Science 8

Science – Grade 8
Quarter 4 – Module 7: Mendelian Principles of Inheritance
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use
these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors
do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Emily M. Manongsong
Editor: Annalyn M. Macasinag
Reviewers (content / language): Rowena T. Tiempo
(Technical): Rowena T. Tiempo
Illustrator: Edison P. Clet
Layout Artist: Jean Rean M. Laurente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Rivera, CESE
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Manuel A. Laguerta, EdD
Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and
OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon, EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde, EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera, EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio, PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos, PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao, EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig

City
Science 8
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 7
Mendelian Principles
of Inheritance
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on Mendelian Principles of

Inheritance.

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Science 8 Self-Learning Module on Mendelian Principles

of Inheritance!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

This module is made for you to study Mendelian Genetics. This will
lead you to predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns
of inheritance.
The module is about describing the Mendelian principles of inheritance
by analyzing Mendel’s experiment on garden peas.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe the Mendelian principle of inheritance by analyzing
Mendel’s experiment on garden peas;
2. state the three laws of heredity:
a) Law of Complete Dominance;
b) Law of Segregation;
c) Law of Independent Assortment; and
3. appreciate the importance of the contribution of Gregor Mendel in
genetics.

PRETEST
Read each sentence carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Pisum sativum is the scientific name of a garden pea plant used by Gregor
Mendel for his experiment on investigating how individual traits were
inherited. Which of the following is the dominant trait of the pea plant’s pod
shape?
A. axial B. constricted C. inflated D. wrinkled
2. Mendel conducted his experiments on garden peas using three (3) steps.
What was Mendel’s findings on the second step of his experiment?
A. Mendel found that F1 generation produced different traits.
B. Mendel found that F1 generation always produced the same trait.
C. Mendel found that F1 generation sometimes produced the same trait.
D. Mendel found that F1 generation sometimes produced different traits.
3. Gregor Mendel hypothesized that the pair of genes segregate or separate
from each other during gamete formation. Which among the following laws
explained this hypothesis?
A. The Law of Dominance
B. The Law of Segregation
C. The Law of Independent Assortment
D. The Principle of Allelism
4. The non-appearance of the recessive characteristic does not mean it was
totally lost. Mendel hypothesized that it was just hidden and masked by the
dominant trait. Which among the following laws explained this hypothesis?
A. The Law of Dominance
B. The Law of Segregation
C. The Law of Independent Assortment
D. The Principle of Allelism
5. Aside from Mendel’s interest to find out whether both parents contributed
equally to the traits of the offspring, what else was his reason of doing the
experiment?
A. He wanted to cross-pollinate peas with similar traits.
B. He wanted to investigate how individual traits were shared.
C. He wanted to know the result from a cross between seven pure-breeding
plants with contrasting traits.
D. He wanted to know if the traits present in the offspring were produced
by the blending of the traits of the parents.

RECAP

In your past lesson last week, you learned that meiosis is a cell division
in reproductive cells. Fill in each blank with the correct term found in the box
to complete each statement correctly.

Spermatogenesis Crossing over Meiosis I

Meiosis II Oogenesis

1. ______________ reduces the homologous diploid chromosomal number of

cells to haploid.
2. ______________ is responsible for forming four haploid daughter cells.
3. ______________ rearranges the genetic information coded in the sister
chromatids.
4. ______________ is the production of sperm by the process of meiosis. It takes
place in the testes.
5. ______________ is the production of egg cells or ova by meiosis. It takes place
in the ovaries.

LESSON

Heredity refers to the passing on of physical or mental characteristics

genetically from one generation to another. The study of heredity in biology is
genetics. Genetics helps explain a lot of things, like what makes you unique,
why you look similar with other members of your family, and why some
diseases run in your family.
How is the behavior of the chromosomes during meiosis related to
heredity? The experiment of Gregor Johann Mendel, an Austrian Monk, laid
down the foundations of modern genetics.
He performed series of breeding experiments
using garden pea plants (Pisum sativum) in
the garden of the monastery. Peas work as
excellent test subject as they can self-pollinate,
cross fertilize, and have several traits that only
have two forms - the dominant traits and the
recessive traits. Dominant traits involve round
and yellow seeds, purple flower, green and
inflated pods, axial flower position, and long
stem. Recessive traits involve wrinkled and
green seeds, white flowers, yellow and
constricted pods, terminal flower position, Figure 1.Gregor Johann Mendel
and short stem. Mendel used a capital letter to represent a dominant trait
(example: Round is R) and a small letter that represent a recessive trait
(example: wrinkled is r).

