CMBYkTI1

esckþIepþIm
Introduction
1 KImIviTüa ³ karsikSaBI bERmbRmYl
KImI KWCakarsikSaGMBIrUbFatu nigkarrgnUvbERmbRmYlrbs;va. KImIeKEtgEtehAfa
mCÄmNÐlviTüasaRsþBIeRBaHcMeNHdwgmUldæanelIKImI KWmansarsMxan;sMrab;nisSitCIvviTüa
rUbviTüa PUKBÖsaRsþ eGkULÚsIu nigmuxviCa¢epSg²eTOtCaeRcIn. EmnehIy vaCamCÄmNÐl
sMrab;KnøgCIvitrbs;eyIg. RbsinebIKμanKImICIviténkarrs;enAkan;EtxøIkñúgGVIEdleyIgKYrEt
bgðajkñúglkçxNÐdMbUgedayKμan rfynþ GKÁIsnI kMuBüÚT½r sIuDI nigGIV² gayRsYlepSg²eTot.
fVIt,itEtKImIKWCaviTüasaRsþburaN EtvaCamUldæanTMenIb)anlatRtdagtaMgBIstvtSTI
19 enAeBlEdlGñkR)aCJa nigbec©kviTüamansmtßPaBnaMmuxGñkviTüasaRsþedIm,IbMEbk
sarFatueTACaPaKpSMtUcCag nigCaplvi)akedIm,IBnül;BIlkçN³rUb niglkçN³KImIrbs;eK.
karGPivDÆy:ag qab;rh½sénkarekIneLIgénbec©kviTüad¾eCOnelOnkñúgstvtSTI19TaMgmUl)an
pþl;[eyIgnUvmeFüa)ayd¾viessvisalsMrab;sikSaBIGVI EdleyIgminGacemIleXIjedayEPñk
TeT. kareRbIR)as;kMuBüÚT½r nig mIRkUsáúbeGLicRtugCa]TahrN¾ GñkKImIGacviPaKTMrg;xñat RKwHén
GatUm nigm:UelKuleTAelI GVIEdlsikSaGMBIKImIedayEp¥keTAelITMrg;énsarFatufμIEdlman
lkçN³BIess dUcCa ]sf nigkareRbIR)as;plitplRbkbedaykarEfrkSabrisßan.
2 viFIviTüasaRsþ ( The Scientific Method)
RKb;viTüasaRsþ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgsgÁmsaRsþpgEdr beRmI[EpñkepSg²KñaehAfa" viFIviTüa
saRsþ" EdlCaRbBn½§mYyxiteTArkkarRsavRCav. Ca]TahrN¾ citþviTUrKat;cg;dwgGMBIfa
etIsMelgCH\T§iBleTAelIlT§PaB rbs;mnusSedIm,IeronKImI ehIyKImIviTUr)ancab;GarmμN¾kñúg
karvas;EvgkMedAEdl)anbeBa©j kalNa]s½μn GIuRdUEsneqHkñúgxül;EdlCakarlM)akmYydUcKña
eTAniglMnaMeénkaresIubGegátrbs;eK. CMhanTI1RtUvkMNt;[)anc,as;las;BIbBaðaenH. CMhan
bnÞab;bgðajtamry³BiesaFn¾eFVIkarGegát[)anc,as;las; nig kt;RtaB’tman b¤ Tinñn½y
GMBIRbBn½§ EdlCaEpñkmYyCasaklEdlsßiteRkamkarGegát. (kñúg]TahrnN¾ xagelI RbBn½§KW
CaRkummnusS citþviTUrnwgsikSaGMBIl,ay GIuRdUEsnkñúgxül;) .

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Tinñn½yEdlTTYl)anBIkarRsavRCavGacmanlkçN³BIr KWCalkçN³KuNPaB én
karGegátGMBIRbBn½§ nigCalkçN³brimaN EdlCacMnYn)anmkedaykarvas;xus²KñaénRbBn½§.
CaTUeTAKImIviTUreRbInimitþsBaaØCasþg;da nigsmIkarkñúgkarkt;RtanUvkarvas;nigkarGegát rbs;eK.
enHCaTMrg;énkarbgðajminEmnRKan;EtCaPaBgayRsYlelIlMnaMénkarrkSakMNt;Rta b:uEnþ k¾pþl;
[eyIgpgEdrnUvmUldæanEdlniymsMrab;karR)aRs½yTak;TgKñaCamYyKImIviTUrepSgeTot.
karGegát karbgðaj karbkRsay

rUbTI1 kMritTaMgbIénkarsikSaKImI nig TMnak;TMngrbs;eK. Tak;TgeTAnigkarGegátRBwtþikarN¾kñúg

BiPBmIRkUsáúbGatUmnig m:UelKulCabnSMénBiPBmIRkUsáúb. karbgðajxøI²EbbviTüasaRsþsMrab;BiB’Nna
BiesaFn¾CatMNag nig smIkarKImI. KImIviTUreRbIcMeNHdwgrbs;eKelIGatUm nig m:UelKuledIm,IBnül;
Gegát)atuPUt.

