Common .

NET Core interview questions

What’s the difference between .NET and .NET Framework?

How does ASP.NET Core handle dependency injection?

What is Kestrel and how does it differ from IIS?

What is the purpose of middleware in ASP.NET Core?

How does ASP.NET Core handle garbage collection?

What’s the difference between synchronous and asynchronous programming in ASP.NET Core?

How does .NET support cross-platform development?

How can you implement background work in an ASP.NET Core application?

How does ASP.NET Core handle concurrency and parallelism?

How do you implement caching in ASP.NET Core?

What’s the difference between middleware and a filter in ASP.NET Core?

What is Core CLR?

Have you worked with Docker on ASP.NET Core projects?

1. What’s the difference between .NET and .NET Framework?

This is one of the most common dot NET Core interview questions that interviewers will ask you. .NET (previously
.NET Core) and .NET Framework are both web development frameworks for building applications using the .NET
technology stack. However, the two have some key differences.

.NET is an open-source, cross-platform framework with core libraries (in NuGet packages) for building modern, cloud-
based, and microservices-based applications. It supports development on Linux, macOS, and Windows and provides
a modular lightweight runtime deployed as a self-contained executable or a shared library.

.NET Framework, on the other hand, is a Windows-only framework for developing classes and libraries and running
code on web services and traditional desktop applications. It provides a larger set of libraries and features than .NET
Core, but it’s limited to Windows and is not open-source.

2. How does ASP.NET Core handle dependency injection?

Dependency injection is a design pattern of ASP.NET Core that’s handled by the built-in dependency injection
container. This container can register and resolve dependencies, typically defined as interfaces implemented by
concrete classes.

There are several ways to configure the container, including the ConfigureServices method in the Startup class (the
entry point of a .NET application), attributes on classes and properties, and the service provider itself. ASP.NET Core
supports constructor, property, and method injection, allowing dependencies to be dynamically injected into
methods at runtime.

However, a more up-to-date way to handle dependency injection in ASP.NET Core focuses on singleton, transient,
and scoped service lifetimes. You can read more about this here.

3. What is Kestrel and how does it differ from IIS?

Kestrel is a cross-platform, lightweight web server used by default in ASP.NET Core applications. It can run on Linux,
macOS, and Windows and provides a fast, scalable, and efficient platform for handling HTTP requests.

Kestrel is designed to be used with a reverse proxy server, such as IIS or Nginx, which handles load balancing and SSL
termination tasks.
On the other hand, IIS is a web server specific to Windows that provides more advanced features than Kestrel, such
as support for HTTP/2 and WebSocket protocols and integration with Windows authentication and SSL.

4. What is the purpose of middleware in ASP.NET Core?

Middleware in ASP.NET Core is a software component responsible for processing requests and generating responses
in the web application pipeline. It sits between the server side and the application and is designed to handle cross-
cutting concerns, such as authentication, caching, logging, and routing.

The primary purpose of middleware is to provide a modular way of processing HTTP requests and responses,
allowing developers to add, remove, or reorder middleware components in the pipeline based on their specific
needs. This makes it easy to customize the web application's behavior without modifying the core application logic.

The purpose of middleware: .NET Core advanced interview questions and answers

In addition, middleware can perform various tasks, such as modifying request or response headers, handling errors
and exceptions, and executing asynchronous code. Middleware can also perform custom processing of requests and
responses, such as generating dynamic content or formatting data.

Overall, middleware plays a critical role in the architecture of ASP.NET Core applications, allowing developers to write
modular, flexible, and extensible web applications that can be easily customized and scaled.

5. How does ASP.NET Core handle garbage collection?

Garbage collection in ASP.NET Core automatically manages the allocation and deallocation of memory that an
ASP.NET Core application uses. The garbage collector is responsible for identifying and reclaiming memory no longer
needed by the application, thus freeing up resources and improving the application's performance.
The garbage collector in ASP.NET Core uses a generational garbage collection algorithm that divides the heap into
gen0, gen1, and gen2, each generation representing a different stage of the object's life cycle. New objects are
allocated to the youngest generation, and as they survive longer, they are moved to older generations. The garbage
collector collects and frees memory from the youngest generation first and only collects the older generations when
necessary.

