PRESENTATION

ON
FLUID MACHINERY(HYDROTURBINE)-II

SATISH KUMAR
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
NIT JAMSHEDPUR 1
 WORK DONE BY PELTON TURBINE

V = Velocity of jet
Blade velocity U1 = U2 = u
Vr1 , Vr2 = Relative velocity at inlet and outlet.
V u1 , Vu2 = Whirl component of velocity
β2 = angle through the jet deflected (180 – β2)
a= Cross-section area of jet
V1 ,V2 = Absolute velocity at inlet and outlet
K =friction coefficient = (Vr2÷ Vr1)
2
WORK DONE BY PELTON TURBINE

velocity triangle of pelton wheel

3
WORK DONE BY PELTON TURBINE

4
• From the inlet velocity triangle.
• Vr1 = (V - u)
• Where u =
• Vu1 = V1 = Vr1 +u1 ……….
• From the outlet velocity triangle
• Vu2 = (u – Vr2 cosβ2)

K=
• Or Vr2 = KVr1
• Vr2 = (u – KVr1(cos β2))
• Value of Vr1 from equation (1)
• Vr2 = [u – K(V - u) cos β2]
• Exerted force = Rate of change of momentum
• = ρQ (Vu1 – Vu2)
• = ρQ[(V - u)+K(V - u)cos β2]
• Fx = ρQ(V - u)(1+Kcosβ2)

• Flow rate Q = area x velocity of jet

• = a x V.
Fx = ρaV(V - u)(1+Kcos β2)
• Workdone (Wnet) = Fx x u
• Wnet = ρaVu(V - u)(1+Kcos β2)

• K.E of jet = ½ mV2

• = ½ ρQV2
• =1/2 ρaV3

aV (V  u )(1  K cos 

•
)
hydraulicefficiency  2

1
aV 3
2
 2u (V  u )(1  K cos  2 )
• h 
V2
• Differential with respect to (u)
2u (V  u )(1  K cos 
• =
V 2
2
)

2(1  K cos  2 ) d
• = 2uV  2u 
2

V2 du
• (ηH) = 2(1  K cos  2 ) [2V – 4u] = 0
V2
2(1  K cos  2 )
2
0
V
• V=2u
• Or
• = ½= 50%

• 2(V 
V
)(1  K cos  2 )  V2
•  h max  2
V2

•
(1  K cos  2 )
 h max 
2
 WORK DONE BY PELTON TURBINE
ηh

theoretical

actual

u/v (speed ratio)

Losses and efficiencies of pelton turbine

Nozzle efficiency-
It is the ratio of the actual kinetic energy supplied by
the jet and the water power available at the nozzle
10
 Penstock Nozzle

• (ρgQH)
• head loss due to friction ½ ρQV2

• Nozzle efficiency = =

• (η Nozzle) =

• Velocity coefficient (Cv ) : Ratio of the velocity of jet and the (υ)
theoretical velocity is called the velocity coefficient. It is represented by
Cv, value of Cv varies between 0.9 to 1.
ηnozzle = Cv2
• Hydraulic efficiency or wheel efficiency: It
is the ratio of power developed by the turbine
runner to the net power supplied by the water at
the entrance to the turbine (nozzle outlet).
• η H=

Nozzle Turbine runner runner

Qu (V  u)(1  K cos  2 )

(1/2 ρQV2)
Hydraulic losses: 2
Blade friction losses

Eddy formation losses.

Leakage losses

Other friction losses.

 aV (V  u )(1  K cos  )
hydraulicefficiency  2

1
aV 3
2
2u (V  u )(1  K cos  2 )
h  2
V efficiency of the turbine is the
Mechanical efficiency : Mechanical
ratio of the power available at the turbine shad to the power
developed. Mechanical losses are due to bearing friction and
other factors.

Turbine runner
Shaft

Mechanical Losses

Bearing friction
• mech=

• Volumetric efficiency (ηv): It is the ratio of the quantity of water

actually striking the turbine runner and the quantity of water supplied
to turbine.

ηv

• DQ is the amount of water with runner leakage with runner.

