_________________________________________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS &

ASTRONAUTICS
SUBJECT : Circuits and Electronics Lab
SUBJECT CODE : 108102
LAB NO : 05

TITLE : Voltage and Current in Series &

Parallel Resistor Circuits

SUBMITTED TO : Sir Amber.

BATCH : AERO 22
SECTION : A

Marks Obtained
Group Group Member 2 Group Group
Member 1 Member 3 Member 4
NAME AHMED BILAL KANWAR . M. RABEET HUASSAIN
HAMZA HASSAN ABDUL
REHMAN
REGISTRATION # 220101015 230101091 230101061 230101081
LAB REPORT
PERFORMANCE
TOTAL MARKS

DEADLINE: 03th April 2024

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 03th April 2024

Circuits and Electronics Lab - Aero 22 Page 1 Experiment # 1

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Table of Contents
......................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Purpose of Lab: ....................................................................................................................... 3
2. Introduction: ............................................................................................................................ 3
3. Objective: ................................................................................................................................ 3
4. Lab Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 3
5. Setup ....................................................................................................................................... 4
6. Theory: .................................................................................................................................... 5
7. Procedure ................................................................................................................................ 5
8. Calculations: ........................................................................................................................ 6
9. CONCLUSION:................................................................................................................... 8

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1. Purpose of Lab:
The purpose of this lab is to investigate the behavior of voltage and current in series and parallel
resistor circuits and to understand the principles governing their operation. By conducting
experiments, students will gain practical insights into circuit behavior.

2. Introduction:

This laboratory experiment explores the behavior of resistors interconnected in diverse setups:
series, parallel, and combinations thereof. Through the assembly of these circuits and the
application of varying voltage inputs, our goal is to observe the interplay among voltage, current,
and resistance within each configuration. The investigation entails measuring the individual
resistor values, constructing circuits based on schematics, and documenting voltage and current
readings across different voltage levels. Later on, we'll compare the resistance we actually
measure in each circuit to what we calculated beforehand. This will help us determine if our
predictions were accurate and assess the reliability of our models. Ultimately, this inquiry aims
to deepen our comprehension of how resistor interconnections influence the overall resistance
and current distribution within a circuit, shedding light on the unique characteristics of series,
parallel, and combination setups.

3. Objective:

The aim of this lab experiment was to explore how resistors behave in different
circuit setups, including series, parallel, and combination configurations. Our goal was to
observe and understand how voltage, current, and resistance interacted in each setup. This
entailed:

• Investigate the behavior of voltage and current in series resistor circuits.

• Constructing series, parallel, and combination circuits following designated schematics.
• Apply various voltage levels to each circuit configuration using a power supply.
• Record the corresponding current readings flowing through the circuit using an ammeter.
• Measure the potential difference (voltage) across individual resistors in each
configuration using a voltmeter.
• Calculate the theoretical equivalent resistance for each circuit based on the resistor
values.
• Compare the theoretical and measured equivalent resistances to assess the accuracy of the
theoretical models.
• Analyze the data to comprehend the behavior of current and voltage in series and parallel
circuits, as well as the deviations observed in combination circuits from these standard
configurations.

4. Lab Equipment

• Resistors of various values ( 7 with different values )

• Power supply or battery

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• Connecting wires
• Breadboard or circuit simulator
• Precision voltmeters and ammeters
• Multimeter for analysis

5. Setup

SAFETY
Ensuring the power supply was off before making any connections.Double-checking all
connections before turning on the power.

RESISTOR MEASUREMENTS:

Utilizing the ohmmeter function to measure the resistance of each resistor (R1, R2, R3)
and recording the values.

CIRCUITS ASSEMBLED:

Following the provided schematics, we assembled series and parallel circuits on the
breadboard. For the combination circuit, we carefully followed the instructor's diagram
for resistor placement and connections.

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MUTLTIMETER CINNECTIONS:
Setting the multimeter's voltage range based on the power supply. Connecting the
voltmeter and ammeter probes according to the schematics to measure voltage across
resistors and current in the circuit.

6. Theory:

Electrical circuits can be wired in series or parallel. In series circuits, current flows through
one path and experiences a voltage drop across each component, with the total voltage being
the sum of individual drops and the total resistance the sum of each resistor's value. In
parallel circuits, current has multiple paths and the voltage remains constant across each
branch, while the total current is the sum of branch currents and the total resistance is a more
complex function of individual resistances. By understanding these concepts, we can design
experiments to measure voltage, current, and resistance in series and parallel circuits,
verifying theoretical relationships and observing how component changes affect overall
behavior

7. Procedure

Series and Parallel Combination Circuit:

The experimental procedure entails a systematic approach to data collection and analysis.
Students will follow a series of steps to measure voltage, current, and resistance values in both
series and parallel resistor circuits. By meticulously recording data and conducting multiple
trials, students can ensure the accuracy and reliability of their experimental results, facilitating
meaningful comparisons with theoretical predictions.

