CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE REGION

ART PRE-COLONIAL ARTS (ETHNIC ARTS)

● Aryan - “to join or put together” ● The pre-colonial period refers to the art
● Artizein before the Philippines had their first
○ Greek - “to prepare” colonizers.
● Arkiskein ● The Philippines back then already had their
○ Greek - “to put together” art that was considered one of a kind and
● Skill rich.
○ Ars/Artis (latin) ● Traditions were orally passed than written,
○ Techne (greek) and their earliest form of theater was
● Art is a creation. Rituals.
● Art is an expression of the feelings, ● Form of art
imagination and creativity of an individual. ○ Painting
It has no boundaries and it is a big of help ○ Sculpture
whenever we feel the need to express what ○ Pottery
we feel at the moment. ● Ex.: Manunggul Jar (890-710 BC)

WHY DO PEOPLE ENGAGE IN ART?

● Earn money
● To express their emotions and thoughts
● To produce things of beauty and
masterpiece
● To self-actualize
● To immortalize themselves
● To inform
● To persuade
● To entertain people

CONTEMPORARY ● It was originated in Palawan

● Current, now, the present ● It represent the journey of the soul to the
● Refers to the art created in the present afterlife
period, typically from the mid-20 century
to the present day. ISLAMIC COLONIAL (13th CENTURY)
● The islamic colonial period emerged in
CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS Sulu during the 13th century when the
● Digital art Arabian, Sayyid Abbubakar arrived.
● Installation art ○ He’s a missionary who was tasked in
● Performance art building religious schools and taught
● Street art or Graffiti Arabic reading and writing.
● Video art ● The religion he brought spread through out
● Land art Mindanao and was welcomed by the
● Sound art Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausog, Yakan,
Samal and Badjao (including some places
PHILIPPINE ART HISTORY in Palawan)
● Islamic art in the Philippines have two
main artistic styles.
○ Okir
- is a curved-line woodcarving and
metalworking, similar to the Middle
Eastern Islamic art.
- this style is associated with men.

○ Geometric Tapestries
- associated with women.
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1521-1898)
● Most of the forms during this era were
religious art for the purpose of converting
the Filipinos to Catholicism.
● Churches were a combination of both
native and European elements that is why
art historians refer the style as colonial
baroque or Philippine baroque.
○ Inside the churches were images of
saints made out of wood or ivory
○ Retablo - they are displayed in
decorative altars
● They brought western musical instruments
like the violin, pipe organ, guitar and piano.
● Pasyon or pabasa
○ Also introduced this
○ The biblical narration of Christ’s
passion in an improvised melody.
● Ex.: San Agustin Church in Paoay
● One of the four Baroque Churches that was
built by the Spaniards
● One of the oldest church in the Philippines.
● It was started in the year 1694 and was
completed in the year 1710.
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898-1940)
● Vaudeville
○ Locally called Bodabil
○ Originated from France
● They also introduces neoclassic
architecture to the Philippines.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1941-1945)
● Art production was under the scrutiny of
the Japanese government
● The artists during this period wanted to
produce works of art that would reflect the
national identity, an art that would expose
the “true social conditions” of the period.
● Bonsai
○ The art of growing small trees and
shrubs in small shallow pots
● Origami
○ The art of folding paper or cardboard
MODERN PERIOD (1946-1969)
● Began after world war 2 and the granting
their independence
● National pride was instilled thru murals
and festivals;
○ Sinulog festival (cebu)
○ Dinagyang festival (iloilo city)
○ Massakara festival (bacolod)
○ Kadayawan festival (davao city)
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1970-present)
● Contemporary Philippine Art is a 21st
century art created by Filipino artists
originating from the different regions in
the Philippines reflecting technological
progression and cultural diversity.
● This is the period in which the art form
was a protest art that exposed the socio-
political issues and struggles at this time.
● The focus was on the oppressed,
marginalized and under represented people
who experienced inequality and forms of
repression.
● Art was not only expressed through
painting but also posters and murals in the
streets.
