Differentiation Engineering Notes

Engr.
ERAM TAHMId Brain Stormers
Brain Stormers
Target 95+ Program 2023
Theory Sheet
Differentiation
( 1st Paper , Chapter 9 )
Name of the Student: ………………………………………
College: ……………………………………………………..
Program Roll: ………………………………………………
1|Differentiation
Engr. ERAM TAHMId Brain Stormers
9.1 (wjwgU)
wjwgUt
x ¯^vaxb PjK I y Aaxb PjK n‡j aiv hvK 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) .
†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU dvskb GLb 𝑥 = 𝑎 †Z 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎) msÁvwqZ n‡Zও cv‡i Avevi bvও n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎)
Gi wbw`©ó gvb _vKv eva¨Zvg~jK bq|
Z‡e hw` x = a Gi Wv‡b Ges ev‡g KvQvKvwQ me gv‡bi 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝜖) msÁvwqZ nq, Z‡e x = a ‡Z 𝑓(𝑥) Gi
wjwgU‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq|
‡Kv‡bv we›`y x = a ‡Z †Kvb dvskb 𝑓(𝑥) Gi wjwgU n‡jv Ggb GKwU msL¨v K ‡hb x †K a Gi h‡_ó KvQvKvwQ G‡b
(Dfq w`K n‡Z) 𝑓(𝑥) †K K Gi h‡_ó cwigvY KvQvKvwQ Avbv hvq|
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
Wvbcvk †_‡K AMÖmi n‡j G‡K 𝑥→𝑎 + 𝑓(𝑥) Ges evgcvk †_‡K AMÖmi n‡j G‡K 𝑥→𝑎− 𝑓(𝑥) w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Avevi G‡ì‡K h_vµ‡g Right hand limit (RHL) I Left hand limit (LHL) ejv nq|
hw` RHL I LHL Df‡qi gvb K nq A_©vr, RHL = LHL n‡j, K †K x = a we›`y‡Z 𝑓(𝑥) Gi wjwgU ejv nq|
LHL = RHL = K n‡j,

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→𝑎− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥→𝑎+ 𝑓(𝑥) = K
KLb wjwgU _v‡K bv?

i) RHL Ges LHL mgvb bv n‡j, G‡ÿ‡Î dvskb nVvr K‡i x = x0 we›`y‡Z jump K‡i|
GLv‡b, LHL = 1, RHL = 2

LHL ≠ RHL ⇒ Limit does not exist at x = x0
ii) dvskb †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Dc‡i I wb‡P Dfqw`‡K blow-up K‡i| PÎ
1
y=𝑥
wPÎ
GLv‡b, LHL = −∞, RHL = +∞
∴ 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝐷𝑁𝐸
DNE = Does Not Exist
2|Differentiation
GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, †Kv‡bv dvsk‡bi Dfq w`‡Ki wjwgU +∞ ev −∞ n‡jI wjwgU exist K‡i bv| G‡ÿ‡Î
Limit =+∞ Ges Does Not Exist GKB A_© enb K‡i| KviY Infinity (∞) itself does not
exist,
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1
‡hgb, 𝑥→0 −
2
= ∞ A_ev 𝑥→0 + 2 = ∞ ; 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝐷𝑁𝐸
𝑥 𝑥
iii) Turbulent Oscillation n‡j;

1
𝑦 = sin (𝑥) Gi Rb¨ 𝑥 = 0 †Z limit = DNE
wPÎt
wPÎ
iv) hw` msÁvwqZ bv nevi Kvi‡Y RHL ev LHL Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ bv _v‡K| †hgb; 𝑦 = √𝑥 Gi MÖvd
GLv‡b, x= 0 we›`y‡Z RHL = 0

Z‡e, LHL ‡ei Kiv m¤¢e bq|
∴ 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 at x = 0
𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒙
𝟐
D`vniY-1t 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 =?
⇒ GLv‡b, √𝑥 2 = |𝑥| , |𝑥| ≥ 0

𝑙𝑖𝑚 |𝑥| 𝑙𝑖𝑚 |𝑥|
∴ 𝑥→0+ 𝑥 =1, 𝑥→0− 𝑥 = −1
LHL≠ RHL
∴wjwgU we`¨gvb bq|
𝒙; 𝒙≤ 𝟎 𝒍𝒊𝒎
D`vniY-2t 𝒇(𝒙) = { n‡j 𝒙→𝟎+ 𝒇(𝒙) =?
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙; 𝒙 > 𝟎
⇒ LHL = 0, RHL = 1 ∴ 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
3|Differentiation
GLv‡b jÿ¨bxq, mvaviYZ wjwgU _v‡K bv †mB mKj †ÿ‡Î †hLv‡b ciggvb, eM©g~‡ji †fZ‡i eM©ivwk ev NvZ
AvKv‡i PjK _v‡K| wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv †Lqvj Ki-
D`vniY-3t cÖgvY Ki †h, wb‡Pi wjwgUmg~n we`¨gvb bq|

√(𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15)(𝑥−5) 1
a) lim b) lim 1
𝑥→5 𝑥−5 𝑥→2 1−𝑒 𝑥−2
𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥−1
c) lim 1−𝑥 2 d) lim𝜋 𝑒 tan 𝑥+1
𝑥→1 𝑥→
2
1
1+2𝑥 1
e) lim 1 f) lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥−5
𝑥→0 1+3𝑥 𝑥→5
Soln:
√(𝑥 2 −8𝑥+15)(𝑥−5)
a) lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5
√(𝑥−3)(𝑥−5)2
= lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5
(𝑥−5)√𝑥−3
= lim
𝑥→5 𝑥−5
∴ LHL = −√2, RHL = √2

LHL≠RHL ∴ 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = does not exist
1
b) lim 1
𝑥→2 1−𝑒 𝑥−2
1 1
LHL = lim 1 = 1−𝑒 −∞ = 1
𝑥→2 1−𝑒 𝑥−2
1 1
RHL = lim 1 = 1−𝑒 ∞ = 0
𝑥→2 1−𝑒 𝑥−2
LHL≠RHL ∴ 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = does not exist (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑)

𝑥
c) lim
𝑥→1 1−𝑥 2
1−ℎ 1−ℎ 1−ℎ
LHL = lim 1−(1−ℎ)2 = lim 1−(1−ℎ)2 = lim 2ℎ−ℎ2 = +∞
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0
1+ℎ 1+ℎ
RHL = lim 1−(1+ℎ)2 = lim −2ℎ−ℎ2 = −∞
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
∴ Limit does not exist.

d) Try Yourself
e) Try Yourself
f) Try Yourself
4|Differentiation
GLv‡b we‡klfve D‡jøL¨t

D`vniY 3 (c) †Z hw` Dfq wjwgU +∞ ev Dfq wjwgU −∞ AvmZ ZeyI Avgiv ejZvg Limit does not
exist. Gi KviY n‡jv, LHL = +∞ Ges RHL = +∞ n‡jI LHL Ges RHL †K mgvb ejv hvq
bv| A_©vr ∞ = ∞ Expression wU mwVK bq| hw` ZvB n‡Zv Z‡e ∞ − ∞ = 0 ‡jLv †h‡Zv, Z‡e
ev¯Í‡e ∞ − ∞ = Awb‡Y©q|
eySvi myweavi Rb¨ Gfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡iv †h, LHL Gi infinity = 10100 Avi RHL Gi
infinity = 10200 | A_©vr `y‡Uv infinity ‡K mgvb ejv hvq bv| ZvB LHL = +∞, RHL = +∞
n‡jI LHL ≠ RHL
Awew”QbœZvt
WvbnvZx I evgnvZx wjwgU mgvb n‡jI A‡bK mgq GB wjwg‡Ui gvb H we›`yi dvskb f¨vjy n‡Z wfbœ nq| ZLb dvskb
H we›`y‡Z wew”Qbœ ev discontinuous nq|
hw` LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝑎) nq Z‡e 𝑥 = 𝑎 ‡Z 𝑓(𝑥) dvskb Awew”Qbœ (continous)|
Awew”Qbœ bq Ggb wKQz dvsk‡bi MÖvdt
i) 𝑓(𝑥)AmsÁvwqZ
ii) 𝑓(𝑥)msÁvwqZ n‡jI 𝐿𝐻𝐿 ≠ 𝑅𝐻𝐿
5|Differentiation
iii) 𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 𝑅𝐻𝐿 n‡jI 𝐿𝐻𝐿 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝒙; 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
D`vniY-1t 𝒇(𝒙) = { Gi Rb¨ 𝒙 = 𝟎 we›`y‡Z Awew”QbœZv Av‡jvPbv Ki
𝟏; 𝒙 = 𝟎
LHL = RHL = 0 Z‡e, 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
∴dvskbwU wew”Qbœ 𝑥 = 0 we›`y‡Z|
𝒙𝟒 −𝟏
D`vniY-2t 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 dvskbwU mKj we›`y‡Z Awew”Qbœ wKbv hvPvB Ki|
𝑥 4 −1
⇒ GLv‡b, 𝑥 2 −1 = 𝑥 2 + 1; hv mKj we›`y‡Z msÁvwqZ| Z‡e Awew”QbœZv hvPvB Kivi mgq KL‡bv
dvsk‡bi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv|
GLv‡b, 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 n‡j, 𝑓(𝑥) G x Gi gvb emv‡j Awb‡Y©q n‡e|
∴ 𝑥 = 1, −1n‡j dvskb wew”Qbœ|
∴ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {−1,1} ‡m‡U 𝑓(𝑥) অwew”Qbœ|
D`vniY-3t Point of discontinuity wbY©q Ki|

𝑥 3 +2𝑥+5
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −8𝑥+12
√(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟖)(𝒙−𝟐) 𝒍𝒊𝒎

D`vniY-4t 𝒇(𝒙) = Gi Awew”QbœZv Av‡jvPbv Ki Ges 𝒙→𝟐𝒇(𝒙) Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 2, −2
∴ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = − 2 we›`y‡Z dvskbwU wew”Qbœ|
Avevi, (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 − 2) ≧ 0
⇒ (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 + 4) ≧ 0
⇒𝑥+4≧0
∴𝑥 ≥−4
∴ 𝑥 ≥ − 4 Ges 𝑥 ≠ 2, −2 n‡j dvskbwU Awew”Qbœ|
6|Differentiation
Note: dvsk‡bi Awew”QbœZvi AÂj wbY©q I †Wv‡gb wbY©‡qi c×wZ GKB|

