Earthquake Detector Using Arduino Uno

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

JESINTHA R,212222060096
KALAIVANI P ,212222060104
KEERTHANA P,212222060119

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SAVEETHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS),

CHENNAI,
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025
OCTOBER,2023
SAVEETHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI – 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “Earthquake Detector Using Arduino Uno” is the
bonafide work of by JESINTHA R(212222060096),KALAIVANI P (212222060104),
KEERTHANA P(212222060119),who carried out the project work under my/our
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Submitted for the project viva-voce examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 MINI PROJECT APPROVAL SHEET

The Mini project sheet “Earthquake Detector Using Arduino Uno”

submitted by JESINTHA R(212222060096),KALAIVANI P(212222060104),KEERTHANA P
(212222060119) is approved for submission, as partial requirement for the award of

the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication, Anna

University during the academic year 2023- 2024.

Submitted for the ‘University Mini Project Viva Voce’ examination held on
.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ABSTRACT

This paper presents the design and implementation of a With growing, Earthquake Detector
using Arduino. Earthquake detector is a device that detects earthquake shocks. According to
research, approximately 800,000 earthquakes occurs in a year which kills so many lives and
destroys buildings. Our project is a small effort to overcome the loss which occurs due to the
earthquake. This detector can detect the minor shocks and alarm you to evacuate to a safe
place. The most important component of this detector is MPU 6050 module which we will
talk later.Today, Earthquake is a very big problem which causes damage to lives and property.
Our project is an small step to save these losses by giving information about earthquake
before it strikes, this device will depend on the motion in 3-D. As the motion in any of the
three dimensions occurs LED display will start showing the figures here arduino uno is the
central system which can be software tunable and we can implement signal processing
through algorithm where we can define the limits of Motion in 3-D by Checking the data of
earthquake from Indian meteorological department, how much magnitude of earthquake is
disastrous setting those figures as upper limit in algorithm if figures of motion in any of the
three dimensions is greater than the fixed upper limit figure LED light will start to glow and
buzzer will start ringing.This three dimension motion will be detected by the MPU6050
sensor.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We convey our sincere thanks to Dr.N.M. Veeraiyan - President(SMET) and

Chancellor-SIMATS, Saveetha Amaravathi University, Dr.S.Rajesh, Director -
Saveetha Engineering College and Dr. V. Saveetha Rajesh – Director, Saveetha
Medical College and Hospital for providing us with the facilities for the completion
of our project. We are grateful to our Principal, Dr.N. Duraipandian for his
continuous support and encouragement in carrying out our project work. We are
deeply indebted to our beloved Head of the Department, Dr. SHEEBA JOICE.C
Department of Electronics and Communication, for giving us the opportunity to
display our professional skills through this project.

We are greatly thankful to our Mini Project Coordinator, Mrs. SUGITHA and our

Mini Project Guide, Dr. Mausam Chouksey, for their valuable guidance and

motivation which helped to complete our project on time.

We thank all our teaching and non- teaching faculty members of the
Department of Electronics and Communication for their passionate support, for
helping us to identify our mistakes and for the appreciation they gave us. We heartily
thank our library staff and the management for their extensive support in providing
the resources and information that helped us to complete the project successfully.
Also, we would like to record our deepest gratitude to our parents for their constant
encouragement and support, which motivated us a lot to complete our project work.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY.
3. HISTORY.
4. PROPOSED METHOD.
5. RESULT.
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE.
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Table Title 1 6

1.2 Table Title 2 7
1.3 Table Title 3 9
1.4 . 18
1.5 . 28
1.6 . 29
1.7 30
1.8 31
1.9 31
1.10 32
2.1 53
2.2 57
2.3 59
3.1 70
5.1 89
5.2 92
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Figure Title 1 8

1.2 Figure Title 2 10
1.3 Figure Title 3 11
1.4 Figure Title 4 11
1.5 Figure Title 5 12
1.6 . 13
1.7 . 14
1.8 . 17
1.9 . 17
1.10 . 19
1.11 . 21
1.12 . 21
1.13 22
1.14 23
1.15 23
1.16 24
1.17 26
1.18 33
1.19 35
2.1 42
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREIVATIONS

