BAR 303 - Lecture 4

BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023
LECTURE 4: DESIGN
1
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE
muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke 1
4 INTRODUCTION
 BEAMS ARE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS WHICH ARE DESIGNED TO CARRY

PREDOMINANTLY FLEXURAL STRESSES. THE MOST COMMON FAILURE MODES
FOR BEAMS INCLUDE:
 FLEXURAL FAILURE: EXCESSIVE DEFLECTIONS AND FLEXURAL CRACKS (VERTICAL
CRACKS) AT MIDSPAN AND OVER SUPPORTS.
 SHEAR FAILURE: NO DETECTABLE DEFLECTION, BUT SHEAR CRACKS (DIAGONAL
CRACKS) DEVELOP NEAR THE SUPPORTS.
 SHRINKAGE, CREEP
 DIFFERENTIAL FOUNDATION SETTLEMENTS MAY ALSO CAUSE CRACKING
5 FLEXURAL STRESSES
Compression
Tension
6 FLEXURAL STRESSES
Cracking
7 CONTINUOUS BEAM
Where does
8
Cantilever the steel go?
Tension
9 SHEAR STRESS
10 SHEAR STRESS
10
11 Leaning Tower of Pisa
11
12 Uneven settlement results in high

internal stresses
12
13 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CODES

 CODE OF LAWS OF HAMMURABI (2200BC) KING OF BABYLONIA
 If a builder builds a house for a man and do not make its construction firm and the
house which he has built collapse and cause the death of the owner of the house –
that builder shall be put to death
 If it causes the death of the son of the owner of the house –
they shall put to death a son of that builder
 If it causes the death of a slave of the owner of the house –
he shall give to the owner of the house a slave of equal value.
 If it destroys property, he shall restore whatever it destroyed, and because he did not
make the house which he built firm and it collapsed -
he shall rebuild the house which collapsed at his own expense.
 If a builder builds a house for a man and do not make its construction meet the
requirements and a wall fall in –
that builder shall strengthen the wall at his own expense.
13
14 ASSUMPTIONS FOR RC DESIGN
 PLANE SECTIONS REMAIN PLANE AFTER STRAINING.

 THE STRAINS DISTRIBUTION OVER THE CROSS-SECTION IS LINEAR.
 CONCRETE IS CRACKED IN THE TENSILE ZONE. TENSILE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE IS IGNORED AND ALL TENSION IS CARRIED BY THE REINFORCING
STEEL.
 GOOD BOND EXISTS BETWEEN CONCRETE AND THE REINFORCING STEEL. THE
STRAIN IN STEEL IS THE SAME AS THE STRAIN IN THE ADJACENT CONCRETE.
 AT THE ULS THE STRESS IN CONCRETE fc = 0.85fck/1.5 AND THE STRESS IN
STEEL fs = fyk/1.15. THESE STRESS VALUES PROVIDE A SUFFICIENT FAILURE
CRITERION
 COMPRESSIVE STRAIN IN CONCRETE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 0.0035
14
15 CATEGORIES OF BEAMS
 BEAMS MAY BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES NAMELY:

-
1. SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS: THESE ARE BEAMS WHICH
TECHNICALLY REQUIRE REINFORCEMENT ONLY ON THE TENSION
ZONE.
2. DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS: THESE ARE BEAMS WHICH
TECHNICALLY REQUIRE REINFORCEMENT BOTH ON THE TENSION
ZONE AND ALSO ON THE COMPRESSION ZONE.
15
16 SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR

SECTION
16
17 DEFINITIONS
 h is the overall depth of the section, d is the effective depth of the section, and b is
the breadth of the section.
 x is the depth to the neutral axis and z is the lever arm.
 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of the reinforcing steel in the tension zone.
 𝜀 is the strain in the reinforcing steel in the tension zone.
 0.87𝑓 is the stress in the reinforcing steel in the tension zone.
 𝜀 is the strain in concrete in the compression zone.
 0.567𝑓 is the stress in concrete in the compression zone.
 𝐹 is the force in the concrete in the compression zone.
 𝐹 is the force in the steel in the tension zone.
 c is the cover to reinforcement.
17
18 DERIVATION
.
𝑓 0.567𝑓
.
𝑓 0.87𝑓
.
 At ULS: Limited by EC 2: 𝑥 0.45𝑑
 Maximum concrete moment capacity:
𝑀 𝐹𝑧 𝐹𝑧
𝑀 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚
.
𝑀 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑧
.
18
19
 But 𝑧 𝑑 0.4𝑥
𝑧 𝑑 0.4 0.45𝑑 at ULS𝑥 0.45𝑑 limitedbyEC
𝑧 1 0.4 0.45 𝑑
𝑧 0.82𝑑
.
 Thus 𝑀 0.8𝑥𝑏 0.82𝑑
.
.
𝑀 0.8 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝒅 𝑏 0.82𝑑 at ULS𝑥
.
0.45𝑑 limitedbyEC
𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓
 Maximum design moment of resistance
19
20 Determine the 𝑀 :
 A beam of section dimensions 200mm wide by 400mm deep.
The material is concrete C30/37. Assume a cover of 30mm, main
longitudinal reinforcement of diameter 25mm and shear links
diameter of 8mm.
𝑏 200
ℎ 400
𝑓 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚
∅ 25
∅ 8
𝑐 30
∅
𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 ∅ 400 30 8 349.5
𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓 0.167 200 349.5 30 122.39𝑘𝑁𝑚
20
21 Determine the 𝑀 :
 A beam of section dimensions 200mm wide by 600mm deep.
The material is concrete C30/37. Assume a cover of 30mm, main
longitudinal reinforcement of diameter 25mm and shear links
diameter of 8mm.
𝑏 200
ℎ 600
𝑓 30𝑁/𝑚𝑚
∅ 25
∅ 8
𝑐 30
∅
𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 ∅ 600 30 8 549.5
𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓 0.167 200 549.5 30 302.55𝑘𝑁𝑚
21
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muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke
26 November 2023
22

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BAR 303 - Theory & Design of Structures III 2023/2024 26 November, 2023

 BEAMS ARE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS WHICH ARE DESIGNED TO CARRY

11 Leaning Tower of Pisa

12 Uneven settlement results in high

13 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CODES

14 ASSUMPTIONS FOR RC DESIGN

 PLANE SECTIONS REMAIN PLANE AFTER STRAINING.

 BEAMS MAY BE DIVIDED INTO TWO CATEGORIES NAMELY:

16 SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR

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