CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

This chapter was consisted of the research design, population of the student, sample
size, sampling method, data sources, and producure of data collection, reliability and
validity of the instruments, data gathering procedure, data analysis, ethical
consideration and limitations of the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The systematic plan and approach used to investigate and gather information about
various aspects of managing students in an educational setting. It involves outlining
the steps, procedures, and methods that will be employed to collect and analyze data
related to student management Research Questions Clearly define the specific
questions or objectives that the study aims to address. For example, you may want to
investigate the impact of a specific student management strategy on academic
performance or examine the effectiveness of a discipline policy in maintaining a
positive learning environment.

RESEARCH POPULATION

The population of the study will derive from student’s institutions in Huddur, and the
accessible population will be 120. Student’s management

SAMPLE SIZE

The researcher will use Solvent’s formula to calculate the sample size,

with maximum acceptable

N
error 5% n=
1+ Na 2

N: Stands the population

n. Stands the sample

a. Stands acceptable error

 +200
n=
1+ 200(0.05 x 0.05)

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

The researchers was used anumber of samplings which include; simple random
sampling,purposive random sampling.

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

The researchers also used random sampling method.the students were randomly
selected to give each an equal chance of representation. All respondents were
assumed to have vital information on the subject matter of the research respondents
who will willing to participate was approached.

Purposive sampling

The school managers was purposely selected because the respondents were
considered to be very knowledgeable.

Data source

Textbooks are a primary source of information in many subjects. They provide

structured content that is aligned with the curriculum and often include exercises and
activities for students to practice.

Teachers often create or use additional resources such as worksheets, handouts, and
lesson plans. These resources may include data or information relevant to the subject
being taught.

It's important to note that data sources may vary depending on the educational system,
school resources, and the availability of technology. Teachers and school
administrators play a crucial role in selecting appropriate data sources that align with
the curriculum and support students' learning objectives.

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE AND INSTRUMENT

Data collection and instruments play a crucial role in student management systems.
These systems are designed to efficiently collect, store, analyze, and utilize data
related to students' academic performance, attendance, behavior, and other relevant
information.

Student Information Systems (SIS): SIS is a comprehensive software solution that

allows educational institutions to collect and manage student data. It includes features
such as enrollment, attendance tracking, grades, schedules, and demographic
information. SIS serves as a central repository for student data, which can be accessed
by administrators, teachers, and other authorized personnel.

Online Forms and Surveys: Institutions often use online forms and surveys to collect
specific information from students, parents, and teachers. These forms can be used to
gather data on students' interests, goals, extracurricular activities, and feedback on
various aspects of the educational experience.

Assessment Tools: Assessment tools, such as exams, quizzes, and assignments,

provide valuable data on students' academic performance and progress. These
instruments help measure students' knowledge, skills, and understanding of the
curriculum.Attendance Tracking Systems: Attendance tracking systems, whether
manual or electronic, help schools monitor students' attendance patterns. These
systems record and analyze data on students' presence or absence, which is crucial for
identifying attendance trends and addressing potential issues.

Learning Management Systems (LMS): LMS platforms enable schools to manage and
deliver online courses and educational content. LMS systems often include features
for tracking students' progress, participation, and completion of online assignments.

Behavior Tracking Systems: Behavior tracking systems are used to monitor and
record students' behavior within the school environment. These systems can help
identify patterns of positive or negative behavior, allowing schools to intervene and
provide appropriate support when necessary.

Surveys and Feedback: Schools may conduct surveys or collect feedback from
students, parents, and teachers to gather information on various aspects of the
educational experience. This data can provide insights into students' satisfaction,
engagement, and areas for improvement.
Data Analytics and Reporting Tools: Data analytics tools allow schools to analyze and
visualize the collected data. These tools can help identify trends, patterns, and
correlations in student performance, attendance, behavior, and other relevant factors.
Reports generated from these tools provide valuable insights for decision-making and
improving student management strategies.

Student Portfolios: Student portfolios are collections of students' work and

achievements over time. They can include samples of coursework, projects, artwork,
and other accomplishments. Portfolios provide a comprehensive view of students'
progress and growth, allowing teachers, parents, and students themselves to assess
their development.

Learning Analytics: Learning analytics involves the collection and analysis of data
related to students' learning behaviors and outcomes. It encompasses various data
sources such as LMS usage data, online discussion participation, and assessment
results. Learning analytics can help educators identify areas of improvement,
personalize instruction, and provide targeted interventions to support student success.

DATA ANALYSIS

Academic Performance Analysis: Data analysis can help identify patterns and trends
in student academic performance. By examining factors such as grades, test scores,
and attendance records, educators can gain insights into student strengths and
weaknesses, identify struggling students who may need additional support, and
develop targeted interventions and improvement strategies.

Student Engagement and Behavior Analysis: Data analysis can be used to track
student engagement and behavior patterns. This can include analyzing data from
attendance records, disciplinary actions, and student surveys to identify factors that
may affect student engagement and behavior. By understanding these patterns,
educators can implement strategies to improve student engagement and address
behavior issues effectively.

Dropout and Retention Analysis: Data analysis can help identify students who are at
risk of dropping out or struggling with retention. By analyzing factors such as
attendance, grades, course selection, and demographic information, educators can
identify specific risk factors and develop intervention programs to support these
students and increase retention rates.

Student Support Services: Data analysis can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of
student support services, such as counseling programs, tutoring, and academic
interventions. By analyzing data on student outcomes, educators can determine which
support services are most beneficial and make data-driven decisions to allocate
resources effectively.

Program Evaluation: Data analysis can be used to assess the effectiveness of

educational programs and initiatives. By analyzing data on student outcomes, program
participation rates, and other relevant factors, educators can determine whether
specific programs are achieving their intended goals and make informed decisions
about program improvement or discontinuation.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE STUDY

VALIDITY

Validity in student management refers to the extent to which the methods, tools, and
procedures used to manage students are accurate, reliable, and measure what they are
intended to measure. It is a critical aspect of student management systems and
practices as it ensures that the information collected and decisions made based on that
information are trustworthy and meaningful.

Content validity: This refers to the extent to which the content of an assessment or
evaluation tool represents the knowledge, skills, and abilities it is designed to
measure. For example, if a math test is intended to assess algebraic skills, it should
include a representative sample of algebraic problems.

Construct validity: This type of validity examines whether a measurement tool

accurately measures the underlying theoretical construct it claims to measure. For
example, if a test is designed to measure critical thinking skills, construct validity
would ensure that the test items effectively assess those skills and not something else.

RELIABILITY
Reliability in student management refers to the ability of an educational institution or
system to consistently and dependably carry out its responsibilities and tasks related
to student management. It encompasses various aspects, including the accuracy and
consistency of student data, the efficiency of administrative processes, and the
effectiveness of communication and support provided to students.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

Ethical considerations in student management involve adhering to principles and

practices that prioritize fairness, respect, privacy, and the overall well-being of
students. Educational institutions have a responsibility to create an environment that
upholds ethical standards and protects the rights and dignity of students.

LIMITATIONS

Managing students can present various challenges and limitations. Limited Resources
Educational institutions often face limitations in terms of funding, staff, and
infrastructure. These resource constraints can impact the ability to provide adequate
support and services to students.Class Size Large class sizes can make it difficult for
teachers to provide individual attention to each student. This can hinder effective
communication and personalized instruction, leading to challenges in managing
student progress and addressing their unique needs. Diverse Learning Needs Students
have diverse learning styles, abilities, and needs. Managing these differences and
ensuring that each student receives appropriate support and accommodations can be
challenging, especially in a classroom with limited resources.