Jomar P.

Damot
BSCS 2B

1. How does culture influence gender equality?

- These gender disparities in the field of culture frequently reinforce and

perpetuate gender inequalities in society at large. Yet strengthening women's
participation in and access to culture can also be a powerful means of
promoting gender equality. Gender permeates all areas of cultural life. As part
of the DNA of communities, culture provides a unique space where gender
roles and social norms are constantly questioned, challenged, reinforced and
reimagined. A gendered look at the state of heritage and creativity reveals the
same challenges found in other areas of socioeconomic life: limited
participation of women in decision-making positions; segregation into certain
activities; restricted opportunities for training, capacity-building and
networking; women’s unequal share of unpaid care work; as well as gender
stereotypes and fixed ideas about culturally appropriate roles for women and
men. Women are under-represented in creative fields such as publishing,
contemporary music and the visual arts, particularly in leadership positions.
Less than a quarter of the crew members and only 5 percent of the directors
who worked on the 2,000 highest grossing films over the last two decades
were women. Out of the world’s top 150 classical music conductors, only 3
percent are women. 82% of management positions in cultural administration
are occupied by men. Many heritage sites are gendered. Some have
segregated entrances to buildings, and assign women and men different
areas in certain religious monuments. All intangible cultural heritage
expressions carry and transmit knowledge and norms related to the roles and
relationships between and within gender groups in a given community.
Intangible cultural heritage is therefore a privileged context for shaping gender
roles and identities and transmitting them.

2. What are the types of violence? justify

• Economic violence
Involves making or attempting to make a person financially dependent by
maintaining total control over financial resources, withholding access to
money, and/or forbidding attendance at school or employment.
• Psychological violence
Involves causing fear by intimidation; threatening physical harm to self,
partner or children; destruction of pets and property; “mind games”; or forcing
isolation from friends, family, school and/or work.
• Emotional violence
Includes undermining a person's sense of self-worth through constant
criticism; belittling one's abilities; name-calling or other verbal abuse;
damaging a partner's relationship with the children; or not letting a partner see
friends and family.
• Physical violence
Involves hurting or trying to hurt a partner by hitting, kicking, burning,
grabbing, pinching, shoving, slapping, hair-pulling, biting, denying medical
care or forcing alcohol and/or drug use, or using other physical force. It may
include property damage.
• Sexual violence
involves forcing a partner to take part in a sex act when the partner does not
consent. See more about sexual violence below.

3. How does culture impact identity?

- Culture is a defining feature of a person's identity, contributing to how they

see themselves and the groups with which they identify. A person's
understanding of their own and other's identities develops from birth and is
shaped by the values and attitudes prevalent at home and in the surrounding
community. Culture plays an important role in shaping who we are, more often
than not, we find ask ourselves who we are, are we the people who we think
we are or are we what others believe we are? Do we see our selves through
the reflection of our own eyes or those of others? We are not alone, we live in
a society, we leave in groups and define ourselves through them and hence,
at least in some aspects, we belong to them. Thus Culture has a major role in
shaping our identity through the different elements that define us, elements
such as; language, religion, how we dress, our relationship with people and
other diverse elements. But culture really shape our identity? Such an
assumption is quite controversial, for it denies us our “being” and “self-
awareness”. Individuals possess a dynamic nature and are in constant
interaction with their community. They also experience change through
different interactions with different people. A person’s understanding of their
own cultural identity develops from birth and is shaped by values and attitudes
at home and their surroundings. Cultural identity relates to our own being.

4. How does religion affects GBV( gender based violence)?

- The Church has a critical role in prevention, intervention, and healing from
gender-based violence (GBV). GBV includes domestic abuse, sexual assault,
incest, human trafficking, and other forms of abuse, most often directed
towards females. Religions play a role in upholding violent norms, whether
through the disciplining of the body or through discursive control that may lead
to women being harmed physically sexually psychologically and spiritually.
Typically, faith traditions moralise against gendered violence yet at the same
time, support it through patriarchal interpretations and practices (Beecheno).
In some cases, the gendered violence is explicit and made legitimate and
seen as a deserving punishment . In other contexts, violence is concealed
through other practices which may even be deemed kindly (Jagger, Shorter).
While religions have been sites of harm, Beecheno notes how this can lead to
negativities in secular agency responses to gendered violence, who can
assume religions are inherently problematic, without recognizing the faith
resources that religion can offer survivors. While it is important to call out and
specify the negative interactions between religion and gendered violence, we
also need to recognize the importance of religion at the level of identity, and
how religion can also be a resource in challenging gendered violence.

5. What are the effects of violence?

- Violence in its many forms can affect the health of people who are the
targets, those who are the perpetrators, and the communities in which both
live. Consequences include increased incidences of depression, anxiety, post
traumatic stress disorder, and suicide; increased risk of cardiovascular
disease; and premature mortality. The health consequences of violence vary
with the age and sex of the victim as well as the form of violence. Regardless
of its cause, violence has a negative impact on those who experience or
witness it. Violence can cause physical injury as well as psychological harm.
Several psychological disorders, including post-traumatic stress
disorder, dissociative identity disorder, and borderline personality disorder,
are associated with experiencing or witnessing violence. Other psychological
symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, and mood swings (see bipolar
disorder), are common in victims of violence. Children seem to be particularly
susceptible to the negative effects of violence. Those who experience or
witness violence may develop a variety of problems, including anxiety,
depression, insecurity, anger, poor anger management, poor social skills,
pathological lying, manipulative behaviour, impulsiveness, and lack of
empathy.

REACTION:
What are the forms of gender based violence embedded society culture?

- Gender-based violence is enacted under many different manifestations, from

its most widespread form, intimate partner violence, to acts of violence carried
out in online spaces. These different forms are not mutually exclusive and
multiple incidences of violence can be happening at once and reinforcing
each other. Inequalities experienced by a person related to their race,
(dis)ability, age, social class, religion, sexuality can also drive acts of violence.
This means that while women face violence and discrimination based on
gender, some women experience multiple and interlocking forms of violence.
The Istanbul Convention (Council of Europe, Convention on preventing and
combating violence against women and domestic violence), defines violence
against women as falling under four key forms: physical, sexual, psychological
and economic.

Physical violence

Any act which causes physical harm as a result of unlawful physical force.
Physical violence can take the form of, among others, serious and minor
assault, deprivation of liberty and manslaughter.

Sexual violence

Any sexual act perfomed on an individual without their consent. Sexual

violence can take the form of rape or sexual assault.

Psychological violence

Any act which causes psychological harm to an individual. Psychological

violence can take the form of, for example, coercion, defamation, verbal insult
or harassment.

Economic violence

Any act or behaviour which causes economic harm to an individual. Economic

violence can take the form of, for example, property damage, restricting
access to financial resources, education or the labour market, or not
complying with economic responsibilities, such as alimony.

It is also important to recognise that gender-based violence may be

normalised and reproduced due to structural inequalities, such as societal
norms, attitudes and stereotypes around gender generally and violence
against women specifically. Therefore it is important to
acknowledge structural or institutional violence, which can be defined as
the subordination of women in economic, social and political life, when
attempting to explain the prevalence of violence against women within our
societies.