IoT - The Internet of Things

VMS - Virtual Machines

RFID - Radio-frequency identification

FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array

GPS - Global Positioning System

LED - Light Emitting Diode

MYSQL - My Structured Query Language

VOI - Vehicle to Infrastructure

MAC - Multiply and Accumulate Unit

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Forest fire is also called as wild fire or wild land fire is an uncontrolled fire
occurring in forest areas It is essential to distinguish these sorts of flames as ahead of
schedule as conceivable in order to keep the harm from it to biological framework.
Consistently a large number of sections of land of timberland are burned to the
ground. The land were woods is singed it winds up plainly difficult to develop vegetation
over yonder. This is o n acco unt o f so il mo ves toward beco ming wate r repe lle nt
and ack now led ges no more wate r, pro mpting lessening in ground water level. The
Global Warming Report 2008 says rapidly spreading fire as one of the real reason behind
increment in an Earth-wide temperature boost. In late year 2016 more than 4000
hectares of timberland were singed in the slopes of Uttarakhand. Common causes
of wild fire are lightning, extreme hot and arid weather and human carelessness.
As the world grows more interconnected and interdependent, moderate and large
earthquakes have the potential to cause significant economic disruption and loss. A major
earthquake in any vulnerable urban center will have a ripple effect on that center’s national
economy and on the ability of its businesses to provide services and participate
globally.Recognizing that earthquake risk is a global problem, improving seismic
monitoring to mitigate this risk is a crucial responsibility.

One key factor to the improvement of seismic monitoring is the implementation of a

seismic sensor network, which requires the widespread deployment and interconnection of
seismic instruments.However, the cost and complexity of installing numerous traditional
seismic instruments are high.Integrating IoT technology provides a low cost solution while
maintaining standard seismic data quality.This article discusses the physics of earthquakes
and ground motion sensors, the modern instrument standards followed and the features
they extract. Furthermore, a system design using Analog Devices solutions is developed
for different seismic sensor network applications

An earthquake is one of the major natural hazards which destroys lives and properties;
more than 522 major earthquakes have occurred in the 21st century, killing more than
430,000 people worldwide.The earthquake phenomenon is sudden, and people cannot
organize effective action in a short time because the seismic wave is transmitted to a certain
point which spreads instantaneously, destroying houses and critical infrastructures . In the
early hours (4:17 a.m. local time) of 6 February, a 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck
southeastern Türkiye and some parts of Syria.

About nine hours later, a 7.5-magnitude earthquake along with more than 200 aftershocks
took the lives of at least 59,000 people and injured more than 100,000. The United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) estimated that 1.5 million people in Türkiye lost their
homes and nearly 500,000 houses must be rebuilt.
Seismic waves are divided into three types according to their mode of propagation: P-
waves, S-waves, and surface waves. A P-wave travels in the Earth’s crust at a speed of
5.5~7 km/s. It makes the ground vibrate up and down and is less destructive. An S-wave
propagates in the Earth’s crust at a speed of 3.2~4.0 km/s . Surface waves (R and L waves)
are mixed waves generated by P-waves and S-waves, which meet at the surface. Their large
wavelengths and strong amplitudes are the main factors that cause strong damage to
infrastructures. Despite numerous efforts to develop earthquake prediction technology, it
is still in the initial stage and remains a challenging area of research. Therefore, it is difficult
to provide imminent prediction for most earthquakes to enable prompt rescue operations.
The experiences during emergency management after a major earthquake have shown that
the first 3 days or so after an earthquake are very critical for the smooth operation of rescue
and relief.

So, the first 72 h after an earthquake are often referred to as the “golden hours” for rescue.
After three days, the chances of survival decrease significantly due to dehydration, lack of
food, and exposure to the elements. For example, the 1999 Izmit earthquake in Türkiye
was one of the deadliest earthquakes in recent history, with over 17,000 people killed and
many more injured. During the first 72 h after the earthquake, search and rescue teams
from around the world worked together to locate and save survivors . Many of those
rescued during this time had been trapped in small spaces without access to food, water,
medical attention, and other essential resources. A similar situation happened in 2015 after
an earthquake in Nepal, where thousands of people were buried under collapsed buildings
and rubble . In the first 72 h, rescue teams from around the world worked tirelessly to pull
survivors from the wreckage. Many of those saved during this time were found trapped
under rubble in remote areas that were difficult to access.
In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of new types of
sensors that can be used in wide areas of earthquake monitoring, prediction, early warning,
emergency commanding and communication, search and rescue, and life detection . One
particularly exciting development in this field is the use of sensor networks to create real-
time earthquake monitoring systems. These systems can quickly alert populations in
affected areas to incoming earthquakes, giving them precious moments to take protective
actions.