• Overall efficiency (ηo): It is the ratio of power available at the
turbine shaft to the water power available at the entrance level.

• =
•
 ηo = ηv x ηmech x ηH x η nozzle

Reservoir Penstock
Nozzle Turbine Shaft End Generater
End
End End

Frictional Mechanical
Frictional Hydraulic
head loss losses Generator
head losses loss
in nozzle losses
in penstock

Power loss diagram for Pelton turbine

SOME DIMENSIONAL NUMBER IN PELTON TURBINE:
Velocity coefficient or velocity ratio (Cv), It is defined as the ratio of the
jet velocity and the theoretical velocity of water.

• Cv = Value of Cv varies between 0.9 to 1.

• Speed ratio (Cu): It is defined as the ratio of the peripheral velocity of

runner and the theoretical velocity of water.
• Speed ratio(Cu) = Value of CH varies between 0.45 to 0.6

Jet ratio (m): It is the ratio of diameter of runner wheel (D) and the
diameter of the jet (d).
m=

Number of buckets (n) =0.5 m + 15

Example :
The following data relate to a Pelton turbine
Power developed = 4000 kW
Head = 320 m
Speed ratio = 0.45
Jet ratio= 12
Angle of jet deflection = 165°
Coefficient of velocity = 0.98
Overall efficiency = 84%
Generator efficiency = 96%
Friction loss of buckets = 10%
Determine:
(i) Diameter of the Jet (ii) Tangential force on the bucket
(iii) Diameter of the runner (iv) Synchronous speed
Solution:
Given Power developed = 400 kW., Head (H) = 320 m,
Speed ratio = 0.45 = Cu , Angle of jet deflection = 165o
β2 = 180 -165 = 15
Cv = 0.98 K = 0.90 m = 12
Diameter of jet ηo = 0.84
ηo = 0.84 =

0.84 =

Q = 1.5169 m3/sec
Flow rate (θ) = a x Vjet

Vjet = Cv = 0.98

Vjet = 77.65 ms-1

Q = a x Vjet
1.5169 =π/4 x (d)2 x77.65
d = 0.1577 m or 157.7mm.

(ii) Tangential force on the bucket

Fx = (ρaV) x (V-u)[1+Kcosβ2]
u = 0.45
u = 35.66 ms-1

Speed ratio (Cu) = = 0.45 =

u = 0.45
u = 35.66 ms-1
Tangential force Fx = 100 x π/4 x (0.1577)2 x 77.65
x [(77.65-35.66)x(10.9cos15)]
Fx = 1515.92 x [41.99]x[1.8639]
Fx = 118.98 KN
(iii) Diameter of runner
Jet ratio (m) = D/d =12
Diameter of runner (D) = 12 xd
= 12 x 0.1577
D = 1.8924 m.
(iv) Synchronous speed: assuming f , the frequency of generator,
as 50 cycles per sec.
F= where p = number of pairs of pole.

Nsyn = = = 375.0 rpm

Number of poles p=8 (Assume).
Example2.
A double overhang Pelton wheel unit is to operate at 30,000 kW
generators under an effective head of 300m at the base of the
nozzle. Find the size of the Jet, mean diameter of runner,
Assume generator efficiency 93%, overall efficiency of turbine
85%, coefficient of nozzle velocity 0.97, speed ratio=0.46 , Jet
ratio = 12.
Solution. Given
Power output Pt = 30,000kW, H = 300 m, ηoverall = 0.85%,
ηgenerator = 93%,Cv = 0.9,Speed ratio = 0.46,M = 12.
Power supply to generator by the runner= = 32258.06 kW
Number of runners = 2
Power output for single turbine= = 16129.03 kW
Power available from the turbine shaft P = ηoverall x ρgQH
16129.03 x 103 =9810 x Q x 300 x 0.85
Q = 6.45 x 10 m3/sec.
Q = 6.45 lit/sec.
Velocity of jet Vjet = Kv = 0.97 = 74.41 ms-1
Q = ajet x Vjet
6.44 = π/4 x d2 x 74.41
d=0.3322 m
D=12 x0.3322 m=3.9866m

