Progressive Education Society’s

MODERN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AFFILIATED TO SPPU | AICTE APPROVED)

UNIT 3
Vehicles & their Specifications
Contents-
• Automobile & it’s classifications
• IC engine components and it’s specifications with example
• Electric and Hybrid vehicle and it’s type
• Cost analysis of vehicle and it’s type

Prof. Govind Raiphale

M.E. (Design)
SYSTEM IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Automobile is a self propelled driven by IC engine and producing power within used
for transporting goods and or passengers on road

• Classifications-
• Automobile, by name auto, also called motorcar or wheel vehicle
which is self propelled by using power which is generate itself.
• This power is generated by means of an internal combustion
engine using a volatile fuel.
• Automobile are used to transport goods or passengers on road.
• Ex- Moped, Motorcycle, Car, bus truck etc.
1. Based On No. Of Wheels
Automobiles can be classified as the number of wheels an automobile
vehicle has, for example:
• Two Wheeler Vehicle (Motor Cycle, Scooty).

• Three Wheeler Vehicle (Auto).

• Four Wheeler Vehicle (Cars, Bus, Truck, Tractor, etc.).

• Six Wheeler vehicle (Bus, Trucks, etc.).

2. Based on Fuel use by the vehicle

Automobile vehicles can be categorized as the fuel used for

vehicles like Petrol, Diesel, Electric, CNG, Solar, and Hybrid
vehicles.
For example:

 Petrol used as a fuel in general private vehicle like cars, two-

wheelers, light-weight commercial vehicles
 Diesel used in cars, trucks, buses, JCB, etc.
 Compressed Natural Gas also named as CNG is also used a fuel.
3. Based on purpose
Automobiles are categorized based on the purpose of the vehicle as if
an automobile is used for good carrier or passenger carrier or used
for any special usage.
For example,
 Bus, mini-bus, car, etc. falls under the category of passenger
carrier.
 Truck, Pick-up van, trailer, etc. falls under goods carrier, and
 Fire brigade, school bus, police vehicle, ambulance, etc. falls
under special usages vehicle.
4. Based on Load Capacity
 Light-duty vehicles such as private cars like Nano, Alto, Scorpio etc.
or commercial vehicle like pick-up van, taxi, etc even scooter and
motorcycle.
 Heavy-duty vehicles are Volvo Bus, Truck, Tractor, etc.
5. Based on transmission system of the vehicle
i) Manual Transmission System :
 A manual transmission car is a vehicle that uses a stick
shift and a clutch pedal to change gears.
 Honda Civic, Ford Focus, Volkswagen Jetta, Fiat 500.
ii) Automatic Transmission System
• Automatic gear change is possible
• Maruti Suzuki Swift , Tata Tiago, Tata Punch, Skoda Octavia.
Honda All New City.
iii) Semi-automatic
 Gear change is manual with automatic clutch
 Maruti Suzuki S-Presso, Hyundai Santro
6. Based on the Side of Driver:
 Right hand Drive (Indian cars)
 Left hand Drive (American cars).
7. Based on wheel of drive
 Front wheel drive vehicle
(Maruti ciaz, Honda city)
 Rear wheel drive vehicle
(Toyota Innova)
 Four wheel drive vehicle
(Mahindra scorpio)
8. Based on type of car
 Sedan cars : 3 compartments ( Engine, Passengers and Cargo )
(e.g. Honda City, Maruti Suzuki Ciaz, Volkswagen Vento)
 Hatchback cars : 2 compartments ( Engine , and Passengers +
Cargo ) (e.g. Maruti Suzuki Alto, Maruti Suzuki Baleno, Hyundai
i20)
 SUV (Sport utility vehicle) : High ground clearance , Mostly four
wheel drive (e.g. KIA, Creta)
 IC Engine Components :
 Cylinder
 Piston
 Crank & crank shaft
 Connecting rod
 Spark plug / Fuel Injector
 Inlet and exhaust valve
 Crank pin
 Cylinder head
 Piston rings
 Carburetor
 Suction & exhaust manifold
 Engine Specifications
• Engine torque • Top Dead Centre
• Power • Bottom Dead Centre
• Indicated power • Clearance volume
• Brake power • Swept volume/Piston
• Engine capacity displacement
• Bore • Clearance ratio
• Stroke • Compression ratio
 Automobile Engine specifications
• Fuel type
✔Petrol, Diesel
• Engine type
✔2 stroke/4 stroke, Air cooled/Water cooled
• Bore  stroke
✔Bore is inside diameter of each cylinder
✔Stroke is distance travelled by piston from BDC to TDC
 Automobile engine specifications
• Displacement (Engine capacity)
✔It is combined swept volume of all cylinders in I C engine
• Maximum Power
• Maximum Torque
• Number of cylinders
✔ It indicate no. of cylinders used in engine
• Valves per cylinder
✔ It indicates no. of valves used in each cylinder
 Automobile engine specifications
• Fuel supply system
✔MPFI, PGM-Fi
• Compression Ratio
✔Cylinder volume/clearance volume
 Vehicle specifications of two wheelers
1. Engine
2. Fuel consumption
✔ Fuel tank capacity (liters)
✔ Reserve fuel capacity (liters)
✔ Mileage (kmpl)
3. Transmission
✔ No. of gears
✔ Type of clutch
4. Braking
✔ Front brake type
✔ Rear brake type
✔ Drum or disc size (mm)
Vehicle specifications of two wheelers