However, there are gaps between sensors’ development and earthquake response practice,
especially from monitoring to rescuing. For example, scientists have made great strides in
their ability to provide more detailed information about the characteristics of earthquakes
using equipment such as satellite sensors and drone-based sensors.
 1.1. EARTHQUAKE CAUSES

• Earthquakes can be caused by two ways: natural or caused by humans. The

constructions and deforestation of the green belt are the causes of many calamities. The
trees help in binding the soil which helps in preventing landslides and earthquakes. The
deforestation of these jungles or green belt leaves the soil loose and more prone to fall free.
• Earthquakes are mostly caused due to the tear of the geological faults and also by various
other disasters such as landslides, mine blast, volcanic eruptions, and nuclear tests. These
disasters cause the cosmic plates to fall apart which leads to earthquakes. They cause
imbalance in the earth surface and leads to loss of lives and property.
• On the surface of earth, earthquakes occur due to the shaking and displacing or disrupting
the earth’s surface. These causes the casualties on life and on properties.
• Tectonic earthquake may occur anywhere in the surface of the earth, where there is
enough stored elastic strain energy for driving fracture propagation within a fault region.
The movements within these tectonic plates cause disruption of the plates and fractures the
planes within that region. These often cause the upliftment of the plates as the position
cannot be the achieved as it was placed earlier. Some even cause the downfall of the plates
which results in the large gap within the plates as the plates cannot be placed in their
original places.
• The release of this energy which was stored as a combination of radiated elastic strain
seismic waves, breaking of rocks and fault surface heating caused by friction, which causes
an earthquake. This breaking of rocks often results in the growing of the land mass and
thus may cause calamities as the s
earthquake. The radiated elastic strain of the seismic waves causes disruption within the
earth surface and causes the moving of the plates within the surface of the earth.
• The three important types of faults that can cause an earthquake within the plates are:-
o Reverse
o Strike – slip
o Normal
• Any seismic activity in the earth surface is used to describe the earthquake. These seismic
events disrupt the actual layout of the earth crust thus resulting in mountains and valleys,
which are the result of the inappropriate and the disruption of the earth crust and the
alignment of the earth’s tectonic plates

Types of Earthquake

Tectonic Earthquake: The Earth’s crust comprises of the slab of rocks of uneven shapes.
These slab of rocks are tectonic plates. Furthermore, there is energy stored here. This energy
causes tectonic plates to push away from each other or towards each other. As time passes,
the energy and movement build up pressure between two plates.

Therefore, this enormous pressure causes the fault line to form. Also, the center point of this
disturbance is the focus of the Earthquake. Consequently, waves of energy travel from focus
to the surface. This results in shaking of the surface.

Volcanic Earthquake: This Earthquake is related to volcanic activity. Above all, the
magnitude of such Earthquakes is weak. These Earthquakes are of two types. The first type
is Volcano-tectonic earthquake. Here tremors occur due to injection or withdrawal of Magma.
In contrast, the second type is Long-period earthquake. Here Earthquake occurs due to the
pressure changes among the Earth’s layers.

Collapse Earthquake: These Earthquakes occur in the caverns and mines. Furthermore,
these Earthquakes are of weak magnitude. Undergrounds blasts are probably the cause of
collapsing of mines. Above all, this collapsing of mines causes seismic waves. Consequently,
these seismic waves cause an Earthquake.

Explosive Earthquake: These Earthquakes almost always occur due to the testing of nuclear
weapons. When a nuclear weapon detonates, a big blast occurs. This results in the release of
a huge amount of energy. This probably results in Earthquakes.
 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Earthquake is an unpredictable natural phenomenon which can cause a massive destruction.