a b.
rUbTI2 karEjksrésEdkBIl,ayesμIsac;. dUcKñabec©keTs)aneRbIeTAelImaRtdæanFM edIm,IEjkEdk
nigEdkEfbBI vtßúminEmnm:aejTic dUcCa GaluymIjÚm Ekv nig )øasÞIk.
enAeBlBiesaFn¾)ancb;sBVRKb;nig Tinñn½y)ankt;Rta CMhanbnÞab;kñúgviFIviTüasaRsþ
KWkarbkRsayxøwmsar Edl)anmkBIkarRbwgERbgrbs;GñkviTüasaRsþ edIm,IBnül;BI)atuPUt
Edl)an Gegát.Ep¥keTAelITinñn½y EdleyIgRbmUl)anGñkRsavRCavrUbmnþKWCa smμtikmμ
Cakarsakl,g edIm,IeFVIkarBnül;sMrab;dak;ecjnUvkarGegát. BiesaFn¾eRcIneTotbegáIteLIg
edIm,IeFVIetsþeTAelI suBlPaBrbs;smμtikmμkñúgrebobCaeRcInRbsinebI GaceFVIeTA)an
ehIylMnaMenHcab;epþImmþgeTot. rUb 1 segçbBIdMNak;kalsMxan;²rbs;lMnaMénkarRsavRCav.
bnÞab;BIbrimaNTinñn½yd¾eRcIn)anRbmUl enHKWeKEtgEtcg;)anedIm,IsegçbBIB’tmankñúg
viFIlMGitEdlCac,ab;. kñúgviTüasaRsþc,ab;KWCakareFVIkMNt;ehtusegçb b¤ karR)ab;d¾Cak;lak;
énTMnak;TMngrvag)atuPUtEdlEtgEtdUcKñaeTAnwgeRkamlkçxNçdUcKña. ]TahrN¾ c,ab;TIBIr Sir
Isaac Newton's énclnaEdlGñkGaccgcaMBI viTüal½yelImuxviC¢aviTüasaRsþeBalfakMlaMgesμI

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 CMBYkTI1

eTAnwgm:as;KuNnigel,On (F = ma). etIc,ab;enHmann½yy:agdUemþc ? KWbegáInm:as b¤ el,On

énvtßúenaHkMlaMgrbs;nwgekIneLIgsmamaRtnigva ehIyebIm:as b¤el,On)anbnßyenaHkMlaMgk¾
fycuHEdr.
smμtikmμEdlEdlenAEtrkSasMrab;kareFVIetsþBiesaFn¾CaeRcIn énsuBlPaBrbs;eKGac
Tak;TgeTAkñúgRTwsþI. RTwsþIiKWCakarbBa©ÚlKñaéneKalkarN¾EdlBnül;BIeRKagénkarBit b¤ c,ab;
TaMgenHEdlEp¥keTAelIva. RTwsþIk¾CaetsþEdl)aneFVIedayminmankarERbRbYl. RbsinebIRTwsþI
enHminRtwmRtUvtamBiesaFn¾bnÞab;mkRtUv)aneKecalva b¤ EkERbeFVIdUecñHvakøayCaminERbRbYl
CamYyBiesaFn¾Gegát. GMNHGMNag b¤ KμanGMNHGMNaneTAelIRTwsþIGaccMNayeBleRcIn
qñaMrhUtdl;stvtSkñúgEpñkxøH edaysarEtRtUvkarbec©kviTüaminGaceCosput. RTwsþIGatUmEdl
nwgsikSakñúg CMBUkTI2KWCacMnucsMxan;. vacMnayeBleRcInCag 2000qñaMedIm,IeFVIkic©karenHeday
Ep¥kelIeKalkarN¾CamUldæanénKImIEdl)andak;esñIeLIgeday Democritus EdlCaTsSn³ viTUr
buraN CnCatiRkic.
viTüasaRsþkMrmankarrIkcMerInRbsinebICayUryarmkehIy )anbegáIteLIgkñúgPaBRbTak;
RkLaKñatam KMrUBICMhanmYyeTACMhanmYyeTot. CYnkalc,ab;manmunRTwsþI b¤ RTWsþImanmunc,ab;.
GñkviTüsaRsþBIrrUbGaccab;epþImkargarelIKMeragmYyCamYysuRkitPaBdUcKñaeTAnigvtßúbMNg b:uEnþ
nwgbBa©b;karcUlrYmPaBxusKñay:agxøaMgkøaxitCit. GñkviTüasaRsþKW bnÞab;BIRKb;karrs;enArbs;
mnusS nigKMrUrbs;eKénkarKitnigkargar nwg)anCH\Ti§BledayBgSavta karBMbak;bMb:n nig
buKÁliklkçN³rbs;BYkeK .
karGPivDÆénviTüasaRsþmanlkçN³eTogTat; nig CYnkalminsmehtusmpl.
karrkeXIjd¾Gs©arü KWCanic©kalCalT§plénkarsnSMpþl;[ nig bTBiesaFn¾rbs;kmμkrCaeRcIn
eTaHbICaTMnukcitþsMrab;karbegáInel,OnRTwsþI b¤ c,ab;KWEtgEtpþl;[cMeBaHbuKÁlEtmYyKt;. Emn
ehIymanFatuEtmYyKt;EdlmansMNag)anTak;TgkñúgrbkKMehIjviTüasaRsþ b:uEnþeK)aneBal
fa "Chance favors the prepared mind” vacUlrYm y:agRbugRbytñ½ nig bNþúHbNþal
1

buKÁlenaH[)anl¥sMrab;TTYlsÁal;sar³sMxan;énrbkKMehIj EdlGacekIteLIg nigedIm,IcUlrYm

eBareBjedayGtßRbeyaCn¾rbs;va. karenHEtgEtekItmaneLIg kareronCasaFarN³EtmYy
Kt;rbs;viTüasaRsþd¾Gs©arübMEbkTaMgRsug. RKb;erOgr:ayEdlTTYl)aneCaKC½yy:agNa

1
manny½fa GñkmancMeNHdwgGacsÁal;BIsarRbeyaCn¾EnlT§plcEmøkedlKat;)anCYbedayécdnü.