Garbage collection in .NET: advanced .NET Core interview questions

ASP.NET Core provides several options for configuring and tuning the garbage collector, including setting the
maximum size of the heap, the size of the individual generations, and the frequency of garbage collection. These
options can be configured using environment variables or application configuration files depending on the needs of
the application.

In addition, ASP.NET Core provides several tools and APIs for monitoring and diagnosing garbage collection behavior,
including the GC.Collect() method, which can force a garbage collection cycle, and the GC.GetTotalMemory() method,
which returns the total amount of memory used by the application.

Overall, garbage collection in ASP.NET Core is a critical component of the runtime, ensuring efficient memory use and
improving the performance and stability of ASP.NET Core applications.

6. What’s the difference between synchronous and asynchronous programming in ASP.NET Core?

Synchronous programming in ASP.NET Core blocks the execution of source code until a task is completed. In contrast,
asynchronous programming allows the execution of code to continue while a task is being processed in the
background.

Asynchronous programming is useful for long-running operations that would otherwise block the application's main
thread, such as reading from a file or making a network request.

Synchronous and asynchronous programming in .NET Core Web API advanced interview questions

Asynchronous programming is typically achieved using the async and await keywords in C#. The async keyword
defines an asynchronous method, which can be called by other code and will run in the background. The await
keyword indicates that the calling code should wait for the asynchronous method to complete before continuing.
7. How does .NET support cross-platform development?

.NET (.NET Core) was designed from the ground up to support cross-platform development. It provides a common
runtime, libraries, and tools that can be used to build, debug, and deploy applications on Windows, macOS, and
Linux. One of the key components of cross-platform development in .NET is the .NET runtime, which provides a
platform-agnostic environment for running .NET applications. The runtime is available on multiple platforms and can
be installed independently of the operating system.

Additionally, ASP.NET Core includes a command-line interface (CLI) that can be used to build, test, and deploy
applications on multiple platforms. The CLI provides a set of tools for managing dependencies, building and
packaging applications, and deploying them to different environments. ASP.NET Core also includes a set of standard
libraries called the Base Class Library (BCL), which provide a consistent set of APIs for working with common tasks,
such as file I/O, networking, and security.

These libraries are designed to work on multiple platforms and provide a consistent experience for developers across
different environments. Overall, .NET's support for cross-platform development makes it a powerful tool for building
modern, cloud-based, and microservices-based applications that can run on various operating systems and
environments.

8. How can you implement background work in an ASP.NET Core application?

The IHostedService interface in ASP.NET Core defines a background task or service as part of the application's
lifetime. It’s typically used for monitoring, logging, or data processing tasks that must run continuously, even when
the application is not processing requests. Classes that implement the IHostedService interface are added to the
application's service collection using dependency injection, and they are started and stopped automatically by the
application's host.
The IHostedService interface defines two methods: StartAsync and StopAsync. The StartAsync method is called when
the application starts and is used to start the background task or service. The StopAsync method is called when the
application is stopped or restarted. It’s used to stop the background task or service, releasing acquired resources.

9. How does ASP.NET Core handle concurrency and parallelism?

ASP.NET Core provides several mechanisms for handling concurrency and parallelism depending on the application's
specific requirements. Some common mechanisms used in ASP.NET Core applications are:

Asynchronous programming: ASP.NET Core supports asynchronous programming by using the async and awaits
keywords. Asynchronous programming allows multiple tasks to be executed concurrently without blocking the main
thread, improving the application's responsiveness.

Parallel programming: ASP.NET Core supports parallel programming using the Parallel class and the Task Parallel
Library (TPL). Parallel programming allows multiple tasks to be executed concurrently across multiple processors,
improving the application's performance.

Locking and synchronization: ASP.NET Core provides several mechanisms for locking and synchronization, including
the lock keyword, the Interlocked class, and the Monitor class. These mechanisms allow multiple threads to access
shared resources safely and prevent race conditions.