2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 √(𝑥 +2𝑥−8)(𝑥−2)
GLv‡b, 𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −4
𝑙𝑖𝑚
√(𝑥−2)2 (𝑥+4)
= (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
𝑥→2
𝑙𝑖𝑚
|𝑥−2|√𝑥+4
= (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
𝑥→2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 √6 𝑙𝑖𝑚 √6
∴ 𝑥→2 + 𝑓(𝑥) = + , 𝑥→2− 𝑓(𝑥) = −
4 4
∴wjwgU Aw¯ÍZ¡kxj bq|
wjwgU wbY©q Ges Awew”QbœZvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Av‡iKwU welq n‡jv AšÍixKiY †hvM¨Zv| AšÍixKiY wel‡q cieZx©
As‡k Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
AvcvZZt m¤úK©hy³ weavq msÁv w`‡q GKwU D`vniY †`Lv hvK|
𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑦, = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑑𝑦
GLb, GB AšÍixKiY msÁvwqZ n‡e Z_v AšÍixKiY‡hvM¨Zv _vK‡e †Kej hw` Dfq cv‡ki 𝑑𝑥 mgvb nq|
A_©vr Dfq cv‡ki Xv‡ji wjwgU mgvb n‡Z n‡e|
Wvb cv‡ki
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
Xvj =
ℎ
evg cv‡ki
𝑓(𝑎)−𝑓(𝑎−𝑏)
Xvj = ℎ
Dfq‡ÿ‡Î ℎ → 0 Ges ℎ > 0 ∴ ℎ → 0+
𝑓(𝑎)−𝑓(𝑎−ℎ)
𝐿𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑅𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = lim +
ℎ→0 ℎ
7|Differentiation
D`vniY- 5t
wb‡Pi function Gi Limit, Continuity Ges Differentialblity Check Kiv|
𝜋
(𝑥 = 2 ) we›`y‡Z
1; 𝑥 < 0
𝜋
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝜋 2 𝜋
{2 + (𝑥 − 2 ) ; 𝑥 ≥ 2 }
Soln:
G ai‡bi mgm¨vq cÖ_g KvR n‡jv function Gi Qwe Gu‡K †bqv|
Limit Check:
𝜋
LHL = lim 𝑓 (2 − ℎ)
ℎ→0
𝜋
= lim 1 + sin ( 2 − ℎ)
ℎ→0
=2
𝜋
RHL = lim 𝑓 (2 + ℎ)
ℎ→0
𝜋 𝜋 2
= lim 2 + (2 + ℎ − 2 )
ℎ→0
=2
LHL = RHL ∴ wjwgU we`¨gvb|
wjwgU = 2
8|Differentiation
Continuity Check:
LHL = 2, RHL = 2
𝜋
𝑓 (2 ) = 2
𝜋
LHL = RHL = 𝑓 ( 2 ) ∴ function continuous
Differentiablity Check:
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝑓( )−𝑓( −ℎ)
𝐿𝑓 ′ (2 ) = lim 2 2
ℎ→0 ℎ
2−(1+cos ℎ)
lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
1−cos ℎ
= lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝑓( +ℎ)−𝑓( )
𝑅𝑓 ′ (2 ) = lim 2 2
ℎ→0 ℎ
2+ℎ2 −2
= lim +
ℎ→0 ℎ
=0
𝜋 𝜋
𝐿𝑓 ′ (2 ) = 𝑅𝑓 ′ ( 2 ) = 0
∴ dvskb differentiable:
9|Differentiation
mgwš^Z QKt
Limit, Continuity I Differentiablity Gi m¤¢ve¨ mKj state wb‡Pi QK G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
Limit Av‡Q Continous Differentiable wPÎ
√ √
√
√ ×
√
× ×
√
× × ×
× Am¤¢e
√ √
√ ×
√ Am¤¢e
× × Am¤¢e
√
× √ Am¤¢e
√
10 | D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n
wjwgU wbY©qt
Case – 01:mivmwi gvb emv‡bv|
mivmwi gvb emv‡j hw` †Kv‡bv Awb‡Y©q AvKvi cvIqv bv hvq Z‡e cÖvß gvbB n‡e H we›`y‡Z dvsk‡bi wjwgU|
𝒙
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙+𝒆 +𝒍𝒏(𝟏+𝒙)
D`vniY-1t 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑒 +𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥)
⇒ 𝑥→0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
0+1+0 1
= =2
1+1
Case – 02: je I n‡ii Drcv`‡K we‡kølY|
je I ni‡K Drcv`‡K we‡kølY K‡i KvUvKvwU K‡i Removable discontinuity দূর Kiv hvq|
𝟑 𝟐
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒙+𝟒) −(𝒙−𝟖)
D`vniY-2t 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙(𝒙−𝟑)
3 2 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 +12𝑥 +48𝑥+64−𝑥 +16𝑥−64
= 𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥−3)
3 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 +11𝑥 +64𝑥
= 𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥−3)
2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 +11𝑥+64𝑥 64
= 𝑥→0 =−
𝑥−3 3
𝟐
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 −𝟒
D`vniY-3t 𝒙→𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟔
Case – 03: eM©g~j msewjZ c‡ì AbyeÜx Øviv ¸Yt
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐(𝒃−√𝒃 +𝒙 )
𝟐 𝟐
D`vniY-4t 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
2 2 2 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2(𝑏−√𝑏 +𝑥 )(𝑏+√𝑏 +𝑥 )
= 𝑥→0
𝑥 2 (𝑏+√𝑏 2 +𝑥 2 )
2 2 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2(𝑏 −𝑏 −𝑥 )
= 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (𝑏+√𝑏2 +𝑥2 )
𝑙𝑖𝑚 −2
= 𝑥→0 𝑏+√𝑏2 +𝑥 2 )
−2 1
= 2𝑏
=-𝑏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝟏+𝒙 −√𝟏+𝒙

𝟐
D`vniY-5t 𝒙→𝟎 √
𝟏+𝒙𝟑 −√𝟏+𝒙
2 2 3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (√1+𝑥 −√1+𝑥)(√1+𝑥 +√1+𝑥)(√1+𝑥 +√1+𝑥)
= 𝑥→0 (√1+𝑥 3 −√1+𝑥)(√1+𝑥 3 +√1+𝑥)(√1+𝑥 2 +√1+𝑥)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 2 −𝑥)(√1+𝑥 3 +√1+𝑥)

=𝑥→0
(𝑥 3 −𝑥)(√1+𝑥 2 +√1+𝑥)
3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥(𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥 +√1+𝑥)
= 𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥 2 −1)(√1+𝑥 2 +√1+𝑥)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥(𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥 3 +√1+𝑥)

= 𝑥→0
𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)(√1+𝑥 2 +√1+𝑥)
2
= 1×2 = 1
𝒍𝒊𝒎
√𝟏+𝟑𝒙−√𝟏−𝟒𝒙
D`vniY-6t =?
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
Case – 04: cwiwPZ series eënvi K‡i Expand ev we¯Ívi Kivt

𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
i) 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 1! + + + + ⋯ … … … … … ..
2! 3! 4!
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
ii) 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 − 1! + 2!
−
3!
+ ⋯ … … … … … ..
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
iii) 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − … … … … … … ..
2 3 4
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
iv) 𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝑥) = −𝑥 − − − … … … … … … ..
2 3 4
𝑛(𝑛−1) 2
v) (1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ … … … … … ..
2
𝑥2 𝑥4
vi) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 − + … … … … … ..
2! 4!
𝑥3 𝑥5
vii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − + … … … … … ..
3! 5!
𝑥3 2
viii) tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 + + 15 𝑥 5 + ⋯ … … … .
3
𝑥3 𝑥5
ix) tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + + ⋯….
3 5
wb‡Pi wjwgU ¸‡jv dg©~jv AvKv‡i mivmwi eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
Formula-1: 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
𝑥3 𝑥5
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥− 3! + 5! ……………
= 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥2 𝑥4
= 𝑥→0 1 − + ……………
3! 5!
=1
𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∴ =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥→0 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1

= [ 𝑥→0 ] × [ 𝑥→0 ]
𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
=1 ×1=1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
∴ 𝑥→0 𝑥 =1
Note: Physics Gi Avgiv cÖvqB GB wjwg‡Ui aviYv eënvi Kwi| x h‡_ó ÿz`ª n‡j Avgiv
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 wjwLZ hv = 1, = 1 Gi mgZyj¨|
𝑥 𝑥
𝒙
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒆 −𝟏
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1+1!+ 2! + 3! +⋯…………………….−1
= 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥→0 1 + + + ⋯……….
2! 3!
=1
𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 −1
∴ 𝑥→0 𝑥 = 1
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒍𝒏(𝟏+𝒙)
𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥− 2 + 3 …………..
= 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 𝑥2
= 𝑥→0 (1 − 2 + 3 )
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥)
∴ 𝑥→0 =1
𝑥
𝒏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝟏+𝒙) −𝟏
2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1+𝑛𝑥+𝑛𝑐2 𝑥 +⋯……………………….−1
= 𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 𝑥→0 (𝑛 + 𝑛𝑐2 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑐3 𝑥 2 + ⋯ … … … … .1) =𝑛
𝑙𝑖𝑚
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 − 1
∴ 𝑥→0 =𝑛
𝑥
𝒏 𝒏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 −𝒂
Formula-6: 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
⇒hw` 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ nq Z‡e, 𝑥 → 𝑎; ℎ → 0
𝑛 3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑎+ℎ) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑎+ℎ) −𝑎
∴ 𝑥→0 𝑎+ℎ−𝑎 = 𝑥→0 ℎ
ℎ 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 [(1+ ) −1]
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎
= ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ 𝑛
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑛−1 [(1+ ) −1]
𝑎
= ℎ ℎ
→0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑛−1
= 𝑎 . (𝑛); [𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 − 5 Abyhvqx]
= 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 −𝑎 𝑛−1
∴ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 = 𝑛𝑎
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏 𝒏
Formula-7: 𝒏→∞ (𝟏 + 𝒏)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑛 1 𝑛(𝑛−1) 1 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 1 3

= 𝑛→∞ [1 + 1! . 𝑛 + (𝑛) + (𝑛) + ⋯ … … … … ]
2! 3!
1 1 2
1 1(1− ) 1(1− )(1− )
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
= 𝑛→∞ [1 + 1! + 2!
+ 3!
+ ⋯…………]
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 1 1
= 𝑛→∞ [1 + 1! + 2! + 4! + ⋯ … … … … ] = 𝑒
−𝟐𝒚
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏−𝒆
D`vniY-7t 𝒚→𝟎 𝒍𝒏(𝟏+𝒚) [𝟎 < 𝒚]
2𝑦 (2𝑦)2
1−[1− + …………….]
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1! 2!
= 𝑦→0 𝑦2 𝑦3
𝑦− + ……………..
2 3
3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑦−2𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 …………..
2
= 𝑦→0 𝑦2 𝑦3
𝑦− + ……………..
2 3
=2
sin 𝑥−tan−1 𝑥
D`vniY -8t lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 ln(1+𝑥)
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥3 𝑥5
(𝑥− + +⋯…… )−(𝑥− + ……… )
3! 5! 3 5
=lim 𝑥 2 𝑥3
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 (𝑥− + ………… )
2 3
𝑥3
+ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
6
= lim 3
𝑥→0 𝑥 +ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
1
+⋯……….
6
= lim
𝑥→0 1+⋯…..
1
=6
Formula-1, Formula-2 ‡_‡K mn‡RB cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h,

−1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 𝑥
𝑥→0 = 1,
𝑥
−1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 tan 𝑥
𝑥→0 =1
𝑥
Case-05: Amxg wjwgU|

G‡ÿ‡Î gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Amxg w`‡q fvM Ki‡j fvMdj me©`v k~b¨ n‡e|
𝟕 𝟓
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 +𝟔𝒙 +𝟏
D`vniY-9t 𝒙→∞ 𝟐𝒙𝟕 −𝟑𝒙𝟒 −𝟐
6 1
1+ 2 + 7
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 𝑥→∞
𝑥
3
𝑥
2 [𝑥 7 Øviv fvM K‡i]
2− 3 − 7
𝑥 𝑥
1
=2
G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU Trick n‡jv ni I j‡ei m‡eŸv©”P NvZwewkó c‡ì mn‡Mi AbycvZ wbY©q|
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙𝟓 −𝟏 𝟎
D`vniY-10t 𝒙→∞ 𝒙𝟔 +𝟑𝒙𝟓 +𝟐 =𝟏=𝟎
𝒏+𝟏 +𝟕𝒏+𝟏
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟓
D`vniY-11t 𝒏→∞ 𝟓𝒏 −𝟕𝒏
5 𝑛+1
( ) +1
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 𝑛→∞
7
5𝑛 1 ; [7𝑛+1w`‡q fvM K‡i]
−
7𝑛+1 7
0+1
= 1 = −7
0−
7
𝒍𝒊𝒎
D`vniY-12t 𝒙→∞ (√𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 − √𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (√4𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1−√4𝑥2 +1)(√4𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1+√4𝑥 2 +1)
= 𝑥→∞ √4𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1+√4𝑥2 +1
2 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 4𝑥 +2𝑥+1−4𝑥 −1
= 𝑥→∞ √4𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1+√4𝑥 2 +1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2
= 𝑥→∞ 2 4𝑥2 +1
√4𝑥 +2𝑥+1 +√ 2
𝑥2 𝑥
2 1
= =2
√4+√4
Z‡e Amxg wjwgU memgq ïay Polynomial Gi fvMdj Rb¨B PvIqv nq Ggb bq| AviI wKQz Case _vK‡Z
cv‡i|
wbqgt i) cÖ_‡g je I ni wgwj‡q Highest Priority Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
লবে 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦−র সহগ
ii) wjwgU = হবর 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦−র সহগ
GLv‡b Priority ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq, †Kvb dvskb KZ ZvovZvwo e„w× cvq| †hgb, 𝑒 𝑥 †h‡Kvb cwjbwgqv‡ji
†P‡q higher priority| KviY 𝑒 𝑥 †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv mgq evo‡Z evo‡Z 𝑥 𝑛 †K Cross Ki‡e| n Gi gvb hw`
100100 I nq ZeyI 𝑒 𝑥 Gi priority 𝑥 𝑛 Gi †P‡q †ewk| GLv‡b GKwU Priority list †`qv n‡jv-
Priority List:
1 1
𝑥! > 5𝑥 > 2𝑥 > 1.0001𝑥 > 𝑥10000 > 𝑥 2 > 𝑥 > 𝑥 2 > 𝑥 50 > ধ্রুেক > 𝑥 −2 > 𝑥 −50 >
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
(20) > (50)
D`vniY 13t
5𝑥+𝑥 10000 𝑒 𝑥 +3
a) lim b) lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥 +5𝑥+3 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1000 +𝜋𝑥
a) Highest Priority = 5𝑥
1 1
∴ 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 53 = 125
b) wb‡R K‡iv → 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0

KL‡bv KL‡bv A‡bK c‡ì mgwó ev ¸Yd‡ji limit †ei Ki‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi formula use Kiv hvq|
𝑘=𝑎𝑛 𝑎
1 𝑘
lim ∑ 𝑓 ( ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝜋 𝑛
𝑘=0 0
D`vniY 14t
1 1 1
a) lim [√𝑥 2 + √𝑥 2 + √𝑥 2 + ⋯………]
𝑥→∞ −1 −22 −32
1
= lim ∑ √𝑥 2
𝑥→∞ −𝑘 2
1 𝑥
= lim 𝑥 ∑ √𝑥 2
𝑥→∞ −𝑘 2
1 1
= lim 𝑥 ∑ 2
𝑥→∞ √1−𝑘2
𝑥
1 1 𝜋
∴ 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = ∫0 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = [sin1 𝑥]10 = 2
Case-06: wÎ‡KvYwgwZK m~Î cÖ‡qvM|

mshy³ †KvY I গুwYZK †Kv‡Yi m~Î¸‡jv eënvi Ki‡j wjwgU wbY©q mnR nq| g~jZ wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ ¸‡jv‡K sin
ev tan Gi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡j mivmwi m~Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙
D`vniY-15t 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟑
3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 4 sin 𝑥
= 𝑥→0 𝑥 3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 3
= 4 ∗ 𝑥→0 ( ) = 4 × 13 = 4
𝑥
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟕𝒙
D`vniY-16t 𝒙→𝟎 𝟑𝒙𝟐
2 7𝑥 27𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 sin 2 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 sin 2 49 1
= 𝑥→0 3𝑥 2 = 𝑥→0 49𝑥 2 . .3
4
7𝑥 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 49 1 49
2
= 𝑥→0 2∗( 7𝑥 ) × ×3=
4 6
2
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟕𝒙−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙
D`vniY-17t 𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒙
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 cos 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 1

