Outline of Module

overview of water treatment

Sedimenation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Filtration
Disinfection
Caroni
Water
Treatment
Plant
(new addition) 5. Disinfection

4. Filtration

2. Flocculation
3. Sedimentation

1. Coagulation
1 Coagulation
2. Flocculation
3 Sedimentation
4 Filtration
5 Disinfection
5 Disinfection
 INPUT Quality Surface water
RAW WATER Groundwater
• Suspended; Settleable
• Quality
• Quantity
• Dissolved Sea water
• Microorganisms Reused water

WATER
TREATMENT PHYSICAL Settling ● Filtering
OPERATIONS
PLANT
pH Adjustment ● Hardness
CHEMICAL removal ● Coagulation and
PROCESSES PROCESSES Flocculation ● Disinfection
&
OPERATIONS

POTABLE WATER Pathogen free

Quality Clear
•
WHO Colourless
• Demand
Standards MCL for other
• Peak
OUTPUT • Average substances
 CVNG2012/3007
Environmental Engineering 1
Water Supply
Lecturer: Vincent Cooper
GRAVITY SEPARATION BY SEDIMENTATION
DESIGN OF SEDIMENTATION BASINS
Potable Water
• Crystal Clear
• Colourless
• Pathogen-free
• Cool

11
 SECTION CONTENTS

Type of particles
Terminal velocity
Derivation of terminal velocity formulae
Removal of a particle by sedimentation
Horizontal flow tanks

12
 SETTLING VELOCITY

Particle size (mm) Size typical of: Settling velocity

10 Pebble 0.73 m/s

1 Coarse sand 0.23 m/s

0.1 Fine sand 1.0 x 10-2 m/s (0.6 m/min)

0.01 Silt 1.0 x 10-4 m/s (8.6 m/d)

0.0001 Large colloid 1.0 x 10-8 m/s (0.3 m/yr)

0.00001 Small colloid 1.0 x 10-13 m/s (3 m/Myr)

13
SEDIMENTATION

Four types of sedimentation processes:

• Type I
• Type II
• Type III
• Type IV

14
 RELATION
BETWEEN
SETTLING TYPE,
CONCENTRATION
AND FLOCCULENT
NATURE OF
PARTICLES

15
Type II
Settling Column Model:

H
vh

𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠

From Davis, 2010

Sedimentation

Two sedimentation units in water treatment:

• Pre-settling—discrete particle settling (DPS)
• Sedimentation tank—dilute flocculant
particle settling (DFPS)

17
Terminal Velocity

FB
FD

dp

Fg
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒 = 𝜑𝜑
𝜇𝜇 18
 Terminal Velocity
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = 𝐹𝐹𝐷𝐷 +𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵
1 3 1 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 2 2 1 3
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 𝑔𝑔 = 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 + 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑔𝑔
6 2 4 6
FB
2
4 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 − 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝
FD 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 = 𝑔𝑔
dp 3 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤

Fg Stoke’s Law Re <1

2
24 𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 − 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 18𝜇𝜇 19
 Terminal Velocity
FB
FD 24
dp 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = Laminar: Re < 1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Fg
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = 0.4 Turbulent: Re > 104

24 3
𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 = + 1 + 0.34
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 �2
Transitional: 1 < Re < 104
20
Newton’s coefficient of drag for varying
magnitudes of Reynolds numbers

21
Example

Calculate the terminal settling velocity for a sand particle in water

at 20°C. Assume the sand particle has a diameter of 0.5 mm and
specific gravity of 2.65 (density of 2650 kg/m3). For water at 20°C,
ρw = 998.2 kg/m3; μ = 1.002 x 10-3 Pa s.

1. Assume Laminar flow and calculate terminal velocity from

Stoke’s Law
2. Validate the assumption by checking Reynolds number
3. If Re <1, then stop. If not, continue to 4
4. Compute drag coefficient with the new Re value.
5. Recalculate using the terminal velocity equation for Re>1
6. Repeat 4 and 5 until convergence of terminal velocity

22
Laminar flow
Solution
equation
Removal by Sedimentation
If the time t within which a particle stays within
the basin is sufficient for it to fall to the
sedimentation zone, then the particle will have
been removed.
Design parameter: Overflow rate, v0
𝑄𝑄
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 =
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
Q, flow rate (m3/d)
As, surface area of the sedimentation basin (m2)
24
3 Sedimentation
3 Sedimentation
Sedimentation Basin

Ideal settling basin theory assumes:

1. Type I settling
2. Four zones in the basin: inlet, outlet, sludge, settling
3. Even distribution of flow (uniform horizontal
velocity) entering the settling zone
4. Even distribution of flow leaving the settling zone
5. Uniform distribution of particles through the depth
of the inlet zone
6. Particles that enter the outlet zone are not removed
from the water.