Concurrency control: ASP.NET Core supports concurrency control through transactional memory and the optimistic
concurrency control (OCC) pattern. Concurrency control ensures that multiple threads can access and modify shared
resources without interfering with each other.

Using these mechanisms, developers can build ASP.NET Core applications that are more responsive, scalable, and
efficient, handling multiple requests and tasks concurrently and in parallel. However, using these mechanisms
carefully and appropriately is important, as concurrency and parallelism can introduce new challenges, such as race
conditions, deadlocks, and thread starvation.

10. How do you implement caching in ASP.NET Core?

Response caching in ASP.NET Core is a technique used to improve the performance and scalability of web
applications by caching the ASP.NET Core MVC responses returned by the server for a specific period. Caching the
response can help reduce the number of requests made to the server, as clients can reuse the cached response
instead of requesting the same resource again.

Response caching works by adding a caching layer between the client and the server. When a client requests a
resource, the caching layer checks whether the response for the request has been cached. If the response is cached,
the caching layer returns the cached response to the client. If the response is not cached, the request is forwarded to
the server, and the server generates the response and caches it for future use.
In ASP.NET Core, response caching can be implemented using the [ResponseCache] attribute, which can be applied to
an action method in a controller. The attribute allows developers to specify the caching behavior, such as the
duration of the cache, the location of the cache, and the cache key. By default, the caching location is on the client
side, but it can also be set to a distributed or proxy cache depending on the needs of the application.

Response caching can significantly impact the performance and scalability of web applications, particularly for
resources that are expensive to generate, such as database queries or API calls. However, it’s important to use
response caching judiciously, as caching can also lead to stale data being returned to clients. Therefore, setting
appropriate caching policies and ensuring the cache is invalidated when the underlying data changes are crucial.

11. What’s the difference between middleware and a filter in ASP.NET Core?

In ASP.NET Core, middleware and filters are two mechanisms used for processing requests and responses.

Middleware is a software component between the web server (like Apache) and the application and processes
requests and responses during the application development. Middleware can be used for various tasks, such as
authentication, logging, and error handling. Middleware is executed in a pipeline, and each middleware component
can modify the request or response before passing it to the next component in the pipeline.

Conversely, filters are used to perform cross-cutting concerns on controllers and actions in an MVC application. Filters
can be used for authorization, validation, and caching tasks. Filters are executed before and after the action method,
and they can modify the request or response or short-circuit the request processing if necessary.

The main difference between middleware and filters is their scope and the way they are executed. Middleware is
executed globally and can be used for any request or response. In contrast, filters are executed only for specific
controllers or actions and can be used to modify the request or response before or after the action method.

12. What is Core CLR?

CoreCLR (Common Language Runtime, now renamed to .NET Runtime) is the runtime environment executing
ASP.NET Core applications. It is the open-source implementation of the .NET runtime, developed by Microsoft and
available on multiple platforms, including Windows, Linux, and macOS.
CoreCLR provides a managed execution environment for ASP.NET Core applications, including memory management,
garbage collection, type safety, and security. It also supports just-in-time (JIT) compilation, which compiles code at
runtime to native machine code, allowing for faster execution.

CoreCLR is designed to be modular, with various components such as the garbage collector, JIT compiler, and
primitive data type system implemented as separate modules. This modularity allows for more flexibility and
customization in building and deploying .NET Core applications.

CoreCLR is a critical component of the .NET platform, providing the necessary runtime infrastructure for developing
and executing .NET applications across different platforms.

13. Have you worked with Docker on ASP.NET Core projects?

The Docker platform allows developers to package and deploy applications in lightweight, portable containers. In the
context of ASP.NET Core, Docker provides a way to package and deploy ASP.NET Core applications and their
dependencies in a self-contained, isolated container that can run on any platform that supports Docker.

Using Docker in ASP.NET Core, developers can create Docker images of their applications, which can be deployed to
any environment that supports Docker. This makes it easy to deploy ASP.NET Core applications consistently and
reliably, without worrying about differences in the underlying infrastructure.