= 𝑥→0 2 sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 =1 =1
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟕𝒙−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟗𝒙
D`vniY-18t 𝒙→𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒙
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 sin 8𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚

= 𝑥→0 2 sin 4𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 𝑥→0 2 cos 4𝑥
=2×1=2
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒙−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙
D`vniY-19t 𝒙→𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒄𝒙−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒅𝒙
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽
D`vniY-20t 𝜽→𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝟓𝜽
Case 07: PjK hw` k~Y¨ ev Amx‡gi w`‡K avweZ bv n‡q aªæe‡Ki w`‡K avweZ nq|
hw`, 𝑥 → 𝑎 ‡hLv‡b x PjK, a aªæe‡Ki Z‡i, x = a + h ai‡j, ev, x = a – h ai‡j,
𝑥→𝑎 ⇒ℎ→0
𝜋 𝜋
‡hgb, 𝜃 → n‡j, 𝜃 = 2 + ℎ ai‡j ℎ → 0
2
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
D`vniY-21t 𝒙→𝝅 𝝅−𝒙
awi, 𝑥 = 𝜋 + ℎ Zvn‡j, 𝑥 → 𝜋 ⇒ ℎ → 0
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∴ 𝑥→𝜋 𝜋−𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin(𝜋+ℎ)
= ℎ→0 𝜋−𝜋−ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 − sin ℎ
= ℎ→0 −ℎ
=1
𝟑 𝟑
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
D`vniY-22t 𝒙→
𝝅
𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝜋 𝜋
awi, 𝑥 = 2 − ℎ Zvn‡j, 𝑥 → ⇒ℎ→0
2
𝜋 𝜋
sec3 ( −ℎ)−tan3 ( −ℎ)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 2
∴ ℎ→0 𝜋
tan( −ℎ)
2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 ℎ−cot3 ℎ
= ℎ→0 cot ℎ
3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1−cos ℎ
= ℎ→0 sin3 ℎ cot ℎ
3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1−cos ℎ
= ℎ→0 sin2 ℎ cos ℎ
2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1−cos ℎ)(1+cos ℎ+cos ℎ)
= ℎ→0 (1−cos2 ℎ) cos ℎ
2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1+cos ℎ+cos ℎ
= ℎ→0 cos ℎ(1+cos ℎ)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1+1+1
= ℎ→0 1∗(1+1)
3
=2
Case 08: Exponential, jMvwi`g, wÎ‡KvYwgwZ msµvšÍ wjwg‡Ui m~Î mivmwi cÖ‡qvM|
Exponential form Gi cÖ‡qvM:

𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑙𝑖𝑚
1
1 𝑥
𝑥→0(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑒,
𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑒,
𝑥→∞
𝟑𝒙+𝟐
𝒍𝒊𝒎
D`vniY-23t 𝒙→𝟎(𝟏 + 𝟓𝒙) 𝒙
2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 3
= 𝑥→0(1 + 5𝑥) . (1 + 5𝑥)𝑥
1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚(1
1 ∗ 𝑥→0 + 5𝑥)5𝑥.(10) [∵ 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0(1 + 5𝑥)3 = 13 = 1]
= (𝑒)10 =𝑒 10
1
Trick: G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ Base G x Gi mnM Ges power G 𝑥 Gi mnM ¸b Ki‡jB DËi cvIqv hv‡e|
𝑎+𝑏𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑘
‡hgb, 𝑥→0(1 + 𝑘𝑥) 𝑥 = 𝑒
=
𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑘 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
GKBfv‡e, (1 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑘
𝑥→∞
1
G‡ÿ‡Î Base G 𝑥 Gi mnM I power G x Gi mnM ¸b n‡e|
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙+𝝅 𝒙
D`vniY-24t 𝒙→∞ ( 𝒙−𝒆 ) =?
𝑥+𝜋 𝑥
( )
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥−𝑒 𝑥
( )
𝑥
𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1+𝜋)
𝑥→∞ 𝑒𝜋
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥
𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑒 = 𝑒 𝜋+𝑒
𝑥→∞ (1−𝑥)
𝟏
Note: x Ges 𝒙 Gi mn‡Mi wPý mZK©fv‡e †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e|
3−5𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (−8)×(3)
𝑥→0(1 − 8𝑥) 𝑥 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 −24
(𝒆 𝟐𝒙 −𝟏)(𝒍𝒏(𝟏+𝒙))
𝒍𝒊𝒎
D`vniY-25t 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝑒 2𝑥 −1 𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥)
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 𝑥→0 . 𝑥 .2 = 1×1 ×2=2
2𝑥
𝟗
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒙 −𝟏
D`vniY-26t 𝒙→𝟏 𝒙𝟕 −𝟏
9
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 −1
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 9.18
= 7 = [𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 − 6]
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 −1 7.16
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
9
=7
𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝒙−𝟖
D`vniY-27t 𝒙→𝟔𝟒 𝟑 𝒙−𝟒
√
1 1
1 1 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥2 −642 1 −
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 2 −642 𝑥→64 𝑥−64 .(64) 2
2
= 𝑥→64 1 1 = 1 1 = 1
2 = 3
𝑥 3 −643 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥3 −643 (64)−3
𝑥→64 𝑥−64 3
𝒙 −𝒙
𝒍𝒊𝒎
D`vniY-28t 𝒙→∞ (𝟏+𝒙)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1+𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥→∞ ( )
𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 𝑥
= 𝑥→∞ (1 + 𝑥)
=𝑒
Case-09: wgkÖ dvskb|

G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿fv‡e m~Î cÖ‡qvM Ki‡jB wjwgU cvIqv hv‡e|
𝒙 𝟐
𝒍𝒊𝒎 (𝒆 −𝟏) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝒍𝒏(𝟏−𝒙)
D`vniY-29t 𝒙→𝟎 𝟑
𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝑥 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑒 −1) sin 𝑥 𝑙𝑛(1−𝑥) 𝑥
(−1)
= 𝑥→0 . 2
. . .
𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 × (−1) = −1
Case-10 La Hospital Rule:

𝟎 ∞
dvsk‡bi mivmwi gvb emv‡j hw` indetermined form (𝟎 , ∞) Gi GKwU cvIqv hvq Z‡e je I ni‡K differential
Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿb bv msÁvwqZ gvb cvIqv bv hvq| Z‡e ïagvÎ Ab¨ mKj c×wZ‡Z mgvavb Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡jB Gfv‡e
mgvavb Kiv DwPZ n‡e|
−𝟐𝒚 0
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟏−𝒆
D`vniY-30t 𝒚→𝟎 𝒍𝒏(𝟏+𝒚) [0 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚]
−2𝑦
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑒 2
= 𝑦→0 1 = 1
1+𝑦
= 2
Case-11: Power m¤^wjZ n‡jt G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ jMvwi`g wb‡q La-Hospital Apply
Ki‡jB KvR nq|
D`vniY 31t
a) lim(sin 𝑥)𝑥 =? b) lim 𝑥 𝑥 2022 =?
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Soln:
a) 𝐴 = lim(sin 𝑥)𝑥
𝑥→0
⇒ ln 𝐴 = lim 𝑥𝑙𝑛(sin 𝑥)
𝑥→0
ln(sin 𝑥)
= lim 1
𝑥→0 𝑥
cot 𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→0 − 2
𝑥
𝑥2
= lim − tan 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0
∴ 𝐴 = 𝑒0 = 1
b) 𝐴 = lim 𝑥 𝑥 2022
𝑥→0
⇒ ln 𝐴 = lim 𝑥 2022 𝑙𝑛
𝑥→0
ln 𝑥
⇒ ln 𝐴 = lim 𝑥 −2022
𝑥→0
1
𝑥 𝑥 2022
⇒ ln 𝐴 = lim −2022 𝑥 −2023 = lim − 2022 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
∴ 𝐴 = 𝑒0 = 1
Ans: 1
Case 12: g~j m¤^wjZ n‡j;

G‡ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒑𝟒 , 𝒑𝟔 GiKg Z_v 𝒑𝑳𝑪𝑴 a‡i †bqv fv‡jv|
D`vniY 32t
3
√cos 𝑥− √cos 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 sin2 𝑥
awi, cos 𝑥 = 𝑝6
𝑝3 −𝑝2
∴ 𝐿 = lim 1−𝑝12
𝑥→0
𝑝2 (𝑝−1)
= lim
𝑥→1 1−𝑝12
−𝑝2
= lim 𝑝12 −1
𝑥→1
𝑝−1
−1
= lim 12𝑝11
𝑥→1
1
= − 12
(9.2)wjwgU wn‡m‡e AšÍiR

AšÍixKiY ev AšÍiR wbY©‡qi cÖK…Z A_© n‡jv †h †Kvb ivwki cwieZ©‡bi nvi wbY©q| Z‡e GB cwieZ©b n‡Z n‡e
AwZÿz`ª| Kvib †Kv‡bv e„nr eëav‡b cwieZ©‡bi nvi wbY©q Ki‡j Zv mvaviYZ wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z dvsk‡bi n«vm-e„w×i mg¨K
avibv w`‡Z cv‡i|
∆𝑦
‡hgb cÖ_g wP‡Î 𝑥 = 𝑎 †_‡K 𝑥 = 𝑏 cwieZ©‡bi nvi n‡e | Z‡e b †K µgk a Gi Lye Kv‡Q wb‡q G‡m 𝑏 ′ G
∆𝑥
∆𝑦
cwiYZ Ki‡j ∆𝑥 Gi bZzb gvb AšÍiR wbY©‡qi Rb¨ AviI mwVK n‡e| Gfv‡e a Ges b Gi cv_©K¨ Kgv‡Z Kgv‡Z k~‡Yï
KvQvKvwQ wb‡q Avm‡j y Gi gvbØ‡qi cv_©K¨ Z_v 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) Ges (𝑏 − 𝑎) Gi AbycvZ n‡e 𝑥 = 𝑎 we›`y‡Z
AšÍiR| wPÎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
A_©vr AšÍiR = 𝑎→𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
GLv‡b 𝑏 − 𝑎 = ℎ ai‡j ℎ k~‡Yï KvQvKvwQ hvevi Dcµg n‡e|
ZLb cv‡ki wPÎvbymv‡i,
𝑑 (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
= ℎ→0 = ℎ→0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+ℎ−𝑥 ℎ
g~jZ GB GKwU m~Î eënvi K‡iB g~j wbq‡g wewfbœ dvsk‡bi AšÍiR wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
𝒅
D`vniY-1t (𝒙𝒏 ) =?
𝒅𝒙
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 n‡j,
𝑛 𝑛
𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥+ℎ) −𝑥
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = ℎ→0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ
ℎ 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 {(1+ ) −1}
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
= ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ 𝑛
𝑥𝑛 (1+ ) −1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
= ℎ→0 𝑥 . ℎ
𝑥
𝑥𝑛
= . 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑥
𝒅 𝒏
∴ 𝒙 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
D`vniY-2t 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 =?
𝒅𝒙
𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥+ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin2 ℎ
2 2
= ℎ→0 = ℎ→0 ℎ . cos (𝑥 + 2) = 1 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
ℎ
2
𝒅
∴ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
D`vniY-3t 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = ?
𝒅𝒙
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 cos(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥+ℎ −ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 sin sin( )
2 2
= ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 − sin2 ℎ
= ℎ→0 ℎ sin (𝑥 + 2)
2
= − sin 𝑥
𝒅
∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
D`vniY-4t 𝒂𝒙 = ?
𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑥+ℎ −𝑎𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 = ℎ→0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎ℎ −1) 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎ℎ −1
= ℎ→0 = 𝑎 𝑥 . ℎ→0
ℎ ℎ
= 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝒅 𝒙
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒂
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
D`vniY-5t 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒎𝒙) = ?
𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚 tan(𝑚𝑥+𝑚ℎ)−tan 𝑚𝑥
tan(𝑚𝑥) = ℎ→0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin(𝑚𝑥+𝑚ℎ) cos 𝑚𝑥−cos(𝑚𝑥+𝑚ℎ) sin 𝑚𝑥
= ℎ→0 ℎ cos(𝑚𝑥+𝑚ℎ) cos 𝑚𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 𝑚ℎ 𝑚
= ℎ→0 𝑚ℎ . cos(𝑚𝑥+𝑚ℎ) cos 𝑚𝑥
2
= 𝑚 sec 𝑚𝑥
𝒅
D`vniY-6t (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒂𝒙) = ?
𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ)−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥) = ℎ→0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 sin 𝑎𝑥−sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ)
= ℎ→0 ℎ sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ) sin 𝑎𝑥
𝑎ℎ 𝑎𝑏
2 cos(𝑎𝑥+ ) sin(− )
𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 2
= ℎ→0 ℎ sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑎ℎ) sin 𝑎𝑥
= −𝑎 . cot 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥
= −𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑥
𝒅
D`vniY-7t 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = ?
𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑙𝑛(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = ℎ→0
𝑑𝑥 ℎ
𝑥+ℎ
𝑙𝑛( )
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
= ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ
𝑙𝑛(1+ ) 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
= ℎ→0 ℎ .𝑥
𝑥
1 1
= 1 .𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑 1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥
GLv‡b g‡b ivLv DwPZ-