As we take an example of Nepal on 25april 2015 men and women are in regular routine of
their work and children ran about happily on school playgrounds. None of them could
foresee the incredible destruction that is going to be occurred. The 7.8magnitude
earthquake strikes at the country’s core 9000 people died that day. Many scientists have
performed various experiments to detect the earthquake, because even a 60seconds
warning can save the lives. First time Earthquake is detected using piezoelectric pressure
sensors and three steel balls and magnet tied with vertical rode to detect the magnitude of
earthquake.Main problem of earthquake detectors is they are not able to predict earthquake
very early for this we need specialized sensors those can detect the seismic waves generated
by the movement of tectonic plates. An earthquake is an unavoidable and unpredictable
natural phenomenon that sometime’s causes damage to lives and property. We cannot stop
this phenomenon but we can stay alert and aware using technology. This project is an
initiative, to be stay alert and aware before the earthquake come. technology we use in this
module is very cheap and handy, all the components are easily available in the market and
less power consuming, so that a user do not have any problem to run the device 24*7 for
all 365 days .This module contains Arduino UNO chip as a central component of device,
MPU6050 sensor is the brain of module which detects all the motions in 3 dimensions,
inductor & capacitors to match the impedance with the input impedance of module so that
it cannot damage the device, transistor used for switching the circuit, wires for connections,
LED & Buzzer used as an output indicator, LED display to get the output figures of motion
in 3-D, At last a Breadboard to implement all the components to complete the desired
circuit .Now this device is to be mounted in the buildings, buzzer and led light will aware
the members of building about the earthquake with all the parameters so that they can
evacuate.
Earthquake is the trembling caused in the surface of the earth, which is caused by the
immediate energy release plates in the lithosphere layer of the earth which is resulted into
creating waves referred to as the seismic waves.

Earthquake is caused by a vibration that occurs on the earth surface. It is the shaking of the
Earth surface that is referred to as the earthquake. Earthquakes differ in parameters from
the ones that can be hardly felt to the ones that are capable of tossing buildings around.
Earthquakes can also lead to landslides and can often cause volcanic activities. It is capable
of even causing a tsunami as with the earth’s tectonic plates shaking it can lead to raised
water levels and therefore various water calamities. The point where the earthquake is
caused or the initial rupture is referred to as the focus or hypocenter or epicentre. Many
casualties occur during this time including the loss of lives and properties. Hence, the
earthquake detector.
 1.3.OBJECTIVE

This project is aimed for designing and development of earthquake alarm detection circuit
based on electronic devices which will be helpful to save lives and property.Main objective
is to detect S-waves (seismic waves) or we can say high frequency vibrations at the Arduino
uno input .which will give us an indication about earthquake before it strikes at the core
of that place. Another thing is to make a device compact, cheap and error free because
earthquake is a very big event in this error may cause very big loss. To make a device error
free we have to find a position where the device should be mounted on the building which
will sense the best frequency vibrations, and the device should not damage until the
building do not fall.
Because the device has done its work it alarmed all the members of building to escape
before the building fall over.
 METHODOLOGY

The primary techniques used in developing earthquake detector is the motion in 3-D for
this we use Arduino uno and a highly sensitive accelerometer MPU6050 is presented that
can indicate vibrations, We know accelerometer like MPU6050 are highly sensitive to
knocks and vibrations in any of the three physical axes so this device can be modified and
used as a knock and shake detector of ATM’s, vehicles or door break alarm, But its main
work is to detect Earthquake. MPU6050 gives analogue voltage imposed to equivalent
acceleration, it has three output one each for three X-,Y-,Z-axes, three analogue outputs
are input to Arduino uno ADC pins. By this way acceleration is detected by accelerometer
and simultaneously by Arduino ADC pin. If motion is violent enough during an earthquake
and crosses the threshold value alarm light LED glows, a buzzer sounds as an indicator of
earthquake in the core of the land where the building is situated.
Threshold adjustment button is there to carry out different task. An LCD is used to verify
threshold value and to make system user friendly.
 2.1. Entity Relationship Diagram

In the given Fig(1), we can see the relationship and connections of all the components of
the Earthquake detector .
 2.2 Hardware and Software Requirements:

For the product to have the capacity to run effectively on PCs, it needs certain equipment
segments or some product to be available. The product necessities are:
i. Arduino Software IDE.
ii. Operating System.
The hardware requirements are:
i. Arduino UNO
ii.Rocker switch
iii. jumper wires
iv. Buzzer
v. Wires
vi. Resistor
vii. 9V battery
viii. LED
 2.3. Organization