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k¾edaymankrNIrab;ry EdlGñkviTüasaRsþ)ancMNayeBlyUrGEgVgsMrab;kargarelIKMerag
EdlTIbMputnaMeTArkesckþIsøab;enATIbMput ehIyEdlsñaédviC¢man)anmkbnÞab;BImankarxusqøg
vijehIy enACabeNþIr²EdleKmincg;dwgnUvGVIEdlfμI. minTan;manGVIpøas;bþÚrnUvTIbBa©b;énkarpþl;
[nUvGVI²edIm,IbnþnUvkarlUtlas;éncMeNHdwgTaMgmUlGMBI lkçN³rUbCasaklenHCakarcUlcitþ
RsavRCavEdlrkSaGñkviTüasaRsþCaeRcIn kñúgTIBiesaFn¾.
3 cMNat;fñak;énrUbFatu (Classification of Matter)
eyIg[niymn½yKImIenAeBlcab;epþImkñúgCMBUkenHfaCakarsikSaBIrUbFatunigkarrgnUvbER
mbRmYlrbs;va. rUbFatu KWGVI²TaMgGs;EdltaMgTIkñúglMh nigmanm:as. rUbFaturab;bBa©Úl
TaMgGVI² EdleyIgeXIjnigb:H)an (dUcCa Twk dI nig rukçCati) k¾dUcCaGVI²EdleyIgminGacemIl
eXIj (dUcCaxül;) . dUecñHvtßúGVI²kñúgsalkTak;TgeTAnig " karP¢ab;eTAeTAnigsarFatuKImI ".
KImIviTUsMKal;cMeNamRbePTbnÞab;mYycMnnY énrUbFatuedaysMGagelIPaKpSMniglkçN³.
cMNat;fñak; énrUbFatumansarFatul,ayFatu nigsmasFatumanTaMgGatUm nigm:UelKulpgEdr
EdlnigBIPakSaenACMBUk bnÞab;.
sarFatu nig l,ay ( Substances and Mixtures)
sarFatuKWCasNæanmYyénrUbFatuEdlmanTItaMgkMNt;nigmanlkçN³xus²Kña. ]Tahr
N¾ dUcCa Twk Gam:Ujak; sárs (s‘uyRkUs) mas nig GuksIuEsn . sarFatuxusKñaBIPaKpSMrbs;va
nigGacRtUv)ankMNt;eday Gakar³xageRkA dUcCa køin rsCati nig lkçN³epSg²eTot.
l,ay CakarcUlpSMénsarFatuBIr b¤eRcInEdlsarFatuenaH EtrkSaPaBdUcKñac,as;las;
rbs;eK. ]TahrN¾ lkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñamYycMnYndUcCa xül; ePsC¢³ TwkedaHeKa nig
sIum:gd¾. PaKpSMénl,ayminmansßirPaBeT. dUecñHPaKsMNakénxül;EdlRbmUl)ankñúgTIRkug
xus²KñaKYrEtmanlkçN³xus²KñakñúgPaK pSM BIeRBaHva)anmkBIRbPBbMBulxus²Kña>>>.l.
l,ayGacCa l,ayesμIsac; nig l,ayminesμIsac;. enAeBlsármYysøabRBaeBj
rlaykñúgTwkeyIgTTYl)anl,ayesμIsac; EdlkñúgenaHsmasPaBénl,ayKWdUcKñaTaMgRsug.
ebIxSac;)anlayCamYyGacmn¾Edk enaHRKab;xSac;nigkMeTcEdkRtUv)anEjkdac;ecjBIKña rUbTI2.
dUecñHl,ayRbePTenHehAfa l,ayminesμIsac; eRBaHsmasPaBmindUcKñaTaMgRsug.
l,ayepSgeTotfa etICal,ayesμIsac; b¤ minesμIsac;GacRtUv)anbegáIteLIg ehIy
bnÞab;mkRtUv)an EjkedayviFIrUbeTAkñúgPaKpSMsuT§edayminmankarpøas;bþÚrlkçN³edIménPaK

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 CMBYkTI1

pSM. dUecñHsárGacRtUv)anrkeXIjBIsUluysüúgTwkedaykarkMedAsUluysüúgnigkarrMhYtva
[eTaCaPaBs¶Üt. kMNkcMhay nwgpþl;[eyIgRtLb;mkvijnUvPaKpSMénTwk. edIm,IEjk
l,ayxSac;-EdkeyIgeRbIemEdk edIm,ITayyksrésEdkecjBIxSac;BIeRBaHxSac;min
RtUv)anrbTajedayemEdk (rUb 2b). bnÞab;BIkarEjk PaKpSMénl,aynwgmansmasPaB nig
lkçN³dUcKñadUcedleK)ancab;epþIm.
Fatu nig smasFatu (Elements and Compounds)
sarFatuGacCaFatu b¤smasFatuTaMgLay. FatuCasarFatuEdlminGacEjkeTACa
sarFatugayCagedayviFIKImI. rhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enHFatu 112 RtUv)ansÁal;CaviC¢man.
manFatucMnYn 83 rkeXIjBIFmμCatielIEpndI. cMENkFatuEdlenAsl;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg
edayGñkviTüasaRsþtamlMnaMnuyekøEG‘r EdlCavtßúbMNg énkarsikSaenACMBUkbnÞab;.
edIm,ImanPaBgayRsYl GñkKImIeRbInimitþsBaaØénGkSr mYy BIr b¤ bIedIm,IdMNag[Fatu.
GkSrTI1énnimitþsBaaØCanic©kalCaGkSrFM b:uEnþminRKb;krNITaMgGs;eT. ]TahrN¾ Co Canimitþ
sBaaØrbs;FatukU)al; cMENkÉ CO CarUbmnþm:UelKulrbs;kabUnm:UNUGuksIut. tarag 1 bgðajBI
eQμaHnignimitþsBaaØénFatumYycMnYnEdleRcInCYbRbTH. nimitþsBaaØénFatumYycMnYn)anmkBI
eQμaHLataMgrbs;eK ]TahrN¾ Au mkBI aurum (mas) Fe mkBI ferrum (Edk) nig Na mkBI
natrium (sUdüÚm) enAeBlEdlFatuPaKeRcIn)anmkBIeQμaHPasaGg;eKøs. ]bsm<n½§ 1

pþl;[nUveQμaHedImnigtaragénGñkrkeXIjénFatuCaeRcIn.
FatuCaeRcInGacmanGMeBICamYyFatumYyb¤eRcInepSgeToteTACasmasFatu. ]TahrN¾
]sμ½nGIuRdUEsneqHkñúgGuksIuEsn[plCaTwkEdlmanlkçN³xusBIvtßúFatuedIm Edlcab;epþIm.
Twk)anbegáIteLIgBI BIr Epñk GIuRdUEsn nig mYyEpñkGuksIuEsn. smasFatuenHminman
karERbRbYleT minKitdl;faTwk)anmkBIk,alr:Ub‘ÍenkñúgshrdæGaemrikbwgenAkñúg Outer
Mongolia b¤ kMBUlTwkkkenApáayRBHGgÁar¾ (Mars). dUecñHTWkKWCasmasFatu EdlbMEbkén

GatUménFatuKImIBIr b¤ eRcIn)ancUlrYmKñakñúgsmamaRtkMNt;. mindUcl,ay smasFatuGac

RtUv)anEjkedaymeFüa)ayKImIEtmYyKt;eTACaPaKpSMsuT§rbs;eK.

