Text 2 : Branches of physics

Branches
Physics normally deals with the combination of Energy and matter. It deals with a wide
variety of systems which are about theories. That has been developed and it is used by
physicists as well. These so-called "central theories" are very important tools for the
purpose of research in more specialized topics, and any physicist , regardless of his or
her specialization, this whole thing is expected to be literate in all of them.

Few Topics
The Mechanics which is said to be the Classical Mechanics is a model of the
Physics which forces acting upon bodies like it includes sub-fields to describe the
behaviors of gases and solids and fluids as well. It is often known as "Newtonian
Mechanics" after the name of sir Isaac Newton and his motions laws. It also includes
the approach as given by lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods. These all are associated
with the motion of particles which have a general system within them.
There are so many branches which are of classical Mechanics, for example such as:
dynamic, statics, kinematics and continuum Mechanics which generally includes fluid
Mechanics that is also known as Statistical Mechanics.
Mechanics can also be defined as a branch of Physics in which we study about the
properties of the object also which is in the form of a motion under the action of the
force.
Classical Mechanics
Classical Mechanics is a model of the Physics of forces acting on bodies that contains
sub-fields for solids, gases, and fluids. After Isaac Newton and his rules of motion, it is
commonly referred to as "Newtonian Mechanics." The classical approach, as defined by
Hamiltonian and Lagrange methods, is also included. It is concerned with particle
mobility and the general system of particles.
Classical Mechanics has several branches, including statics, dynamics, kinematics,
continuum Mechanics (which includes fluid Mechanics), statistical Mechanics, and so
on.
Mechanics is a field of Physics that studies the item and its attributes as a motion under
the influence of a force.
Overview of Thermodynamics
The first Chapter of The Lecture of Feynman Lectures on subject Physics is about the
Atoms existence, which is considered as Feynman which is being the most
compact Physics statement, from which the field Science could easily result if all
knowledge was lost. The study of thermodynamics effects changes in pressure and
temperature and volume on systems of Physics on the scale macroscopic, and the
transfer of heat Energy. Long ago Thermodynamics was developed out of the desire to
increase the efficiency of early engines which are of steam.
Mechanics
In 1905 the theory of special relativity was proposed by the great scientist Albert
Einstein in his article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". The article's title
refers to the fact that relativity theory, which is special, resolves an inconsistency
between Maxwell's equations and classical Mechanics as well. The theory is based on
two postulates which are- Mathematical forms laws of Physics and are invariant in all
inertial systems and the second one is that the light speed in a vaccum is constant and
independent of the observer and source. Looking at the two postulates we can see that it
requires a unification of time and space into the frame-dependent concept.
Quantum Mechanics
The equation of Schrödinger plays the very important role in Quantum Mechanics that
Newton's law and conservation of Energy serve in classical Mechanics.
For example Electromagnetic or Light Radiation which is emitted or absorbed by an
atom has only certain frequencies or even the wavelengths, as can be seen from the line
which is spectrum associated with the elements of chemical which are represented by
that atom.

Questions
1. For the purpose of research in more specialized topics, and any physicist,……….
(complete)
2. How are the behaviors of gases and solids and fluids described ?
3. What do the motion of particles include ?
4. What are dynamic, statics, kinematics and continuum Mechanics for Physics ?
5. Where are the properties of the object studied ?
6. What is referred to as ‘‘Newtonian Mechanics’’ ?
7. Particle mobility and the general system of particles are………….. (complete)
8. What does the study of Thermodynamics entail ?
9. How did Thermodynamics come into being ?
10. Is there any need for the theory of special relativity as suggested by Albert
Einstein ?
11. What are the preconditions for Albert Einstein’s theory to work ?
II. Linguistic Competence
2.1. Fill in the blanks with the correct terms from the list below.

choice context required involves

minimum problem complex appears
mechanics tackled objective relates
mixed range short-term opportunity
assembled actions complying early
monetary provide remains point

Decision-making
The problems confronting a manager are likely to be ..1.. and varied and it is not
suggested they can always be ..2.. by reference to a rigid formula, but an analytical and
 ..3.. approach is certainly to be commended. Whether the decision ..4.. to personnel,
finance or marketing, the ..5.. of the process are the same.
First, the ..6.. must be defined. Where it is ..7.. it may be necessary to break it down into
parts. All the relevant facts should be ..8.. and the various aspects of the situation brought
together. Then the full ..9.. of alternatives (or options) should be considered. A choice will
have to be made between the alternatives and this ..10.. weighing up the pros and cons of
each of the alternatives, before deciding on what ..11.. to be the best solution in the given
circumstances. What is best in the ..12.. may not be so appropriate in the long-term – and
vice versa.
In a business ..13.. the decisions will be made in terms of a ..14.. evaluation. The best
alternative will either be the option which gives the greatest profitability, or the one which
allows a given goal to be achieved with the ..15.. expenditure.
At this ..16.. the decision is still in the mind and it now requires implementation.
Subordinates need to be told what is ..17.. of them and their..18.. need to be monitored to
make sure they are ..19.. with the instructions.
Subordinates are often given the ..20.. to participate in the ..21.. phases of the routine.
They can ..22.. information and usefully discuss a situation with their manager. However,
the ..23.. between the alternatives is the manager’s prerogative, since he ..24.. responsible
for the outcome.

2.2. Join the halves

On the left of the page are the first halves of sentences. On the right are the second halves
of the sentences, though not in the same order. Pair the halves and then write your own list
completed sentences.

1. When you are building a a) and your company’s

team to take your performance will suffer.
company on to bigger and b) but are we doing better
better things than our competitors.
2. First you make your c) so a manager would be
decision, based on facts wise to take their views
wherever possible, into account.
3. The basic question is not d) when a new work flow has
are we doing better than last year, been introduced.
4. Innovation should always e) you have to be certain you
be customer-driven are choosing the right people.
5. A decision will usually f) and then you put the ideas
have to be carried out by subordinates into practice.
6. A golden rule is to be g) and that means finding out
objective what the customers need.
7. The Personnel Manager h) before a decision can be
may face a difficult task made rationally.
8. You need to know what i) so they can be recom-
models are available mended for pay increases
and / or promotions.
9. Make a wrong appointment j) and so a manager must avoid
to a key post being swayed by emotions.
10. An office Manager would benefit k) before you can make up
 from an early feedback your mind which word
processor to buy.
11. Typing pool supervisors should l) when a number of first-class
know which members of their staffs candidates are short-listed
are working well for a job.
12. A variety of data usually needs to be analysed

III. Writing
Write about any branch of physics from the text above. (Not more than 10 lines)