PHILIPPINE ART FORMS ● Luntang
● Music ● Buktot
● Dance ● Kulintang a tiniok
● Theater ● Babandil
● Painting
● Sculpture KUBING
● Handicraft ● A jaw harp made with bamboo and is one
of the more well known traditional musical
MUSIC instruments
● The traditional music of the Philippines, ○ Small musical instrument that is place
like the folk music of other countries, between the teeth/lips
reflects the life of common, mostly rural ● Kubing
Filipinos. ○ Meranao and other groups in Southern
● In indigenous music, various kinds of Mindanao call it the kubing while,
instruments are made of bronze, bamboo or ● Barmbaw
wood. ○ Other term of Tagalog for kubing
● These include gongs of various kinds of ● Kulaing
size and shape; ○ Kapampangans
○ Drums ● Kinaban
○ Flutes ○ Hanunoo Mangyans
○ Zithers ● Koding
○ Lutes ○ Ibaloi and Kalinga
○ Clappers ● Aroding
○ Buzzers ○ Palawan
● Art of producing sound to create rhythm, ● Known to be used as a way for our
harmony and melody ancestors to communicate through song,
especially during courtship.
LUZ MORALES ● Played by placing the instrument between
● A Filipino soprano the lips and the end is plucked to create
○ Classical female singing voice and has different notes and sound, depending on
the highest vocal range of all voice the tempo and rhythm of the plucking
types.
● Has performed in operas such as KULINTANG
○ Madame Butterfly ● Natives of Meranao, Tausog, and
○ Mozart’s The Impresario Maguindanao
● In folk songs of the Philippines, Morales ● A set of 5 to 9 pieces of gongs that vary in
performs traditional songs and children size and sound. Aligned horizontally next
songs, with guitar for harmony; to each other, usually on a rack, and are
○ Ang gatas at ang itlog arranged in order of their pitch
○ Isa, dalawa, tatlo ○ Lowest pitch is placed on the players
○ Ang mga daliri left side and two wooden sticks are
○ Pista sa nayon used to hot the gongs to make sound
○ Awit sa bukid ● They were usually made with bronze, but
○ Ang panday since the second war, most of the gongs are
○ Leron, leron sinta made with brass. The frame of rack that the
○ Magtanim ay di biro gongs are placed in are often made with
○ Ti maysa nga ubing wood or bamboo and are decorated with
intricate designs and rich color.
TRADITIONAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ● Usually played for entertainment during
● Kubing festivals, weddings, and healing
● Kulintang ceremonies.
● Kudyapi
● Tongali KUDYAPI
● Gambal ● Also known as the Kutiyapi
● Dabakan
 ● A stringed wooden lute that’s about 4-6 ft
long.
● The lumads of Meranao, Maguindanao,
T’boli, and Manobo often play this
instrument
● Traditionally, it is played by men, mainly
when singing love songs
● Korlong
○ A female equivalent of the Kutiyapi,
which is a zither-like instrument made
with bamboo and is played with both
hands like a harp.
● The strings are traditionally made with
abaca fibers or horse hair, but modern of
the kutiyapi use wires like guitar.
○ Lute - string instrument with long neck
○ Harp - string instrument
TONGALI
● Nose flute
● All over the Philippines, especially in
Northern areas
● According to historians, it is played to
mimic a mournful human voice.
● Has 3 or 4 hole where the fingers are
placed over.
○ One hole is found in the back where
air is forced through from the right or
left nostril.
○ Another hole is found about midway
of the flute’s bottom where the thumb
is placed to change the tone and pitch.
● Although it gives off a low, mournful
sound, it is often played during
celebrations, special meals, festivals,
planting season, and in courtship
GAMBAL
● War drums to boost the warriors esteem
and to get them ready for the battle
● Gambal or Gadang
○ Term among the lumads in the Visayas
area
● Made with hallowed out tree trunks and
deer skin for drumheads.
● Not played alone, it is accompanied by
other instruments, especially gongs.
● Played by hand or by striking a wooden
stick on the drumhead.
DABAKAN
● Often played with kulintang ensemble
● Non-gong element in the group
● It has an hour-glass, conical, tubular, or
goblet in shape.
● Usually 2 ft tall and a feet wide.
● The body is made from coconut or
jackfruit wood that’s hollowed out, with
intricate fine carved details design.
● The drumhead is made from deer hide,
carabao skin, or goat skin. However, mady
traditional Dabakan users say that the best
drumheads are made with lizard or
bayawak skin.
LUNTANG
● Xylophone
● Used by Maguindanaon people
● Usually vertically, containing 5 horizontal
logs that hang in an ascending order and
arranged by pitch.