𝑙𝑛𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑 𝑑 𝑙𝑛𝑥
ZvB log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎
D`vniY-8t gyj wbq‡g 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 Gi AšÍiR †ei Ki|

𝒅 𝒙+𝒉 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒆
𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝒉→𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒉
𝑥 ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 (𝑒 cos(𝑥+ℎ)−cos 𝑥)
= ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ ℎ2
(1+ + +⋯………… ) cos(𝑥+ℎ)−cos 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1! 2!
= 𝑒 𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎ ℎ2
( + +⋯…… ) cos(𝑥+ℎ)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 cos(𝑥+ℎ)−cos 𝑥 1! 2!
= 𝑒 𝑥 ℎ→0 [ + ]
ℎ ℎ
ℎ ℎ
2 sin(𝑥+ ) sin(− ) ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 𝑒 𝑥 ℎ→0 [ 2 2
+ (1 + 2! + ⋯ . ) cos(𝑥 + ℎ) ]
ℎ
𝑥 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=𝑒 + cos 𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
𝒅 𝟏
D`vniY-9t ( 𝒙) = ?
𝒅𝒙 √
𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 1
𝑑 1 −
√𝑥+ℎ √𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 =
√𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚
√𝑥−√𝑥+ℎ
=
ℎ→0ℎ√𝑥 .√𝑥+ℎ
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥−(𝑥+ℎ)
=
ℎ→0ℎ√𝑥 .√𝑥+ℎ(√𝑥+√𝑥+ℎ)
1
= − 2𝑥
√𝑥
3
1 −
= −2𝑥 2
g~j wbq‡g AšÍixKiYt

G‡ÿ‡Î KL‡bv KL‡bv power Gi cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, 𝑥 𝑥 ev GiKg| G‡ÿ‡Î 𝑒 Gi cvIqvi AvZv‡i †j_v
fv‡jv|
‡hgbt 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑
D`vniY 10t 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑥 ) =?
𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥
𝑑 𝑒 (𝑥+ℎ)ln(𝑥+ℎ) −𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑛
𝑥 𝑥 = lim
𝑑𝑥 𝑥→0 ℎ
𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛 (𝑒 (𝑥+ℎ) ln(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥𝑙𝑛 −1

= lim
𝑥→0 ℎ
𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥
= lim [(𝑥 + ℎ) ln(𝑥 + ℎ)𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 ];
𝑥→0 ℎ
𝑒 𝑥 −1
[jÿ¨Ki, GB 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘 A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| lim = 1 GLvb †_‡K †evSv hvq, 𝑥 → 0 n‡j, 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 ≈ 𝑥]
𝑥→0 𝑥
(𝑥+ℎ) ln(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥𝑙𝑛
= lim
𝑥→0 ℎ
ℎ
𝑥𝑙𝑛 (1+ )
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥 lim ℎ + ln(𝑥 + ℎ)
𝑥→0
𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥) Ans:
gyj wbq‡g cÖvß AšÍixKi‡Yi formula

𝑑
1. 𝑐=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
2. sin 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
3. cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
4. tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
5. cot 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
6. sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
7. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
8. (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
9. (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
10. (𝑙𝑛𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑒
11. (𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑒 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 1
12. log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑒
13. (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 1
14. (√𝑥) = 2
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
𝑒
15. (sin 𝑚𝑥) = 𝑚 cos 𝑚𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Note: dvskb GKUz RwUj n‡q †M‡j g~j wbq‡g AšÍixKiY Kómva¨ nq| ZLb c‡ii As‡ki wbqg¸‡jv
eënvh©|
(9.3) AšÍiR wbY©‡qi wewea c×wZ
Type – 01: GKvwaK dvsk‡bi †hvMdj we‡qvMdjt

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑢 ± 𝑣) = 𝑢 ± 𝑑𝑥 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
GKBfv‡e, 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢 ± 𝑣 ± 𝑤 ± ⋯ … … … . ) = 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑑𝑥 ± ± ⋯ … … … … ….
𝑑𝑥
𝒅
D`vniY-1t (𝟓𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟗)
𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (5𝑥 3 ) − (7𝑥 2 ) + (8𝑥) + (9)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 15𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 8
𝒅 𝒙𝟕 +𝟒𝒙𝟑
D`vniY-2t ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟖
𝑑 1 𝑑 4
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 5 )
1 20
= − 𝑥2 − 𝑥6
𝒅 𝟑 𝟏
D`vniY-3t ( √𝒙 + 𝟓 )
𝒅𝒙 √𝒙
𝑑 3 𝑑 1
= ( √𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 ( 5 )
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
2 6
1 − 1 −
= 3𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 5
𝒅
D`vniY-4t (𝟓𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙 )
𝒅𝒙
5 3
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 4 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 6𝑥 𝑙𝑛6
𝒅
D`vniY-5t (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒙𝒂 )
𝒅𝒙
= 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1
Type – 02: GKvwaK dvsk‡bi ¸Ydjt

𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
(𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 + 𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Gfv‡e,
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
(𝒖𝒗𝒘 … . . ) = 𝒗𝒘 … … . . + 𝒖𝒘 … … . 𝒅𝒙 + ⋯ … …
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅
D`vniY-6t (𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝒅
D`vniY-7t (𝟐𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝑑 𝑑
= 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
2𝑥
= + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 . 2𝑥 𝑙𝑛2
𝑥
𝒅
D`vniY-8t (𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙))
𝒅𝒙
𝑑
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 (sin(𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)) + 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑥 [cos(𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥) . 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)] + 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝒅
D`vniY-9t (𝒙𝟐 𝟐𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
= 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 (2𝑥) + 𝑥 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (2𝑥 𝑙𝑛2) + 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
= 2𝑥 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 (𝑙𝑛2) + 𝑥 2 2𝑥 cos 𝑥
Type – 03: `y‡Uv dvsk‡bi fvMdjt

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
𝒅 𝒙𝟐
D`vniY-10t 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑 −𝟒
(𝑥 3 −4)(2𝑥)−𝑥 2 (3𝑥 2 )
= (𝑥 3 −4)2
2𝑥 (𝑥 −4)−3𝑥 4
3 − 8𝑥−𝑥 4
= (𝑥 3 −4)2
= (𝑥 3 −4)2
𝒅 √𝒙+𝟏
D`vniY-11t 𝒅𝒙 √𝒙−𝟏
1 1
(√𝑥−1) −(√𝑥+1)
2√𝑥 2√𝑥
= 2
(√𝑥−1)
1
= − 2
√𝑥(√𝑥−1)
𝒅 𝒆𝒙 +𝒍𝒏𝒙
D`vniY-12t 𝒅𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒙
1 1
log𝑎 𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 + )−(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑙𝑛𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎
= (log𝑎 𝑥)
Type – 04: wÎ‡KvYwgwZK m~Î cÖ‡qvMt
𝒅 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
D`vniY-13t √
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
𝑑 2 sin2 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 √2 cos2 𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
= sec 2 𝑥
𝒅 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
D`vniY-14t 𝒅𝒙 √𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙
𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥
√(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (1)
=0
Type – 05: ms‡hwRZ dvsk‡bi Rb¨ Chain Rule cÖ‡qvM Kiv|

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
Chain Rule = . 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒘
GKBfv‡e, = 𝒅𝒖 . 𝒅𝒗 . 𝒅𝒘 . 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙
Gfv‡e we¯Ívi Kiv hv‡e|
g~jZt 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) AvKv‡ii †h‡Kv‡bv dvsk‡bi mn‡RB Gfv‡e differentiate Kiv hvq| cÖ_‡g ïaygvÎ 𝑓
dvskb we‡ePbv K‡i 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) †ei K‡i Zvi mv‡_ 𝑔′(𝑥) ¸Y Ki‡jB DËi cvIqv hvq|
𝒅
D`vniY-15t 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙𝟑 ) = ?
𝒅𝒙
⇒awi, 𝑧 = 𝑥 3
Ges 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 3 A_©vr 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
Zvn‡j, = . 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑧 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧). 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 )
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧)(3𝑥 2 )
= 3𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 3
Note: Chain Rule apply Kivi Rb¨ সর্দা ব Gfv‡e bZzb PjK aivi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wb‡Ri
Intuition eënvi K‡i av‡c av‡c 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙)) Gi wbqg Abyhvqx derivative †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
Note: Chain Rule apply Kiv n‡jv wcuqv‡Ri †Lvmv Qvov‡bvi g‡Zv| evB‡i থেকে GKUv GKUv K‡i
†Lvmv Qvov‡Z n‡e hZÿY bv me‡P‡q wfZ‡ii mij mnR dvskb †ei n‡q Av‡m|
𝒅 𝟑
D`vniY-16t √𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
1
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (sin(cos 𝑥))3
2
1
= 3 (sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥))−3 . cos(cos 𝑥) . (− sin 𝑥)
𝒅 𝒙
D`vniY-17t (𝟐𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙
𝑥
= (22 𝑙𝑛2). (2𝑥 𝑙𝑛2)
𝑥
= 22 2𝑥 (𝑙𝑛2)2
𝒅
D`vniY-18t √𝒍𝒏√𝒙
𝒅𝒙
1
1 𝑑
= . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 )
2√𝑙𝑛√𝑥
1 1
= . 2𝑥
2√𝑙𝑛√𝑥
𝒅
D`vniY-19t (𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 . 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝑑
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥 (− sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥
= − sin 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 𝑒 sin 𝑥
Type – 06: wecixZ wÎ‡KvbwgwZK dvskb|

Chain Rule †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 𝑑𝑧 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
GLb, AšÍi‡Ri msÁv Abyhvqx,
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚∆𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0∆𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∆𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑦 =
∆𝑦→0∆𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑚∆𝑦 1 1
ZvB, = = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0∆𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∆𝑦→0 ∆𝑦
GLb, aiv hvK, 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥

∴ 𝑥 = sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Zvn‡j, 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Z‡e, 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = √1 − sin2 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2
Avevi, 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 n‡j,

𝑥 = tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = sec 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = sec2 𝑦 = 1+tan2 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2
Gfv‡e cÖvß formula:
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅 𝟏
1. 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 5. 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝒅 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒅 −𝟏 𝟏
2. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙=− 6. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 = −
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝒅 𝟏
3. 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒅 −𝟏 𝟏
4. 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 = − 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
D`vniY-20t 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
1 𝑑
= − . 𝑑𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥); [𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒]
√1−(sin−1 𝑥)2
1
= −
√1−𝑥 2 . √1−(sin−1 𝑥)2
𝒅
D`vniY-21t (𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙)𝟑
𝒅𝒙
1
= 3(sec −1 𝑥)2 .
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
𝒅
D`vniY-22t (𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
𝑥2
= √1−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥. sin−1 𝑥
𝒅
D`vniY-23t √𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙𝟔 )
𝒅𝒙
1 𝑑
= (sin−1 𝑥 6 )
2√sin−1 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥
1 6𝑥 5
= . √1−𝑥 12
2√sin−1 𝑥 6
𝒅 −𝟏 𝒙
D`vniY-24t 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝒅𝒙
−1 𝑥 1 𝑒 tan −1𝑥
= 𝑒 tan . 1+𝑥 2 = 1+𝑥 2
Type – 07: Dchy³ wÎ‡KvYwgwZK cÖwZ¯’vcbt
GB QK Abymv‡i wÎ‡KvYwgwZK cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb dvskb mijxK…Z nq|
𝒅 𝟐𝒙
D`vniY-25t 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
2𝑥
⇒awi, 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, 𝑦 = tan−1 1−𝑥 2
2𝑥 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Zvn‡j, 1−𝑥 2 = 1−tan2 𝜃 = tan 2𝜃
∴ 𝑦 = 2𝜃 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2
∴ = 2 . 1+𝑥 2 = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
D`vniY-26t
𝒅 𝟏−𝒙𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙
1−𝑥 2 1−tan2 𝜃
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 ai‡j, 1+𝑥 2 = 1+tan2 𝜃 = cos 2𝜃
1−𝑥 2
∴ cos−1 1+𝑥 2 = 2𝜃 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
∴ = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
D`vniY 27t
𝑑 √1+𝑥2 −√1−𝑥 2
tan−1 √1+𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 +√1−𝑥 2
√1−𝑥2
𝑑 1−
−1 1+𝑥2
= 𝑑𝑥 tan
1−𝑥2
1+√
1+𝑥2
Let, 𝑥 2 = cos 𝜃 ∴ 𝜑 = cos −1(𝑥 2 )

