1296-Article Text-2531-1-10-20201203

COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNITOF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKSIN JAWA PJAEE, 17 (7)
7) (2020)
ANALYSIS OF PALMAR A-B SUBTOTAL RIDGE COUNT IN

POPULATION WITH MALOCCLUSION
Yoshita Guntupalli1, Lavanya Prathap2,Preetha S3

1
Saveetha Dental College and HospitalsSaveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences
(SIMATS)SaveethaUniversity,Chennai
2
Assistant professorDepartment of AnatomySaveetha Dental College and HospitalsSaveetha
Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS)Chennai
3
Senior LecturerDepartment of AnatomySaveetha Dental College and HospitalsSaveetha
Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS)Chennai
2
lavanyap.sdc@saveetha.com
Yoshita Guntupalli, Lavanya Prathap, Preetha S. ANALYSIS OF PALMAR A-B

SUBTOTAL RIDGE COUNT IN POPULATION WITH MALOCCLUSION--
Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), 838-846. ISSN 1567-
214x
Keywords: Micro Business Unit, Competitive Strategy, Performance
ABSTRACT
Dermatoglyphics refers to the study of fingerprint and palm print patterns. Many studies are
being conducted in this field to check whether the use of dermatoglyphics can be expanded to
oral diseases. Malocclusion refers to the loss of normal occlusion due to misalignment or
malpositioning of teeth in the oral cavity. The aim of the study is to analyze the association
of Palmar A-B ridge count and malocclusion risk. This is a feasibility study conducted in a
private dental college, chennai. The participants are grouped into normal occlusion and
malocclusion groups. The ridge patterns of the palm of right and left hands were
photographed for the A-B ridge count and analyzed statistically using the SPSS tool. A-B
ridge count was found to be more in the normal group than in the study group, with statistical
significance was observed (p-value < 0.05). The p-value of the right-hand was found to be
0.0011 and p-value of left-hand was found to be 0.0020. The results suggest a significant
difference between the study group and normal group in right and left hand respectively.
However there is no significant difference between groups when the A-B ridge count is
analysed irrespective of side of hand.
838
COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNITOF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKSIN JAWA PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020)
INTRODUCTION
Dermatoglyphics refers to the study of the intricate dermal ridge
configurations on the skin overing the Palmar and plantar surfaces of hands
and feet. It is a branch of physical anthropology, medicine, and genetics 1.It is
an age-old study, dating back to its first study in 1684. The term is derived
from the Greek words ‘derma’ meaning skin and ‘glyphics’ meaning carving 2.
It is one of the best available diagnostic tools for genetic disorders. This is
because the finger and palm prints are unique characteristic features of an
individual and remain unchanged over a lifetime. The Dermatoglyphic
patterns have the same origin as that of facial structures and develop
concurrently as well. Thus, hereditary and environmental factors leading to
malocclusion may also set off peculiarities in palm and fingerprint patterns 3.
Malocclusion is a geneticallycontrolled, most common dental disease.
Dermatoglyphic analysis can be used as an indicator of malocclusion at an
early age, thereby aiding the development of treatments aiming to establish
favorable occlusion 4.