● Kwintangan Kayo
○ A similar instrument also used by the
Yakan
○ To make a sound, the logs are beaten
○ Played either by a single person or two
people sitting on either side.
● Used for self-entertainment, keeping
farmers awake while scaring birds off the
fields.
● Also used as a form of long distance
communication
● Yakan use it in ceremonies, especially in
courtship rituals
BUKTOT
● Originated from the Visayas area
● Small, 4 stringed guitar-like instrument
that’s made from a coconut husk
● It’s likely got its name from its shape
● In Bisaya, the word Boktot means
hunchbacked, which perfectly describes
the instrument’s arched back.
● Used for personal entertainment
● Makes sound similar to a ukulele and is
played alone or with other instruments.
KULINTANG A TINIOK
● “Kulintang with string”
○ Also called Kulintang A Putao or
“Kulintang of metal”
● Metallophone that contains 8 turned
knobbed metal plates that are placed on top
of a wooden rack.
○ It consist of metal plates arranged in a
wooden rack (similar to a lyre)
● Used by Maguindanao people
● Sarunay
○ Terms for Maranao people, which has
become popular in the US.
 ● Traditionally, the metal pieces of the
instrument are made with brass however,
modern ones are even made with tin cans.
BABANDIL
● Single narrowed gong
● “timekeeper”
● Diameter about a foot, which makes it
bigger than the kulintang gongs
● It has a sunken boos which means that it
has to be struck on the rim or flange to
make a sharp, distinctive metallic clang.
● Sticks that are made from bamboo or rattan
is used
● Often considered as a “false gong” and are
traditionally made with bronze
● However, since metal is scarce in
Mindanao, they’re now made with iron,
brass, and even tin-cans.
DANCE
● Philippine folk dance mirrors the culture
and tradition of the Filipinos.
● Source of culture identity of the people
TRADITIONAL DANCES
● Tinikling
● Itik-itik
● Maglalatik
● Binasuan
● Singkil
● Kappa malong-malong
● Carinosa
● Sayaw sa bangko
● Pandango sa ilaw
● Pandango sa oasiwas
● Kuratsa
● Pantomina
TINIKLING
● Leyte
● One of the most famous dances in the
Philippines
● The movements imitate the tinikling bird
as it walks around through tall grass and
between tree branches.
● People use bamboo poles to perform this
Filipino traditional dance.
● Composed of three basic steps which
include singles, doubles, and hops
ITIK-ITIK
● Surigao del Sur
● Named after a species of duck (itik), whose
movements the dance imitates.
● Mimics how the itik walks and splashes
water to attract a mate
MAGLALATIK
● Biñan, Laguna
● Folk dance in Luzon
● It is a mock war dance that depicts a fight
over coconut meat, a highly-prized food
● Broken into 4 parts:
○ 2 devoted to the battle
○ 2 devoted to reconciling
○ The dancing men wear coconut shells
as part of their costumes, and they hit
them in rhythm with the music
● Danced in the religious procession during
the fiesta of Biñan, Laguna as an offering
to San Isidro de Labrador, the patron saint
of farmers
BINASUAN
● Pangasinan
● Originated in Bayambang, Pangasinan in
Luzon.
● “binasuan” means “with the use of
drinking glasses”
● One of the most challenging filipino
dances as the dancers need to balance
glasses on their heads and in their hands as
they move.
● The glasses are filled with rice wine
SINGKIL
● Lake Lanao
● Courtship dance. The royal of a prince and
a princess
● A Mindanao folk dance that originated
from the Maranao people and is based on
the story in the Darangen
○ The pre-islamic Maranao
interpretation of the ancient Hindu
Indian epic, the Ramayana
● “to entangle the feet with disturbing
objects such as vines or anything in your
path”
● Putri Gandingan
○ The role of the lead dancer
○ The Darangen name for Sita
● Sayaw sa kasingil
○ It depicts one of episodes of the epic
poem darangen
KAPPA MALONG-MALONG
● Maranao tribe in Mindanao
● Cultural dance influenced by Muslims
 ● The malong is a tubular garment, and the
folk dance essentially shows the many
ways it can be worn.
○ Malong is a tube skirt/dress with
geometric/okir designs
● Not only for women. There are also a
men’s version of the dance since they wear
malongs in different ways.