0
𝑑 1−tan
−1 2
= 𝑑𝑥 tan 0
1+tan
2
𝑑 𝜋 𝜃
= 𝑑𝑥 tan−1 tan (4 − 𝜃)
𝑑 𝜋 1
= 𝑑𝑥 [ 4 − 2 cos−1 𝑥𝑦]
1 1
= − 2 − 2𝑥. √1−𝑥 4
𝑥
= −√1−𝑥 4 𝐴𝑛𝑠:
𝒅 𝒂+𝒃𝒙
D`vniY-28t 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂−𝒃𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝜋 𝑏𝑥
𝑑 tan +
−1 4 𝑎
= 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑏𝑥
1−1.
𝑎
𝑑 𝜋 𝑏𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 tan−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 4 + tan−1 )
𝑎
1 𝑏 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑏2 𝑥2
. 𝑎 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑥 2
1+
𝑎2
𝒅 𝟏+𝒙𝟐
D`vniY-29t 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 (𝟏−𝒙𝟐 )
𝒅𝒙
⇒awi, 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1+𝑥 2 1+tan2 𝜃
∴ = 1−tan2 𝜃
1−𝑥 2
1
= cos 2𝜃
= sec 2𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (2 tan−1 𝑥)
2
= 1+𝑥 2
𝒅 𝟏−√𝒙
D`vniY-30t 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟏+
𝒅𝒙 √𝒙
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃n‡j,
𝜋
1−√𝑥 tan −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
4
=
1+√𝑥 1+1 .𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝜋
= tan ( − 𝜃)
4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜋 −1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 ( 4 − tan √𝑥)
1 1
= − 1+𝑥 . 2
√𝑥
1
= −2
√𝑥 (1+𝑥)
𝒅 𝟑𝒙−𝒙𝟑
D`vniY-31t 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝟑𝒙𝟐
awi, 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
3𝑥−𝑥 3
∴ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃
1−3𝑥 2
∴ 𝑦 = tan−1(𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃) = 3 tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
=
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝒅 𝟏+𝒙
D`vniY-32t 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 (𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 √𝟏−𝒙)
𝒅𝒙
awi, 𝑥 = cos 2𝜃
1+𝑥 1+cos 2𝜃
∴ √ = √1−cos 2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
1−𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = sin4 𝜃
1
= 4 (2 sin2 𝜃)2
1
= 4 (1 − cos 2𝜃)2
1
= 4 (1 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 2 (1−𝑥) 𝑥−1
∴ = . (−1) =
𝑑𝑥 4 2
𝒅 𝟏
D`vniY-33t 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 √𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
awi, 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1 1 𝜋
∴ √𝑥 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = tan( 2 − 𝜃)
𝜋
∴ 𝑦 = tan−1 (tan ( 2 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥))
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝜋 1
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 ( 2 − sec −1 𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1
Type – 08: jMvwi`‡gi mvnv‡h¨ AšÍixKiY|
hw` ïaygvÎ ¸Y ev fvM bv †_‡K ¸Y I fv‡Mi wgkÖ‡b dvskb †Ìqv nq Z‡e jMvwi`‡gi gva¨‡g AšÍiR wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
G‡ÿ‡Î g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
𝑢𝑣
log ( ) = log 𝑢 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑣 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑤
𝑤
(𝟏−𝒙)(𝟏−𝟐𝒙)(𝟏−𝟑𝒙) 𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-34t 𝒚= n‡j =?
(𝟏−𝟒𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
(1−𝑥)(1−2𝑥)(1−3𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦= 1−4𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(1 − 𝑥) + 𝑙𝑛(1 − 2𝑥) + 𝑙𝑛(1 − 3𝑥) − 𝑙𝑛(1 − 4𝑥)
1 𝑑𝑦 1 2 3 4
⇒ = − 1−𝑥 − 1−2𝑥 − 1−3𝑥 + 1−4𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (1−𝑥)(1−2𝑥)(1−3𝑥) 1 2 3 4
∴ =− (1−4𝑥)
[1−𝑥 + 1−2𝑥 + 1−3𝑥 − 1−4𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-35t 𝒚= n‡j 𝒅𝒙 ?
𝒆𝒙 (𝟑𝒙)
Type – 09: dvsk‡bi NvZ wn‡m‡e dvskb _vK‡j jMvwi`g cÖ‡qvM|

‡h‡Kv‡bv dvsk‡bi NvZ AvKv‡i Ab¨ dvskb _vK‡j (‡hgb 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 ) jMvwi`g wb‡j, (𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑣𝑙𝑛𝑢) mgvavb Kiv
mnR nq|
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-36t 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝒙 = ?
⇒awi, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ = 𝑥. + 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑥 𝑥 n‡j, 𝑙𝑛𝑣 = 𝑥𝑙𝑛(sin 𝑥)
𝒅𝒚 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
D`vniY-37t (𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒙 + (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒙 ) = ? ⇒ = . cos 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛(sin 𝑥)
𝒅𝒙
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥
⇒awi, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑢 = (𝑙𝑛𝑥)(𝑙𝑛𝑥) = (𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 𝑑𝑣
1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑙𝑛𝑥
⇒ = (sin 𝑥)𝑥 (𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛(sin 𝑥))
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑙𝑛𝑥
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Avevi,
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥−1 + (sin 𝑥)𝑥 (𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛(sin 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-38t 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 𝒙 n‡j, 𝒅𝒙 = ?
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑥 𝑑
⇒ = + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ =𝑥 𝑥−1
+ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 [1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥]; [𝐸𝑥 − 36 হতে]
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 [𝑥 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
−𝟏 𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-39t 𝒚 = 𝒙𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 n‡j, 𝒅𝒙 = ?
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)𝑙𝑛𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 tan−1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
⇒ = + 1+𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1
tan−1 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
⇒ = 𝑥 [ 𝑥 + 1+𝑥 2 ]
𝑑𝑥
𝒅
D`vniY-40t (𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝒙 = ?
𝒅𝒙
⇒
Type – 10: civwgwZK mgxKiY n‡Z AšÍiRt

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝓉
hw`, 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝓉) nq Z‡e, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝓉
A_©vr, y Ges x Dfq‡K civwgwZK Pj‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ differentiate K‡i fvM Ki‡jB wb‡Y©q AšÍiR cvIqv hvq|
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-41t 𝒙 = 𝒂 (𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕), 𝒚 = 𝒂 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕)n‡j 𝒅𝒙 = ?
𝑑𝑦 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑎 (sin 𝑡) 2 sin cos
𝑑𝑡 2 2
⇒ = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(1−cos 𝑡) = 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2 sin2
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑡
⇒ cot 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑡
∴ = cot 2
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-42t 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝜽n‡j, 𝒅𝒙 = ?
𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 3 cos2 𝜃 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
= 3 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 3 sin2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
∴ = −3 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-43t 𝒙 = 𝒂(𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ + ∅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅), 𝒚 = 𝒂 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅ − ∅𝒄𝒐𝒔∅)n‡j, 𝒅𝒙 = ?
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎 (cos ∅ + ∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ − 𝑐𝑜𝑠∅) = 𝑎 ∅ sin ∅
𝑑∅
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎 (− sin ∅ + ∅ cos ∅ + sin ∅) = 𝑎 ∅ cos ∅
𝑑∅
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑∅
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 = tan ∅
𝑑𝑥
𝑑∅
Type – 11: Ae¨³ dvsk‡bi AšÍiR|

me©`v dvskb 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ _v‡K bv eis KL‡bv KL‡bv x Ges y Gi mgxKiY AvKv‡i _v‡K| ZLb H
𝑑𝑦
mgxKi‡Yi Dfqcÿ‡K x Gi mv‡c‡ÿ differentiate Kivi ci 𝑑𝑥 cvIqv hv‡e|
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-44t 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝒚) n‡j 𝒅𝒙 = ?
⇒ 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos(𝑥+𝑦)
⇒ = cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) (1 + 𝑑𝑥 ) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 1−cos(𝑥+𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-45t 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒚𝒙 n‡j = ?
𝒅𝒙
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ + (𝑙𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑥
𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑦−
𝑥
⇒ = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥−
𝑦
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-46t 𝒙𝒚 𝒚𝒙 = 𝟏n‡j, 𝒅𝒙 = ?
⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑥 = 1
⇒ 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 0
⇒
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ + (𝑙𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 0 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑦 = −𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 − −𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑥
⇒ = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥+
𝑦
−𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦
⇒ 𝑥𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝑥 2
−𝑦 2 +𝑦 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥
⇒ −𝑥 2 𝑙𝑛𝑦+𝑥 2
𝑦 2 1−𝑙𝑛𝑥
⇒ − 𝑥 2 (1−𝑙𝑛𝑦)
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-47t 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝟎 ⇒ =?
𝒅𝒙
⇒ 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 = 0
𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 n‡j,
𝑙𝑛𝑢 = 𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = + (𝑙𝑛𝑥)
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑥 𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
∴ (𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑦−𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1
⇒ 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑥+𝑥𝑦 𝑦−1
GLv‡b jÿYxq, GB mgm¨vwU mgvav‡bi mgq 𝒙𝒚 = −𝒚𝒙 wj‡L †Zgb †Kv‡bv jvf †bB| KviY
Zvici log †bqv hvq bv (Wvb FYvZ¥K)
𝒅𝒚
D`vniY-48t (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒚 = (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚)𝒙 n‡j, = ?
𝒅𝒙
⇒
ch©vqµwgK AšÍixKiY (9.4)

KL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv dvskb‡K GKvwaKevi AšÍixKiY Ki‡Z nq|
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑦
†hgbt 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 3 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 … Gfv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv n Zg AšÍiR‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq| G‡K 𝑦𝑛 Øviv cÖKvk
Kiv nq ev 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|
Type – 01: n Zg AšÍiR wbY©qt

mvavibZ n Zg AšÍiR wbY©‡q cÖ_‡g 1, 2, 3, 4......... Zg AšÍiR †ei K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ pattern identify Ki‡Z
nq| †hgbt
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 n‡j, 𝑦 = 𝑥 −1
1
𝑦 ′ = − 𝑥 2 = (−1)𝑥 −2
𝑦 ′′ = (−1)(−2)𝑥 −3
𝑦 ′′′ = (−1)(−2)(−3)𝑥 −4
𝑦 ′′′′ = (−1)(−3)(−4)𝑥 −5
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!
Gfv‡e ejv hvq, 𝒚𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏! 𝒙−(𝒏+𝟏) = 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒏!𝒂𝒏
GKBfv‡e, 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙+𝒃 n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝒏+𝟏
Avevi, 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 n‡j,
𝜋
𝑦 ′ = cos 𝑥 = sin ( 2 + 𝑥)
𝜋
𝑦 ′′ = − sin 𝑥 = sin (2 . 2 + 𝑥)
𝝅
Gfv‡e, 𝒚𝒏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒏 𝟐 + 𝒙)
𝒏𝝅
GKBfv‡e, 𝐲 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
Gfv‡e cÖvß formulae:

01. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒏!, 𝒚𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒚𝒏+𝟐 … … … . = 𝟎
02. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒂𝒙
𝒎!
(𝒎−𝒏)!
𝒂𝒏 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒎−𝒏 𝒎 > 𝑛
03. 𝒚 = (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒎 n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = { 𝒏𝒂𝒏 ; 𝒎 = 𝒏
𝟎; 𝒎 < 𝑛
𝒏𝝅
04. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
𝒏𝝅
05. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟐 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 (𝒏−𝟏)!𝒂𝒏
06. 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃) n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)
𝒏
07. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) ⇒ 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 +
𝒃
𝒏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂)
𝒏
08. 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄) n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝟐 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 +
𝒃
𝒏 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂)
𝟑
D`vniY-1t 𝒚 = √𝒙 n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = ?
1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑥3
1
1
∴ 𝑦1 = 3 𝑥 3−1
1
1 2
𝑦2 = ( ) (− ) 𝑥 3−2
3 3
1
1 2 5
𝑦3 = (3) (− 3) (− 3) 𝑥 3−4
1
1 2 5 8
𝑦4 = (3) (− 3) (− 3) (− 3) 𝑥 3−4
1
2.5.8………..(3𝑛−4)
Gfv‡e, 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛−1 𝑥 3−𝑛
3𝑛
D`vniY-2t 𝒚 = (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝒏 n‡j, 𝒚𝟐𝒏 = ?

⇒ 2𝑛 > 𝑛 ∴ 𝑦2𝑛 = 0
D`vniY-3t 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑) n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = ?

𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑦𝑛 = 3.3𝑛 cos ( 2 + 3𝑥 + 3)
𝑛𝜋
= 3𝑛+1 cos ( 2 + 3𝑥 + 3)
D`vniY-4t 𝒚 = 𝒍𝒏(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = ?

(−1)𝑛 (𝑛−1)!2𝑛
m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i, 𝑦𝑛 = (2𝑥+3)𝑛
D`vniY-5t 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = ?