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1. Set up the circuit with resistors in series.

2. Measure the voltage across each resistor and the total voltage.
3. Measure the current flowing through the circuit.
4. Repeat the measurements with resistors in parallel.
5. Record data and calculate theoretical predictions.
6. Compare experimental results with theoretical predictions.

8. Calculations:

GENERAL FORMULA:

|𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 – 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % =
𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

% Error of Resistors:

Resistors: By Ohmmeter (kΩ) By color code:( kΩ)

R1 8.43 8.2
R2 22.05 22
R3 121.7 120
R4 3.02 3
R5 3.43 3.3
R6 2.19 2.2
R7 4.63 4.6

|𝟖.𝟒𝟑−𝟖.𝟐|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟐𝟐.𝟎𝟓−𝟐𝟐|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =2.8% 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =0.22%
𝟖.𝟐 𝟐𝟐

|𝟏𝟐𝟏.𝟕−𝟏𝟐𝟎|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟑.𝟎𝟐−𝟑|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = 𝟏𝟐𝟎
=1.41% E𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = 𝟑
=0.66%

|𝟑.𝟒𝟑−𝟑.𝟑|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟐𝟏.𝟗−𝟐𝟐|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =3.99% 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =0.45%
𝟑.𝟑 𝟐𝟐

|𝟒.𝟔𝟑−𝟒.𝟔|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =0.65%
𝟒.𝟔

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% Error of Voltage:

VOLTAGES: By Voltmeter: Ohm’s law:(V=IR)

V1 12.4 12.38
V2 0.29 0.308
V3 2.36 2.4
V4 0.0604 0.0612
V5 0.22 0.2277
V6 2.79 2.7984
V7 2.796 2.7968

|𝟏𝟐.𝟒−𝟏𝟐.𝟑𝟖|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟎.𝟐𝟗−𝟎.𝟑𝟎𝟖|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =0.16% 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = = 𝟓. 𝟖%
𝟏𝟐.𝟑𝟖 𝟎.𝟑𝟎𝟖

|𝟐.𝟑𝟔−𝟐.𝟒|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟎𝟒−𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟐|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = = 𝟏. 𝟔% 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = = 𝟏. 𝟑%
𝟐.𝟒 𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟐

|𝟎.𝟐𝟐−𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟐.𝟕𝟗−𝟐.𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟒|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =3.3% 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =0.30%
𝟎.𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝟐.𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟒

|𝟐.𝟕𝟗𝟔−𝟐.𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟓|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =0.028%
𝟐.𝟕𝟗𝟔𝟓

% Error of Current:

CURRENTS: By Ammeter(mA) I=V/R

(mA)
I1 1.47 1.5
I2 0.0136 0.014
I3 0.0194 0.02
I4 0.020 0.0204
I5 0.067 0.069
I6 0.1275 0.1272
I7 0.604 0.608

|𝟏. 𝟒𝟕 − 𝟏. 𝟓𝟏|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟎|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = = 2.6% 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓%
𝟏. 𝟓𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟎

|𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒−𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟎|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟎−𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =3.0% 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =1.96%
𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟎 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟒

|𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟕−𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟗|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎% |𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟓−𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%

𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =2.89% 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = =0.23%
𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟗 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐

|0.604−0.608|x 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 % = = 0.65%
0.608

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Serial Error % Of Experimental Calculation:

No.
VOLTAGE CURRENT RESISTOR Resistance Current Voltage
(kΩ) (mA) (V)
1- 0.16 2.6 2.8 8.43 1.47 12.4
2- 5.8 2.85 0.22 22.05 0.0136 0.29
3- 1.6 3.0 1.41 121.7 0.0194 2.36
4- 1.3 1.96 0.66 3.02 0.020 0.0604
5- 3.3 2.89 3.99 3.43 0.067 0.22
6- 0.30 0.23 0.45 21.9 0.1275 2.79
7- 0.028 0.65 0.65 4.63 0.604 2.796

9. CONCLUSION:

We've outlined the significant findings from our experiment, elucidating the impact of
resistor connections on overall resistance, voltage, and current flow within the circuit, and
addressed any disparities between theoretical predictions and empirical results.

• In series configurations, we noted a consistent current flow through all resistors, with
variable voltage drops across each resistor contingent on its resistance.

• Conversely, in parallel setups, we observed that the total current in the circuit
equaled the sum of currents passing through individual resistors, while the voltage
across each resistor remained constant.

• By juxtaposing the calculated equivalent resistance with our experimental data, we

garnered insights into the precision of series and parallel circuit models.

• This experimental exploration laid the groundwork for comprehending how resistor
arrangements influence overall resistance and current distribution within circuits..

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