Docker also provides a way to manage and orchestrate containers in a distributed system, allowing developers to
scale their applications up or down as needed.

Overall, Docker is a powerful tool for developing, deploying, and managing ASP.NET Core applications, providing a
portable, flexible, and scalable environment for building modern applications.

---------------------------------------------------------------------END------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Azure interview questions and answers

1. What is Azure, and why is it important for developers?

Azure is a cloud computing platform and service provided by Microsoft. It offers a wide range of services, tools, and
frameworks for developers to build, deploy, and manage applications. Azure is important for developers because it
enables them to create scalable, reliable, and cost-effective applications without worrying about the underlying
infrastructure.

2. Can you explain the difference between Azure Web Apps, Azure Functions, and Azure Logic Apps?

Azure Web Apps is a platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offering for hosting web applications, REST APIs, and mobile app
backends. They provide a fully managed environment with built-in support for various programming languages and
frameworks.

Azure Functions is a serverless computing service that allows developers to run small code (functions) in response to
events or triggers without managing the underlying infrastructure.

Azure Logic Apps is an Azure service for creating and running workflows that integrate with various services and data
sources. They provide a visual designer to create workflows using pre-built connectors and actions.

3. What are the key components of the Azure Resource Manager (ARM)?
Azure Resource Manager (ARM) is an Azure resources deployment and management service. The key components of
ARM include:

Resource groups: A logical container for resources that are deployed within an Azure subscription.

ARM templates: JSON files that define the resources, configurations, and dependencies for an Azure deployment.

ARM API: A RESTful API for managing Azure resources programmatically.

Role-based access control (RBAC): A mechanism for controlling access to Azure resources based on user roles and
permissions.

4. How do you assess the readiness of an application for migration to Azure?

This is one of the common Azure migration interview questions. Assessing the readiness of an application for
migration to Azure involves evaluating various factors to ensure a smooth transition and optimal performance in the
cloud. Here are some key steps to follow:

Compatibility analysis: Review the application's architecture, technology stack, and dependencies to ensure they are
compatible with Azure services and platforms. Check for any deprecated or unsupported components that may need
to be replaced or updated.

Performance and scalability: Analyze the application's performance requirements, such as response times,
throughput, and resource utilization. Determine if the application can benefit from Azure's auto-scaling, load
balancing, and other performance optimization features.

Data migration: Assess the data storage requirements, including the type and size of the data, and choose the
appropriate Azure storage service, such as Azure SQL Database, Cosmos DB, or Blob Storage. Plan for data migration,
including data transfer methods, data transformation, and data synchronization.
Security and compliance: Review the application's security requirements, such as authentication, authorization,
encryption, and data protection. Ensure that the chosen Azure services and configurations meet these requirements
and comply with relevant industry regulations and standards.

Networking and connectivity: Evaluate the application's networking requirements, including bandwidth, latency, and
connectivity to on-premises or other cloud resources. Plan for the appropriate Azure networking services, such as
Virtual Networks, ExpressRoute, or VPN Gateway.

Cost estimation: Estimate the costs of running the application in Azure, considering factors such as compute, storage,
networking, and data transfer. Use the Azure pricing calculator and consider cost optimization strategies, such as
reserved instances, spot instances, or Azure Hybrid Benefit.

Application modernization: Identify opportunities to modernize the application by leveraging Azure's PaaS and
serverless offerings, such as Azure App Service, Azure Functions, or Azure Logic Apps. This can help improve the
application's scalability, maintainability, and cost-efficiency.

Migration strategy: Based on the assessment, choose the appropriate migration strategy, such as rehosting (lift-and-
shift), refactoring (re-architecting), or rebuilding (re-platforming). Develop a detailed migration plan, including
timelines, resources, and testing procedures.

By thoroughly assessing the application's readiness for migration to Azure, you can ensure a successful transition and
maximize the benefits of the Azure cloud platform.

5. Can you explain the difference between Azure Service Bus, Event Hubs, and Event Grid?

Azure Service Bus is a fully managed enterprise integration message broker that supports both point-to-point and
publish-subscribe communication patterns. It is designed for high-throughput, low-latency messaging scenarios.