CARINOSA
● Panay Island
● Courtship dance
○ Depicts the courtship between a man
and a woman during the colonial era
● Makes a number of flirtatious movements
as they peek out at one another behind fans
or handkerchiefs
SAYAW SA BANGKO
● Pangasinan
● Dancing on a chair
PANDANGGO SA ILAW
● Lubang Island, Occidental Mindoro
● Balancing glasses (with candles)
● Dancers have to balance 3 oil lamps: 1 on
head and one in each hand.
● 3/4 time and is usually accompanied by
castanets
PANDANGGO SA OASIWAS
● Lingayen, Pangasinan
● Typically performed by fishermen to
celebrate a bountiful catch.
● The lamps are placed in cloths or nets and
swung around as the dancers circle and
sway.
● Spanish dance
KURATSA
● Samar, Island
● Courtship dance
● Mimics the mating between a rooster and
hen
● Has 3 parts;
○ Couple performs a waltz
○ Music sets a faster pace as the man
pursues the woman around the dance
floor in a chase
○ The music becomes even faster as the
man wins over the woman with his
mating dance
PANTOMINA
● Bicol
● Another courtship
● Regular feature of festival in Bicol, and is
said to mimic the movement of doves in
courtship
THEATRE
● During the pre-historic times, theater was a
form of indigenous rituals, verbal jousts or
games, or songs and dances to praise Gods.
● According to early chronicles, pre-historic
dramas consisted of 3 elements;
○ Myth
○ Mimesis
○ Spectacle
● After the Japanese occupation, theater has
evolved to become an amalgamation of the
various influences such as;
○ Zarzuela
○ Comedia
○ Bodabil (1898)
○ Western classics
● Theater was largely performed in English
during the time, as it became a large part of
classroom education.
○ Theatre - Britain/UK
○ Theater - American English
THE CINEMATOGRAPO RIZAL
● 80 Calle Crespo in Quiapo
● Cinematograpo Rizal
○ In 1903, Jose Jimenez, a stage
backdrop painter, set up the first
Filipino-owned movie theater in
Azcarraga street (now C.M. Recto
Ave.) in front of the Tutuban Railway
Station
○ In honor of our national hero
○ The first picture with sound, using the
Chronophone.
PAINTING
● Is the practice of applying paint, pigment,
color or other medium to a solid surface.
● Artistic paint were introduced to Filipinos
in the 16th century when the spaniards
arrived in the Philippines.
○ During this time, the spaniards used
paintings as visual aid for their
religious propaganda to spread
Catholicism throughout the
Philippines
SPOLIARIUM
● Juan Luna
● Largest painting in the PH.
 ● Features the bloody gladiator matches of
Romans but is also an allegory to the
despair and abuses Filipinos suffered from
during the Spanish reign in the country.
○ Depicts sufferings of filipinos during
the spanish regime
● National Museum of Fine Arts at 4.22
meters x 7.675 meters in diameter
PAINTING RICE
● Fernando Amorsolo
○ Known for his distinctive art style and
realistic painting
○ Best known for his depiction of the
country’s culture, its picturesque
sceneries, portraits of women, scenes
from world war 2
● Depicts group of farmers both men and
women planting under the sun
MADONNA OF THE SLUMS
● Vicente Manansala
○ A key modernist painting in the 1950
● Pictures a mother and child who are said to
become shanties in the city after leaving
their provincial life.
● Notable interpretation from the painting is
the reflection of anxiety and insecurity of
Filipinos post-war
THE PARISIAN LIFE
● Juan Luna
● Also known as Interior d’un Cafi -(inside a
cafe)
● Impressionist painting. Unlike his earlier
works, the “Parisian Life” shy away from
this usual intense and dramatic subjects
and instead portrayed a “fleeting moment
of ordinary life” during his stay in Paris in
the 1890s
● Behind the young lady are three filipino
patriots who would eventually change the
country’s history - Luna himself, Jose
Rizal, and ariston Bautista Lin
FIRST MASS AT LIMASAWA
● Carlos Modesto “Botong” Villaluz
Francisco
● Interpretation of the first documented
Christian mass in the PH in 1521
● The national government commissioned
Francisco to create the artwork for the
commemoration of 400 years of PH
Christianization.
