 JJt..6 -1~6 IJ . , ,
Correction L ..: JJ.9f 11,1 .. 12
-\·· .-~. 4. Q 1 __'·_,,' -- - (-' J3_@
--- - L - - o.o,1....
,u- ·~ - .,.•...... .n-
... 21:_~ . ·• i,_
&..1•~
_ ·. . .. L ,I,I Q 1 ><' I ,I ~ 1.1l - -

• :_,, · . ' :
1
·• i __'., ., c ·o rrected Discharge
,-",'_·,,'_,·;,.''"• .,.,.- Pi~-
' - ·--_.,, Q
. -,= Q+L1Q
-
AB fl. .0082~
. · I 20+14.23= 134.23 ·
8E ·.t l.00'0'° IO+ f ◄ .23=24.23
Loop l 0.00,04G · -60+14.'23=-◄S.77
£,.. .
FA . 0~1000..lO . -100+ l◄.23=-85.77

'I ''.'

'
,.
.!
. 23 ,,
'.'
'
.
 1 st, Iteration
Assum1ed/corrected Dischar ed - -

BC Jo.n ~t i•
t.tJ
O.Oil 1.f
()J)'l .OJ,
I I 3J9.7
JJ817~0
28.fO
J.J,
67,,,
$J38.11
_
Cl> 10..C)
()1f. - zo O ,o
a.,,. .
O',.O ,,, , ll . J..t s.., , -4~f◄ 24'.11
.B_·. -
Correctiww---t_ ,~7_~,_ _ _
--..:::::=:::ei"- - ! - <11_0_,,_
, ,_ ·· _z_
., _ .3_.,i_"- -_,_.,_~J_...,.....__,._'S6_."-"-
. ,__
I ..JI J,,-0.JO
l 2J th.
Corrected Discharge
~ Q=Q+~Q
----l'i-pe----iQ - -,u-g:,
-'-"o -,---.----
oc 50-2.23=47.77
CD I 0-2.23=7.77
1.-001' 2
DE -20-2.23=-23.23
EB
----- -24.23-2.23=-26.46

24
2 nd Iter atio n
Pipe Q(U1) ltr ( • 101 ) f K hL
,.,, hl/Q (;.1';;}
AB 1.1 ◄ ..!.l 6.0.J 0.0 I ..f ii 791.9 14'.l 7 IOl&JO
Loop 1
If .?". ◄ 6 2.91 0.01 II J I 067.7 21.1$ 122..05
l:.F
FA
- 4.S. 77
- 1.S.77
J .4 ..
4.IJ
0.01 1 S
0.01,.
JI
...,.,
41 ◄.,
_,.23
- 2J.9J sn.,z
72.~

s.u 1521.91
- ~Q - - 1.9! LJ-...

Pipe (l(U1)

Al I 3 ◄. 23-1 . 92= 132.31

Loop I If. 26 .◄ 6-1.92= 2◄ 5 ◄
E.F -◄ S . n-1.92= -◄ 7. 69
FA -es.n-1 .92= -87.69
 I ' .
11
11 I I I j

rwnure hM'M 1
I ,
Ptetwrre .~ ;J fmJ
. I,
l~pe Q(UJ) , I

Al
BE
FE
AF
131 ..S'J
1.i .01
4 1 .. 4$
A
8 c:~1P
11 -f?
-83.4.S I) 10 .0 5
BC 4,..51 E
CD c;.ss F ~ .

ED l l .47 ~
N ot,: t10\\~ in di ~ian nt ripe identifier. e4:. A_. B.
\
70-25-6. 59

26
Ex am ple :
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1- . - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Find the flows in the loop given the inflows and outf low s.
The pipes are all 25 cm cast iron (e=0 .26 mm) .