𝑛
⇒ 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑥 (√2) sin(𝑥 + 𝑛 tan−1 1) [myÎ 07 cÖ‡qvM K‡i]
𝑛 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑒 𝑥 (√2) sin (𝑥 + )
4
𝑑
𝑒 𝑥 sin3 𝑥 =?
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑒 𝑥 sin3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (3 sin 𝑥 = sin 3𝑥)
𝑑 3 1
= 𝑑𝑥 [4 𝑒 𝑥 sin𝑥 − 4 𝑒 𝑥 sin 3𝑥]
3 𝑛 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛
= 4 (√2) 𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑥 + ) − 4 (√10) 𝑒 𝑥 sin(3𝑥 + 𝑛 + 𝑥 −1 3) 𝐴𝑛𝑠:
4
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
D`vniY-6t 𝒚 = (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = ?
⇒ G ai‡bi mgm¨vq y †K AvswkK fMœvs‡k we‡kølY Kiv Avek¨K|
AvswkK fMœvs‡k we‡kølY K‡i cvB,
1 5 5
𝑦= − +
𝑥−1 𝑥−2 𝑥−3
1 5 5
Zvn‡j 𝑦𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 𝑛! [(𝑥−1)𝑛+1 − (𝑥−2)𝑛+1 + (𝑥−3)𝑛+1 ]
D`vniY-7t 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙n‡j, 𝒚𝒏 = ?

1
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 (2 sin 𝑥 sin 3𝑥)
1
= 2 (cos 2𝑥 − cos 4𝑥)
1 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
∴ 𝑦 = 2 [2𝑛 cos ( 2 + 2𝑥) − 4𝑛 cos ( 2 + 4𝑥)]
Note: cÖ`Ë dvskb fMœvsk n‡j GK; n‡i GKvwaK ivwk _vK‡j mvaviYZ 𝑬𝒙 − 𝟎𝟔 Gi g‡Zv AvswkK
fMœvs‡k cwiYZ K‡i m~Î cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Type-02: mivmwi GKvwaK AšÍiR †ei K‡i cÖgvY msµvšÍt

G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 , … … .. †ei K‡i Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv statement cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq|
𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟐𝒍𝒏𝒙−𝟑
D`vniY-8t 𝒚= n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv, 𝒅𝒙𝟐 =
𝒙 𝒙𝟑
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥. −𝑙𝑛𝑥.1 1−𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥
⇒ = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥2
1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑥 2 (− )−(1−𝑙𝑛𝑥)(2𝑥)
𝑥
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥4
−𝑥−2𝑥+2𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥4
2𝑙𝑛𝑥−3
= (cÖgvwYZ)
𝑥3
D`vniY-9t 𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒎𝒙 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒎𝒙n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv, 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟎

⇒ 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝐴 cos 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚 𝐵 sin 𝑚𝑥
⇒ 𝑦2 = −𝑚 𝐴 sin 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚2 𝐵 cos 𝑚𝑥
∴ 𝑦2 = −𝑚2 𝑦
∴ 𝑦2 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 [cÖgvwYZ]
𝒅𝟒 𝒚
D`vniY-10t 𝒚 = (𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 ) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv, 𝒅𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
∴ 𝑦2 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
= 𝑒 𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥) − 2 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 𝑥)
= 2(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) cos 𝑥
𝑦3 = 2[𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) − 𝑒 −𝑥 (− cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)]
∴ 𝑦4 = 2[𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) − 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)]
= −4(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) sin 𝑥
= − 4𝑦 ∴ 𝑦4 + 4𝑦 = 0 (Proved)
Type-03: civwgwZK dvsk‡bi gva¨‡g GKvwaK AšÍiR wbY©q msµvšÍ

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝜽
D`vniY-11t 𝒙 = 𝒂 (𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), 𝒚 = 𝒂 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv, 𝟒𝒂 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒 𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 𝑎 (1 + cos 𝜃), 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 (sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝜃
∴ = − 1+cos 𝜃 = tan 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝜃 (𝑑𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑 𝜃 1 𝜃
tan sec2
𝑑𝜃 2 2 2
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑎(2 cos2 )
2
1 𝜃 𝑑2 𝑦 𝜃
= 4𝑎 sec 4 2 ∴ 4𝑎 𝑑𝑥 2 = sec 4 2 (cÖgvwbZ)
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
D`vniY-12t 𝒙 = 𝒕 + 𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝒕 − 𝒕 n‡j, 𝒅𝒙𝟐 =?
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 1+ 2 𝑡 2 +1
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
⇒ = 𝑑𝑥 = 1 =
𝑑𝑥 1− 2 𝑡 2 −1
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
(𝑡2 −1)2𝑡−(𝑡2 +1)2𝑡
𝑑 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡2 −1)
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 2 1− 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
8𝑡 3
= − (𝑡 2 −1)3
𝑑2 𝑦 8𝑡 3
∴ = − (𝑡 2 −1)3
𝑑𝑥 2
𝒅 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒕𝒅𝒙
Note: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = 𝒅𝒙 GwU Gai‡bi mgm¨v mgvav‡b LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
𝒅𝒕
Type-04: hveZxq eM©g~j wPý Ges fMœvsk‡K h_vµ‡g eM© Kiv I cÿvšÍi Kivi gva¨‡g mgxKiY‡K
simplify Kiv msµvšÍ
D`vniY-13t 𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝒚 = 𝒙 n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv †h, (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚𝟏 − 𝟐 = 𝟎

⇒ cos √𝑦 = 𝑥
⇒ √𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = (cos−1 𝑥)2
2 cos−1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦1 = − √1−𝑥2
⇒ (√1 − 𝑥 )𝑦1 = −2 cos−1 𝑥
2
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦12 = 4𝑦; [∵ 𝑦 = (cos−1 𝑥)2 ]

⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦12 (−2𝑥) = 4𝑦1
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 − 2 = 0 [2𝑦1 দ্বারা ভাগ
D`vniY-14t 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒎𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙) n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv †h, (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒚𝟏 (𝒎𝒚 − 𝒙)

⇒ tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
1 𝑚
⇒ 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2
1+𝑦 2 1
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 = 𝑚(1 + 𝑦 2 )
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 + 𝑦1 (2𝑥) = 2𝑚𝑦 𝑦1
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 = 2𝑦1 (𝑚𝑦 − 𝑥)
𝒎
D`vniY-15t 𝒚 = (𝒙 + √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv †h, (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒚𝟏 (𝒎𝒚 − 𝒙)
𝑚−1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 + √1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + √1+𝑥 2 )
𝑚
𝑚(𝑥+√1+𝑥2 )
⇒ 𝑦1 = √1+𝑥 2
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 )𝑦12 = 𝑚2 𝑦 2
2
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦12 (2𝑥) = 2𝑚2 𝑦 𝑦1

⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 + 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0
Type-05: Type-04 Gi wbqg cÖ‡qv‡Mi mv‡_ mv‡_ me©`v †Kv‡bv jvB‡bi †Kv‡bv ivwk c~‡e©i
𝒚, 𝒚𝟏 ev 𝒚𝟐 Gi mv‡_ match Ki‡j Zv cÖwZ¯’vcb msµvšÍt
D`vniY-16t 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙n‡j, ‡`LvI †h, 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒚𝟏 + (𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 )𝒚 = 𝟎

⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥
∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥) + (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑒𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥
∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥) + (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥)
⇒ 𝑦1 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
⇒ 𝑦2 = 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (−𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑎𝑦1
⇒ 𝑦2 = −𝑏 2 𝑦 + 𝑎 (𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦1 )
⇒ 𝑦2 = −𝑏 2 𝑦 + 𝑎 (𝑦1 − 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑎𝑦1
⇒ 𝑦2 − 2𝑎𝑦1 + (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )𝑦 = 0 (Showed)
D`vniY-17t 𝒚 = √𝒂 + 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv †h, 𝟐𝒚 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂

⇒ 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 − − − − − − − − − − − (𝑖)
⇒ 2𝑦𝑦1 = −𝑏 sin 𝑥
wKš‘ (i) bs n‡Z, 𝑏 cos 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑎
∴ 2𝑦 𝑦2 + 2𝑦12 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 (Proved)
D`vniY-18t 𝒚 = (𝒑 + 𝒒𝒙)𝒆−𝟐𝒙 n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv †h, 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟏 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎

⇒ 𝑦 = (𝑝 + 𝑞𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦1 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 [−2(𝑝 + 𝑞𝑥) + 𝑞]
⇒ 𝑦1 = −2𝑦 + 𝑞𝑒 −2𝑥 − − − − − − − −(𝑖)
⇒ 𝑦2 = −2𝑦1 − 2𝑞𝑒 −2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦2 = −2𝑦1 − 2 (𝑦1 + 2𝑦) [(i) n‡Z]
⇒ 𝑦1 + 4𝑦1 + 4𝑦 = 0 [Proved]
Type-06: e¨³ dvsk‡b cÖKvk|

KL‡bv KL‡bv mgxKiY †`L‡Z RwUj n‡jI y †K mivmwi x Gi dvskb AvKv‡i wj‡L AšÍiR †ei Kiv hvq|
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
D`vniY-19t 𝒙√𝟏 + 𝒚 + 𝒚√𝟏 + 𝒙 = 𝟎 n‡j, ‡`LvI †h, 𝒅𝒙 = − (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐
⇒ GLv‡b, 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 = −𝑦√1 + 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 − 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦
𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = − 1+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −(1+𝑥−𝑥)
∴ = (1+𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
1
= − (1+𝑥)2 (Showed)
Type-07: Dfqc‡ÿ jMvwi`g †bqv A_ev Inverse trigonometric function apply Kiv|
−𝟏
D`vniY-20t 𝒚 = 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 n‡j, ‡`LvI †h, (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 + (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎
⇒ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
1 1
⇒ 𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2
𝑦 1
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 = 𝑦)
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 + 𝑦1 (2𝑥) = 𝑦1
∴ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 + (2𝑥 − 1)𝑦1 = 0 [Showed]
D`vniY-21t 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙) n‡j, (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚𝟏 =?

⇒ cos−1 𝑦 = 2 sin−1 𝑥
1 2
⇒ − 𝑦 = √1−𝑥2
2 1
√1−𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦12 = 4(1 − 𝑦 2 )
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦12 (−2𝑥) = −8𝑦𝑦1
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = −4𝑦
GB mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvav‡bi †gvUvgywU mvaviY Pathway n‡jv wb¤œiƒc-

i) ‡Kvb Root bv ivLvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
ii) fMœvsk bv ivLviI †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e KviY fMœvsk _vK‡j differentiate Kiv KwVb|
iii) me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡jv, Av‡Mi mgxKiY †_‡K gvb emv‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY 22t
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑙𝑛𝑥 n‡j, cÖgvY Ki, 𝑥 2 𝑦2 (3 − 2𝑛)𝑥𝑦1 + (𝑛 − 1)2 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠:
wb‡R Ki|
D`vniY 23t
sin−1 𝑥
𝑦= √1−𝑥 2
n‡j cÖgvY Ki †h,
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 3𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑦 = 0
sin−1 𝑥
⇒𝑦= √1−𝑥 2
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦 2 = (sin−1 𝑥)2
2 sin−1 𝑥
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = √1−𝑥 2
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 2𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 − 𝑥𝑦 = 1
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 2𝑥𝑦1 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑦 = 0
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 3𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑦 = 0
¯úk©K I Awfj‡¤î Xvj (9.5)
Type-01:¯úk©‡Ki Xvj msµvšÍt

𝑑𝑦
‡h‡Kv‡bv dvskb 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) n‡j 𝑥 = 𝑥1 we›`y‡Z 𝑓(𝑥) Gi Xvj n‡e 𝑓′(𝑥1 ) ev 𝑑𝑥 | 𝑥 = 𝑥1 Gfv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z
¯úk©‡Ki Xvj msÁvwqZ n‡j H we›`yi Xvj wbY©q Kiv hvq| wPÎ
***G msµvšÍ mgm¨vq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e,

𝑑𝑦
01. ‡iLv x A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj n‡j 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
02. 𝑦 A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj n‡j = 0
𝑑𝑥
03. ‡iLv Øviv (+𝑥) Gi mv‡_ †Kvb 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑚
D`vniY-1t 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 eµ‡iLvi 𝒙 = 𝟐 we›`y‡Z ¯úk©‡Ki Xvj KZ?

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 5
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ | = 12 – 36 – 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=2
= − 29
D`vniY-2t 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 eµ‡iLvi ‡hme we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K x A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Zv‡ì ¯’vbvsK
†ei Ki|
𝑑𝑦
⇒ ¯úk©K x A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj n‡j 𝑑𝑥 = 0
∴ 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 9 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 3, −1
𝑥 = 3n‡j, 𝑦 = −12
𝑥 = −1n‡j, 𝑦 = 20
∴ we›`y mg~n (3, −12), (−1, 20)
D`vniY-3t 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 eµ‡iLvi ‡hme we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K x A‡ÿi Dci j¤^ Zv‡ì ¯’vbvsK †ei Ki|
⇒ ¯úk©K x- A‡ÿi Dci j¤^ n‡j,
𝑑𝑥 1
= 0nq| ev, 𝑑𝑦 = 0 nq|
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
GLb, = 2𝑥 − √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥√1−𝑥 2 −𝑥
= √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
∴ = 0 ⇒ √1 − 𝑥 2 = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 1, −1
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = −1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 1
∴ we›`yØq (1, 1), (−1, 1)
Type-02:Awfj‡¤î Xvj msµvšÍt

dvsk‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Awfj¤^ me©`v ¯úk©‡Ki Dci j¤^ nq| ZvB ¯úk©‡Ki Xvj = 𝑚 n‡j, wPÎ
1
Awfj‡¤î Xvj = − 𝑚
𝑑𝑦
A_ev, Awfj‡¤î Xvj = − 𝑑𝑥
D`vniY-4t 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 eµ‡iLvi (𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝟐𝒂𝒕) we›`y‡Z Awfj‡¤î Xvj KZ?

𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ⇒ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎
𝑑𝑦 2𝑎 2𝑎 1
∴ = = 2𝑎𝑡 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑡
1
∴ Awfj‡¤î Xvj = − 1 = −𝑡
𝑡
D`vniY-5t 𝒚 = (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟐) eµ‡iLvi †h mg¯Í we›`y‡Z Awfj¤^ x A‡ÿi Dci j¤^ Zv‡ì ¯’vbvsK †ei
Ki|
⇒ Awfj¤^ hw` x -A‡ÿi Dci j¤^ nq †Ze ¯úk©K n‡e mgvšÍivj|
𝑑𝑦
∴ =0
𝑑𝑥
7
⇒ 𝑥 = 3, 3
𝑥 = 3n‡j, 𝑦 = 0
7 4
𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = 27
7 4
∴ we›`yØq (3, 0) (3 , 27)
D`vniY-6t 𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) eµ‡iLvwU †h mg¯Í we›`y‡Z x Aÿ‡K †Q` K‡i †mme we›`y‡Z
Awfj‡¤î Xvj KZ?
⇒ 𝑦 = 0n‡j, 𝑥 = −1,1,3
GLb, = 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑦
∴ = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∴ | =8
𝑑𝑥 𝑥= −1
𝑑𝑦
| = −4
𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 1
𝑑𝑦
| =8
𝑑𝑥 𝑥= 3
1 1 1
∴ Awfj‡¤î Xvjmg~n = − 8 , + 4 , − 8
Type-03:¯úk©K I Awfj‡¤î mgxKiY wbY©q msµvšÍt

G‡ÿ‡Î H we›`y‡Z ¯úk©‡Ki ev Awfj‡¤î Xvj m wbY©q K‡i mgxKiY †ei Kiv hvq|
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) G mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨|
D`vniY-7t (−𝟑, 𝟐)we›`y‡Z 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟓 Gi ¯úk©‡Ki mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|

⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 5
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3
∴ = 𝑦 = −2
𝑑𝑥
3
∴ ¯úk©‡Ki mgxKiY, 𝑦 − 2 = − 2 (𝑥 + 3)
⇒ 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0
D`vniY-8t (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟖𝒚 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎)eµ‡iLvwUi (𝟏𝟎, 𝟒) we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K I Awfj‡¤î

mgxKiY †ei Ki|
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥8𝑦 + 16 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 10 − 8 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥−10 𝑥−5 10−5 5
∴ = = 4−𝑦 = =0
𝑑𝑥 8−2𝑦 4−4
∴ G we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K x-A‡ÿi Dci j¤^|
∴ ¯úk©‡Ki mgxKiY ⇒ 𝑥 = 10
∴ Awfj‡¤î mgxKiY ⇒ 𝑦 = 4
D`vniY-9t 𝒚(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎) eµ‡iLvwU †hme we›`y‡Z x- Aÿ‡K †Q` K‡i, H me we›`y‡Z
¯úk©K I Awfj‡¤î mgxKiY †ei Ki|
⇒ x- Aÿ‡K †Q` Ki‡j 𝑦 = 0
∴ −𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 0, we›`y (4, 0)
GLb, 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥 + 4 = 0
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦(2𝑥 + 3) + (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) − 1 = 0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1−2𝑥𝑦−3𝑦 1
∴ = = 30
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
1
∴ ¯úk©Kt → 𝑦 − 2 = 30 (𝑥 − 𝑦)
⇒ 30𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4
⇒ 𝑥 − 30𝑦 − 4 = 0
Ges Awfj¤^t → 30𝑥 + 𝑦 = 120
Type-04:¯úk©K Øviv KwZ©Z Ask msµvšÍ cÖgvYt

G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ †h‡Kvb mvaviY we›`y (𝑝, 𝑞) wb‡q H we›`y‡Z ¯úk©‡Ki mgxKiY Ges KwZ©Z Ask †ei Ki‡Z nq|
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
D`vniY-10t cÖgvY K‡iv †h, 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒂𝟑 eµ‡iLvi †h‡Kvb ¯úk©K KZ©„K Aÿ `yBwU n‡Z KwZ©Z As‡ki e‡M©i
†hvMdj aªæeK|
⇒ g‡bKwi, eµ‡iLvi Dci †h‡Kv‡bv mvaviY we›`y (𝑝, 𝑞)
2 2 2
∴ 𝑝3 + 𝑞 3 = 𝑎3
2 2 2
GLv‡b , 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑎3
1 1
2 2 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 −3 + 3 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
3
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 −3
⇒ = − (𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑝 −3
∴ | = − (𝑞 )
𝑑𝑥 (𝑝,𝑞)
∴ ¯úk©‡Ki mgxKiY
1
−
𝑝 3
𝑦−𝑞 =− 1 (𝑥 − 𝑝)
−
𝑞 3
1 1 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑝 −3 𝑥 + 𝑞 −3 𝑦 = 𝑝 3 + 𝑞 3 = 𝑎 3
𝑥 𝑦
∴ 1 2 + 1 2 = 1
𝑝3 𝑎3 𝑞 3 𝑎3
∴ KwZ©Z As‡ki e‡M©i mgwó
2 4 2 4 2 4
= 𝑝3 𝑎3 + 𝑞 3 𝑎3 = 𝑎 3 𝑎3 = 𝑎2 ; GLv‡b 𝑎2 GKwU aªæeK| (cÖgvwbZ)
D`vniY-11t cÖgvY K‡iv †h, √𝒙 + √𝒚 = √𝒂 eµ‡iLvi †h‡Kvb ¯úk©K KZ©„K AÿØq n‡Z KwZ©Z As‡ki
†hvMdj aªæeK|
⇒ eµ‡iLvi †Kv‡bv we›`y (𝑝, 𝑞) n‡j √𝑝 + √𝑞 = √𝑎
GLb, √𝑥 + √𝑦 = √𝑎
1 1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ +2 =0
2√ 𝑥 √𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ = − √𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √
𝑑𝑦 𝑞
∴ ⌋ = − √𝑝
𝑑𝑥 (𝑝,𝑞) √
𝑞
∴ ¯úk©K ⇒ 𝑦 − 𝑞 = − √𝑝 (𝑥 − 𝑝)
√
⇒ √𝑞𝑥 + √𝑝𝑦 = 𝑝√𝑞 + 𝑞 √𝑝
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + 𝑞+ 𝑝𝑞 = 1
𝑝+ 𝑝𝑞 √ √
2
∴ KwZ©Z As‡ki †hvMdj = 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 2√𝑝𝑞 = (√𝑝 + √𝑞)
= 𝑎; hv aªæeK|
Type-04:wewfbœ †fŠZ ivwki cwieZ©b msµvšÍt

𝑑𝑥
‡h‡Kv‡bv †fŠZ ivwk x n‡j, Zvi ÿy`ªvwZÿz`ª mg‡q cwieZ©‡bi nvi , Gfv‡eB Gai‡bi mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq|
𝑑𝑡
D`vniY-12t "𝟑𝟔𝝅 𝒄𝒎𝟑 " AvqZbwewkó †Kv‡bv †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva© mgnv‡i e„w× †c‡Z kyiæ K‡i| Zvn‡j Zvi
AvqZ‡bi e„w×nvi I †ÿÎd‡ji e„w×nv‡ii AbycvZ KZ?
4
⇒ 𝑣 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 = 36𝜋 ⇒ 𝑟 = 3𝑐𝑚
𝑑 4 𝑑𝑟
( 𝜋𝑟 3 ) 4𝜋𝑟 2
wb‡Y©q AbycvZ = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
3
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
(4𝜋𝑟 2 ) 8𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑟
= 2 =1.5 cm
D`vniY-13t ‡Kv‡bv KYvi AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ mg‡qi eM©g~‡ji mgvbycvwZK n‡j, cÖgvY K‡iv †h, KYvi Z¡iY Zvi †e‡Mi
Nbd‡ji mgvbycvwZ|
⇒ awi, 𝑠 = 𝑘 √𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑘
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 = 2
√𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑘
⇒ 𝑎= = −
𝑑𝑡 4𝑡√𝑡
𝑘 2 𝑘 3
GLb, 𝑎 = − 4𝑡 = − 𝑘 3 (2 𝑡)
√ 𝑡 √
2 3
= − 𝑘3 𝑣
2
∴ 𝑎 ∝ 𝑣 3; [∵= 𝑘 3 GKwwU aªæeK]
D`vniY-14t ‡Kv‡bv Nb‡Ki c„ôZ‡ji †ÿÎdj mgnv‡i e„w× †c‡j cÖgvY K‡iv †h, AvqZ‡bi e„w×nvi e¨vmv‡a©i
mgvbycvwZK|
⇒ Nb‡Ki evûi ˆ`N©¨ a n‡j,
𝑑 𝑑𝑎
6𝑎2 = 𝑘 ⇒ 12𝑎 = 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 2 𝑑𝑎 𝑘 𝑎𝑘
∴ = 3𝑎 = 3𝑎2 . 12𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 4
𝑑𝑣
∴ ∝𝑎
𝑑𝑡
∴ [cÖgvwYZ]
Mogvb, ga¨gvb Dccv`¨ Ges Pig gvb (9.5)
j¨vMÖv‡Äi Mogvb Dccv`¨ g~jZ GKwU mij Intuition †K wb‡`©k K‡i|

wP‡Î g‡b K‡iv, GKwU dvskb 𝑥 = 𝑎 n‡Z 𝑥 = 𝑏 †Z
Continuous ev Awew”Qbœ| Zvn‡j, wP‡Îi AB ‡iLvi
AmsL¨ †iLv Uvb‡Z _vK‡j GKwU †iLv (wP‡Î PQ) Aek¨B
dvskbwUi †j‡Li 𝑥 = 𝑐 we›`y‡Z ¯úk©K n‡e|
𝑓(𝑎)−𝑓(𝑏) wPÎ
Zvn‡j, 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 𝑏−𝑎 n‡e|
GwUB Mogvb Dccv`¨|
D`vniY-1t (𝟏, 𝟑) eëwa‡Z 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 dvsk‡bi Rb¨ Mogvb Dccv‡`¨ mZ¨Zv wbiƒcb Ki|
⇒ 𝑓(1) = 2, ∫(3) = 6
6−2
∴ 𝑓′(𝑐) = 3−1 = 2
GLb, 𝑓′(𝑐) = 2𝑐 − 2
∴ 2𝑐 − 2 = 2
∴ 𝑐=2
GLb, 1 < 2 < 3, ZvB Mogvb Dccv`¨ mwVK|
D`vniY-2t ‡h‡Kv‡bv Parabola 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 Gi Rb¨ cÖgvY K‡iv †h, 𝒙 = 𝒑, 𝒙 = 𝒒 Gi Rb¨

𝒑+𝒒
Mogvb Dccv`¨ Abymv‡i cÖvß 𝒙 = 𝒓 n‡j, 𝒓 = 𝟐 |
⇒ 𝑓(𝑓(𝑞) − 𝑓(𝑝)) = 𝑎(𝑞 2 − 𝑝2 ) + 𝑏(𝑞 − 𝑝)
𝑓(𝑓(𝑞)−𝑓(𝑝))
∴ = 𝑎(𝑞 + 𝑝) + 𝑏
𝑞−𝑝
𝑓′(𝑟) = 2𝑎𝑟 + 𝑏
∴ 2𝑎𝑟 + 𝑏 = 𝑎(𝑞 + 𝑝) + 𝑏
𝑞+𝑝
∴ 𝑟= 2
ga¨gvb Dccv`¨ Av‡iKwU Intuitive theorem, g‡b K‡iv, †Kv‡bv wccov| wPÎ
A n‡Z B we›`y‡Z †h‡Z Pvq Z‡e gvSc‡_ Amxg xy evav Av‡Q Zvn‡j GUv
¯úó †h, Zvi MwZc_ †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z xy †iLv‡K †Q` Ki‡eB|
GKBfv‡e wP‡Î, Continuous function Gi Rb¨ 𝑓(𝑥) Gi MÖvd AšÍZ
GKwU we›`y‡Z 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐿 †K †Q` Ki‡e| ZvB [𝑎, 𝑏]
eëwa‡Z Ggb p cvIqv hv‡e †hb
𝒇(𝒑) = 𝑳 nq hw` 𝒇(𝒂) ≤ 𝑳 ≤ 𝒇(𝒃)
D`vniY-3t ga¨gvb Dccv`¨ eënvi K‡i cÖgvY K‡iv †h, [−𝟏, 𝟎] eëwa‡Z 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 Gi mgvavb we`¨gvb|
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1
⇒ 𝑓(−1) = −1 < 0, ∫(0) = 1 > 0
ZvB Aek¨B [-1, 0] Ggb GKwU x -Gi gvb Av‡Q hvi Rb¨ ∫(𝑥) = 0 n‡e| ∴ cÖgvwYZ|
Note:ga¨gvb Dccv‡`ï avibv‡KB A‡bK mgq continuity Argument ejv nq|

𝑑𝑦
µgea©gvb dvskbt dvsk‡bi †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z ev eëwa‡Z 𝑓′(𝑥)ev 𝑑𝑥 > 0 n‡j Zv H we›`y‡Z ev eëwa‡Z µgea©gvb|
𝑑𝑦
µgn«vmgvb dvskbt dvsk‡bi †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z ev eëwa‡Z 𝑓′(𝑥) ev 𝑑𝑥 < 0 n‡j Zv H we›`y‡Z ev eëwa‡Z
µgn«vmgvb|
D`vniY-4t 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟓 ‡Kvb eëwa‡Z µgea©gvb?