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tarag 1 FatumYycMnYnEdlniym nig nimitþsBaaØrbs;va

eQμaH nimitþsBaaØ eQμaH nimitþsBaaØ eQμaH nimitþsBaaØ
GaluymIjÚm Al PøúyGrY F GuksIuEsn O

Gaesnic As mas Au pUsV½r P

)ar:üÚm Ba GIuRdUEsn H )aøTIn Pt

b‘Ísμuút Bi GIuy:Ut I b:UtasüÚm K

RbUm Br Edk Fe sIulIsüÚm Si

kal;süÚm Ca sMN Pb R)ak; Ag

kabUn C m:aejsüÚm Mg sUdüÚm Na

kør Cl m:g;kaENs Mn s<an;F½r S

RkUm Cr )ar:t Hg sMN)ahaMg Sn

kU)al; Co nIEkl Ni tg;Esþn W

Tg;Edg Cu GasUt N sgá½sI Zn

rUbFatu

l,ay karEjkedayviFIrUb sarFatusuT§

l,ayesμIsac; l,ayminesμIsac; smasFatu karEjkedayviFIKI Fatu

I
rUb3³ cMNat;fñak;énrUbFatu ( Classification of Matter)
4 PaBTaMgbIénrUbFatu ( The Three States of Matter)
RKb;sarFatu Gacy:agehacNas;tameKalkarN¾ GacmankñúgPaBTaMgbI³ rwg rav
nig ]sμ½n. dUcbgðaj kñúgrUb6 ]sμ½nxusBIGgÁFaturwg nig rav kñúgcMgayrvagm:UelKulmYyeTA
m:UelKulmYyeTot. kñúgGgÁFaturwgm:UelKulcgsm<½n§y:agCitKñabMputkñúglMdab;lMedayCamYy
clnaedayesrItictYc. m:UelKulGgÁFaturavcgsm<½n§CitKña b:uEnþminsUvrwgmaMtamTItaMgnwgGac
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pøas;TIBImYyeTAmYyeTot. krNI]sμ½nm:UelKul)anEjkdac;BIKñaedaycMgaymYyEdlFMebIeRbob
eFobnigTMhMénm:UelKulrbs;va.
sNæanTaMgbIénrUbFatuGacpøas;bþÚr)an edayKμankarERbRbYlsmasPaBén
sarFatu. GaRs½yelIkarkMedAGgÁFaturwg (]TahrN¾ Twkkk) nwgrlayeTACasNæan GgÁFatu
rav (Twk). (sItuNðPaBEdlEdlPaBqøgekIteLIgehAfa cMnucrMBuH). ebIbnþkarkMedAenaHGgÁFatu
ravnwgbMElgeTACa]sμ½n. (karbMElgcUlrYm enAcMnucrMBuHénGgÁFaturav) .
mü:ageTot kareFVI[RtCak;én]sμ½nnigbgávaeTACakMnkeTACaGgÁFaturav. kalNa
GgÁFaturavTuk[RtCak;vanwgkkeTACasNæanGgÁFaturwg (rUb 4) .

rUbTI4³ GgÁFaturwg rav nig ]sμ½n emIltammIRkUsáúb

5 lkçN³rUb nig lkçN³KImIénrUbFatu (Physical and Chemical Properties of
Matter)
rUbFatuGacsMKal;)anedaylkçN³nigPaKpSMrbs;eK. B’N cMnucrlay nig cMnucrMBuH
KWCalkçN³rUb. lkçN³rUb Gacvas;nigGegát)anedayKμankarERbRbYlsmasPaB b¤PaBdUcKña
énsarFatu. ]TahrN¾ eyIgGacvas;cMnucrMBuHénTwkkkedaykarkMedAdMuTwkkkrYckt;Rta
sItuNðPaBenAeBlEdlTwkkkkøayeTACaTwk. TwkxusBITwkkkRtWmEtGakar³xageRkA minEmn
smasPaBdUecñHenHCabERmbRmYlrUb. eyIgGaceFVI[Twk[kkedIm,Irk[eXIjnUvPaBedImén
Twkkk. dUecñHcMnucrlayénsarFatuKWCalkçN³rUb. Rbhak;RbEhlKñaEdrkalNaeyIg
niyayGMBI]sμ½neGlüÚmKWRsalCagxül; enHKWsMedAeTAelIlkçN³rUb.
müa:geTotkarR)ab;fa "cMehHGIuRdUEsnkñúgGuksIuEsn[plCaTwk" Bnül;BI lkçN³KImI
énGIuRdUEsnBIeRBaHkúñgkrNIcMehHenHtamkarGegátCaTUeTAénlkçN³enH eyIgRtUvEtnaMmknUv
bNþÚrKImI. bnÞab;BIkarERbRbYlsarFatuKImIedImCa]s½μnGIuRdUEsnnwg)at;bg; nwgsarFatuEdlenA
sl;KWCasaFatuKImIxusKñaKWTwk. eyIgminGacrkeXIjGIuRdUEsnBIkñúgTwktamviFIbNþÚrrUbdUcCa
cMnucrMBuH b¤ kMNk.