Figure 2. Seven Characters of Peas

Mendel conducted his experiment on garden peas using three (3) major
steps:
First: He produced pure-breeding plants. In this step, Mendel allowed his
pea plants to self-pollinate for many generations until he was able to
gather seeds that produced only one particular trait.
Second: He began to do cross-pollinating peas with contrasting traits. In this
time, Mendel took pollens from the anther of the purple-colored flower
(round seeds) and transferred them into the stigma of the white colored
flower (wrinkled seeds). He called these two varieties of garden peas as
 the F1 or the first filial generation. Mendel found that even though the
two parents had different traits, the offspring always had the same trait.
Figure 3 shows the Punnett square of a monohybrid cross between
round seed and wrinkled seed.
R R
r Rr Rr
Round Round
r Rr Rr
Round Round
Figure 3. Round seed x Wrinkled seed

Third: He then produced a second generation of plants (F2) by self-pollinating

two F1 generation plants that had the same traits. In the F2 generation,
he found that 75% of the seeds were round and 25% were wrinkled.
This turned out to be as it is because of a recessive gene or trait was
present in both parents. When two of the genes are the same (like with
"RR" or "rr") they are called homozygous. When they are different (like
with "Rr") they are called heterozygous.

R r
R RR Rr
Round (25%) Round (25%)
r Rr rr
Round (25%) Wrinkled (25%)
Figure 4. Two Heterozygous Round Seeds

Mendel is remembered as the founder of modern genetics for his laws

of inheritance which are based on the results of his experiments with pea
plants.
1. Law of Dominance. This law states that, when pure-breeding plants having
contrasting characters are crossed, all the offspring will show only one of
the characters. That which appears is the dominant character; that which
does not appear is the recessive character.
2. Law of Segregation. In this law Mendel explained that each individual has
two alleles for each trait, one from each parent. Thus, he formed the Law
of Segregation, which states that individuals possess two alleles and a
parent passes only one allele to his/her offspring. One allele is given by the
female parent and the other is given by the male parent.
3. Law of Independent Assortment. This law says that genes for different traits
segregate independently of each other. It means that separate traits are
separately inherited. This is because during meiosis the chromosomes line
up randomly before the cell divides, allowing for gamete formation.
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1. DR Traits in Pisum sativum!

Objective: Enumerate the characters of Pisum sativum, its dominant traits,
and its recessive traits used in Mendel’s experiment.
Direction: In table 1, list the dominant traits and the recessive traits of the
garden pea plant. Number 1 is done for you.
Table1: The Dominant and the Recessive traits in Pisum Sativum
Characters Studied Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
1. Seed Shape Round Wrinkled
2. Seed Color
3. Flower color
4. Pod shape
5. Pod color
6. Flower position
7. Stem length

Guide Questions:
1. If you are going to classify the different traits of Pisum sativum into two,
what are they?_________________________________________________________.
2. It is mentioned in the discussion that garden peas work as excellent test
subject in Mendel’s experiment. Why do you think so?__________________
_______________________________________________________________________.

Closure. What is stated in the Law of Dominance?________________________

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Activity 2: Mendel’s F1 and F2 Generations

Objective: Describe the Mendelian principle of inheritance by analyzing

Mendel’s experiment on garden peas.

Introduction: In step 1, Mendel allowed his pea plants to self-pollinate for

many generations; then, in step 2, he began to do cross-
pollinating peas with contrasting traits. He called this as F1 or
First filial generation; in step 3, he produced a third generation of
 plants (F2) by self-pollinating two F1 generation plants that had
the same traits.
Directions:
A. In table 2, list down the result of Mendel’s crosses between pure-breeding
pea plants. Number 1 is done for you.
Table 2: Results of Mendel’s crosses between pure-breeding pea plants
Characters Parents Parents First Filial (F1) Genotype
studied Generation (hybrid)
Seed shape Round R Wrinkled r 1. Round Rr
Seed color Yellow Y Green y 2.
Flower color Purple P White p 3.
Pod shape Inflated I Constricted i 4.
Pod color Green G Yellow g 5.
Flower position Axial A Terminal a 6.
Stem length Long L short l 7.