SCULPTURE
● Oldest art forms
● Indigenous art embedded in our local
culture
● First sculpture were primitive. These
primitive sculptures utilized native
materials like;
○ Stone
○ Bone
○ Clay
○ Wood
○ Ice
○ Marble
○ Bronze
● Depicts life and acts of worship
● Guillermo Tolentino
○ In the middle of the transition between
the primitive and the most modern
sculptures was the 19th century art
movement.
○ The hero of this sculpture movement.
● The earliest known works of sculpture date
from around 32,000 B.C. Early man
created utilitarian objects that were
decorated with sculptural forms.
● Ancient peoples also created small animal
and human figures carve in bone, ivory, or
stone for possible spiritual or religious
purposes.
BONIFACIO MONUMENT
● Guillermo Tolentino
● Tribute piece to the filipino revolution that
was fought against the spanish in 1896.
● Tolentino completed this multi-figure in
1933 and it became the cornerstone of his
career.
HANDICRAFT
● Sometimes more precisely expressed as
artisanal handicraft or handmade
● Wide variety of types of work where useful
and decorative objects are made
completely by one’s hand or by using only
simple, non-automated related tools like
scissors, carving implements, or hooks.
● Philippine handicrafts have evolved
through innovative changes in designs over
the years, reinforced by exciting choices
and combination of indigenous materials.
● Ph is the 2nd largest world producer of
handicrafts, mainly baskets.
● Made from rattan, bamboo, leather, and
coconut shell.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF CONTEMPORARY
ARTS
PHOTOGRAPHY
● Known as “photographic art” or “artistic
art”.
● It refers to an imprecise category of
photographs, created in accordance with
the creative vision of the cameraman.
● The basic idea behind this genre is that the
photographer aims to produce a more
personal – typically more evocative or
atmospheric – impression.
● We can also simply say that fine art
photography describes any image taken by
a camera where the intention is aesthetic
rather than scientific, commercial, or
journalistic.
○ Aesthetic
- A photo whose value lies primarily
in its beauty.
○ Scientific
- A photos with scientific value.
○ Commercial
- A product photos.
○ Journalistic
- A photos with news or illustrative
value.
● The art of taking pictures using a camera.
PHOTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
(PERSPECTIVE)
● Linear perspective
○ Eye level
○ Diminishing perspective
○ Diagonal
● Birds eye view
○ Aerial view
○ Perspective or vantage point from
above
● Worms eye view
○ Ground level
INSTALLATION ART
● A genre in which “ideas” and “impact” are
regarded as being more important than the
quality of a finished “product” or “work of
art.”
○ In here, installation artists are more
concerned with the presentation of
their message than with the material
used to present it.
● Often, they’re large-scale and site-specific,
enabling artists to transform any space into
a customized, interactive environment.
● 3 dimensional art often seen in public
places.
● Found objects
○ refer to everyday items or materials
that an artist discovers or comes across
and then incorporates into their
artwork without significantly altering
their original form.
LAND ART
● A form of contemporary art, also known as
Earthworks or Earth Art.
● Land art is made directly in the landscape
by sculpting the land itself or by making
structures in the landscape with natural
materials.
ANIMATION ART
● Animation art is a form of visual art that
makes motion picture from a series of still
drawings.
● Although twenty first century animation is
dominated by computerized film and video
technology, the creative figure drawing
skills and draftsmanship of cartoonists and
graphic artists remain an integral part of
the process.
● Famous twentieth century animators
include:
○ J. Stuart Blackton
○ George McManus
○ Max Fleischer
○ Walt Disney
○ And the team from DreamWorks
Animation.
● Famous animated film cartoons include:
○ Mickey Mouse
○ Bugs Bunny
○ Donald Duck
○ Jungle Book
○ The Simpsons
○ Shrek
○ Anime
COMPUTER ART
● Computer art refers to any form of graphic
art or digital imagery which is produced
with the aid of a computer, or any types of
art in which the role of the computer is
emphasized.
● The best known digital artists include:
○ German pioneer Manfred Mohr
○ American artist Ronald Davis
○ John Lansdown
○ Jean-Pierre Hebert
GRAPHIC ART ● Artists use techniques like shading and
● Graphic arts depend their effect on line and perspective to create the illusion of form
tone, not color. on a two-dimensional surface.
● A two dimensional art produce in a flat
surface. SPACE
● The main classical type of graphic art is ● Area within and around objects in a
drawing, which includes: composition.