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ral;eBlEdleyIges¶ars‘uteyIgnaMmknUvbNþÚrKImI. enAeBlEdlvtßúenHRtUv kMedA

RbmaN 100 C CatielOgéns‘ut nig s‘utsrgnUvbERmbRmYlEdlxusKñaminRtwmEtGakar³
o

rUbxageRkAb:ueNþaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMglkçN³KImI)anbegáIteLIgpgEdr. enAeBl)anbriePaKs‘ut KW

vaERbRbYlCafμI edaysarFatuenHenAkñúgsarBagÁkayrbs;eyIgehAfa "Gg;sIum" enHCa
skmμPaB rMlayGaharKWCa]TahrN¾epSgeToténbNþÚrKImI. etImanGVIekIteLIgkMLúg eBl
eBlrMlayGaharvaGaRs½yelIlkçN³KImITaMg Gg;sIum nig Gahar.
RKb;lkçN³EdlGacvas;)anénrUbFatuFøak;eTAkñúgRbePTbEnßmmYy b¤ BIr³lkçN³
GaMgtg;sIuv nig lkçN³Giuctg;sIuv . tMélvas;)anKWCalkçN³Giuctg;sIuv GaRs½yeTAelIfa
etImanm:asrUbFatub:unμan. ]TahrN¾ ma:s EdlCabrimaNrUbFatu KWCalkçN³Giuctg;sIuv.
rUbFatueRcInmann½yfamanm:aseRcIn. tMélénlkçN³Giuctg;sIuvdUcKñaGacRtUv)anbEnßm
KñaeTAvijeTAmk. ]TahrN¾ kak;eFVIBITg;EdgBIr nigbBa©Úlm:asKñaEdlCaplbUkm:as
rbs;kak;nImYy² ehIyRbEvgénkak;TaMg BIrKWCaRbEvgénkarbUkRbEvgénkak;nImYy². maD
kMNt;)andUcCaRbEvgKUbenHCalkçN³Giuctg;sIuvepSgeTot. tMélénbrimaNGiuctg;sIuv
GaRs½yelIbrimaNénrUbFatu .
tMélvas;)anénlkçN³GaMgtg;sIuvminGaRs½yelIfa etImanrUbFatub:unμan)anbgðaj.
dg;sIuet kMNt;fa Cam:asénvtßúEck[maDrbs;vaenHKWCalkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv. ebIeyIgbBa©ÚlKña
edIm,IbegáItbrimaNmYyénrUbFatuenAkñúgEkvEb‘rEsrFMCagsItuNðPaBénbrimaNeRcInCagén Twk
nigmanlkçN³dUcKñanigEkvEb‘rEsrBIrEdl)anEjkecjBIKña. mindUc m:as RbEvg nig maD
sItuNðPaB k¾CalkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv min)anbEnßm.

cMehHGIuRdUEsnkñúgxül;[plCaTwk
6 rgVas;rgVal; (Measurement)
rgVas;rgVal;GñkKImIniymeRbIkñúgkarKNnaedIm,ITTYl)anTMnak;TMngbrimaNxus²Kña.
]bkrN¾xusKñaGac[eyIgvas;lkçN³énsarFatudUcteTA³ Em:RtbnÞat;vas;RbEvg b¤ Rkit
b‘uyEr:t BIEb:t sIuLaMgRkit nig Ekv vas;maD sMrab;vas;maD (rUb5) CBa¢Igføwgm:as
ETm:UEm:Rtvas;sItuNðPaB. ]bkrN¾TaMgenHpþl;[rgVas; énlkçN³m:aRkUsáúb (Macroscopic

1-8
 CMBYkTI1

properties) EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edaypÞal;. lkçN³mIRkUsáúbenAelImaRtdæanGatUm b¤ m:UelKul

RtUvEt)ankMNt;edayviFIminpÞal; EdleyIgnwgeXIjkñúgCMBUkbnÞab;.
brimaNvas;)anEtgEtRtUv)ansresrCacMnYnCamYyxñatsmrmü. edIm,Iniyayfa
cMgayrvag New York eTA San Francisco edayrfynþmancMgaypøÚv 5166 KWKμanGtßn½y.
eyIgRtUvbBaa¢k;[c,as;cMgayKW5166 KILÚEm:Rt. dUcKñaeRbIkñúgKImI xñatKWmansar³sMxan;Nas;
edIm,Ivas;[)anRtwmRtUv.

rUbTI5
b‘uyEr:t BIEb:t sIuLaMgRkit Ekvvas;maD
tarag 2 RbBn½§xñatGnþrCatiCamUldæan ( SI Base Units)
brimaNCamUldæan eQμaHxñat nimitþsBaa Ø
(Base quantity) (Name Unit) (Symbol)
RbEvg Em:Rt m

m:as KILÚRkam Kg

ry³eBl vinaTI s

crnþGKÁIsnI GMEB A

sItuNðPaB Eklvin K

brimaNénsarFatu m:Ul mol

RbBn½§xñat SI
CaeRcInqñaMmkehIyGñkviTüasaRsþ)ankt;RtargVas;rgVal;CaxñatrgVas;rgVal; EdlTak;Tg
eTAnigcMnYnTsPaK KWCasV½yKuNén 10. kñúgqñaM 1960 mhasnñi)atsþIBITm¶n; nigrgVas;GaCJaFr

1-9
esckþIepþIm

GnþrCatielIÉkta (Units))andak;esñIeLIg[pøas;bþÚrRbBn½§rgVas;rgVal;ehAfa RbBn§½GnþrCati SI

énÉktasresrkat; SI mkBIPasa)araMg Système Internationale d'Units. tarag 2 bgðajBI
RbBn½§xñatGnþrCatiCamUldæanTaMg 7 enH. cMENkxñatepSgeTot)anmkBIxñatCamUldæanTaMgenH.
dUcCaxñatRbEvg Ékta SI KWsMKal;kñúgrebobTsPaK edayes‘rIbuBVbTdUcbgðajkñúgtarag 3 .
eyIgnwgeRbIxñatrgVas; nig xñat SI kñúgÉksarenH.
tarag 3 buBVbT)aneRbICamYyRbBn½§xñatGnþrCati (SI)
buBVbT nimitþsBaaØ Gtßn½y ]TahrN¾
etRta T
1.000.000.000.000 b¤ 10 1etRtaEm:Rt (Tm) = 1 x 10 m
12 12