Azure Event Hubs is a big data streaming platform and event ingestion service that can process millions of events per
second. It is designed for real-time data processing and analytics.

Azure Event Grid is a fully managed event routing service that enables event-driven, reactive programming. It
connects event sources with event handlers using a publish-subscribe model and supports filtering and routing based
on event types and data.

6. What is Azure Active Directory (AAD), and how does it differ from an on-premises active directory?

Azure Active Directory (AAD), now Microsoft Entra ID, is a cloud-based identity and access management service that
provides single sign-on (SSO), multi-factor authentication, and identity protection for applications and services.

AAD differs from an on-premises active directory in several ways:

AAD is a cloud-based service, while an on-premises active directory is hosted on your infrastructure.

AAD supports modern authentication protocols like OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect, while an on-premises active
directory primarily uses Kerberos and NTLM.

AAD provides built-in integration with other Azure services and third-party applications, while an on-premises active
directory requires additional configuration and integration.

7. What are Azure Virtual Machines (VMs), and how do they differ from other computing options in Azure?

Azure Virtual Machines (VMs) are Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) offerings that provide on-demand, scalable
compute resources in the cloud. VMs differ from other compute options in Azure, such as Web Apps and Functions,
in that they provide more control over the underlying infrastructure, including the operating system, networking, and
storage. This makes VMs suitable for workloads that require custom configurations or need to run specific software
that is not supported by other Azure compute services.
8. What is Azure Blob Storage, and what are its key features?

Azure Blob Storage is a scalable, cost-effective object storage service for unstructured data, such as text, images,
videos, and binary files. Key features of Azure Blob Storage include:

High availability and durability through data replication across multiple data centers.

Support for hot, cool, and archive access tiers to optimize storage costs based on data access patterns.

Integration with Azure Content Delivery Network (CDN) for global content distribution.

Fine-grained access control and data encryption for security and compliance.

9. What is Azure DevOps, and how does it help developers?

Azure DevOps is a suite of services and tools for automating the software development lifecycle, including planning,
coding, building, testing, deploying, and monitoring applications.

Azure DevOps helps developers by providing:

A centralized platform for managing work items, source code, builds, releases, and test plans.

Integration with popular development tools and frameworks, such as Visual Studio, Eclipse, and Jenkins.

Built-in support for continuous integration (CI) and continuous deployment (CD) pipelines.

Collaboration features for teams, such as Git repositories, pull requests, and Kanban boards.

10. What are the best practices for monitoring, logging, and alerting in Azure?

Best practices for monitoring, logging, and alerting in Azure are to:
Use Azure Monitor: Leverage Azure Monitor to collect, analyze, and visualize performance metrics, logs, and custom
events from Azure resources and applications.

Enable diagnostic settings: Configure diagnostic settings for Azure resources to collect resource logs, metrics, and
activity data.

Utilize log analytics: Store and query log data in a Log Analytics workspace, create custom queries, and visualize data
using Azure Dashboards.

Implement application insights: Integrate Application Insights for application performance monitoring, exception
tracking, and distributed tracing.

Set up alerts: Create alerts and action groups based on specific metrics, log queries, or events, and configure
notifications or automated actions.

Monitor security: Use Azure Security Center (now called Microsoft Defender for Cloud) for continuous security
monitoring, threat detection, and compliance assessment.

Establish custom metrics and events: Track custom metrics and events relevant to your application using custom code
or third-party tools.

Regularly review and optimize: Periodically review monitoring data, identify trends, and optimize resource
performance, cost, and reliability.

11. What is Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS), and what are its benefits?

Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) is a managed container orchestration service based on the Kubernetes platform. AKS
simplifies the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications by providing:

A fully managed Kubernetes control plane, with automatic upgrades and patching.

Integration with Azure services, such as Azure Active Directory, Azure Monitor, and Azure Policy.

Support for advanced networking, storage, and security features.

Tools and utilities for cluster management, such as the Kubernetes dashboard and the kubectl command-line
interface.