○ Cartoons ● It is classified into two:
○ Caricature ○ Positive space
○ Comic strips - Main focus or subject of a piece of
○ Animation art.
○ As well as line drawings and sketching - The area that's occupied by the
with pencil or charcoal, and pen and subject itself.
ink. ○ Negative space
● Graphic art also denotes those art forms - The area around and between the
involved in printmaking: subjects or shapes in a piece of art.
○ Etching
○ Engraving, including dry point. TEXTURE
● Postmodern forms include: ● Texture refers to the surface quality of an
○ The word art of Christopher Wool object, which can be:
○ The conceptual graphic art of Barbara ○ Rough
Kruger. ○ Smooth
○ Matte
ELEMENTS OF ARTS ○ Glossy.
● Artists use various techniques to create
LINES texture, such as applying different
● Marks made on a surface, either with a tool materials or using brushstrokes to mimic
(such as a pen or brush) or implied by the the appearance of different surfaces.
edges of shapes and forms. ● Ex.:
● They can vary in: ○ Impasto technique
○ Width
○ Length VALUE
○ Direction ● Value refers to the lightness or darkness of
○ Character tones or colors within an artwork.
● They play a significant role in defining ● It is essential for:
shapes and creating structure in a ○ Creating contrast
composition. ○ Defining form
○ Establishing spatial depth.
SHAPE ● Artists use techniques like shading and
● Defined areas that are two-dimensional and highlighting to manipulate value and create
can be geometric: the illusion of volume and space.
○ Squares
○ Circles COLOR
○ Triangles ● It consists of three main properties:
● Or organic: ○ Hue
○ Irregular - The name of the color
○ Asymmetrical ○ Value
● Shapes can be used to convey ideas, - The lightness or darkness of a color
emotions, or representational images.
FORM ○ Intensity
● Three-dimensional shapes that have - The brightness or dullness of a
volume and depth such as: color
○ Cubes ● Color can evoke mood, express emotions,
○ Spheres and create visual interest in a composition.
○ Cylinders
PRINCIPLES OF ART
UNITY
● It refers to the coherence and harmony of
all the elements within a composition.
● It involves the creation of a sense of
wholeness or completeness, where all parts
relate to each other and contribute to the
overall visual effect.
BALANCE
● Balance refers to the distribution of visual
weight within a composition.
● There are three types of balance:
○ Symmetrical balance
- Elements are arranged equally on
either side of a central axis, creating
a mirror image.
○ Asymmetrical balance
- Visual weight is distributed
unevenly but still achieves a sense of
balance through careful arrangement
of elements.
○ Radial balance
- Elements radiate outward from a
central point, creating a circular or
radial pattern.
RHYTHM
● The repetition of design or motifs within a
composition, creating a sense pf movement
and continuity.
● Ex.:
○ Starry night
PROPORTION
● Proportion refers to the relationship
between the sizes of different elements
within a composition.
● Artists use proportion to create a sense of
realism, balance, and harmony.
EMPHASIS
● Emphasis is the focal point or area of
interest in a composition that draws the
viewer's attention.
● Artists use various techniques to create
emphasis such as:
○ Contrast
○ Color
○ Size
○ Placement
4 STEPS IN EVALUATING AN ARTWORK
FOUR STEPS IN EVALUATING AN ARTWORK
1. DESCRIPTION
● What are the elements of art in the
composition?
2. ANALYSIS
● What are the principles of art in the
composition?
3. INTERPRETATION
● What does the artwork convey?
4. JUDGEMENT
● What are your thoughts on the artwork?
IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF ART
● The principles and elements of art are
essential tools that artists use to create
compelling, expressive, and visually
engaging artworks.
● They provide a foundation for artistic
communication, encourage creativity and
innovation, and enhance the aesthetic
appeal of artwork, enriching the viewer's
experience and understanding of art.
APPLICATION
HOPE IN THE RUINS OF MANILA
● The main figure in the foreground is a
Filipina lady cradling a baby protectively
to her bosom while still moving forward,
standing proudly and tall as a symbol of
hope and bravery.
● Amorsolo paints her as well with an
expression of hope and courage in the face
of such adversity.
FISHERMEN AT SEA
● The depiction of the fishermen as they
collect their haul from the ocean may be a
reference to the artist's personal journey,
and spiritual awakening.