I o.32 m 3; s ------- ----,.j !"\r--- ----_- ..;...-- ----..i ....:....... a.:,,__~ 0.28 lll3/s
100 rrt
l
J_ 0 .10 m 3 / s ~ iiE:~:::=:::::::::~~ 0.14 1ll3/s
l-- 2o om 4
Ex am pl e:
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- - -
► Ide nti fy Lo op
► As sig n a flo w to each pip e link
► Flo w int o eac h jun ctio n mu st equal flo w ou t of the
jun ctio n
ass um ed

0.32 rn 3
/ s ===:E==:;;c:-:r===~E===Zi!; 0.28 m 3 /s

0.0 0 0.0 4

0.1 0 m. 3
/s 0.1 4 m 3/s
0. 10
 1111111111 I l 11 I I I' I 11

I ,1 ,I' I' I ,1 II ii'

I

E xa m pl e:
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - ..,.. ,... ~ I - """'!1 ~--ii~' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
,,1 -

► Ca lcu lat e the he ad los s in e~ch ,p ipe 1

hf , = 34.7 m
h1 = KQ2
hh = 0.22 2"z
K=( gD8/:,Jr_
~ ,J f=0 .02 for Re >2 00 00,0 h f ;;
h _r
= -3.3 9,n
= -0.0 0,n
4
4 .

Lhf; =31 .53 m

i= I

8(0 .02 )(2 00 ) k 1,k3 =3 39

kl == =3 39 s
(9. 8)( 0.2 5) 5 ff 1 k 2,k4 =1 69

0.3 2 rn3 /s 0.2 8 n13 /s

Sign Q e ntio n
+C ~
0.1 0 m.3 /s 0.1 4 In3 / s .
 Example:
I. . . IWlll!lfll!I ....... ~ ...., ~ II ~ ~ I I. . . I~ ... ~ ,... ~ ..-i I.,.. - ,.... - - ~ - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I II, I I

11, I 111 I I I I I I

I 111 I' 111 I

I 11 II I I I

► The h~a:c:I los~ around the

r1
I I
If
loop isn't zero
I
1

► Need.:i.o Change the flow around the loop

• 1
1
I lj ii 11 I
I
I I I 1 I

► . th¢ .: (JocikWlse flqW is too great (head loss is positive)

I 1111 I'' II 111 111 111 11 1 I

I',, I' • ii
~ ,red,uc:• ,: , t h,,e i' l 1
r, 11 ' I' .

¢> ~ky.t ise flew to redu ce the head loss

, • , 1, ,, ',: _1 ,,,, ' . 1' I , i1 I 1' .
1 1 1
1
1

1
1 1

► Solution : teci:hdi' ~t;'~·s •

1
ii
I
·~ 11 I
it
1

., • • ,

► Hardy C::ro~S, l·Q9:~~,bilancil1g '( , ?Pttm1zes co rre ct1o n )

I
i''l'I
I II I I 11 11 11111 111!·11111 \I 1· I ' I I' ,, 1' I
II ~
I

I 1,', 1'1 11il 1111 I· 11111 1\ ,' ,1 I ii 1' / , /' ,,1 ,' ,' ·,

► Use a n'CJ ,m e'f'i C1Sblv~ 1~1 (~b,l~a ,iiir) /\E:

I., ,,·

* ce:11,t o ,find a change in 1 1

1 1

1 1
1
1
, ,~
1
i I ' II I 11 1I 1 111 I I I 11 I , i11 I ir' I 1ii I ,,i ' , ' '

flow that wHI give, zer,a,1 ITile~~ lbss arou.r1d the lo.o p . 1
11

I • I I I I .
I I I

► Use NetworkAnaly~is ,~ 0 ~ .a re (EPANET, WaterCad, etc.)

I I
1

I I I ' I ' .
I

!
 I
I ,,

I I I 111 I I I

Ex am pl e: , . '·
-- -- -- -- -- -- -
► Nu me r ica l So ly,e r
1
-~ -- ~-
, ,: --
' -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -

► Set up a spr ead she et as sho wn belo w. · I '

► the num ber s in bo fd w ,e re ent ere,d , th,e oth er cell

1
s are calc ulat ion s
► initially ~Q is O :·
► use "so lve r" to set the sum of th hea d loss to e
Ob y cha ngi ng ~Q
1

► the col um n Q + ~Q con tain s the cor rec t

0
flow s

~Q 0.0 00
. L D k QO QO+~Q hf
pip e f
0 .02 20 0 0 .25 33 9 0 .3 2 0.3 20 . 34 .69-
Pl - - - - -- --

10 0 0 .2 5 16 9 0 .04 0.0 40 , 0.2 7

P2 0 .02
().2 5 33 9 -0 .1 ~0 .10 0 -3. 39
P3 0 .02 20 0 -
0 .2 5 16 9 0 0.0 00 · 0.0 0
P4 0 .02 · 10 0
ead Lo ss 31 .57 5