As we know earthquake is unpredictable we cannot stop this natural phenomenon but

precautions can be taken so that we can save livelihood and some amount of precious thing
for this thing to be done we need some time space between the space of shocks.This time
space is governed by many government and private authorities that continuously track the
data of tectonic plate movements from the high frequency vibrations by the devices. Some
of the world’s government authority who keep the check in their countries:
i. Indian Meteorological department
ii. National disaster management authority
iii. UNESCO
iv. U.S. geological society (USGS)
There are many organizations those who work on the earthquake, different countries of
world have different organizations but UNESCO is an UN government based organization
gets a world level donations to work on all the natural disasters occurring in the world.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Numerous answers for identification of out of control fire are displayed and executed in
recent years. Video Surveillance System is most generally utilized for identification of wild
fire. It is isolated into four classifications : Video Cameras delicate in unmistakable
range in light of acknowledgment of smoke amid sunlight and fire blazes at
night, Infrared (IR) The rma l Ima ging ca me ras in view o f d isco ve ry o f
warmth transition from the fire, IR Spectrometer which distinguish unearthly
attributes of smoke gases and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system which
measures the laser light back scattered by smoke particles. The limitation of these systems
was high false alert rate as a result of climatic conditions, for instance, proximity of
fog, shadows,clean particles etc. Another strategy is the utilization of Visual
Cameras that take depictions of the forest to identify the fire. These cameras were
mounted on the highest point of correspondence towers. A turning engine is introduced
to give a full round perspective of the forest.
The pictures got from the camera are prepared util izing project or MATLAB code
and are contrasted and the reference pictures taken at introductory stage. This
framework additionally had impediment of high false caution rate. Additionally the cost of
establishment of visual cameras on correspondence towers was high Another technique is
the utilization of satellite framework to distinguish the wild fire. The primary
segments of the framework are satellite(s) and the base station that gathers the
information send by the satellite(s) and runs the dissecting calculation. The crude
information from the satellite(s) is handled and after that Best in class High Determination
Radiometer (AVHRR) instrument is utilized to recognize nearness of Problem
areas.Howe ver the mists eno rmo us ly influe nce the fra mew ork.
Wild Fire Reco nna issance Fra mewo rk w hic h comprises of WSN was likewise
proposed for identification of wild fires in South Korea. However in this approach of
discovery of wild fire there was some loss of information amid correspondence.
WSN comprising three various types of sensors which can distinguish
temperature,carbon mo no xide and ca rbo n d io xide was additio na lly prop o se
for w ild fire reco gnitio n .The information gained by sensors is transmitted
utilizing radio recurrence module. The radio recurrence module used has limited
bandwidth and also picks up noise easily .
WSN comprising of temperature sensor setup and GPS module was likewise
proposed for recognition of backwoods fire .In this temperature information was
transmitted to base station through essential and principle receiving wire utilizing
satellite.
3.1 Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA):
The Japan meteorological agency has developed an earthquake early warning system to
release information in the event of earthquake, and the system used in 2007. Meanwhile,
structural health monitoring technology has been attracting attention from those who want
to save time in determining the structural health of buildings. Practical application of this
technology, have also begun. Seismic isolated buildings have been developed to protect
building structures and keep properties safe from earthquakes and this is significantly
effective means to protect. The technology is based on past experiences of the great
Hanshin Earthquake in 1995.
Seismic disaster prevention technologies have been further developed since then against
the large scale damage to buildings and losses of human life which could be incurred by
earthquakes. This should be a system as safe addition to the current situation and
earthquake and earthquake disaster prevention of structure itself.
3.2 National Earthquake information center (U.S.A):
NEIC is the part of USGS established in 1966. It was made part of USGS in1973.
• NEIC determines the location and size of all destructive earthquakes that occur worldwide
and disseminates the information to the appropriate national or international agencies,
government public information channels, news media, scientists and scientific groups, and
the general public.

• With the advent of the USGS Earthquake Notification Service (ENS), notifications of
earthquakes detected by the ANSS/NEIC are provided free to interested parties. Users of
the service can specify the regions of interest establish notification thresholds of earthquake
magnitude, designate whether they wish to receive notification of aftershocks, and even set
different magnitude thresholds for daytime or night time to trigger a notification.