● In the painting men and fish are locked in
an eternal conflict between ignorance and
enlightenment, with the fish representing
the latter.
● By Kiukok
ESPAÑA Y FILIPINAS
● Spain was shown to be leading the
Philippines along the path to progress and
development.
● The taller and maternal white figure of a
woman is Spain, a representation of the
“benevolent image of colonialism”, is
pointing ahead and guiding the “humbly
dressed” Filipina to the “right way”.
● Juan Luna
‘LAS VIRGENESCRISTIANAS EXPUESTAS AL
POPULACHO’
● It portrays unfortunate women as virgins
"being led out, stolen from, and ridiculed".
● The women are young virgins cornered by
a mob of "sexually hungry" Roman men.
● One of the men has his hand over one
semi-naked female whose eyes are
"looking up to heaven" asking and begging
for "help that never comes".
● Félix Resurrección Hidalgo
PARISIAN LIFE
● The painted illustration captured the
gathering of three significant personas and
heroes in Philippine History having a
discussion about the Philippines “on the
eve of momentous events” during the
springtime in Paris.
● Juan Luna
ASSESSMENT
1. Which element of art refers to the area within
and around objects in a composition?
-
2. Which element of art involves the use of
lightness or darkness of tones or colors?
-
3. Which type of space refers to the area occupied
by the elements in a composition?
-
4. What principle of art involves creating a sense
of coherence and wholeness in a composition?
-
5. What principle of art refers to the distribution
of visual weight in a composition?
-
DEX FERNANDEZ
● He is best known for his cartoonish, many
legged subject “garapata”.
NIKKI LUNA
● She highlights issues of women, including
the issues of rape, sexual harassment,
domestic workers, and migrant workers in
her works.
NONA GARCIA
● She is known employing the use of stark
realism to bring into question what the true
meaning of representation is.
● Her use of photorealism centers everyday
objects, cultural artifacts, or people,
inviting the viewers to explore the
environmental, sociopolitical, and personal
histories of her subjects. Although famous
for her paintings, she also employs the use
of paper cutouts, x-rays, and light boxes in
her works.
PATRICIA PEREZ EUSTAQUIO
● Much of her work involves the materials of
craft, including fabric, leather, lace,
ceramic, and upholstery either handmade
or industrial.
LEEROY NEW
● His fascination with monsters has lead him
to create arts that are out of this world
making him one of 7 the most prominent
names in the Philippine sculpture and
visual arts scenes.
DAVID MEDALLA
● He creates artwork that allows all the
body’s senses to engage with it. In addition,
he is one of the foremost artists in kinetic
art and sculpture in the world.
RODEL TAPAYA
● His artworks and paintings are notable for
their mix Filipino folk culture and history.
BENEDICTO CABRERA
● His subjects are often dressed in
Filipiniana, highlighting the context of
Filipino women in society.
ANDRES BARRIOQUINTO
● Andres Barrioquinto’s multi-awarded work
is both striking and unforgettable, and his
iconic and surreal painting style has made
him successful in the local and
international art scenes.
● Barrioquinto’s work is notable for its use
of juxtaposition and scale.
● His portraits are famously a mix of the
monochrome and the technicolor. With his
subjects in black and white framed by an
explosion of color, his paintings assault the
senses and leave viewers reeling.
ERNEST CONCEPTION
● Ernest Concepcion is well known for his
highly complex and experimental paintings,
which play with texture and color to create
images that arrest the viewer’s eyes.
● His paintings are abstracted reflections on
Philippine history, social issues, and the
human experience.
ANNIE CABIGTING
● Annie Cabigting is one of this generation
of artists’ technical masters, and her work
is well-known both for its adherence to real
life form, and for its ability to challenge
the viewer.
● Cabigting is perhaps most known for her
ability to force her viewers to question
ideas of authorship, reproduction, and
point of view.
● Her recent show, Museum Watching,
featured photorealistic paintings of people
observing famous artworks.
OSCAR VILLAMIEL
● Villamiel’s work is well-known for its use
of salvaging, with the artist using found
materials or old, recycled parts to create
entirely new works.
● Mga Damong Ligaw
GERALDINE JAVIER
● Her work emphasizes complexity, both of
subject matter and form. In addition to
iconography from her Roman Catholic
upbringing, she also touches on the
concepts of death, emotional violence,
relationships, and social tensions.