5. Suspension
✔ Front suspension
✔ Rear suspension
6. Wheels
✔ Type of wheels
✔ Tyre specifications
 Vehicle specifications of two wheelers

7. Battery
✔ Voltage
✔ Ampere hour rating
8. Body Dimensions
✔ Kerb weight
✔ Total length of two wheeler
✔ Max. width of two wheeler
✔ Max. height of two wheeler
✔ Wheel base
✔ Ground clearance
 Single Cylinder Air Cooled Four Stroke Petrol Engine
 Bore and Stroke = 50 and 50 mm respectively
 Cylinder Capacity = 100 cc (Cubic centimeter)
 Compression Ratio = 9.0
 Engine Power = 7 BHP @8500 rpm
 Lubrication System = Dry Sump with Oil Tank integral
with crank case
 Gear Box = 4 speed Constant Mesh Gearbox
 Kerb Weight = 100 Kg
 Wheel Base = 1.25 m
 Length = 2 m
 Height = 1 m
 Brake System = Mechanical Expanding Shoe Type
 Chassis = Tubular Cradle Frame Type
 Battery = 12 V, 2.5 Ampere - Hours
Vehicle Specifications with example
1. Engine
2. Fuel efficiency and performance
Mileage (kmpl)
Fuel tank capacity (liters)
Top speed
Acceleration
3. Transmission
No. of gears (5 forward + 1 Reverse / 6 forward + 1 Reverse)
Type of clutch (Centrifugal clutch , Dry Single plate Clutch)
4. Braking system
Front brake type
Rear brake type
Drum or disc size (mm)
5. Suspension
 Front suspension – shock absorber and coil springs
 Rear suspension – shock absorber and coil springs
6. Wheels and tyres
 Type of wheels – Cast wheels
 Tyre specifications
7. Steering
8. Dimensions
 Length of car
 Width of car
 Height of car
 Wheel base
 Ground clearance
 Kerb weight
 Gross weight
 Front track – Distance between centerlines of front two wheels
 Rear track - Distance between centerlines of Rear two wheels
1.ENGINE :
 Fuel Type : Petrol
 Engine Type : Water Cooled, 4-Stroke, Inline, 4-Cylinder
 Displacement : 1497 cc  1.5 litre
 Maximum Power : 117 bhp @ 6600 r.p.m.
 Maximum Torque : 145 N-m @ 4600 r.p.m.
 Number of Cylinders : 4
 Valves per Cylinder : 4
 Fuel Supply System : PGM-Fi (Programmed Fuel Injection)
 Compression ratio : 10.3:1
 Bore  Stroke : 73.0 mm  89.4 mm
 2. FUEL EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE :
 Mileage : 17.4 kmpl
 Top Speed : 195 kmph
 Acceleration (0-100 kmph) : 10 seconds
 Fuel Tank Capacity : 40 L
3. TRANSMISSION :
 Number of Gears : 5 Forward + 1 Reverse
 Clutch Type : Dry, Single Plate
4. BRAKING SYSTEM :
 Front Brake Type : Disc (Ventilated)
 Rear Brake Type : Drum
 5.SUSPENSION SYSTEM :
 Front Suspension : McPherson Strut, Coil Spring
 Rear Suspension: Torsion Beam Axle, Coil Spring
6.WHEELS AND TYRES :
 Wheel Type : 15 inch Alloy Wheels
 Tyre Type : Tubeless Radial
 Front Tyre Size : 175/65 R15 84
 Rear Tyre Size : 175/65 R15 84
7.STEERING :
 Power Steering : Yes
 Steering Type : Collapsible Electric Power Assisted
 Adjustable Power Steering : Yes
 8.DIMENSIONS :
 Length : 4440 mm
 Width : 1695 mm
 Height : 1495 mm
 Wheel Base : 2600 mm
 Grand Clearance : 165 mm
 Boot Space : 510 L
 Kerb Weight : 1080 kg
 Gross Weight : 1455 kg
 Front Track: 1490 mm
 Rear Track : 1480 mm
 Number of Doors : 4
 Seating Capacity : 5
 Minimum Turning Radius : 5.4 m
1.Engine

