Background: from the book of Old Manila by Carlos Quirino

Lesson 2:
Sources of
History

Background: from the book of Old Manila by Carlos Quirino

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Learning Outcomes

Distinguish Critique Analyze

samples of primary sources using external content of primary
and secondary and internal criticisms and secondary
sources and its sources
repositories

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 01
Distinction of Primary and Secondary
sources

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Historical Sources
These are objects from the past or
testimonies concerning the past on
which historians depend in order to
create their own depiction of that
past.

- Howell and Prevenier, From Reliable Sources an

Introduction to Historical Method

Tangible remains of the past.

- Anthony Brundage, Going to Sources

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Primary Sources: Concept

Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4

Testimony of an A primary source A piece of evidence

eyewitness must have been Eyewitness account
written or created
produced by a or a firsthand account
during a period under
contemporary of of a particular event
investigation.
the event it
narrates

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
MAPS

Generally used to indicate

locations as well as
topography

Reveals how space and

geography were being used
to emphasize trade routes, Tapographia De Manila, 1720
travel routes, structural build Antonio Fernandez de Roxas
up, etc
Murillo Velarde 1734 Map: Source: Philippine Cartography by Carlos
The MOTHER of all Philippine MAPS. Quirino

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
PHOTOGRAPH
S

Photographs reflect social

conditions of historical
realities and everyday life.
It also gives us visual ideas
of places, historical events
as well as people.
An early Ifugao School, Mountain West end of Escolta Street looking east,
Province, Cordillera Administrative Manila, Philippines, early 1900s.
Region, Philippines, early 20th Century.

NOTE: Photographs can be

doctored (ex. Stalin and
Photoshop)
University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Location of original: US Library of Congress
Photo by The Philippines Past and Pressent By Dean C.
@John Tewell
Worcester Published 1914 by Mills in London

SOURCES OF HISTORY
SPOT THE DIFFERENCE
Examples of Primary Sources
DRAWINGS

Sketches and drawings that

may indicate the conditions
of life of the past societies

Mercado de Manila llamado el Parian by Juan Francisco de Revenet, 1792

Engraving. Museo Naval de Madrid

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
DRAWINGS

Cartoons for political

expression or propaganda.

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
PAINTINGS

Paintings and other art

works are visual
representations based on
the artist’s expression or
interpretation of events and
ideas.

Chinese Vendor serving noodles to a family of three from the Carl Johann Karuth Album, 1858

Georgina and Alejandro Padilla y Zobel Collection and Filipinas Heritage Library

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
ARTIFACTS recovered at Chamber A of Manunggul Cave in Palawan.

an elaborately designed burial jar with anthropomorphic

figures on top of the cover that represent souls sailing to
An artifact is an object the afterworld in a death boat.
made by a human
being. Artifacts include
art, tools, and clothing
made by people of any
time and place. The term
can also be used to refer
to the remains of an
object. It is dated to as early as 710 - 890 B.C. The Manunggul
jar was declared a National Cultural Treasure.
-National Geographic-
The Manunggul Jar

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
FOSSILS

Fossils and subfossils, or the

preserved and partially
preserved remains of
humans, animals and plants
whose parts were replaced
by minerals until hardening
into rocks, are around Callao Man (67,000 years old)
10,000 years old or more..
The latest discovery of what is now considered the oldest human fossil remains found in
-National Museum of the the Philippines. Discovered in 2007 at the Callao Caves in Penablanca, Cagayan Valley.
Philippines-
Photo shows the remains of the foot bone found in the cave excavations.

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
NEWSPAPERS

a printed publication (usually

issued daily or weekly)
consisting of folded
unstapled sheets and
containing news, feature
articles, advertisements, and
correspondence.