27
Sedimentation Basin

28
Sedimentation Basin

29
 Sedimentation Basin Design
Typical design criteria for horizontal-flow rectangular sedimentation basins
Parameter Typical Range of Values Comment

INLET ZONE
Distance to diffuser wall 2m

SETTLING ZONE
Overflow rate 40 – 70 m3/d – m2
Side water depth 3–5m
Length 60 m Chain-and-flight
L:W 4:1 to 6:1 > 6:1 preferred
Velocity 0.005 – 0.018 m/s Horizontal, mean

OUTLET ZONE
Launder length 1⁄ − 1⁄ length
3 2 of basin Evenly spaced
Launder weir loading 140 – 320 m3/d ·m
SLUDGE ZONE
Depth 0.6 – 1.0 m Equipment dependent
Slope 1:600 Mechanical cleaning
Sludge collector speed 0.3 – 0.9 m/min

Source (AWWA, 1990, Davis and Cornwell, 2008, Kawamura, 2000; MWH, 2005; Willis, 2005, Davis, 2010

30
Rectangular,
horizontal-flow
sedimentation
basin with
various outlets
(a) inboard effluent
launders;
(b) submerged orifice
withdraw;
(c) overflow weir and
launder

Weir Overflow rates:

6 m3/h/m for light flocs to
14 m3/h/m for heavier
discrete-particle suspensions
31
Sludge scraper in a sedimentation basin

http://www.gobizkorea.com
32
Sludge scraper in a sedimentation basin

http://www.gobizkorea.com
33
 SEDIMENTATION TANK: Things You Should Know
In reviewing the material, students should be able to answer the
following:
1. What is terminal velocity?
2. What is the condition for applying Stokes Law to find the terminal
velocity?
3. Do you expect a raw sample to consist of particles of all the same size
and density?
4. What is overflow rate?
5. How is it used as the design parameter for sedimentation tanks?
6. How do you estimate expected particle removal for Type I settling?
7. How do you size a pre-sedimentation tank to achieve a particular
removal efficiency?
8. What purpose does each zone serve in a sedimentation tank?
9. Why is it important to control the weir overflow rate?
10. What other than treated water is generated in a sedimentation tank?
 Water Supply
Sedimentation: Removal Efficiency

CVNG 2012 Environmental Engineering 1

Objectives
To show how the overflow rate is the design
parameter for sedimentation tanks
To describe how the theoretical removal
efficiency is determined
To present a worked example to show how to
determine the removal efficiency
Type I Settling in an Ideal
Sedimentation Basin

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 < 20000 𝐹𝐹 > 10−5

Assumptions for Settling

1. Plug flow conditions exist in the settling

zone
2. Uniform flow velocity in the settling zone
3. Uniform concentration of all size particles
across a vertical plane at the inlet end of
the settling zone
4. Particles are removed once they reach the
bottom of the settling zone
5. Particles settle discretely without
interference from other particles at any
depth
Removal by Sedimentation
If the time t within which a particle stays within
the basin is sufficient for it to fall to the sludge
zone, then the particle will have been removed.

Design parameter: Overflow rate, vo

𝑄𝑄
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 =
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠
Q, flow rate (m3/d)
As, surface area of the sedimentation basin
(m2)
Removal of Particle from Tank

vh
H
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠

Tank dimensions: L x B x H
Removal of Particle from Tank
Defining the
vh design
parameter
Overflow rate

Tank dimensions: L x B x H
𝐻𝐻 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡 =
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑄𝑄

𝐻𝐻 𝐿𝐿𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑄𝑄
= 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 =
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑄𝑄 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
How much Removal from Typical Raw Water

vh
H
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠

Tank dimensions: L x B x H
Settling in a
Column
1. All particles with diameters equal to or 𝑍𝑍0
greater than d0 will arrive at or pass the 𝑡𝑡0 =
sampling port in time t0 𝑣𝑣0
2. A particle with diameter dp < d0 will have a 𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝
terminal velocity vp < v0 and will arrive at 𝑡𝑡0 =
the port provided its original position is Zp 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝
or lower.
3. If the suspension is mixed uniformly then
Z0
the fraction of particles of size dp with 𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝
settling velocity vp which will arrive at or =
pass the sampling port in time t0 will be 𝑍𝑍0 𝑣𝑣0
Zp Zp/Z0 = vp/v0
 𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑍𝑍0 𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑍𝑍𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑡𝑡0 = = = = 𝑍𝑍0 𝑣𝑣0
𝑣𝑣0 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑍𝑍𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑣𝑣𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
=
𝑍𝑍0 𝑣𝑣0
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
=
𝑍𝑍0 𝑣𝑣0
Z0

Zwhi
Zora
Zpnk

Settling in a
Column
Settling Column Analysis
;

1. With the sample well-mixed, take a sample to

record the initial concentration, C0
2. Allow the sample to settle and take samples at
various times, starting at time t = t1, for sample
concentration C1;
3. Estimate the mass fraction, x, of particles with v1
< Z0/t1 as: x = C1/C0;
4. Continue sampling at several times, ti,
estimating the mass fraction, xi, of particles with
vi < Z0/ti for each sample withdrawn;
Settling column analysis