RhÁIRhÁa G 1.000.000.000 b¤ 10 9
1RhÁIRhÁaEm:Rt(Gm) = 1 x 10 m 9

emRhÁa M 1.000.000 b¤ 10 6
1emRhÁaEm:Rt (Mm) = 1 x 10 m 6

KILÚ k
1.000 b¤ 10 3
1KILÚEm:Rt (km) = 1 x 10 m 3

edsIu d 1
10
b¤ 10
-1
1edsIuEm:Rt (dm) = 0,1m

sg;TI c 1
100
b¤ 10
-2
1 sg;TIEm:Rt (cm) = 0,01m

mIløI m 1
1000
b¤ 10
-3
1mIløIEm:Rt (mm) = 0,001m

mIRkU μ 1
1,000,000
b¤ 10 -6
1 mIRkUEm:Rt( μ m) = 1x10 m -6

NaNU n 1
1,000,000,000
b¤
10-9 1 NaNUEm:Rt (nm) =1x10 -9
m

BIkU p 1
1,000,000,000,000
b¤
10-12 1 BIkUEm:Rt(pm) =1x10 m -12

rgVas;rgVal;EdleyIgeRbIjwkjab;kñúgkarsikSaKImIrYmman ry³eBl m:as maD dg;sIuet

nig sItuNðPaB.
m:as nig Tm¶n; (Mass and Weigth)
Bakü " m:as " nig "Tm¶n; " KW)aneRbIjwkjab;kñúgPaBEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an eTaHbICa
karniyayedaym:dæct;k¾edayKWmancMnYnxus²Kña. dUecñH m:asKWCargVas;énbrimaNrUbFatukñúgvtßú
Tm¶n; Cabec©keTskñúgkarniyay KWCakMlaMgEdlTMnajEpndITajeTAelIvtßú. Epøe):amEdl
Føak;BIelIedImKWCaTMnajcuHeRkamedayTMnajEpndI. m:asénEpøe)a:mKWminERbRbYl ehIymin
GaRs½yeTAelITItaMgb:uEnþvamanTm¶n;rbs;va. ]TahrN¾ enAelIépÞénRBHcn½ÞEpøe)a:mKYrEtman

1-10
 CMBYkTI1

Tm¶n;RtwmEt 16 énm:asrbs;vaenAelIEpndIBIeRBaHTMnajRBHcn½ÞKWmanEt 16 énEpndI. TMnaj

RBHcn½tUcCaglT§PaByanGavkasehaHedayesrIRbesIrCagelIépÞrbs;va fVIebIPaBsMBIg
sMeBag nig ]bkrN¾vak¾eday. KImIviTUrcab;GarmμN¾CabzmeTAelIm:as EdlGackMNt;)an
CaeRscCamYynigCBa¢Ig rebobvas;m:asmanPaBcMELk KW ehAfakarføwg.
mUldæanxñat SI énm:asKWKILÚRkam (kg) b:uEnþkñúgKImIRkamKWtUcCagehIymanlkçN³
gayCag ³ 1kg = 1000g = 1 x 10 g 3

Gg;RsþÚNUsenAelIépÞRBHcn½Þ
maD (Volume)

xñat SI énRbEvgKWEm:Rt (m) nigxñat SI sMrab;

maDKWEm:RtKUb(m ). CaTUeTAKImIviTUreFVIkarCamYynig
3

maDtUcCagKWsg;TIEm:RtKUb (cm ) nigedsIuEm:RtKUb

3

(dm ) .
3

1cm3 = (1 x 10-2m)3 = 1 x 10-6m3

1dm3 = (1 x 10-1m)3 = 1 x 10-3m3
xñatmaDEdleKniymeRbIepSgeTotKWlIRt (L).
lIRtKWCamaDtaMgTIedaymYyedsIuEm:Rt KUb. maDmYy
lIRtesμInig 1000 mIløIlIRt (mL) b¤ 1000cm . 3

1L = 1000mL
= 1000cm3
= 1dm3
rUb6 eRbobeFobTMnak;TMngénmaDBIr nig 1mL = 1cm3

1mL nig 1000mL

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esckþIepþIm

dg;sIuet (Density)
smIkarsMrab;dg;sIuetKW ³ dg;sIuet = m:as /maD b¤ d = mv
d, m nig v tag[ dg;sIuet m:as nigmaD erogKña. edaydg;sIuetKWCalkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv

nigminGaRs½yelIbrimaNénvtþmanrbs;m:asénrUbFatuEdlpþl;[ EdlsmamaRteTAnigm:as
ehIynigmaDEdlCalkçN³efr. kalNa V ekInenaH m k¾ekInEdr.
xñat SI éndg;sIuetKW)anmkBIKILÚRkamkñúgmYyEm:RtKUb (kg/m ). xñatenHKWmantMél
3

FMNas;sMrab;karGnuvtþkñúgKImI. dUecñH RkamkñúgmYysg;TIEm:RtKUb (g/cm ) KWsmmUlnigva

3

RkamkñúgmYymIløIlIRt(g/mL) KWeK nimyeRbIsMrab;dg;sIuetGgÁFaturwg nig rav. edaydg;sIuet

én]sμ½nTabNas; eyIgbgðajvakñúgxñatCaRkamkñúgmYylIRt(g/L) .
1g/cm3 = 1g /mL = 1000kg/m3
1g /L =0,001g / mL
]TahrN¾xageRkambgðajBIkarKNnadg;sIuet.
]TahrN¾1³masCaelah³mantMélEdlGskmμKImI.eRbICacMbgkñúgGlgáa viC¢aeBTü
eFμjnigeRbIkñúgeRKOgeGLicRtUnic. dMumass¥itCamYynigm:as 301g nigmanmaD 15,6cm . 3