12. What is Azure Cosmos DB, and what are its key features?

Azure Cosmos DB is a globally distributed, multi-model database service designed for low-latency, high-throughput,
and scalable applications. Key features of Azure Cosmos DB include:

Support for multiple data models, such as document, key-value, graph, and column-family.

Global distribution with automatic data replication across multiple Azure regions.

Tunable consistency levels for balancing data consistency and performance.

Built-in support for partitioning, indexing, and querying data.

13. What is Azure Data Factory, and how does it help with data integration and transformation?

Azure Data Factory is a cloud-based data integration service that enables you to create, schedule, and manage data
workflows for moving and transforming data from various sources to various destinations. Azure Data Factory helps
with data integration and transformation by providing:

A visual interface for designing and monitoring data pipelines.

Support for a wide range of data sources and destinations, such as databases, file systems, and cloud storage
services.

Built-in data transformation activities, such as data movement, data flow, and data lake analytics.

Integration with Azure Machine Learning and Azure Databricks for advanced data processing and analytics.

Azure security interview questions

14. How does Azure ensure data security and privacy?

Azure provides multiple layers of security, such as data encryption at rest and in transit, network isolation, and access
control. Azure also complies with industry standards and regulations, such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI DSS.

15. What is Azure Private Link, and how does it improve network security?

Azure Private Link enables you to access Azure services over a private connection from your on-premises or virtual
network. This improves network security by keeping traffic within the Azure backbone network and avoiding
exposure to the public internet.

16. How can you monitor and audit Azure resources for security and compliance?

Azure provides various tools and services for monitoring and auditing resources, such as Azure Monitor, Azure
Security Center, and Azure Policy. These tools help you detect and respond to security threats, enforce compliance
policies, and generate audit reports for regulatory purposes.

17. What is the role and key responsibilities of an Azure administrator?

An Azure Administrator manages and maintains Azure cloud infrastructure, services, and resources. Their key
responsibilities include:

Provisioning, configuring, and monitoring Azure resources and services.

Implementing and managing storage, compute, and networking components.

Ensuring high availability, scalability, and performance of Azure infrastructure.

Managing and monitoring security, identity, and access control.

Troubleshooting and resolving issues related to Azure services and resources.

18. What are the key differences between Azure Resource Manager (ARM) templates and Azure PowerShell for
managing Azure resources?

ARM templates are JSON files that define the resources, configurations, and dependencies for an Azure deployment.
They provide a declarative way to manage Azure resources and enable Infrastructure as Code (IaC) practices. ARM
templates are language-agnostic and can be used with various tools and platforms.

Azure PowerShell is a command-line interface for managing Azure resources using PowerShell scripts. It provides a
procedural way to manage resources and is best suited for automation tasks and interactive management.

19. How do you ensure high availability and disaster recovery for Azure Virtual Machines (VMs)?

To ensure high availability for Azure VMs, you can:

Deploy VMs in an Availability Set, which distributes VMs across multiple fault domains and update domains within a
data center.

Use Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets to automatically scale the number of VM instances based on demand or a
predefined schedule.
Deploy VMs in multiple Azure regions and use Azure Traffic Manager or Azure Front Door to distribute traffic across
regions.

For disaster recovery, you can:

Use Azure Site Recovery to replicate VMs to a secondary Azure region and enable failover in case of a disaster.

Regularly back up VMs using Azure Backup and restore them to a new VM in case of data loss or corruption.

Azure virtual machines: Azure admin interview questions

20. What is Azure Storage Service Encryption (SSE), and how does it help protect data?

Azure Storage Service Encryption (SSE) is a feature that automatically encrypts data at rest in Azure Blob Storage, File
Storage, Table Storage, and Queue Storage. SSE uses Azure-managed encryption keys or customer-managed keys to
encrypt data before it is written to storage and decrypts it when it is read. This helps protect data from unauthorized
access and ensures compliance with data security and privacy regulations.

21. How do you monitor and optimize the performance of Azure resources?

To monitor and optimize the performance of Azure resources, you can:

Use Azure Monitor to collect, analyze, and visualize performance metrics and logs from Azure resources.