Dermatoglyphic studies can be done in two ways namely, quantitative analysis
(Total finger ridge count (TFRC), Absolute finger ridge count (AFRC), AB
ridge count, ATD angle, fluctuating asymmetry) and qualitative analysis
(fingerprint patterns of right and left hand separately, right and left hand
combined, abnormal Palmar creases, Sydney line, simian line). 5. The
ectodermal layers of the skin found on the palm with intricate lines,being
stable throughout life, have grabbed scientific attention. Any disturbances
during their formation might possibly have the likelihood of a person
developing malocclusion 6. The approximate center of the pattern is known as
the core. The meeting point of three ridges that form angles of approximately
120 degrees with one another is known as triradial point or beta
4
.Dermatoglyphic studies continue to go on without any precise result on its
correlation with the prevalence of malocclusion.Though there were many
previous studies conducted to establish this correlation, none have taken up the
quantitative AB ridge count as their major parameter of comparison. Also,
none so far have conducted their study in South India. Previously our team
had conducted numerous clinical trials 7–13 and lab animal studies 14–18 and in-
vitro studies 19–21 over the past 5 years. Now we are focussing on
epidemiological surveys. The idea for this survey stemmed from the current
interest in our community. This study aims to analyze the association between
A-B subtotal ridge count and prevalence of malocclusion risk among the
South Indian population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted in Private Dental College in Chennai, with a sample
size of 20 participants grouped into normal occlusion (normal group) and
malocclusion (study group). It was ensured that participants had no other
major diagnosed disorders. The study is approved by the institutional review
board. The palmar sub total A - B ridge count of right and left hand was used
as an outcome measure. The palm print of the participants was captured using
a digital camera. The A and B triradii under the index finger and middle finger
respectively were identified and the number of ridges between the two triradii
gives the value of subtotal ridge count.. This A-B ridge count was determined
839
for both the hands and the values were recorded. The Independent Student t
test was used to calculate the significance between the two groups using the
SPSS tool.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The data obtained was analyzed using the Student t test calculator where all
the A-B ridge count values were entered and the p values and mean ridge
counts were obtained for right and left hand of both study group and control
group separately. The mean value of A-B ridge count of the right hand of the
study group was found to be 38.9 and the count for the normal group was
found to be 41.4 with its p-value- 0.0011. The mean value of A-B ridge count
of the left hand for the study group was found to be 39.1 and that of the
control group was 41 with its p-value: 0.0020. Since p values <0.05, they are
statistically significant. While determining the mean ridge count of A-B ridge
count,it was observed that the control group, on an average, had a greater ridge
count than the study group. Using the independent t sample test we have
compared gender and AB ridge count of participants (Fig 1), Group and A-B
ridge count ( Fig 2) and side and AB ridge count (Fig 3).
Figure 1: Histogram showing comparison of AB Ridge count between male