u= , 35.29 =

N = 169.15 rpm.
POWER DEVELOPED BY FRANCIS TURBINE
RUNNER
The velocity vector diagram at inlet and outlet of the
runner of a Francis turbine .
Where V1 , V2 = absolute velocity of fluid at inlet and outlet
u1, u2 = blade velocity at inlet and outlet
Vr1, Vr2 = relative velocity of fluid at inlet and outlet
Vu1, Vu2 = whirl component or tangential component of
absolute velocity at inlet and outlet
Vf1, Vf2 = axial component of absolute velocity at
inlet and outlet
ω = angular velocity
r1, r2 = runner radius at inlet and outlet
N = speed of rotation
α1, α2 = flow angle at inlet and outlet
β1, β1 = blade angle at inlet and outlet
 Velocity triangle of Francis turbine.
Assumptions:

Flow is steady and one dimensional.

No energy loss in the runner due to friction and eddy formation.
Infinite number of blades, liquid flowing in the blades.
No loss due to shock at entry.
From the second law of Newton,
Torque = rate of change of angular momentum
Torque(T) = m[Vu1 r1-( -Vu2 r2)]
Torque(T) = m(Vu1 r1+Vu2 r2) ..

Mass flow rate(m) =  Q

T = ρQ (Vu1 r1+Vu2 r2)

Power developed in one second.
Power (P) = T  
P = ρQ(Vu1 r1+Vu2 r2) ω
P = ρQ(Vu1 r1 ω +Vu2 r2 ω)
Blade velocity u1= r1 ω and u2 = r 2 ω
Power = ρQ(Vu1 u1+Vu2 u2)
P = ρQ(Vu1 u1+Vu2 u2)
Equation for power is valid when the α2 is less than 900, so Vu2 is
negative because of direction of Vu2 is opposite to that of blade motion.
If α2>900 than P = ρQ(Vu1 u1-Vu2 u2)
Means power developed by runner (P) = ρQ (Vu1 u1±Vu2 u2)
From the outlet velocity triangle. Water flow without whirl Vu2 = 0
So
P = ρQ(Vu1 u1-0Ҳu2)
Power Developed by Runner = ρQVu1 u1
LOSSES AND EFFICIENCIES OF REACTION TURBINE
(FRANCIS AND KAPLAN)
The various losses that may occur in a Francis turbine units can
classified under.

(i) Hydraulic Efficiency or Runner Efficiency (ηH). It is the ratio

of power developed by the turbine runner to the net power supplied
by the water at the entrance to the turbine.

power developedby the turbine

ηH =
power sup plied to the turbine
 Entrance of Turbine
Spiral casing Runner

Hydraulic
losses
i. Blade friction losses
ii. Eddy formation losses
iii. Friction losses in draft tube
iv. Disc friction losses
v. Leakage losses
 g Vu1u1  Vu 2 u 2 
ηH =
gQH

Vu1u1  Vu 2 u 2
ηH=
gH

Mechanical Efficiency ( ηMech ) . It is the ratio of power available

at the turbine shaft to the power developed by turbine runner.
Mechanical losses are due to bearing friction and other factor.
Turbine
Shaft
runner

Mechanical losses
 power availableat the turbine
η Mech = power developedby the turbine

Volumetric Efficiency(ηV ). It is the ratio of quantity of water

actually striking the turbine runner and the quantity of water
supplied to the turbine.
Q
ηV =Q  Q
Where Q is the amount of water striking the runner ∆Q is the
amount of water loss due to leakage.

Overall Efficiency(ηO). It is the ratio of power available at the

turbine shaft to water power available at the entrane level.
 power output power output
o  
input power g Q  Q H
 o  v  Mech  H

Power loss diagram for reaction turbine

(Francis and Kaplan)
SOME DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER OF REACTION
TURBINE
Flow ratio (CV). It is the ratio of the velocity of flow (Vf) and the
2 gH ).
theoretical velocity (
Flow ratio (CV) = Vf (CV) varies from 0.12 to 0 .30.
2gH
Speed ratio (Cu). It is the ratio of the blade peripherial
 u 
velocity(u) and the theoretical velocity Cu =  
 2gH 
 
