April 13-14, 2020, KMS, 205, 206

The respiratory system

Lead in activity (warm up)

Watch the following videos and keep in mind the main ideas! What is the normal respiratory rate
(number of breaths per minute)? Can you describe some situations when the respiratory rate
increases?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atYsjBqj6dU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kp8WK4hFsTs

The organs of respiration

Exercise 1

a. Read the text about the path of inhaled air from the nose to the alveoli of the lungs. Translate the
terms written in bold. You may use www.hallo.ro.

Air enters the body mainly through the nose, although breathing may also occur through the mouth.
From the nose or the mouth it moves into the pharynx (throat).
Air and food – both solid and fluid- pass through the mouth and throat but at the larynx
(voice box) the passageway divides.
Food, drink and saliva go down the oesophagus/ esophagus (pl esophagi) (gullet- gâtlej)
and air progresses into the larynx where it passes through the vocal cords and into the trachea
(windpipe). The trachea into two primary (main) bronchi and each bronchus carries the air into one
lung.
The lungs are made up of lobes. The right lung is composed of three lobes: superior (upper),
middle and inferior (lower) while the left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior. Each of the lobes
is subdivided into bronchopulmonary segments. The upper lobes of the two lungs include three
segments. The upper lobes of the two lungs include three segments: apical, posterior and anterior.
The lingular segment of the left upper lobe corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung. Each of
the lower lobes includes four segments: suerior, anterior, basal, lateral basal and posterior basal.
The primary bronchi divide into smaller branches and the finest bronchi are called the
bronchioles. The bronchioles end in the clusters of minute air sacs called the alveoli (singular
alveolus). The air inhaled into the lungs enters the alveoli and gas exchange takes place between
alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood.
b. Label the different parts of the respiratory system and the chest. Add missing labels to the
diagram showing the bronchopulmonary segments. Use the following helping list:

Parts of the respiratory system:

Pharynx, nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, upper lobe of the right lung, primary bronchus, pleura, upper
respiratory tract, middle lobe, lower lobe, bronchioles, upper lobe of the left lung, lower respiratory
tract.
Bronchopulmonary segments: apical, posterior, anterior, anterior basal, lingual, lateral basal
Vocabulary
Exercise 2. Complete the table with anatomical names if Latin origin and common English names:

Anatomical name Common English name

Air sac
larynx
gullet
throat
thorax chest
trachea

REVISION- Grammar The Foreign Plural of the Noun

Some nouns preserve foreign plurals. Note that some of these have adapted a regular English plural
form as well.

a. Nouns ending in –a with plural –ae:

singular foreign plural English plural in use

alga algae -
amoeba amoebae amoebas
antenna antennae antennas
formula formulae formulas
larva larvae -
vertebra vertebrae -
b. Nouns ending in -us with plural -a (only in technical use):
sg. / pl
corpus / corpora
genus / genera

c. Nouns ending in -us with plural -i:

singular foreign plural English plural in use
bacillus bacilli -
cactus cacti cactuses
fungus fungi funguses
nucleus nuclei -
octopus octopi -
stimulus stimuli -

d. Nouns ending in -um with plural -a:

singular foreign plural English plural in use
addendum addenda -
bacterium bacteria -
curriculum curricula curriculums
datum data -
medium media mediums
memorandum memoranda memorandums
e. Nouns ending in -ex, -ix becoming plural -ices:
singular foreign plural English plural in use
appendix appendices appendixes
cervix cervices cervixes
index indices indexes
matrix matrices matrixes
vortex vortices -

f. Nouns ending in -is becoming -es in plural:

sg. / pl
analysis / analyses
axis / axes
basis / bases
crisis / crises
diagnosis / diagnoses
oasis / oases

g. Nouns ending in -on becoming -a:

sg. / pl
criterion / criteria
phenomenon / phenomena

Reading
Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. What makes the skeleton of the chest?
2. To what structures are the true ribs joined?
3. Why are the true ribs important for normal breathing?
4. What does intercostal mean and why are intercostal muscles important breathing muscles?
5. What are the two layers of the pleura?
6. How does the pleural cavity facilitate respiration?
Complete the table of verbs and related nouns:

verbs nouns
exhalation
inhalation
contraction
relaxation
inflation
deflation
facilitation
expansion
division
passage
flattening

The next diagram describes inhalation and exhalation.

Track each step in the diagram and complete the sentences in the last exercise.