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3. MESSAGE – actual physical product of the source

COMMUNICATION a. VERBAL CODES – using words
 establishing a commonality between two or more participants b. NONVERBAL CODES – wordless cues
 two-way process by which information is exchanged between or among i. KINESICS – body movements
individuals through a common system (common field of experience) ii. PROXEMICS – structuring space
iii. HAPTICS – touch
ELEMENTS iv. OCULESICS – eye movements
1. CONTEXT – where, when what circumstances it occurred v. OLFACTICS – smell
vi. CHRONEMICS – time
TYPES vii. ARTIFACTS – personal adornments
a) PHYSICAL CONTEXT – where and what objects are viii. PARALANGUAGE – volume, pitch, voice quality
present 4. CHANNEL – words, actions or mass media channels
b) SOCIAL CONTEXT – combination of people, purposes, 5. FEEDBACK – receiver’s response
and places interacting communicatively 6. NOISE – anything that interferes in the comm process
c) HISTORICAL CONTEXT – history of a communication
event FUNCTIONS
d) PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT – preconceived notions 1. Inform
we bring into the conversations 2. Persuade
e) CULTURAL CONTEXT – elements may have different 3. Entertain
meaning depending on the culture 4. Integrate
2. PARTICIPANTS – sender and receiver 5. Create
a. SENDER – starts the communication process 6. Help in decision-making
b. RECEIVER – recipient of the message 7. Reduce misunderstanding

CHARACTERISTICS OF SENDER AND RECEIVER

1. Communication Skills MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
2. Thinking skills
3. Writing skills MODEL – representation of reality which is presented in diagram
4. Speaking skills COMMUNICATION MODEL – explains the communication process
5. Attitude
6. Knowledge level 1. LINEAR MODEL – sender encoding a message and channeling it to the
7. Socio-cultural systems receiver in the presence of noise
2. ARISTOTLE MODEL – speaker centered model
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3. SHANNON WEAVER MODEL
4. LASSWELL’S MODEL
5. BERLO’S MODEL
6. CIRCULAR/INTERACTIVE/TRANSACTIONAL MODEL – sender
channels a message to the receiver then receiver becomes the sender
and channels a message (two-way communication process)
7. SCHRAMM MODEL
8. SPIRAL MODEL – model is linear as well as circular combined and
disagrees the concept of linearity and circularity individually
9. DANCE’S HELICAL MODEL – comm process starts very slowly and
defined small circle
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
1. INTAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – expressed through self-talk
2. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION – one-to-one communication
between two or more persons
a. DYADIC – 2 persons
b. SMALL GROUP – 3 or more persons
3. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION – public speaking
4. MASS COMMUNICATION – takes place through a technology
5. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION – communication within the
workplace
6. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION – communication between people
from two different cultures
a. INTERNATIONAL COMM
b. INTER-ETHNIC COMM
c. CONTRA CULTURAL COMM
7. DEVELOPMENTAL COMMUNICATION – comm between progressive
nation and developing societies of the world
8. NEW MEDIA – digital media that are interactive
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
 Creation and evaluation of goodness in all aspects and manifestations of
communicative interaction
1. CONFIDENTIALITY – keeping of another person or entity’s information
private
2. FAKE NEWS – deliberate disinformation via traditional print and online
social media
3. PLAGIARISM – taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them
off as one’s own
4. OFFENSIVE MESSAGES – communication may offend others because
of references to race, gender, income level, background or educational
level
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
 condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity
distortion, intimidation
 freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent
to achieve the informed and responsible decision-making fundamental to
society
CYBERBULLYING – school-related bullying which cover those uttered in social
media
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION – interconnectedness and integration of the world’s culture and
economy, and infrastructure
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION IN COMMUNICATION
1. creation of global village
2. cultural awareness in verbal and nonverbal communication
3. creation of more business opportunities
4. understanding of cultural diversity
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5. breakdown of cultural barriers  COLLECTIVIST CULTURE – “WE” nurtures group influence

6. relevance to education
7. creation of competitive advantage High Context vs. Low Context

EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION TO GLOBALIZATION High Power Distance vs. Low Power Distance
1. it has created a global village  HIGH POWER DISTANCE – power is used when legitimate
2. communication technology improved political relations among  LOW POWER DISTANCE – power is a fact of life
governments in the world
3. cross-cultural communication address the social needs of people around Masculine vs. Feminine Culture
the world
 HIGHLY MASCULINE CULTURE – value male aggressiveness
4. cheaper online-only sources in providing national and international
information has become pervasive  HIGHLY FEMININE – value relationships, tenderness in both sexes, value
5. effective communication channels have led to the globalization of banking high quality of life
industry
6. the information highway has universalized the transmission and influence
of popular culture
CHALLENGES IN GLOBALIZATION
1. wide disparity in accessing technology
2. disparity between developing nations and developed nations

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATRION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
 exchange and sensitivity of views across social systems and societies
 communicative process involving individuals from different cultures to
overcome certain personal and/or contextual barriers in order to achieve
effective communication
CULTURAL DIALECTICS
Individualism vs. Collectivism

 INDIVIDUALISM – “I” cultivates individualistic initiative. Sense of self