and female participants . X axis represents the A-B ridge count while Y axis
represents the frequency of participants. In males ridge count 40 was of
highest frequency ranging between 39 and 40 and in females ridge count 41
was of highest frequency ranging between 38 and 42 with a significant
difference between two groups in overall distribution of count with P value =
0.000 < 0.05 indicating statistical significance.
840
Figure 2: Histogram showing the comparison of A-B ridge count between the
study group and the normal group. X axis represents A-B ridge count and Y
axis represents frequency of participants. In the normal group higher
frequency of participants have A-B ridge count of 40 and 41. In the study
group higher frequency was observed with A-B ridge count of 39 ranging
between 38 and 40 with P value= 0.216 > 0.05 indicating statistically not
significant
841
Figure 3: Histogram showing comparison of AB ridge count between the

right and left hand. X axis represents AB ridge count and Y axis represents the
frequency of participants. In the left hand of participants, ridge counts 40 and
41 were of highest frequencies ranging between 39 - 41. In the right hand of
participants ridge count 40 was of highest frequency ranging between 38 - 40
with P value = 1.000 > 0.05 which is statistically not significant.
From the obtained results it can be suggested that there is no significant

difference in A-B ridge count between the study group and the normal group.
The difference between the right and left hand also suggested to have no
significant difference. The A-B ridge count between male and female
participants found to have a significant difference with p value < 0.05. Though
statistically not significant on average, the normal group was found to have
more number of ridges than the study group.
The fingerprint pattern develops in the first trimester of pregnancy. These
fingerprints could be used for screening many diseases by looking for any
abnormalities 22. Abnormalities in these areas, influenced by a combination of
hereditary and environmental factors, can be expected to appear only when the
combined factors exceed a certain level 23. To date back, Down’s syndrome
was the first scientifically recognized entity with dermatoglyphic peculiarities
published in ‘The Lancet’ 24. At present significant investigations are being
carried out into dermatoglyphic indicators of Down’s syndrome, Trisomy
18, D trisomy, cat cry syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome,
congenital heart disease, leukemia, cancer, Celiac disease, intestinal disorders,
rubella, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, Alzheimer’s, etc. 25.
Dermatoglyphics is used in the screening of breast cancer as well. Breast
cancer is the most common cancer among women. Screening for specific
genes responsible for breast cancer has been in practice a very costly
procedure and it may not always confirm its occurrence 26–29. Thousands of
842
years ago, Aristotle was true in recognizing the potential of the hand and
described it as the organ of organs 30.
In one study, a statistically significant association was seen between the thumb
ridge pattern and malocclusion. Individuals with loop patterns showed a high
frequency of class I normal occlusion and class III malocclusion and those
with whorl patterns were witnessed to have class I malocclusion31.
Comparison of Dermatoglyphic data was done between skeletal class II and
class I subjects. Increased frequency of whorls was found both in right and left
hands in skeletal class I pattern group. Increased frequency of ulnar loops was
found in the right hand of skeletal class II pattern group. Statistical
significance association was found in the 4th finger of right hand wherein
more lunar loops were found in class II malocclusion 32. Chi-square analysis
revealed a statistical association between whorl patterns and class 1 and class
2 malocclusion. However, no overall statistical association was observed
between fingerprint patterns and malocclusion 33. In the year 2019, an
interesting study was performed comparing dermatoglyphics and intelligence
quotient of children in the age group 4-7 years. It was observed that high
intelligence levels showed the highest proportion of loops in all their digits
and as intelligence decreased, the incidence of arches and whorls increased.
Also in the low IQ level group, there was a significant difference between the
total and absolute finger ridge count, indicating greater prominence of whorl
pattern. AB ridge count was also found to increase as intelligence decreases 34.
In 2019, dermatoglyphics was used as an indicator of periodontal disease. It
was observed that there was no statistically significant difference between
healthy individuals, those with aggressive periodontitis and those with chronic
periodontitis, though increased whorls were seen in the middle finger of
chronic periodontitis patients and increased loops in acute periodontitis
patients when compared to healthy subjects 35.
Although previous studies have been done to find a correlation between
Dermatoglyphic patterns and occurrence of malocclusion, none have been
done assessing the AB subtotal ridge count in specific. Many previous studies
concentrate more on digital Dermatoglyphics than they do on Palmer
Dermatoglyphics. Comparing our results and previous results we observe the
conclusion is very imprecise in this context. Hence further studies and
research are recommended with large sample size. Precise results can be
obtained with large scale studies in future in this context.
CONCLUSION
From the results obtained, A-B subtotal ridge count was found to be more in
number in the normal group than in the study group, with statistically
significant difference between groups in right and left hand respectively.
However there is no significant difference between groups when the A-B ridge
count is analysed irrespective of side of hand. On average, the normal group
was found to have more number of ridges than the study group. Future studies
with more sample size can be conducted to get precise results in this context.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thank saveetha dental college and hospitals for providing us the
opportunity and cooperation for successful completion of the study.
843
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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COMPETITIVE STRATEGY MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON MICRO BUSINESS UNITOF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT BANKSIN JAWA PJAEE, 17 (7)

ANALYSIS OF PALMAR A-B SUBTOTAL RIDGE COUNT IN

Yoshita Guntupalli1, Lavanya Prathap2,Preetha S3

Yoshita Guntupalli, Lavanya Prathap, Preetha S. ANALYSIS OF PALMAR A-B

Keywords: Micro Business Unit, Competitive Strategy, Performance

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1: Histogram showing comparison of AB Ridge count between male

Figure 3: Histogram showing comparison of AB ridge count between the

From the obtained results it can be suggested that there is no significant

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