Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MODULE Class VIII C08
MODULE Class VIII C08
A. HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY
LECTURE – 1
A. HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY
INTRODUCTION
RELATED QUESTIONS
LECTURE – 2
CONNECTION FROM POLE TO THE DISTRIBUTION BOARD
Electric Meter
It is a device used to measure the amount of electrical energy consumed
by the consumer in the unit kWh for which the electricity bill is paid by
him to the electricity board.
When the electricity is in use, the counter fixed on the armature of the
meter rotates and reads the number of rotations (A red mark is seen
rotating).
When any electric appliance is put on, the electric current flows that
rotates the armature (disc)
Electric power meter works by counting the rotations of the disc.
f. One day the meter reading was 7643 units while on the following day,
it was 7657 units. What is the consumption of electricity in a day?
g. Name the unit in which you pay the cost of your electricity bill? How
is it related to joule?
h. An appliance is rated as 60W-150V.
(i) What do you understand by this statement?
(ii) How much current will flow through the appliance when in use?
i. An electric iron of power 1.5 kW is used for 30 minutes to press
clothes. Calculate the electrical energy consumed in (a) kilowatt hour
(b) joule
LECTURE – 3
ELECTRIC FUSE (A SAFETY DEVICE)
Note: Copper wire cannot be used as a fuse wire since meting point of copper is
higher and resistance is very low and current can flow through it without
melting it and without breaking the circuit.
These days miniature circuit breakers (MCB) are used. It is automatic and
quicker breaker, when current flowing excess.
LECTURE – 4
RELATED QUESTIONS
1. Write true or false for each statement
a. Overloading of electric current in circuits can lead to an electrical
short circuit.
b. Our body can pass electricity through it.
c. The metallic cases of all appliances are insulators of electricity.
d. A switch should be touched with wet hands.
B. STATIC ELECTRICITY
LECTURE - 1
DISCOVERY OF STATIC ELECTRICITY
Electric current or electricity is the flow of electrons (charges) while
static electricity deals with the electricity at rest or the static
electricity.
The word electricity came from a Greek word “elektron” which
means amber (a type of a resin).
Apart from amber, there are many other substances such as glass,
plastic, nylon, hard rubber, sealing wax, ebonite etc. which also show
the same attractive property.
When an object made of a substance like glass, plastic, ebonite, amber,
nylon, hard rubber etc., is rubbed with wool, fur or silk, it acquires an
electric charge due to friction. The object is said to be charged and it
acquires the property to attract small pieces of paper, leave or cork.
Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract each
other.
TYPES/KINDS OF CHARGES
To be discussed in class.
LECTURE - 2
CONSERVATION OF CHARGE
According to the Law of conservation of charge “When two different
bodies are rubbed together, both bodies get charged equally but with
charges of opposite kind.”
Thus, the total charge of two bodies before and after rubbing remains
the same.
Example: When an ebonite rod is-rubbed with fur, the electrons from
the fur are transferred to the ebonite rod and therefore the ebonite rod
becomes negatively charged (due to gain of electrons), while the fur
becomes equally positively charged (due to deficit of same number of
electrons). As the same number of electrons are, exchanged by the
ebonite rod and fur, the magnitude of charges main same but with
opposite sign.
Glass
Human hair
Nylon
Stronger tendency to gain electrons
Wool
Fur
Silk
Pape
Cotton
Wood
Amber
Balloon
Vinyl
Polyester
Ebonite
CONDUCTORS INSULATORS
They allow the current electricity to Do not allow the current electricity
flow through them. to flow through them.
They have large number of free They have small number of free
electrons. electrons.
All metals like Ag, Cu, iron, gold, Cotton, dry wood, rubber, glass
wet wood etc. distilled water etc.
Conductors cannot be charged by Can be charged by rubbing.
rubbing.
RELATED QUESTIONS
LECTURE – 3
ELECTROSCOPE
It is a device which is used to detect the presence and nature (kind) of
charge on a body, (i) pith ball electroscope and (ii) Gold leaf electroscope
To test whether the charged body has a positive charge or a negative charge
Suppose we charge the leaves of the electroscope positively.
To detect the kind of charge by a positively charged gold leaf
electroscope touching the disc of electroscope with negatively charged
ebonite rod. The leaves diverge (because of repulsion). The divergence as
show in figure (a).
Bring a charged body to be tested in contact with disc. If divergence in
leaves increase, it has similar charge i.e. negative as shown in figure (b).
If divergence decrease, the body has opposite charge i.e. positive charge
as shown in figure (c).
Charge on the Charge on the body to Effect on the
electroscope be tested divergence of the gold
leaves
+ + Increases
- - Increases
+ - Decreases
- + Decreases
+ or - Uncharged Decreases
RELATED QUESTIONS
LECTURE – 4
ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY
Franklin’s Experiment
Franklin flew a kite made of silk in a thunder-storm. At the top comer of
the kite, he fixed a metal wire about 30 cm long.
The other end of the wire was joined to the string. At the lower end of the
string, he tied a metal key.
Observation: When the string got wet, he obtained a number of sparks
between his knuckle and the key.
Conclusion: He concluded from his experiment that in a thunder storm,
the clouds acquire an electric charge due to friction.
LIGHTNING
Due to friction from winds, clouds rub against each other and get
electrically charged during thunder storm (bundles of small water
droplets and ice particles form thunder storm).
The upper part of cloud is usually positive while the lower part of cloud
gets usually negatively charged.
Sudden movement in cloud causes this electrical charge to discharge in
the form of lightning.
Dangers of lightning: Lightning can kill the men, animals and shatter the
buildings and cause large scale fire in forests and buildings.
LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
The conductor which is fixed on the top of the building to protect the buildings
from the damage by lightning.
Construction: The conductor consists of several sharp metal spikes connected
to a thick copper strip. The other end of the copper strip is fixed to a metal plate
buried inside the ground. The process is called earthing. The conductor hoe
works on the principle of induction.
Working: Whenever a charged cloud pass by the building, the conductor gets
charge opposite to that of the cloud through the process of induction. Now this
acquired charge moves to the earth through the earthing system and the building
is saved from the damage.
RELATED QUESTIONS
1. Write true or false for each statement:
a. A lightning conductor saves the building from lightning.