Set up alerts and notifications based on performance thresholds or specific events.

Use Azure Advisor to get personalized recommendations for optimizing resource performance, cost, security, and
reliability.

Implement autoscaling for compute resources, such as VMs and App Services, to adjust capacity based on demand.

Use Azure CDN and Azure Traffic Manager to optimize content delivery and network performance.

22. What are the key components of Azure Identity and Access Management (IAM), and how do they help secure
Azure resources?
The key components of Azure IAM include:

Azure Active Directory (AAD): A cloud-based identity and access management service that provides single sign-on,
multi-factor authentication, and identity protection for applications and services.

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): A mechanism for controlling access to Azure resources based on user roles and
permissions. RBAC enables you to grant the least privilege necessary for users to perform their tasks.

Azure Privileged Identity Management (PIM): A service that helps manage, control, and monitor access to privileged
accounts and resources in Azure. PIM provides features such as just-in-time access, approval workflows, and access
reviews.

23. What is Azure policy, and how does it help enforce compliance and governance in Azure?

Azure Policy is a service that enables you to define, enforce, and audit policies for Azure resources. Policies are rules
that govern the properties, configurations, and actions of resources to ensure compliance with organizational
standards and regulatory requirements. Azure Policy helps enforce compliance and governance by:

Automatically applying policies to resources during deployment and preventing non-compliant resources from being
created.

Continuously monitoring existing resources for compliance and reporting violations.

Integrating with Azure DevOps and ARM templates to enable policy-driven infrastructure as code.

Azure networking interview questions

24. What is Azure Virtual Network (VNet), and what are its key features?

Azure Virtual Network (VNet) is a logically isolated network within the Azure cloud that enables you to connect Azure
resources and on-premises networks securely. Key features of Azure VNet include:

Private IP address space and DNS settings for resources within the VNet.

Subnets for organizing and segmenting resources based on security and network requirements.

Network Security Groups (NSGs) for controlling inbound and outbound traffic to resources.

Virtual Network Gateway for connecting VNets to on-premises networks using VPN or ExpressRoute.

VNet peering for connecting VNets within the same or different Azure regions.

25. What is Azure Network Security Group (NSG), and how does it help secure Azure resources?

Azure Network Security Group (NSG) is a virtual firewall that controls inbound and outbound network traffic to and
from Azure resources, such as VMs and subnets. NSGs use security rules to define allowed or denied traffic based on
source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols. By applying NSGs to resources, you can restrict network
access and protect them from unauthorized access and attacks.
Inbound vs outbound traffic in Azure for Azure interview question

26. What is Azure Load Balancer, and how does it help distribute traffic to Azure resources?

Azure Load Balancer is a network service that distributes incoming network traffic across multiple resources, such as
VMs, to ensure high availability, scalability, and low latency. Azure Load Balancer supports both Layer 4 (TCP/UDP)
and Layer 7 (HTTP/HTTPS) traffic and provides features such as:

Health probes for monitoring the availability and responsiveness of resources.

Load balancing rules for distributing traffic based on source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols.

Session persistence for maintaining client connections to the same resource during a session.

Integration with Azure Availability Sets and Virtual Machine Scale Sets for distributing traffic across fault domains and
update domains.

27. What is Azure ExpressRoute, and when should you use it?

Azure ExpressRoute is a dedicated, private network connection between your on-premises infrastructure and Azure
data centers. ExpressRoute provides faster, more reliable, and more secure connectivity compared to a standard
internet-based VPN connection. You should use ExpressRoute when:

You require low-latency, high-bandwidth connectivity between your on-premises and Azure environments.

You need to transfer large amounts of data between your on-premises and Azure environments.

You have strict security and compliance requirements that mandate a private connection to Azure.

28. What is Azure Backup, and how does it help protect Azure resources?

Azure Backup is a cloud-based backup service that enables you to back up and restore Azure resources, such as VMs,
databases, and file shares. Azure Backup helps protect Azure resources by:

Providing a centralized, scalable, and cost-effective solution for backing up data and applications.
Supporting incremental backups, which reduce storage and network costs by only backing up changed data.