B. In table 3, use a Punnett square that shows a monohybrid cross similar

with figure 4. Then, list down the results of Mendel’s crosses between
hybrid plants. Seed shape is done for you and you may use another sheet
of paper for your Punnett square.
Table 3: Results of Mendel’s crosses between hybrid plants
Characters Hybrid F2 Generation produced by Observed
Studied Self-pollinating F1 hybrids Ratio
Seed shape Round (Rr x Rr) 1. Round 8. Wrinkled 3:1
Seed color Yellow (Yy x Yy) 2. 9.
Flower color Purple (Pp x Pp) 3. 10.
Pod shape Inflated (Ii x Ii) 4. 11.
Pod color Green (Gg x Gg 5. 12.
Flower position Axial (Aa x Aa) 6. 13.
Stem length Long (Ll x Ll) 7. 14.

Guide Questions:
1. What do you observed when you cross two pure-breeding parents?_________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. What helps you find the ratio of each cross in table 3?___________________
________________________________________________________________________

Closure. What is stated in the Law of Segregation?_________________________

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
 WRAP-UP

After reading and learning about the lesson, you have known that
Gregor Johann Mendel was the father and founder of genetics. He conducted
many experiments on the pea plants. Write the correct term on the blank to
complete each statement below.
Mendel chose common (1) _________________ plants for the focus of his
research because they can be grown easily in large numbers and their
reproduction can be manipulated. Mendel followed the inheritance of 7 traits
in pea plants (Pisum sativum). He chose traits that had 2 forms: the dominant
traits and the (2) ________________traits. He performed his experiments by
doing three major steps. Mendel concluded that genes come in (3) ___________
and are inherited as definite units. The key principles of Mendelian
inheritance are summed up by Mendel's three laws:
(4)_________________________________, (5)_______________________________, and
(6)_________________________________.

VALUING

Figure 5. Sitsaro (Pisum Sativum) Figure 6. Portrait of a Filipino Family

Figure 5 shows a picture of Sitsaro (Pisum sativum), one of the most
expensive legumes in the Philippines. Garden peas are grown for their green
peas, field peas for their dried seeds. Pea plants were common and good choice
for hybridization experiments because they normally self-pollinate.
Mendel's influences are important because they can shed light onto
his motivations, techniques, choices, and ultimate success in the field of
hereditary science. Figure 6 shows a picture of a family. Why do you think
there are some children that look different from their parents?
 Activity 3: Mendelian Principles of Genetics
Objectives:
1. Describe and explain the three (3) laws proposed by Mendel that led to
the formulation of Mendelian Principles of Genetics.
2. Appreciate the contribution of Gregor Johann Mendel in the field of
Genetics.

Introduction: Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the
fundamental laws of inheritance. Mendel's Laws of Heredity are usually
stated as: The Law of Dominance, The Law of Segregation, and The Law
of Independent Assortment.

Direction: To complete each statement below, fill in each blank with a correct
term found inside the parenthesis.
A. The Law of Dominance says that there are dominant and recessive traits.
An organism with alternate forms of a gene will express the form that is
(1) _______________ (dominant, recessive). A dominant trait is a trait
whose appearance will always be seen in (2) ________________ (offspring,
parents). In other words, dominance describes the relationship between
two (3) ____________ (genes, alleles).
B. The Law of Segregation states that each individual has two alleles for each
trait, one from each parent. A parent may have two distinct alleles for a
certain gene, each on one copy of a given (4) _____________ (chromosome,
genes). This law states that these two alleles will be separated from each
other during (5) _____________ (mitosis, meiosis).
C. The Law of Independent Assortment states that the alleles of different
genes are inherited (6) ________________ (dependently, independently)
within the organisms that reproduce sexually. Thus, the allele received
for one gene does not influence the allele received for another allele.

Guide Question:
1. What is the importance of the contribution of Gregor Johann Mendel in
Genetics?______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Closure. Who is Gregor Johann Mendel?___________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
 POSTTEST

Read and analyze each question. Write the letter of your correct answer.
1. Gregor Mendel used Pisum sativum for his experiment on investigating
how individual traits were inherited. Which of the following is the
dominant trait of the garden pea’s flower position?
A. axial B. colored C. purple D. terminal

2. Garden pea works as an excellent test subject in Mendel’s experiment.

Which of the following reasons is NOT considered by Gregor Mendel?
A. It can do self-pollination.
B. It can be crossed fertilized.
C. Its reproduction cannot be manipulated.
D. It can be grown easily in large numbers.