Value of Cu varies from 0.60 to 0.90.
2 gH

The ratio of width and diameter of the runner is

known as width dia ratio.
Value of φ varies from0.10 to 0.35.
RUN AWAY SPEED
The run away speed of a turbine is the maximum speed attained by
the runner under maximum head at full gate opening, when the
external load (generator) is disconnected from the system.
All rotating parts must be designed to withstand the runaway speed
which varies among the manufacturers with the design of turbine
and generator.
Runaway speed for various types of turbines is generally as
follow:
Turbine Runaway speed
Pelton turbine 1.8 to 1.9 N
Francis turbine 2 to 2.2 N
Kaplan turbine 2.5 to 3 N
The exact value of runaway speed of any turbine can be predicted
from the model tests in the laboratory.
DRAFT TUBE THEORY
A pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging water
from the outlet of the turbine to tail race is called the draft tube.
One end of the draft tube is connected to the outlet of the runner
and other end sub-merged below the level of water in tail race,
draft tube, in addition to serve a passage for water discharge, has
the following two purposes also.
1. The turbine may be placed above the tail race and hence turbine
may be inspected properly.
 V2 
2. The kinetic energy  
 rejected at the outlet of the turbine is
 2g 
converted into useful pressure energy.
Assume h2 = height of runner from datum level.
Hs = suction height.
V2,V3= velocity of fluid at inlet and outlet section of draft tube
h4 = height of outlet of the draft tube from datum level.
h3 = height of outlet section of draft tube from tail race.
Applying the Bernoulli’s theorem between inlet and outlet of the
draft tube.
P2 V22 P3 V32
  h2    h4
g 2g g 2g
P2 = P3- ( h h )-  V22  V32 
2- 4
 
g g  2g 
 
P3 P
= a + h3
g g

P2 = P -( h2-h3 –h4)-  V22  V32 

 
a  2g 
 
g g
From the Figure
h2-h3 –h4 = Hs
P2 P  V 2
 V 2

a -  Hs  
2 3

2 g 
=
g g 

Hs= static suction head

 V22  V32 
  = dyanamic suction head.
 2g 
 
If frictional losses in the draft tube is hf

P2 P  V22  V32 
So g = ag -  Hs  2 g  + hf
 

P2 P   V22  V32  
= a -  H s     hf 
 
g g   2g  
Draft tube efficiency is defined as ratio of actual conversion of
kinetic head into pressure head in the draft tube to the kinetic head
at the inlet of the draft tube. Hence

  V22  V32  
    hf 

Draft tube efficiency (ηd ) =   2g  
 V22 
 
 2g 
Example3- A Francis turbine with overall efficiency 75%
required to produce 148.25 kW power. It is working under
the head of 7.62 m. The peripheral velocity =0 .26
and radial velocity of flow at inlet is 0.96 . The wheel
runs at 150 rpm and hydraulic losses in turbine 22% of
available energy. Determine (i)Blade angle (ii) Wheel
vane angle at inlet (iii) Dia of wheel at inlet (iv) Width of
wheel at inlet.
SOLUTION. (i) Peripheral velocity
u1 = 0.26
u1 =0.26 2  9.81 7.62
= 3.179 m/s
u1 = D N
1

D1= 0.4049 m 60
  D1  150 2 gH
3.179 =
60
Flow velocity Vf =0.96 2 gH
= .96
2  9.81 7.62
= 11.738 ms-1
= =
0 Power output 0.75 
148.25  103
1000  9.81 Q  7.62
Q= 2.6 m3/sec Power input

Q = .0026 m3/sec or Q = b1d1 Vf1 or

2.6= 0.4049 11.73 b1
b1 = 0.174 m
b1 = 2.6/14.913 or b1 =0.174m
• Discharge is radial u2= 90°
• V2= Vf2 and Vu2 = 0
• Work done per unit weight = Vgu 
u1 1

 
• From Energy balance equation
• Total head (H) = Work done + hydraulic losses
• H = Vu1u1 +0.22 H Vu1u1
g
• 0.78 H= g