• Fuel Type : Diesel 2. Transmission System:

• Engine Type : Water • Number of Gears : 12 Forward

Cooled, 4 Stroke, 6 Gears + 4 Reverse Gears

Cylinder • Gear Shifting : Automatic Gear

• Displacement : 10.8 liter Shifting System

• Maximum Power : 410 hp 3. Braking System

@ 1600 – 1900 rpm • Front Brake Type : Disc Brakes with

• Maximum Torque 1980 N EBS (Electronic Braking System)

– m at 1600 – 1900 rpm • Rear Brake Type : Disc Brake with

4. Suspension System

• Electronically Controlled Air Suspension (ECS)

5. Dimension

• Length : 14500 mm
• Height : 3600 mm
• Width : 2600 mm
• Wheel Base : 8350 mm
• Gross Weight: 22200 kg
• Number of Doors : 01
• Seating Capacity : 53 + Driver
• Minimum Turning Radius : 11.54
Six Cylinder In-line water cooled four stroke Turbo Charged Diesel Engine
Bore and Stroke = 150 mm and 200 mm respectively
Cylinder Capacity = 6000 cc
Compression Ratio = 18.0
Engine Power = 18 BHP @ 2500 rpm
Lubrication System = Wet Sump with Splash Lubrication System
Gear Box = 6 Speed Synchromesh Type Manual Gearbox TATA GBS 750 with
Overdrive
Wheel Base = 2.5 m (Approx)
Width = 2.5 m (Approx)
Gross Vehicle Weight = 16 Ton
Kerb Weight (Total Unloaded Wight) = 5 Ton
• 4 Stroke Auto Rickshaw • Maximum Speed – 65 km/hrs
• Engine Type – Twin Spark, 4 • Displacement (Cubic Capacity) – 198.88 cc
Stroke DTSI (Digital Twin Spark • Clutch – Wet Multidisc Type
Ignition) Engine
• Kerb Weight – 337 kg
Maximum Power:-
• Fuel Tank Capacity
• Using Petrol – 8.1 kW at 5000
Petrol – 9.5 Ltrs
rpm
CNG – 19.5 Ltrs
• Using CNG – 7.5kW at 5500
rpm +/- 250 rpm LPG – 7 Ltrs
• Using LPG – 8.5 kW at 6000
rpm +/- 50 rpm
Maximum Torque
• Using Petrol – 18 Nm at 3500
rpm +/- 250 rpm
• Using CNG – 14.9 Nm at 3500
rpm +/- 250 rpm
• Using LPG – 15.2 Nm at 4250
rpm +/- 50 rpm
 An electric car is an alternative fuel automobile that uses electric motors and motor controllers for
propulsion, in place of more common propulsion methods such as the internal combustion engine
(ICE).
 Electric cars are specifically a variety of electric vehicle intended for use as a road-going automobile.
Electric cars are commonly powered by on-board battery packs, and as such are battery electric
vehicles (BEVs).Electric cars currently enjoy relative popularity in countries around the world for
their eco-friendly nature.
 The automobile manufactures all over the world are looking for alternative energy sources for vehicles
because of following reasons
-- Fast depletion of crude oil reserves -- Increasing crude oil prices
-- High pollution due to vehicles -- Increasing cost of vehicle due to new pollution control norms
• An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or
more electric motors , using energy stored in rechargeable
batteries.
• Electric cars operate by plugging into a charge point and
taking electricity from grid.
• They store the electricity in rechargeable batteries that power
an electric motor, which turns the wheel.
• Electric cars accelerate faster than vehicles with traditional
fuel engines – so they feel lighter to drive.
1. Charger :
• Charger (E) is a battery charging device.
• Chargers get electricity from outside sources, such as the utility grid or solar
power plants. AC electricity is converted into DC electricity and then stored
in the battery.
• There are 2 types of electric car chargers:
• On-board charger: the charger is located and installed in the car
• Off-board charger: the charger is not located or not installed in the car.
2. Rechargeable Battery :

• It is Charged through the charger .