• For a given retention time, an overall percent

removal can be obtained.
• For all particles with settling velocities greater
than v0 = Z0/t0 will be 100 % removed
• That is, 1- x0 fraction of particles will be
removed completely in time t0.
• Remaining particles will be removed according
to the ratio vi/v0 (see graph following).
Settling column analysis

• If equation relating v and x is known, the area

can be found by integration:
𝑥𝑥0
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖
𝑋𝑋 = 1 − 𝑥𝑥0 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝑣𝑣0
• X is the total mass fraction removed by
sedimentation.
Collection efficiency as a function of
settling velocity

For particle of terminal

velocity 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣0

For all particles of terminal

velocity less than 𝑣𝑣0
𝑥𝑥0
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0 𝑣𝑣0
Example
A settling analysis is run on a Type I suspension.
The column is 2.0 m deep, and data are shown
below.
What will be the theoretical removal efficiency
in a settling basin with a loading rate of 25
m3/m2·d?

Time, min 0 60 80 100 130 200 240 420

Conc.,
300 189 180 168 156 111 78 27
mg/L
Solution
Example
Removal of Particle from Tank

vh
H
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡

Tank dimensions: L x B x H
52
 Example
1.Two particles are released in water at the same
time. Particle A has a diameter of dA of 0.4 mm.
Particle B has a diameter dB of 0.9 mm. What is
the ratio of the settling velocity of particle A to
that of particle B? Assume equal densities.
Example 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 =
𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝑝𝑝 − 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 2
18𝜇𝜇
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡 = 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝 2
B A

𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵 = 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵 2 𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 2

2 2
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵 0.9 81
= 2 = 2
= ~5
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴 𝑘𝑘𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝𝐴𝐴 0.4 16

𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝐴𝐴 1
~
𝑣𝑣𝑡𝑡𝐵𝐵 5
 Example
2. Suppose that a column is filled with water
containing a uniform suspension of particles A
and B as described above. Particle B is removed
with 100 percent efficiency in exactly 10 s. What
is the percent removal of particle A?
Example
Final Exam, Semester 1, 2017
Sedimentation

Question 2
A rectangular pre-sedimentation basin with a depth of 4 m, width of 10 m,
length of 50 m is treating raw water at a flow rate of 1200 m3/h. The table
shows the influent-particle-settling characteristics of the raw water.

a. Find the overflow rate for these tank dimensions; [2 marks]

b. Hence estimate the particle removal efficiency; [10 marks]
c. If the allowable launder length can vary between 15 to 25 metres, design a
suitable launder arrangement to achieve a weir overflow rate of 10 m3/h/m;
[5 marks]
d. Provide a sketch of the launders. [3 marks]

Settling Velocity (m/h) 0.8 – 1.2 1.2 – 1.6 1.6 – 2.0 2.0 – 2.4 2.4 – 2.8 2.8 – 3.2
Number of Particles,
11 14 17 16 6 3
(x 10-6/L)
Solution
Solution
 Sedimentation

Type II:
Dilute flocculant particle settling
(DFPS)

59
 Type II

• Characterized by particles that flocculate

during sedimentation
Example:
• Particles in alum or iron coagulation
• Wastewater primary sedimentation;
• Settling tanks in trickling filters
• Stokes Law do not apply
• Laboratory settling column models used for
design

60
 Type II

Procedure for Settling Column Model:

1. Fill the column with the suspension to be
analyzed;
2. Start withdrawing samples at specified
intervals from each port along the column
depth.
3. With the data evaluate
𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 the percent
removal
𝑅𝑅𝑅 = at1each
− time 100%
and at each port
from: 𝐶𝐶0
61
Type II
Settling Column Model:
where
R% = percent removal at one depth and time, %
Ct = concentration at time, t, and given depth, mg/L
C0 = initial concentration, mg/L

4. Plot the removal versus depth profile

5. Draw vertical lines at trial detention times and
determine the level of removals at each time
using: 𝐻𝐻1 𝐻𝐻2
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅 +
𝑇𝑇0 𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅 − 𝑅𝑅 +
𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅 − 𝑅𝑅 + …𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻
62
 Type II
Settling Column Model:
where
RT0 = total fraction removed for settling time, ta
Ra, Rb, Rc = iso-concentration fractions a, b, c, etc.
6. Use the series of overflow rates and removal
fractions to plot:
a. Suspended solids removal versus detention time;
b. Suspended solids removal versus overflow rate
7. Apply scaling factors of:
a. 0.65 for overflow rate;
b. 1.75 for detention time
63
 Type II
Settling Column Model:
Iso-concentration lines for Type II settling test using a 2-m deep column

From Davis, 2010

 65 65
Davis, 2010