KNnadg;sIueténm:as ?
cMelIy³ dg;sIueténelah³masKW³
m 301g
d= = = 19,3g/cm3
v 15,6cm 3
lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾ ³ dMuelah³)aøTInmandg;sIuet 21,6 g/cm manmaD 4,49cm . KNna
3 3

m:aséndMu elah³)aøTInenH ?
]TahrN¾2³ eGtaNulKWCaGgÁFaturavKμanB’N EdleKniymsÁal;faCaGal;kul
FBaØCati mandg;sIuet 0,798g/mL. KNnam:asénGal;kulenH EdlRtUvnigmaD 17,4mL ?
cMelIy³ m:asénGal;kulKWrkeXIjtamry³smIkar
m
d=
v
m=dxv
= 0,798 x g/mL x 17,4mL
= 13,8g
lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾³ dg;sIueténGasIuts‘ulpYricEdleRbIkñúgGaKuyKW 1,14g/mL . KNna
m:asénmaD 242mL énGgÁFaturavenH ?

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 CMBYkTI1

maRtdæansItuNðPaB (Temperature Scales)

maRtdæansItuNðPaBEdlniymeRbImanbI. xñatrbs;eKman F (GgSahVarinéh) C
o o

(GgSaes) nig K (Eklvin). maRtdæanhVarinéhKWCamaRtdæan EdleKniymeRbIkñúgshrdæ

GaemrikxageRkATIBiesaFn¾kMNt;cMnuckMNknigrMBuHénTwkKW 32 F nig 212 F erogKña. GgSa

o o

esEck[karerobrvagcMnuckMNk (0 C) nigcMnucrMBuH (100 C) énTwkeTACa 100 C. dUcbgðaj

o o o

kñúgtarag 2 EklvinKWCaxñat SI CamUldæanénsItuNðPaB enHCa maRtdæansItuNðPaB dac;xat.

edaytMéldac;xatKWsUnüenAelImaRtdæanEklvinsMKal;eday 0K KWCasItuNðPaB TabbMput
EdlGacTTYl)antamRTwsþI. mü:agvijeTot 0 F nig 0 C KWEp¥keTAelIlkçN³énkareRCIsyk
o o

rbs; sarFatudUcCaTwk. emIlrUbTI7

rUb7 eRbobeFobmaRtdæansItuNðPaBTaMgbI. maRtdæanGgSaes haVrinéh nig Eklvin.

sMKallfakarEck 100 b¤ 100 GgSarvagcMNuckMNk nig cMnucrMBuHénTwkelImaRtdæanGgSaes
nig karEck180 b¤ 180GgSa rvag sItuNðPaBdUcKñaBIrkMNt;elImaRtdæanhaVrinéh.
TMhMGgSaelImaRtdæanhVarinéhKW 100
180
b¤ 5
9
énGgSaes .
edIm,IbMElgGgSahaVrinéheTAGgSaes eyIg)an³
5o C
? oC = (oF − 32oC) x
9o F
smIkarTUeTA)aneRbIedIm,IbMElgBIGgSaeseTAGgSahaVrin ³
? F = 95 CF x ( C) + 32 F
o
o o o
o

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esckþIepþIm

TaMgmaRtdæanGgSaesnigEklvinsuT§EtmanxñatesμIKña KWmYyGgSaessmmUleTA nigmYy

GgSaEklvin. bTBiesaFn¾tamry³karsikSabgðajfa tMéldac;xatsUnüelImaRtdæan Eklvin
smmUleTAnig –273,15 C elImaRtdæanGgSaes. dUecñH eyIgeRbIsmIkardUcteTA edIm,IbMElgBI
o

GgSaeseTAGgSaEklvin³
? K = ( C + 273,15 C) 11KC
o o
o

eyIgnigeFVIkarEsVgrk RbsinebIkrNIcaM)ac;edIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrBIGgSaeseTAGgSa
haVrinéh b¤ GgSaeseTAGgSaEknvin.
]TahrN¾ 3³ (a) elah³FatuepSg²sMrab;pSaKWCasMelah³Edl)anbegIáteLIgBIsMN)a:haMg
nig sMN)an eRbIR)as;kñúgesoKVIGKÁIsnI. elah³FatuepSg²sMrab;pSamancMnucrMlay 224 C . o

etIcMnucrMlayrbs;vaKitCa GgSahaVrinéhesμIb:unμan? (b) eGlüÚmmancMnucrMBuHTabbMputkñúg

cMeNamFatuTaMgGs;KW –452 F. cUrbMElgsItuNðPaBenHKitCaGgSaes. (c) )artCaelah³Et
o

mYyKt;EdlsßitkñúgPaBCaGgÁFaturavenAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;rlayenA –38,9 C. bMElgcMnuc

o

rlayenHeTACaEklvin .
cMelIy³
(a) bMElgcMnucrlayBIGgSaeseTACaGgSahaVrinéh
9o F
x (224oC) + 32oF = 435oF
5 C
o

(b) bMElg sItuNðPaBenHKitCaGgSaes

5o C
(452oF –32oF) x = - 269oC
9o F
(c) cMnucrlayén)artKitCaEknvinKW ³
1K
(-38,9oC + 273,15oC) x = 234,3K
1o C
lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾³ cUrbMElg
(a) 327,5oC ( cMnucrlayénsMN) eTAGgSahaVrinéh
(b) 172,9 F(cMnucrMBuHrbs;eGtaNul) eTACaGgSaes
o