• For earthquake outside the United States, the NEIC notifies the state Department
operations center and often sends alerts directly to staff at American embassies and
consulates in the effective countries, to the international Red Cross, the U.N. Department
of humanitarian affairs, and other recipients who have made arrangements to receive alerts.
3.3 International Platform on Earthquake Early Warning Systems (IP
EEWS):
UNESCO has been very active in promoting international cooperation, scientific
knowledge exchange and capacity building for the development and implementation of
geo-hazard Early warning systems, including Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS),
Worldwide. The Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030 recognizes the
need to “substantially increase the availability of, and access to, multi-hazard early warning
systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030” as one of its
global targets while considerable progress has been made in recent decades in the field of
early warning Systems for specific hazards and significant challenges remain in advancing
the development of Early Warning Systems for specific hazards, particularly for sudden
onset hazards such as earthquakes. An earthquake early warning system (EEWS) helps in
disseminating timely information about potentially catastrophic earthquake hazards to the
public, Emergency managers and private sector to provide enough time to implement
automatized emergency measures. At the same time, these helps to reduce considerably the
CO2 emissions produced by catastrophic impacts and subsequent effects of earthquakes,
such as those generated by fires, collapses, and pollution, as well as those produced in the
recovery and reconstruction processes. In addition, EEWS can be better considered in risk
management, emergency planning, disaster management, climate change adaption, and
risk communication in order to reduce Natech risks.
3.4 Indian Meteorological Department:
To upgrade basic leadership. This has offered ascend to the development of smart
frameworks or instruments that encourage fast access to pertinent substance found in the
Internet. For creating nations like Nigeria, the travel industry is one of the undiscovered
yet conceivably huge pay generators. There are around 142 vacationer goals that spread
over the 36 conditions of the government republic of Nigeria. Though some exist normally,
others are artificial. In this time has seen fast advances in data innovation, data over-burden
has turned into a difficult issue to those looking for data on the web. As of late, savvy seek
components have been sent on the web that demonstrates that the issue of data over-burden
can be halfway disposed of by furnishing a stage with more knowledge to help voyagers in
the scan for important data. Google.com is a case of an insightful

internet searcher that helps clients with data and another class of keen framework that has
demonstrated applicable in tending to the issue of data over-burden is recommender
frameworks.
The objective of this exploration is to structure and actualize keen stage that will help
voyagers in Nigeria to approach data on vacationer areas in this way help attach their basic
leadership process.
 Chapter 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
We have designed an electronic device which will help us to identify the detection of the
initial tremor due to fracture on the surface and identification of the primary wave and the
surface wave respectively in the elastic rock medium. The surface wave is
transverse resulting in horizontal displacement causing maximum damage on the
surface. So the detection of the first triggered wave parameters, named as PI (P wave
index) and DI (Damage Intensity) of seismic motion are
proposed to be able to define destructiveness of the earthquake and effectively realize P
wave alarm system. In 1985, Caltech seismologist Tom Heaton published the first paper on
the concept of earthquake early warning systems, networks of ground-based sensors that
send alerts to users when the earth begins to tremble.
Such systems, including ShakeAlert on the West Coast of the United States, operate on the
principle that while seismic waves travel at just a few miles per second, electronic alerts
from the region of the epicenter can be sent almost instantly. Here's how it works:

1. During an earthquake, several types of seismic waves radiate out from the quake's

epicenter. First, weaker but faster-moving P-waves trigger sensors that, in turn,
transmit signals to data processing centers.
2. The system then sends an alert before slower, but more destructive S-waves and

surface waves arrive.

