General

Biology 2

Prepared by:
Arlha Lorienel B. Ingua
 Complete the Punnett square using the listed
parent genotypes and determine the genotype(s)
and phenotype(s) of the offsprings.
A homozygous dominant brown mouse mates with a
heterozygous brown mouse. Tan is the recessive color.

B B
Genotype:
B BB BB BB, Bb
Phenotype:
b Bb Bb 100% brown
Hardy-Weinberg
Equilibrium
General Biology 2

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S4WMwesMts&t=6s&pp=ygUeYW1vZWJhIHNpc3RlcnMgaGFyZHkgd2VpbmJlcmcg
• https://www.canva.com/
Hardy Weinberg
Equilibrium
It states that a population’s
allele and genotype
frequencies are constant,
unless there is some type of
evolutionary force acting • https://www.slideserve.com/nuru/hardy-weinberg-equilibrium

upon them.
Population of Frogs

• same species
• can breed with each other
• have fertile offspring
Population of Frogs
• same species
• can breed with each other
• have fertile offspring
• variations

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

It states that allele and genotype
frequencies are constant.
 Example:

G
“dominant allele”
(dark green)

“recessive allele”
(light green)

g
 Allele Frequency
G = 0.6
1
g = 0.4
GG Gg gg
Assumptions of
Hardy-Weinberg
Equilibrium
• No natural selection
• No mutation
• No migration
• Large population
• Random mating
Hardy-Weinberg
Equations
p+q=1
where:
• p = dominant allele frequency
• q = recessive allele frequency

Example:
p = 60% is 0.6
q = 40% is 0.4 1
Hardy-Weinberg
Equations
p 2 + 2pq + q2 =1
where:
• p2 = homozygous dominant (genotype frequency of GG)
• 2pq = heterozygous dominant (genotype frequency of Gg)
• q2 = homozygous recessive (genotype frequency of gg)
Using Hardy-Weinberg Equations
Follow the following steps:
1. Determine which equation to use.
• p+q=1 for allele frequency or
• p2+2pq+q2=1 for genotype frequency

2. Figure out a value you can determine.

3. Use the value from Step 2 to determine what you

can calculate.
Example:

In an island, there are 500 snails.

375 of the snails have dark shells
and the rest are light colored. Find
the genotype frequencies and allele
frequencies.
 500 STEP !
Determine
which equation
to use

375 ?

working with genotypes use the equation for genotype frequency!

 500 STEP 2
Figure out a
value you an

375 125 determine.

change whole numbers to frequencies!

375 0.75 125 0.25
500 500
GG? Gg? gg
p 2 + 2pq + q2 =1
KNOWN VALUES: STEP 3
Use the value

q2 = 0.25 q2 form Step 2 to

determine what

p2 + 2pq + 0.25 = 1
you can
calculate.

0.25
p+q=1
p + 0.5 = 1
0.5 + 0.5 = 1
KNOWN VALUES: STEP 3
Use the value

q2 = 0.25 form Step 2 to

determine what

p = 0.5 you can

calculate.

q = 0.5
p
+ 2pq + 0.25 = 1
2

0.5 + 2(0.5)(0.5) + 0.25 = 1

2

0.25 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 1

GG Gg gg
 Example:
In an island, there are 500 snails. 375 of
the snails have dark shells and the rest
are light colored. Find the genotype
frequencies and allele frequencies.

Answers:
Genotype 0.25 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 1
frequencies: GG Gg gg
Allele 0.5 + 0.5 = 1
frequencies: G g
Thank you for
listening!