Encrypting backup data at rest and in transit for security and compliance.

Offering flexible retention policies and recovery options to meet your business continuity and disaster recovery
requirements.

29. What is Azure site recovery, and how does it help with disaster recovery in Azure?

Azure Site Recovery is a cloud-based disaster recovery service that enables you to replicate, failover, and recover
Azure resources and on-premises workloads in case of a disaster or outage. Azure Site Recovery helps with disaster
recovery in Azure by:

Providing a simple, automated, and cost-effective solution for replicating and recovering resources across Azure
regions or between on-premises and Azure environments.

Supporting various replication technologies, such as Hyper-V Replica, Azure VM replication, and VMware vSphere
replication.

Offering customizable recovery plans, including failover, failback, and testing capabilities.

Integrating with Azure Monitor and Azure Automation for monitoring and orchestrating disaster recovery processes.

30. What is Azure cost management, and how does it help control and optimize Azure spending?

Azure Cost Management is a suite of tools and services that help you monitor, analyze, and optimize your Azure
spending. Azure Cost Management provides:

Cost analysis reports and dashboards for visualizing and understanding your Azure spending patterns.

Budgets and alerts for tracking and controlling spending against predefined limits.

Cost recommendations based on your usage patterns and Azure best practices.

Integration with Azure Policy for enforcing cost-related policies and compliance.

31. What are some best practices for securing Azure resources and data?

Some best practices for securing Azure resources and data include:

Implementing the principle of least privilege by granting users and applications the minimum permissions necessary
to perform their tasks.

Using Azure Active Directory and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for managing access to resources and services.

Encrypting data at rest and in transit using Azure Storage Service Encryption (SSE) and Azure Disk Encryption.

Regularly monitoring and auditing resource activity using Azure Monitor, Azure Security Center, and Azure Policy.

Implementing network security best practices, such as using Network Security Groups (NSGs), Azure Firewall, and
Azure Private Link.

Regularly backing up resources and implementing disaster recovery plans using Azure Backup and Azure Site
Recovery.

scenario-based Azure interview questions

Your company is planning to migrate an existing web application to Azure. The application consists of a front-end web
server, a back-end database server, and a file storage system. Describe the Azure services and components you would
recommend for each part of the application and explain your choices.

You are tasked with designing a serverless architecture for a new image processing application in Azure. The
application should automatically generate thumbnails for images uploaded to a storage account and store the
thumbnails in a separate container. Explain how you would implement this solution using Azure Functions and other
Azure services.

A client wants to implement a multi-region disaster recovery strategy for their Azure-based e-commerce application.
The application consists of a web front-end, a REST API, and an SQL database. Describe the steps you would take to
ensure the application can failover to a secondary region in case of a regional outage.

Your company has an Azure-based application that processes sensitive customer data. The security team has
requested that all data stored in Azure must be encrypted both at rest and in transit. Explain how you would
implement encryption for data stored in Azure Blob Storage and data transmitted between Azure services.

You are responsible for optimizing the performance of an Azure-based web application that serves users from
multiple geographic locations. The application consists of static content, dynamic content generated by a REST API,
and a real-time chat feature. Describe the Azure services and strategies you would use to improve the application's
performance for users in different regions.

A client has an on-premises application that relies on Active Directory for authentication and authorization. They
want to migrate the application to Azure and continue using their existing Active Directory infrastructure. Explain
how you would integrate the on-premises Active Directory with Azure Active Directory and enable single sign-on for
the migrated application.

Your company is developing a new IoT solution that collects telemetry data from thousands of devices and processes
the data in real-time. The processed data should be stored in a database for further analysis and reporting. Describe
the Azure services and components you would use to build the data ingestion, processing, and storage pipeline for
this solution.

You are tasked with implementing a monitoring and alerting solution for an Azure-based application. The solution
should collect performance metrics, logs, and custom events from the application and its underlying infrastructure. It
should also trigger alerts and notifications based on predefined thresholds and conditions. Explain how you would
use Azure Monitor and other Azure services to implement this solution.