Biomedical Instrumentation

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Biomedical Instrumentation

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Objectives

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Syllabus

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 Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical Engineering is the application of engineering

principles and design concepts to medicine and biology

The biomedical engineering provides electrical, electronic,

electro-optical, and computer engineering support to clinical
and biomedical applications.

Biomedical Engineering improves the field of healthcare

diagnosis, monitoring and therapy.

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 Biomedical Instruments

Classification of Biomedical Equipments

1. Diagnostic equipment
2. Therapeutic equipment
3. Clinical equipment
4. Laboratory equipment

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 Components in Man – Instrument system

Control feedback

Transducer Signal
Stimulus

conditioning Display
Transducer equipment

Transducer

Recording , data
processing and
transmission of data
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Figure 1.1 Generalized instrumentation system The sensor converts energy or
information from the measurand to another form (usually electric). This signal is then
processed and displayed so that humans can perceive the information. Elements and
connections shown by dashed lines are optional for some applications.
Figure 1.2 simplified electrocardiographic recording system Two possible interfering
inputs are stray magnetic fields and capacitively coupled noise. Orientation of patient
cables and changes in electrode-skin impedance are two possible modifying inputs. Z1
and Z2 represent the electrode-skin interface impedances.
 Man – Instrument system

Measurement in biomedical instrumentation can be divided

in to two
1. VIVO
•Measurement is made on or within the human body
•Eg . Device inserted in to the blood stream to measure PH of blood
2. VITRO
•Measurement is performed outside of the body.
•Eg . Measurement of blood PH from blood samples.

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 Physiological systems of human body

In simple terms "Human Physiology" is the study of the

body and its functions in each of the different systems
in any living body.

Input System Output

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 Physiological Systems in the Human body
Vision Speech

Appearance
Hearing
Behavior
Smell
Expired air
INPUTS

Taste

Inspired air Body movements

OUTPUTS
Tactile sensation

Liquid intake Liquid wastes

Solid wastes
Food intake

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Physiological systems of human body
There are 11systems in the body:
1. The Skeletal System Bones & joints
2. Muscular System Skeletal muscle
3. Nervous System Brain, spinal cord & nerves
4. Endocrine System Hormone-producing cells & glands
5. Cardiovascular System Blood, heart & blood vessels
6. Respiratory System Lungs & airways
7. Digestive System Organs of the gastrointestinal tract
8. Urinary System Kidneys, bladder and ureters
9. Reproductive System Male & female reproductive organs
10. The Integumentary System The skin & derived structures
11. Lymphatic & Immune System Lymphatic vessels & fluid

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Sources and Origin of Bioelectric potentials
The systems in the human body generate their on monitoring
signals when they carry out their functions.

These signals provide useful information about their function.

Bioelectric potentials are actually ionic voltages produced as a

result of electro chemical activity of certain cell.

Transducers are used to convert these ionic potentials in to

electrical signals

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Bioelectric potentials

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 Resting and Action potentials

Certain types of cells within the body , such as nerve and

muscle cells are encased in a semi permeable membrane.

This membrane permits some substances to pass through

while others are kept out.

Surrounding the cells of the body are the body fluids

These fluids are conductive solutions containing charged

atoms known as ions

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 Resting potentials/Polarization
The principle ions are sodium(Na+) This resting potential ranging from -60mv
Potassium(K+) and chloride(C-) to -100 mv.

The membrane of excitable cells permit entry Cell in the resting state is called polarized
of Potassium(K+) and chloride(C-) ions but cell.
blocks the entry of sodium(Na+) ions.
Cell Membrane
So inside the cell is more negative than
outside cell
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This membrane potentials is called Resting -70 mV
potentials
This potential is measured from inside the cell Ground
with respect to body fluids.
So resting potential of a cell is negative.

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 Depolarization of cell
When a cell is exited, the membrane change its characteristic.
The sodium ions are rushed in to the cell.
At the same time potassium ions try move from inside.
After a equilibrium state is reached, the sodium is moved back to outside

Na+
Na+ Na+
Cell Membrane
K+ K+
K+
Na+ K+
K+ Na+
K+
Na+ K+ K+
Na+
Na+

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Action potentials/Depolarization

Cell Membrane

V
20 mV

Ground

Cell Membrane
-70
V
mV

Ground
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Neuron

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Neuron

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Neuron

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Bioelectric potentials

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Bioelectric potentials

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Bioelectric potentials

Sodium Potassium Pump

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Bioelectric potentials
NERNST EQUATION

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Bioelectric potentials
GOLDMANS EQUATION

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Bioelectric potentials

GOLDMANS EQUATION
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Bioelectric potentials

Propagation
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Bioelectric potentials

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Bioelectric potentials

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Bioelectric potentials

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