1 1

𝟏
𝒏 × 𝒑 = 𝒏𝒊𝟐 ∝
𝒅𝟏

2
𝑷 = 𝒏 =
∝
𝒏𝒊𝟐 𝒏𝒊𝟐
𝒏= 𝒑=
𝒑 𝒏
𝟐𝝅
× =
2 𝝀
𝑰𝑬 = 𝑰𝑪 + 𝑰𝑩
𝑰𝑪 𝜷𝒆
𝜶𝒆 = =
𝑰𝑬 𝟏 + 𝜷𝒆
𝑰𝑪 𝜶𝒆
𝜷𝒆 = =
𝑰𝑩 𝟏 − 𝜶𝒆
𝑽𝑪𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝑹𝑪 + 𝑽𝑪𝑬 𝒐𝒖𝒕

   
𝐄𝟑 − 𝐄𝟏 C,B,A 2
E3
E2 C B A
A E1
E3 

E2 

E1 
B
E3 
E2
C E1

3
   
 4
   
5
   
X 6
   
X
y
7
x
𝐀𝐲
x y
𝐀𝐱
d d 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
   
𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐

x y
8
𝐀𝐲
d d x y
𝐀𝐱
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
   
𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐

X Y
𝐝𝟐 , 𝐝𝟏 y,x 9
2.25 x
𝒅𝟏
y
𝒅𝟐
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟏
   
𝟒 𝟗 𝟑 𝟐

𝑑1 𝑑2

11
   
11
   
– 12

1  2 
)2( 4 3  1 2 
13
)4( )1( )3( 4  3  2  1 

14
   

15
   

𝑬𝟐 16
𝑬𝟑
𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟏 − 𝑬𝟎  𝑬𝟑 − 𝑬𝟎 
𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟏  𝑬𝟐 − 𝑬𝟎 
𝑬𝟎 𝑬𝟎
He Ne
 17
   
18
   
19
   

100K Si (Cu) 21
300K
   

P-type 21
  
p-type n-type 22

   
n-type 23
   
𝟏𝟗 −𝟑 𝟏𝟓 −𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎 24
−𝟑
𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏  𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎  𝟒𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑  𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 
𝒄𝒎−𝟑 25
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏  𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎  𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗  𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 
𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎−𝟑 26
−𝟑
𝒄𝒎
 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐  𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐  𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 
𝒄𝒎−𝟑 27
𝟏𝟐
 𝟏𝟎  𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐  𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟐


𝐑𝟏 28

I I
I I
( 3(A
2 2 (A
2 2
1 1 1 t
t 1 t
t 1 1 (s)
(s (s)
  2 2
 
 29
Ω
11.78  12.56  112.69  21 

on 31
off
1, 2  2, 1 
on 
off 

0.6mA
𝛃𝐞 ∝𝐞 31
12.157, 0.924  18.607, 0.949  75.923, 0.987  10.944, 0.916 

32

33
   

… 34
← ← ← 
← ← ← ← 
← ← ← ← 
← ← ← 

35

   
,A=29 , 36
C=21 ,B=27
17  19  23  15 

37

   