3. Using a Punnett square in figure 4, do a monohybrid cross. What would

be the result if both pea plants have heterozygous inflated pod shape?
A. 50% homozygous inflated; 50% constricted.
B. 75% homozygous inflated; 25% constricted.
C. 25% is heterozygous inflated; 25% homozygous inflated; and 50%
constricted.
D. 25% homozygous inflated; 50% heterozygous inflated; and 25%
constricted.

4. Which Mendel’s law states that, when pure-breeding plants having

contrasting characters are crossed, all the offspring will show only one of
the characters?
A. Law of Inheritance
B. Law of Dominance
C. Law of Segregation
D. Law of Independent Assortment

5. Our modern understanding of how traits may be inherited through

generations comes from the principles proposed by Gregor Mendel in
1865. What is Mendel's main contribution to genetics?
A. He discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance.
B. He discovered that gene pairs assort dependently in gamete formation.
C. He discovered that the adaptations and changes in many of the species
came about through a process of natural selection.
D. He discovered that the fittest survives, and has a greater chance of
breeding and passing forward its genetic information.
 Activity 2: Mendel’s F1 and F2 Generations
Observed Ratio
A. 2. Yellow (Yy) B. 1. Round 8. Wrinkled 3:1
3. Purple (Pp) 2. Yellow 9. Green 3:1
4. Inflated (Ii) 3. Purple 10. White 3:1
5. Green (Gg) 4. Inflated 11. Constricted 3:1
6. Axial (Aa) 5. Green 12. Yellow 3:1
7. Long (Ll) 6. Axial 13. Terminal 3:1
7. Long 14. Short 3:1
Guide Questions:
1. When you crossed two-pure breeding parents, all of the offsprings will be
heterozygous.
2. The use of a Punnett Square.
Activity 3: Mendelian Principles of Genetics
1. dominant 4. chromosome
2. offspring 5. meiosis
3. alleles 6. Independently
Guide Question:
1. Mendel's influences are important because they can shed light onto his
motivations, techniques, choices, and ultimate success in the field of hereditary
science.
Activity 1: Table 1 Dominant Trait and Recessive trait of Pisum Sativum
Characters Studied Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
1. Seed shape Round Wrinkled
2. Seed color Yellow Green
3. Flower color Purple White
4.Pod shape Inflated Constricted
5. Pod color Green Yellow
6. Flower position Axial Terminal
7. Stem length Long Short
Guide questions:
1. Dominant trait and recessive trait
2. Peas work as excellent test subject as they can self-pollinate, cross fertilize,
and have several traits that only have two forms - the dominant traits and
the recessive traits.
PRETEST RECAP WRAP UP POSTTEST
1. C 1. Meiosis I 1. garden pea 1. A
2. B 2. Meiosis II 2. recessive 2. C
3. B 3. Crossing over 3. pairs 3. D
4. A 4. Spermatogenesis 4. Law of Dominance 4. B
5. D 5. Oogenesis 5. Law of Segregation 5. A
6. Law of Independent
Assortment
KEY TO CORRECTION
 References
Books
1. E. Madriaga et. al. (Revised Edition 2017). Patterns of Mendelian
Inheritance. Science Links 8. Rex Book Store Science and Technology
Series. 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila. Pages 355-357
2. P. Campo et. al. (Reprint Edition 2016). Mendelian Genetics. Science
Learner’s Module. DepEd-BLR. Meralco Avenue, Pasig City. Pages 329-
332
3. Lilia M. Rabago et. al (1997). Mendel’s Law of Heredity. Science and
Technology II (Biology). Quezon City. SD Publications, Inc. pages 349-356

Electronic Sources
1. Gregor Johann Mendel. Retrieved from
https://philosophymathscience.files.wordpress.com/2020/03/731d0758-ad91-4403-
baf7- afd97a0a96eb.png?w=696
2. Dominant and Recessive Traits. Retrieved from
https://www.ntsec.edu.tw/Attachments/ELearning/lifeworld/english/gene_c4.html
3. Pisum sativum. Retrieved from
http://theworldwidevegetables.weebly.com/pisum-sativum-common-pea.html
4. Mendel’s Laws of Heredity. Retrieved from
https://education.seattlepi.com/explanation-mendels-three-laws-through-
discussion-meiosis-3838.html
5. Monohybrid Cross. Retrieved from
https://byjus.com/biology/law-of-segregation-law-of-dominance/
6. Family Picture. Retrieved from
https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/happy-filipino-family.html