V  3.179
u1

• 0.78 * 7.62= 9.81

• u
V u1 = 18.34 ms -1
1
• = 3.179 ms-1
• From ∆ABC tan α1 = = AB BC
Vf1
• α1 = 32.6° Vu 1
• tan α1 = 1118..738
34 



•
• tan (180 – β1 ) = Vf 1 =11.738
Vu1 u 1 18.34  3.179
• β1 = 142.30
• 180- β1= 37.7° β1 = 180-37.= 142.30
 Example4-
• A Kaplan turbine develops 1500 KW under a
head of 6m. The turbine is set at 2.5m above
water level. A vacuum gauge inserted at the
turbine outlet records a suction head of 3.1m. If
turbine efficiency is 85%, what is the efficiency of
the Draft tube, having inlet diameter of 3m?
Solution-Given: H = 6m
Pt = 1500 kW
Suction head Hs = 2.5
outlet of turbine reading = - 3.1m of water.
 Example4-

Power output 1500103

0.85 
Power input 1000 9.81 Q  6
1500  103 Q 29.98
Q V2    4.24 ms 1
0.85  9.81  1000  6 A  2
(3 )
4
P2 Pa  V2 2 V3 2 
  Hs     hf  Consider no frictional losses
g pg  2g 2g 
  hf = 0

 4.242 V3 
2 V3 = 2.49 ms-1
 3.1  25    
 2  9.81 2  9. 81 
 V2 2  V3 2 
 
Draft tube efficiency   4.242  2.492
 2g   D  65.43%
 V 22  4.242

 2g  
 
 Example 5-
• A Kaplan turbine develops 2575kW under a net head of
7.5m. It is provided with an elbow type draft tube with a
circular inlet of 2.5m diameter. The inlet is set at height of
1.5m above the tail race level. A vacuum gauge connected
to draft tube inlet records a reading of 36.3 KN/m2. If the
efficiency of the draft tube is 78%. Calculate the efficiency of
the Kaplan turbine. If the ratio of area of circular inlet and
rectangular exit of the draft tube is 1 : 5, determine the
power lost due to friction in the tube. If the turbine output
were reduced to 1250 kW head and speed reading
remaining unchanged, determine the vacuum gauge
reading.
Solution-

Power output Pt = 2575 kW = 2575 × 103 W

Head (H) = 7.5m
Suction head Hs = 1.5m
Diameter of inlet of draft tube = 2.5m

P2  Patm =- 36.3 kN/m2 or 3.6734m of water

g
nd = 78%
Atmospheric pressure = 10.3 m
p2 pa  V2 2  V3 2 
  Hs    hf 
g g  2g 
 
 Example 5-
Neglecting the frictional losses:
hf = 0
p2 pa  V2 2  V3 2 
  hs  0
g g  2g 
 
 V2 2  V3 2 
 3.6734   1.5   
 2g 
 
V2  V3
2 2

 2.1734
2g
V 2  V3
2 2

2g 2.1734
nd  2
 0.78 
V2 V 22
2g 2g
Example 5-
2  9.81  2.1734
V2 
2

0.78
V2 = 7.39 ms-1
Discharge through the turbine

Q (2.5) 2  7.39
4
= 36.2576 m3/sec
Overall efficiency =Output power
Power input ( gQH )

= 2575 10
3

1000  9.81 36.2576  7.5

= 96.5%
Example 5-
draft tube inlet area  1 
 
draft tube outlet area  5 


(2.5) 2  4.906m 2
draft tube inlet area4 =
4.906 1

Draft tube outlet area 5

A3 = draft tube outlet area = 5 × 4.906

= 24.53 m2
Q = area × velocity = A3 × V3
36.2576 = 24.53 × V3
V3 = 1.478 ms -1
p p  V 2V 2 
2
 a
  hs   2 3
 hf 
g g  2g 
 
Example 5-
 7.39 2  1.4782 
1.5  
- 3.6734 =   h f
 28 

- 2.1734 + 2.6732 = hf
Frictional losses = 0.4998 m of water
If the power output
Pt = 1250 kW
Output power
0 
Power input ( gQH )
1250  103
0.965 
1000  9.81  Q  7.5
 1250  103 
Q   
 1000  9.81  7.5  0.965 