 SIGNIFICANCE

An earthquake warning system or earthquake alarm system is a system

of accelerometers, seismometers, communication, computers, and alarms that is devised
for notifying adjoining regions of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress. This is
not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently incapable of producing decisive
event warnings.An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain
energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding starts at some location and progresses
away from the hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface. The speed of the
progression of this fault tear is slower than, and distinct from the speed of the
resultant pressure and shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear
wave. The pressure waves generate an abrupt shock. The shear waves generate periodic
motion (at about 1 Hz) that is the most destructive to structures, particularly buildings that
have a similar resonant period. Typically, these buildings are around eight floors in height.
These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive
waves well beyond the fault failure.
A typical seismogram from a local (nearby) earthquake.
 THEORY OF THE PROJECT
In the present study, we present an intelligent earthquake signal detector that provides
added assistance to automate traditional disaster responses. To effectively respond in a
crisis scenario, additional sensors and automation are always necessary. Deep learning has
achieved success in various low signal-to-noise ratio tasks, which motivated us to propose
a novel 3-dimensional (3D) CNN-RNN-based earthquake detector from a demonstration
paradigm to real-time implementation. Data taken from the standford earthquake dataset
(STEAD) are used to train the network. After preprocessing the raw earthquake signals,
features such as log-mel spectrograms are extracted. Once the model has learned spatial
and temporal information from low-frequency earthquake waves, it can be employed in
real time to distinguish small and large earthquakes from seismic noise with an accuracy,
sensitivity, and specificity of 99.057%, 98.488%, and 99.621%, respectively. We also
observe that the choice of filters in log-mel spectrogram impacts the results much more
than the model complexity. Furthermore, we implement and test the model on data
collected continuously over two months by a personal seismometer in the laboratory. The
inference speed for a single prediction is 2.27 seconds, and the system delivers a stable
detection of all 63 major earthquakes from November 2019 to December 2019 reported by
the Japan Meteorological Agency.Simply speaking, Earthquake means the shaking of the
Earth’s surface. It is a sudden trembling of the surface of the Earth. Earthquakes certainly are
a terrible natural disaster. Furthermore, Earthquakes can cause huge damage to life and
property. Some Earthquakes are weak in nature and probably go unnoticed. In contrast, some
Earthquakes are major and violent. The major Earthquakes are almost always devastating in
nature. Most noteworthy, the occurrence of an Earthquake is quite unpredictable. This is what
makes them so dangerous.Earthquake early warning systems don’t predict earthquakes.
Instead, they detect ground motion as soon as an earthquake begins and quickly send alerts
that a tremor is on its way, giving people crucial seconds to prepare.
 You might be too close to the epicenter. Early-warning alerts are typically
delivered three to five seconds after an earthquake starts. That's the time it takes for
seismic waves to travel to the closest stations, and for computers to analyze the data.
If you are less than 10 miles from the epicenter, it is unlikely you will get a warning.
 The shaking might not have been strong enough. It is important to remember that
most people experience weak shaking during an earthquake. This is because large
earthquakes are rare, and because individuals are often too far from the epicenter to
experience significant shaking. Currently, apps, such as MyShake, are designed to
send alerts only for stronger shaking. This could change as scientists and public
officials continue to tune the system's parameters.
 CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DEMONSTRATION
4.1. ARDUINO UNO BOARD:-

It is a microcontroller board which contains microchip ATMEGA328P. There are 14 digital

pins and 6 analog i/o pins. Arduino IDE software is used to program this board. A type B
cable is used to connect computer and Arduino board. An external source between 7-20
volts can be used to power this board. The microchip ATMEGA328P is pre-programmed.
Boot-loader is used to upload new code in this microchip. It has flash, EEPROM storage
of 32 kb. 0.5kb of this 32kb is used by boot loader. Operating voltage of this board is 5v.
It consists of 2kb SRAM memory. Weight is around 25g. 6 of the digital pins give PWM
output. This board has various facilities for communication with other microcontrollers.
There is a library named software serial, which allows serial communication for all digital
pins. There is no need to press the reset button before an upload because this board allows
to reset by software. This board basically works as brain of this project.
Some Of The Pin Functions Of Arduino Uno Board:-
• LED:- Digital pin 13 is used to give input to LED. When the pin is set to low, LED is Off
and when high, LED turns On.
• 5V:- This pin gives output of 5v and can be used to give input to other microcontrollers.
• Vin:- It is used to supply voltage. We access this pin to supply voltage using power jack.
• SPI:-This stands for serial peripheral interface. Pin number 10, 11, 12 and 13 support
communications via SPI library.
• TWI:-
This stands for two wire interface. Using wire library SDA and SCL pins support this type
of communication.

4.3. LED and Buzzer:

These are used as indicators. Buzzer makes an alarming sound when an earthquake is
detected and LED glows red.
4.4. Resistor and Jump Wires:

1 k resistor

It is used to complete connections and makes the circuit complete.

4.5. Block Diagram:

 4.6 Arduino IDE used for coding

The open source Arduino software(IDE) was used to write the code. This softwares makes
very easy to write and upload code in Arduino uno board. We can run it either on Windows
or MAC OS. The code is written in java and based on other open source software. The code
is upload to Arduino Uno board using b type usb cable.

The Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board offline.
We recommend it for users with poor or no internet connection. This software can be
used with any Arduino board.