● Rather than touching on the social realism
and political commentary of her
predecessors, Javier instead paints subjects
that are highly personal and specific.
RONALD VENTURA
● Ronald Ventura’s artworks are known for
combining a variety of different media, and
 he explores new themes, materials, and
concepts in his work.
● Although skilled in different media,
including photography, sculptures, and
installations, he’s particularly known for
his work surrounding the human form.
● By layering usually separate styles, such as
graffiti, cartoons, and photorealism, he
highlights the multiple and sometimes
conflicting identities that make up the
Philippines.
GARY-ROSS PASTRANA
● Pastrana’s work is known for combining
concepts with context in subtle, poetic
ways. In addition to sculpture, his work has
also employed the use of folded and coiled
photographs, found pictures from the
internet woven together, and even his own
shirt tied to a flag pole.
AGNES ARELLANO
● Arellano’s sculptures are distinctive not
only for their mastery of the female form,
but for their harrowing, sometimes
grotesque, and always unforgettable
subject matter. Much of her career has
been shaped by the tragic death of her
family in a fire in 1981, and many of her
works commemorate this event.
● Arellano is known for her focus on the
female body using a variety of different
sculptural materials, including casts of her
own body. She calls her sculptures
“inscapes,” where she invites the viewers
to walk in and explore the core of their
meaning.
KIKO ESCORA
● Kiko Escora, also known as Manila
Animal, is a prolific, chameleon-like artist
whose work changes with every exhibition.
● His subjects often have a particularly
unnerving energy, with expressions and
attitudes that turn the viewer from an
impartial observer to an almost voyeur.
YASMIN SISON-CHING
● Sison-Ching’s early work centered on
abstract expressionism. Her gestural
paintings included bright splashes of color
and expressionist figures that lacked both
form and identity. She then moved on to
representational imagery, distinctive for
her unflinching portrayal of her subjects.
NEIL PASILAN
● Pasilan’s work is known for its use of
multiple layers and media, utilizing these
different strata to expose or sometimes
mask different forms and subjects.
● Pasilan’s work is distinctive for its hazy
yet emotion-filled approach to form,
creating emotion through abstraction
where the viewer would initially assume
there was none to be found.
KAWAYAN DE GUIA
● De Guia’s work is notable for his
seemingly disjointed juxtapositions of
different images and forms.
● The chaotic landscapes of his artworks also
invite the viewer to explore feelings of
discontent and disarticulation, and leave
them with lingering feelings of restlessness
long after they’ve left.
MARK SALVATUS
● Mark Salvatus calls his artworks “Salvage
Projects,” and he is preoccupied with the
idea of movements and transitions from
one place or state of being to another. His
work discusses urbanization and the
socioeconomic structure that surrounds it,
especially in Metro 15 Manila.
MARTA ATIENZA
● Martha Atienza’s work is primarily known
for being expressed through video
installation, which has been exhibited in
various galleries across the globe.
● Using the concept of a “stranger” to guide
her hand, her work toes the line between
imagination and understanding.
● Atienza takes an almost sociological
approach to her artwork, exploring
different contradictions and subjects with
an almost clinical eye.
HANNA PETTYJOHN
● Taking inspiration from her parents’ work
and her own experiences as a Filipino -
American, Pettyjohn’s work seems to
focus on the meeting and discussion
between two worlds.
● Her paintings are often accompanied by
sculptural works, and fragments of
memory and autobiographical tidbits make
up much of her artwork.
 ● Her palettes are muted, emphasizing a RHYTHM - MOVEMENT
feeling of nostalgia and transience. With
themes of impermanence, loneliness,
anxiety, and aimlessness, her work speaks
to a new generation of individuals who feel
untethered to their own histories and
societies.

POPE BACAY
● Bacay’s work draws on the sense of place,
capturing scenes from his life in his
hometown of Roxas. Framing the everyday
and familiar within architectural structures,
he emphasizes the role of these structures EMPHASIS
in capturing and maintaining our memories.
The visual geography on his canvases is
both foreign and familiar all at once, with
windowpanes or traditional-style houses a
well-known sight to 17 viewers.

RADIAL BALANCE

SYMMETRICAL BALANCE

HARMONY

RHYTHM