⇒ 𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9
𝑓′(𝑥) > 0
⇒ 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 > 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 > 0
∴ (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) > 0
∴ 𝑥>3 𝑜𝑟, 𝑥<1
∴ 𝐴𝑛𝑠: (−∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞)
Pig gvbt dvsk‡bi †hmKj we›`y‡Z Xvj k~Y¨ nq ev ¯úk©K x -A‡ÿi wP‡Î
𝑑𝑦
mgvšÍivj nq ev 𝑑𝑥 = 0 nq †mme we›`y‡Z ¯’vbxq Pig gvb (Local Extreme
Value) Ae¯’vb K‡i| †hgb, wP‡Î A, B, C, D|
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
¸iægvbt 𝑑𝑥
= 0 nIqvi mv‡_ hw` 𝑑𝑥 2
< 0 nq Z‡e ¯’vbxq ¸iægvb
Ae¯’vb K‡i|
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
jNy gvbt 𝑑𝑥
= 0 nIqvi mv‡_ hw` 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0 nq Z‡e ¯’vbxq jNygvb Ae¯’vb
K‡i|
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi avcmg~nt

01. dvskbwU‡K 𝑓(𝑥) ai‡Z n‡e|
02. 𝑓′(𝑥) wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
03. Pig gv‡bi Rb¨𝑓′(𝑥) = 0 a‡i x Gi gvb mg~n †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
04. 𝑓′′(𝑥) wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
05. i) x Gi †hmg gv‡bi Rb¨ 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0, 𝑓′′(𝑥) < 0, †mLv‡b ¸iægvb
ii) Gi †hme gv‡bi Rb¨ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 †mLv‡b jNygvb
iii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 n‡j GKB c×wZ‡Z cybive„wË K‡i †Rvo-we‡Rvo Parity
Abyhvqx Identical decision wb‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY-5t ‡`LvI †h, 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 Gi †Kv‡bv ¸iægvb ev jNygvb †bB|
⇒ 𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 24
𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8 = 0
Z‡e, 42 < 4 × 8 ∴ ‡Kv‡bv ev¯Íe mgvavb †bB| ∴ ‡Kv‡bv ¸iægvb ev jNygvb †bB|
D`vniY-6t x Gi †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟐 Gi ¸iægvb ev jNygvb cvIqv hvq|
⇒ 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2(12 − 2𝑥)(−2) + (12 − 2𝑥)2
= (12 − 2𝑥)(−4𝑥 + 12 − 2𝑥)
= 2(6 − 𝑥)(12 − 6𝑥)
= 12(6 − 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥) = 12(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 12)
∴ 𝑦 ′ = 0n‡j, 𝑥 = 2,6
𝑦 ′′ (𝑥) = 24𝑥 − 96
∴ 𝑥=2 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ (2) = −48 < 0
∴ 𝑥 = 2 ‡Z ¸iægvb _vK‡e|
𝑦 ′′ (6) = 48 > 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 6 jNygvb _vK‡e
D`vniY-7t ¸iægvb I jNygvb wbY©q Ki:

𝝅
𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒙 [𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐 ]
𝒎𝒏
D`vniY-8t 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝟐𝒆 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒆−𝒎𝒙 n‡j, Gi Pig gvb KZ? [𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒎 > 𝟎]
∴ 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑎2 𝑒 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑚𝑏 2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥
𝑚𝑏 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑚𝑎2 𝑒 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑛
𝑏2
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑚𝑥 = 𝑎2
𝑏
∴ 𝑒 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
∴ Pig gvb = 𝑎2 . 𝑎 + 𝑏 2 . 𝑏 = 2𝑎𝑏
𝒙𝟑
D`vniY-9t GKwU Lvgv‡ii e¨q dvskb 𝒄 = − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 Avq dvskb 𝑹 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 n‡j| m‡eŸ©v”P Av‡q
𝟑
Drcv`b KZ?
𝑥3
⇒ jv‡f dvskb 𝑦 = 12𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
3
𝑥3
= − 3 + 12𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑥 + 4
∴ 𝑦′ = 0 ⇒ −𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 24 𝑦 ′′ |𝑥=4 < 0
∴ m‡eŸ©v”P Drcv`b = 24 GKK| ∴ ¸iægvb we`¨gvb
D`vniY-10t wbw`©ó avibÿgZvi wmwjÛv‡ii (Ave×) c„ô †ÿÎdj me©wb¤œ n‡Z n‡j cÖgvY Ki, 𝒉 = 𝟐𝒓
awi, 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝑣
𝑣
∴ ℎ = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑2 𝐴 4𝑣
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟(𝑟 + ℎ) 2
= 4𝜋 + 3 > 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
𝑣 2𝑣
= 2𝜋𝑟 (𝑟 + 𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝑟
𝑑𝐴
=0
2𝑣
⇒ 4𝜋𝑟 − 𝑟 2 = 0 2𝜋𝑟 3
𝑑𝑟 ∴ℎ=
𝑣 𝑣 𝜋𝑟 2
∴ 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑟 2 ∴ 𝑟 3 = 2𝜋 ∴ 𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑟 3 [cÖgvwbZ]
= 2𝑟
∴ ℎ = 2𝑟
GLv‡b Av‡iKwU welq we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL¨, KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖ_g differential zero, c‡iiwUI zero, Zvic‡iiwUI
zero GgbI n‡Z cv‡i|
ZLbKvi strategy wb¤œiæct
 hZ¸‡jv differential zero G‡m‡Q Zvig‡a¨ †RvomsL¨K (m‡eŸv©”P) zero AMÖvn¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi A_©
n‡jv a‡iv, 7wU differential zero G‡m‡Q, c‡iiwU positive G‡m‡Q| Zvn‡j Avgiv cÖ_g 6wU ignore
Kie|
Zvn‡j GUv GKUv zero, c‡iiUv positive Gi equivalent n‡e| Kv‡RB ZLb Minima cvIqv hv‡e|
Avevi hw` 6wU zero, c‡iiUv negative cvIqv hvq Z‡e Avgiv 6Uv zero ignor Kie| GwU cÖ_gwU
negative cvIqvi mgZyj¨ n‡e| ZLb Maxima, minima †KvbwUB n‡e bv|
D`vniY 11t cÖgvY Ki †h, a e¨vmv‡a©i †Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ AsKb Kiv hvq Ggb me©e„nr AvqZ‡bi wmwjÛv‡ii D×Zv
2𝑎
√3
Ans:
wP‡Î,
ℎ2
𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 − 4
ℎ2
∴ 𝑟 = √𝑎2 − 4
∴ 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑑2 𝑣 3𝜋ℎ
𝑑ℎ 2
=− 2
ℎ2
= 𝜋 (𝑎2 − )ℎ 𝑑2 𝑉
∴ 𝑑ℎ2 < 0
4
𝑑𝑣 ∴ 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎
=0
𝑑ℎ
3ℎ2
⇒ 𝜋 [𝑎2 − ]=0
4
𝑦𝑎2 2𝑎
∴ ℎ2 = ∴ℎ=
3 √3
GLv‡b †Lqvj Ki, GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi mvaviY Process n‡jv hv‡K Maximaize Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡K
GKwU gvb variable w`‡q cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb GLv‡b V †K ïiæ ℎ w`‡q cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| GBfv‡e wb‡Pi
mgm¨v mgvavb Ki|
GBfv‡e wb‡Pi mgm¨v mgvavb Ki|
D`vniY 12t
‡KvYKvK…wZ GKwU Zveyi Kvc‡oi †ÿÎdj aªæeK A| m‡eŸ©v”P AvqZb cvevi Rb¨ Aa©kxl© †KvY cÖ‡qvRb?

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Differentiation Engineering Notes

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Engr.

ERAM TAHMId Brain Stormers

LHL = RHL = K n‡j,

KLb wjwgU _v‡K bv?

GLv‡b, LHL = 1, RHL = 2

ii) dvskb †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Dc‡i I wb‡P Dfqw`‡K blow-up K‡i| PÎ

DNE = Does Not Exist

iii) Turbulent Oscillation n‡j;

GLv‡b, x= 0 we›`y‡Z RHL = 0

⇒ GLv‡b, √𝑥 2 = |𝑥| , |𝑥| ≥ 0

⇒ LHL = 0, RHL = 1 ∴ 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

D`vniY-3t cÖgvY Ki †h, wb‡Pi wjwgUmg~n we`¨gvb bq|

∴ LHL = −√2, RHL = √2

LHL≠RHL ∴ 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = does not exist (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑)

∴ Limit does not exist.

GLv‡b we‡klfve D‡jøL¨t

hw` LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝑎) nq Z‡e 𝑥 = 𝑎 ‡Z 𝑓(𝑥) dvskb Awew”Qbœ (continous)|

Awew”Qbœ bq Ggb wKQz dvsk‡bi MÖvdt

ii) 𝑓(𝑥)msÁvwqZ n‡jI 𝐿𝐻𝐿 ≠ 𝑅𝐻𝐿

iii) 𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 𝑅𝐻𝐿 n‡jI 𝐿𝐻𝐿 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥)

D`vniY-3t Point of discontinuity wbY©q Ki|

√(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟖)(𝒙−𝟐) 𝒍𝒊𝒎

Note: dvsk‡bi Awew”QbœZvi AÂj wbY©q I †Wv‡gb wbY©‡qi c×wZ GKB|

Dfq‡ÿ‡Î ℎ → 0 Ges ℎ > 0 ∴ ℎ → 0+

Case – 02: je I n‡ii Drcv`‡K we‡kølY|

Case – 03: eM©g~j msewjZ c‡`i AbyeÜx Øviv ¸Yt

𝒍𝒊𝒎 √𝟏+𝒙 −√𝟏+𝒙

𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 2 −𝑥)(√1+𝑥 3 +√1+𝑥)

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥(𝑥−1)(√1+𝑥 3 +√1+𝑥)

Case – 04: cwiwPZ series e¨envi K‡i Expand ev we¯Ívi Kivt

wb‡Pi wjwgU ¸‡jv dg©~jv AvKv‡i mivmwi e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑛 1 𝑛(𝑛−1) 1 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 1 3

Formula-1, Formula-2 ‡_‡K mn‡RB cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h,

Case-05: Amxg wjwgU|

b) wb‡R K‡iv → 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0

Case-06: wÎ‡KvYwgwZK m~Î cÖ‡qvM|

𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 cos 5𝑥 sin 2𝑥 1

𝑙𝑖𝑚 2 sin 8𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑚

Exponential form Gi cÖ‡qvM:

Case-09: wgkÖ dvskb|

Case-10 La Hospital Rule:

Case 12: g~j m¤^wjZ n‡j;

(9.2)wjwgU wn‡m‡e AšÍiR

GLv‡b g‡b ivLv DwPZ-

D`vniY-8t gyj wbq‡g 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 Gi AšÍiR †ei Ki|

g~j wbq‡g AšÍixKiYt

𝑒 𝑥𝑙𝑛 (𝑒 (𝑥+ℎ) ln(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑥𝑙𝑛 −1

gyj wbq‡g cÖvß AšÍixKi‡Yi formula

(9.3) AšÍiR wbY©‡qi wewea c×wZ

Type – 01: GKvwaK dvsk‡bi †hvMdj we‡qvMdjt

Type – 02: GKvwaK dvsk‡bi ¸Ydjt

Type – 03: `y‡Uv dvsk‡bi fvMdjt

Type – 04: wÎ‡KvYwgwZK m~Î cÖ‡qvMt

Type – 05: ms‡hwRZ dvsk‡bi Rb¨ Chain Rule cÖ‡qvM Kiv|

Type – 06: wecixZ wÎ‡KvbwgwZK dvskb|

GLb, aiv hvK, 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥

Z‡e, 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = √1 − sin2 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑥 2

Avevi, 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 n‡j,

Gfv‡e cÖvß formula:

Type – 07: Dchy³ wÎ‡KvYwgwZK cÖwZ¯’vcbt

GB QK Abymv‡i wÎ‡KvYwgwZK cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb dvskb mijxK…Z nq|

Let, 𝑥 2 = cos 𝜃 ∴ 𝜑 = cos −1(𝑥 2 )

Type – 09: dvsk‡bi NvZ wn‡m‡e dvskb _vK‡j jMvwi`g cÖ‡qvM|