There are currently two versions of the Arduino IDE, one is the IDE 1.x.x and the other
is IDE 2.x. The IDE 2.x is new major release that is faster and even more powerful to the
IDE 1.x.x. In addition to a more modern editor and a more responsive interface it includes
advanced features to help users with their coding and debugging.
The following steps can guide you with using the offline IDE (you can choose either IDE
1.x.x or IDE 2.x):

1. Download and install the Arduino Software IDE:

 Arduino IDE 1.x.x (Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Portable IDE for Windows and
Linux, ChromeOS).
 Arduino IDE 2.x

2. Connect your Arduino board to your device.

3. Open the Arduino Software (IDE).

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

connects to the Arduino boards to upload programs and communicate with them.
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These sketches are
written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino.

Using the offline IDE 1.x.x

The editor contains the four main areas:

1. A Toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. The toolbar
buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and
open the serial monitor.

2. The message area, gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors.

3. The text editor for writing your code.

4. The text console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including
complete error messages and other information.

The bottom right-hand corner of the window displays the configured board and serial Port
.

Now that you are all set up, let’s try to make your board blink!

5. Connect your Arduino or Genuino board to your computer.

6. Now, you need to select the right core & board. This is done by navigating to Tools
> Board > Arduino AVR Boards > Board. Make sure you select the board that you are
using. If you cannot find your board, you can add it from Tools > Board > Boards
Manager.

7. Now, let's make sure that your board is found by the computer, by selecting the port.
This is simply done by navigating to Tools > Port, where you select your board from
the list.

8. Let’s try an example: navigate to File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink.

9. To upload it to your board, simply click on the arrow in the top left corner. This
process takes a few seconds, and it is important to not disconnect the board during this
process. If the upload is successful, the message "Done uploading" will appear in the
bottom output area.

10. Once the upload is complete, you should then see on your board the yellow LED with
an L next to it start blinking. You can adjust the speed of blinking by changing the delay
number in the parenthesis to 100, and upload the Blink sketch again. Now the LED should
blink much faster.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

 Early cautioning and quick reaction to a fire breakout are the main approaches to dodge
incredible misfortunes and natural and social legacy harms. Hence, the most
critical objectives in flame observation are fast and solid identification and
restriction of the fire.
 It is substantially less demanding to stifle a fire when the beginning area is known,
and keeping in mind that it is in its beginning periods.
 Data about the advance of flame is likewise profoundly profitable for dealing with the
fire amid every one of its stages.
 Earthquake has been a very often occurring disaster which needs proper alarming
devices.
 Since digital devices available in the market are rather expensive, the technology
 we offer is comparatively very cheap and easily accessible.
 Since it is a light weight device it can be carried along and can be readily used.
 This device also ensures information or detection and alarming at the level where only
minor shocks occur, the inhabitants can take action accordingly and can inform others
and generate awareness among others.
 It is more reliable as the circuits used are easily available and because of it small size
and lightweight it is mobile which makes using this device a lot easier.
 It can be used by anyone and anywhere as the usage of this device is not very technical
and can be easily used by anyone anywhere.
 FUTURE SCOPE

All pa rts o f the b uild ing to be mo nitored are eq uipped w ith a netw ork o f
electric cab les and automatic/non-automatic detectors. These detectors
are operated either manually or triggered automatically by heat, visible or invisible
smoke, or flames. Only the detectors in the immediate vicinity of the fire are activated,
sending a report to the fire detection control panel. From here,the information can
be forwarded to a permanently manned unit and/or the fire brigade. Those affected
are also warned. Once the fire has been extinguished, the system can be made operational
again quickly and simply.All parts of the building to be monitored are equipped with a
network of e lectric cables and auto ma tic/ no n a uto ma tic detectors .These
detectors are operated either manually or triggered automatically by heat,
visible or invisible smoke, or flames. Only the detectors in the immediate vicinity of
the fire are activated, sending a report to the fire detection control panel. From here, the
information can be forwarded to a permanently manned unit and/or the fire brigade. Those
affected are also warned. Once the fire has been extinguished, the system can be made
operational again quickly and simply
 REFERENCE

• International journal of engineering trends and technology(IJETT) –VOLUME 12

NUMBER 3- JUN 2014 Wireless earthquake alarm system using atmega328p and adxl335
• International journal of research in advent technology, vol. 4, n0.8,august 2016
EISSN:2321-9637
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• Ringdal , f.(1975). On the estimation of sysmic detection thresholds. B.S.S.A.,66, 789-
802
• 13th world conference on earthquake engineering, august 2004, paper no. 908
• Nakamura, Y, “research and development of intelligent earthquake disaster prevention
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