Q = 17.605 m3/sec
Q = A2 V2 = A3 V3
Example 5-
Q 17.605
V2    3.588 ms 1
A2 
(2.5) 2
4
And Q = A3 V3
Q 17.605
V3    0.7176 ms 1
A3 
5  (2.5) 2
4
Vacuum gauge reading
 p2  pa  V2 2  V3 2 
    H s    hf 
 g   2 g 
 3.588  0.71762 
 1.5    0.4998
 2  9.81 

= - 1.630 m of water
Example-6
• A Kaplan turbine develops 8000 HP under
a head of 5m. Its speed ratio is 2, flow
ratio is 0.6, and diameter of boss = 0.35
times the external diameter of the runner.
Mechanical efficiency of the turbine is
90%. Calculate the diameter of the runner,
speed of the runner and also the specific
speed.
Example-6
Pt = 8000 HP , H = 5m , Cu1 = 2 , Cv = 0.6 , nt = 0.90 , d = 0.35 D1
Power output
nt 
gQH
8000  746
0.90 
1000  9.81  Q  5
8000 746
Q = 133.3 m3/sec
1000 9.81 5  0.90
Vf
C  0.6 
2 gh

V f  0.6  2  9.81 5
Vf = 5.92 ms-1
Flow rate (Q) = Area of flow × flow velocity
 2
133.3  ( D1  0.352D1 )  5.92 D1  5.7 m
2

4
Example-6
u D1 N
Speed ratioCu  2  
2 gh 2 gh

2  2  9.81 5    5.7  N
 2  2  9.81  5 
N 



   5.7 
Speed (N) = 66 rpm
Optimum synchronous speed of the turbine would be 75 rpm, when
frequency 50 Hz. generator having 40 pairs.
N Pt 66  8000
Ns  5
 1
4 4
H 5

= 792.
CAVITATION
The pressure at any point drops below the vapor pressure corresponding to temperature of the
liquid, liquid will vaporize and form cavities of vapor. Vapour bubbles are carried along with the stream
until a region of higher pressure is reached where they collapse or implode with a tremendous shock on
the adjacent wall. This phenomenon is called cavitations. Cavitation affects the pump performance and
may damage pump parts in severe cases.
 Noise and vibrations
 Drop in head capacity and efficiency curve
 Impeller vane pitting and corrosion fatigue failure of metal.
CAVITATION
Cavitation depends upon:
• Vapour pressure (Pv) which is a function of temperature of flowing
water.
• Barometric pressure (Pb) due to the location of turbine above the
sea level.
• Suction pressure (Hs) which is the height of runner outlet above tail
race level.
• Absolute velocity of water at outlet.
• Prof. Thoma (1881-1943) suggested a cavitation factor ( ) to
determine the zone where turbine can work without being affected
from Cavitation.
• Critical cavitation factor ( σcrit) = (Hb - Hs ) = (Hatm - Hv - Hs )
 H
H
• Hb= barometric pressure in metre of water = Ha – Hv
• Ha= Atomspheric pressure in metre of water
• Hv = Vapour pressure in m of water
• Hs = Suction pressure in m of water
• H= Working head.
 CAVITATION
• According to the Prof. Thoma, Cavitation can be
avoided if the value of are not less than the
critical value.

• Prof. Rogger suggested the following empirical
relation for Francis turbine.
2

• σcrit = 0.0317  100

SN 

 
•
• The maximum permissible specific speed can be
calculated by
(Hb - Hs )
Ns = 562
H
 CAVITATION
• Method to Avoid Cavitation
• (i) Turbine installed below the tail race level P
P2 a  V 2  V32 
 Hs  2  hf 
• (ii) Outlet pressure of turbine (P2 ) g
= g -  2g 

• Means outlet pressure of turbine is the function of suction head (Hs).

if the Hs decreases than the pressure at the outlet of turbine increases
and value will increase so that chance of cavitation minimize which
means the turbine work in the safe zone. Suction head decrease to
negative value means turbine installed below the tail race level.
design cavitation free runner