-dictionary, Oxford Languages-

NOTE: Editorials are NOT
Primary sources
Manila Alegre Diario de Manila El Motin
a satirical periodical that the longest-lived a stridently anti-friar
published the first comic newspaper of the publication that was
strips in the Philippines. Spanish era. given to much parody of
. the frailocracia

Source: Old Manila by Carlos Quirino, p. 140.

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
EDIFICES

any building or structure that

is significant in the history,
architecture or culture of this
state

-lawinsider.com-

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources
ORAL
HISTORY

the collection and study of

historical information using
sound recordings of
interviews with people
having personal knowledge
of past events. creates the
past by means of interview.
Vivian Perlis founded Yale’s Oral History of American Music in 1968. Today, the project continues
-dictionary, Oxford Languages- her mission to record the voices of American composers .

The New York Times

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Primary Sources

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Secondary Sources: Concept

Concept 1 Concept 2 Concept 3 Concept 4

Works produced after Usually, an assessment
the event has taken or a commentary of
place. events, people, or
institutions of the past.
Interprets and analyzes Secondary sources
primary sources. These may have pictures,
sources are one or quotes or graphics of
more steps removed primary sources in
from the event. them.

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Examples of Secondary Sources

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 02
Historical Criticism

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Historical Criticism
EXTERNAL CRITICISM INTERNAL CRITICISM

Checks the authenticity of the

primary source. Requires Checks the reliability of the
checking if the paper and ink of sources
the document belong to the
period being studied

The Problem of Credibility

The problem of authenticity
Relevant particulars in the
To spot fabricated, forged, document – is it credible?
faked documents Verisimilar – as close as what
To distinguish a hoax or really happened from a critical
misrepresentation examination of best available
sources

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Reliability of the source
The following are some questions that one may pose to check on the reliability of the
source:

1 How close was the author being studied? 4 Is there bias to be accounted for?

2 When was the account made? 5 Does informed common sense make the
account probable?

Is the account corroborated by other

3 Who was the recipient of the account? 6
accounts?

SOURCES OF HISTORY
External Criticism: Test of Authenticity
- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

Determine the date of

Provenance or custody
the document to see
1 whether they are
-determines its
genuineness
4
anachronistic

Semantics
-determining the
2 Determine the author meaning of a text or
word
5

Anachronistic style, Hermeneutics

3 and reference to
events
-determining
ambiguities
6

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 Internal Criticism:
Test of Credibility
- Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

Identification of the author 1

Determination of the approximate date 2

Ability to tell the truth 3

Willingness to tell the truth 4

Corroboration 5

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Remember
Historian For historians to understand the past,
1 they need evidence about the past.

Interpretation
Sources that interpreted the content of
2 primary source is a secondary source.

Source
s The basic source of pre-history is Pre-
3 historic archeology.

SOURCES OF HISTORY
POST-ACTIVITY

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 Determine if the source is a
primary or secondary source

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 01

The Philippine Constitution

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 02

A journal written by Gregorio

del Pilar

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 03

The History Channel

explaining the traces of
Austronesians in Asia

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 04

A role play showing how

Sikatuna befriended the people
of Bohol

SOURCES OF HISTORY
 05

A World War 2 veteran talking

about World War 2

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Acknowledgment/References:
• Camagay, M. L., Ancheta, J., Bernal, M., Guiang, F., Malban, F., & Ramos, D. (2018). Unraveling the Past: Readings in
Philippine History. Vibal Group, Inc.

• Torres, J.V. (2018). Batis: Sources in Philippine History. Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc.

• Wilde, R. (2019). Primary and Secondary Sources in History. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/primary-and-
secondary-sources-their-meaning-in-history-1221744

• Quirino, C. (2016). Old Manila (2nd ed.). (P. Maria Eloisa Parco De Castro, Ed.) Vibal Foundation, Inc.

• Quirino, C. (2018). Philippine Cartography 1320-1899 (4th ed.). (P. Carlos Madrid, Ed.) Vibal Foundation,

• Slidego.com

SOURCES OF HISTORY