• The function of the battery in an electric car is as an electrical energy
storage system in the form of direct-current electricity (DC).
• If it gets a signal from the controller, the battery will flow DC
electrical energy to the inverter to then be used to drive the motor.
• The type of battery used is a rechargeable battery The battery may be
lead acid battery or lithium ion battery .
• The distance travelled by electric vehicle depends upon the energy
storage capacity of battery which ranges from 30kWh to 150kWh
3. Drive control unit :
It controls the supply of electric current
from battery to inverter.

4. Inverter :
It coverts D.C. supply of battery to AC
supply.
5. Electric Motor :
A.C. motor or D.C. Motor drives transmission unit . If D.C.
motor is used inverter is not required.

6. Transmission unit :
The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric
traction motor to drive the wheels.
• When the car pedal is pressed, then:
• Controller takes and regulates electrical energy from batteries
and inverters With the controller set, the inverter then sends
a certain amount of electrical energy to the motor (according
to the depth of pressure on the pedal)
• Electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy (rotation)
• Rotation of the motor rotor rotates the transmission so the
wheels turn and then the car moves.
 Rapid Acceleration
 Noise free operation
 No Exhaust fumes
 High reliability
 Easy Maintenance
 Easy to drive
 The major disadvantage of EVs is that the battery has to be charged regularly. The normal
working range of battery is about 80-100 miles and it takes about 6-8 hours to recharge
completely.
 If you are traveling a long distance, you may be at the risk of the battery getting discharged.
As such there are no battery charging stations available on roads and highways.
 Your home must be outfitted with a charging station to recharge the car battery.
 Your electric bill will probably increase as you have to draw power from your home
electrical system to charge your car.
 Electric cars cannot compete with gas powered cars in terms of speed and acceleration
1. Electric Motor
Type : permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
Maximum Power : 134 hp (100kW)
Maximum Torque : 395 N – m
2. Battery
Type : Lithium – Ion
Capacity : 39.2 kWh
A.C. Charging 230 V (0 – 100%): Approx. 6h 10 min
D.C. Charging (0 – 80%) : Approx. 57 min
Driving Range : 452 km
 Types of Electric
Vehicles

1.Battery Electric 2. Hybrid Electric

Vehicles (BEVs) Vehicles (HEVs)
 Hybrid vehicles are propelled by a combination of an internal combustion engine and an electric
motor either in series or in parallel arrangement.
 HEV is a progressive transformation from conventional automobile vehicle powered by only I.C.
Engine to battery electric vehicle powered by only electric motor.
 HEV minimize the drawbacks of convectional I.C.Engine powered automobile vehicle and retains
the advantage of convectional I.C. Engine powered automobile vehicle

Types of HEV

1. Series Hybrid Vehicle 2. Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

• In series hybrid the engine directly drives the generator instead of driving wheel.
• The generator charges both electric motor as well battery that moves the battery.
Parallel hybrid system have a both internal combustion engine and electric motor are in parallel
connection in mechanical transmission .
• Cost analysis of a vehicle deals with calculating the average cost of using the vehicle per year or per kilometer
of use.
• Types of Cost of Vehicle
1. Fixed cost
• Depreciation Cost
• Interest cost
• Registration and Vehicle Taxes
• Insurance Cost

2. Variable Cost
• Maintenance and Repair Cost
• Fuel and oil Cost
• Parking and Toll Cost
• Driver Cost
Fixed Cost
It is cost which will continue irrespective of whether the vehicle is in use or not.
1.Depreciation Cost
It is decreases in value of a vehicle over the period of time due to use. The car depreciation rates in India are given
in table.

Age of Car Depreciation Rate % Depreciated Value of

Car %
0 – 6 month 5% 95%
6 month – 1year 15 % 85%
1 Year – 2 Year 20% 80%
2 Year – 3 Year 30% 70%
3 Year – 4 Year 40% 60%
4 Year – 5 Year 50% 50%
9 Year – 10 Year 100% 00%

In India, the depreciation is 100 % in 10 years for cars and in 20 years for Buses.
2.Interest cost
 It is the interest on the loan for purchasing the vehicle or the interest that
could be earned on the money spend in purchasing the vehicle.
3. Registration and vehicle taxes
 It is the amount spend on registration and paying vehicle taxes.
4. Insurance cost
 It is the premium paid for vehicle and third party insurance.
Variable cost
Variable cost are those cost which vary with the use of vehicle. If the vehicle is not
used, variable cost are eliminated.
Various variable costs:
Maintenance and repair cost
Fuel and oil cost
Parking and toll cost
Driver cost
Cost comparison of 4 wheelers
Thank You