(c) 77K (cMnucrMBuHrbs;GasUtrav) eTACaGgSaes

1-14
 CMBYkTI1

elah³sMrab;pSaeRbIy:ageRcInkñúgsMNg;esoKVIGKÁIsnI
kareRbobeFobmaRtdæansItuNðPaBTaMgbI³ maRtdæanGgSaes haVrinéh nigmaRtdæan
dac;xatEklvin. cMNaMfa mankarEcknig 100 b¤ 100GgSarvagcMnuckMNk nigcMnucrMBuHénTwk
enAelImaRtdæanGgSaes nig karEck 180 b¤ 180 GgSarvagsItuNðPaBBIrdUcKñakMNt;
elImaRtdæanhaVrinéh.
7 kareRbIR)as;elx ( Handling Numbers)
mankarsÞabsÞg;GMBIxñat)aneRbIkñúgKImI \LÚvenHeyIgRtLb;emIlBIbec©keTs sMrab;
kareRbIR)as;elxEdlTak;TgeTAnigkarvas;³ karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ nig tMélelx Cak;lak;
(significant figures) .

karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ ( Scientific Notation)

KImIviTUrEtgEteRbIelxEdlmantMélFMGenk b¤ tUcGenk. ]TahrN¾ 1g FatuGIuRdUEsn
mantél CitesμIeTAnig ³ 602.200.000.000.000.000.000.000
cMeBaHGatUmGIuRdUEsnGatUmGIuRdUEsnnImYy²manm:asEt ³
0,0000000000000000000000166g
cMnYnTaMgnHKWCacMnYnEdlBi)aknigeRbIR)as; EdlgaynigRcLMenAeBleRbIvakñúg
karKNnaelxnBVnþ. bgðajBIkarKNna³
0,0000000056 x 0,00000000048 = 0,000000000000000002688
vamanPaBgayRsYlsMrab;eyIgkñúgkarRcLMsnU ümYyb¤ bEnßmsUnümYybnÞab;BIek,os.
Canic©kalkalNaeyIgeFVIkarCamYynigelxd¾FM b¤elxd¾tUceyIgeRbIRbBn½§mYyehAfa karkMNt;
EbbviTüasaRsþ. kareFVsRbEhsénTMhMrbs;eK cMnYnTaMgGs;Gac bgðajCa TMrg; ³ N x 10 n

Edl NCacMnYnrvag 1 nig 10 nig n CasV½yKuN EdlCacMnYnKt;viC¢man b¤ GviC¢man (cMnYnsarub).

cMnYnepSgeTotbgðajtamrebobenH KWeKniyayfaedIm,IsresrvakñúgkarkMNt EbbviTüasaRsþ.

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esckþIepþIm

]bmafa eyIg[cMnYnBit nigsYredIm,IbgðajtamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ.

EpñkelIlMhat;enHR)ab;eyIgedIm,IrkcMnYn n. eyIgrab;cMnYnkEnøgEdlxageRkayek,osRtUv)an
rMkiledIm,Ipþl;[cMnYn N(cMnYnenHenAcenøaHBI 1 nig 10). ebIek,osRtUv)anrMkileTAxageqVg
bnÞab;mk n CacMnYnKt;viC¢man. ebIek,osRtUv)anrMkileTAxagsþaMenaH n CacMnYnKt;
GviC¢man. ]TahrN¾xageRkambgðajBIkareRbIR)as;karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ ³
(a) bgðaj 568,762 tamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³
568,762 = 5,68762 x 102
(b) bgðaj 0,00000772 tamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³
0,00000772 = 7,72 x 10-6
rkSaTukkñúgcitþkñúgkrNIBIrdUcCa³ TI1 n = 0
eRbIsMrab;cMnYnEdlmin)anbgðajtamEbbviTüasaRsþ.
]TahrN¾ 74,6 x 10 ( n=0)smmUleTAnig 74,6. TI2 kñúgkarGnuvtCaTUeTARtUv)anlb;ecal
0

sV½yKuNkalNa n=1. dUecñH tamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþsMrab; 74,6 KW 7,46 x 10

minEmn 7,46 x 10 . 1

karbUk nig kardk ( Addition and Subtraction)

edIm,IbUk b¤ dk edayeRbIrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ TImYyeyIgsresrbrimaN
nImYy² N nig N CamYynigsV½yKuN n . bnÞab;mk bUk N nig N sV½yKuNenAsl;dUcKña .
1 2 1 2

bgðajtamry³]TahrN¾ xageRkam³
(7,4 x 103) + (2,1 x 103) = 9,5 x 103
(4,31 x 103) + (3,9 x 103) = (4,31 x 103) + (0,39x 104) = 4,70 x 104
(2,22 x 10-2) – (4,10 x 10-3) = (2,22 x 10-2) – (0,41 x 10-2) = 1,81 x 10-2
karKuN nig karEck ( Multiplication and Division)
edIm,IKuNcMnYntamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ eyIgKuN N nig N kñúgrebob1 2

dUcKña b:uEnþ bUksV½yKuNCamYyKña. edIm,IEck tamrebobénkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ eyIgEck

N nig N dUcTmøab;nigpl dksV½yKuuN. xageRkamenHCa] TahrN¾bgðajBI kareRbIR)as;
1 2

Edl)anbegáIteLIg³
(8,0 x 104) x (5,0 x 102) = (8,0 x 5,0) ( 10 4+ 2 ) = 40 x 106
= 4,0 x 107
(4,0 x 10-5) x ( 7,0 x 103) = (4,0 x 7,0)(10 −5+3 )
= 28 x 10-2
= 2,8 x 10-1

1-16
 CMBYkTI1
6,9 x10 7 6,9
−5
= x 10 7−( −5) = 2,3 x 1012
3,0 x10 3,0
8,5 x10 4 8,5
9
= x 10 4−9 = 1,7 x 10-5
5,0 x10 5,0

rUb8 CBa©IgviPaKfasmYy
tMélelxCak;lak; ( Significant Figures)
krNIelIkElgkalNaRKb;cMnYn)anTak;TgnigsV½yKuN (]TahrN¾ kñúgkarrab;
cMnYnnisSitkñúgfñak;) krNIenHminGacmanedIm,I)antMélCak;lak;énbrimaNeRkamkarGegát.
cMeBaHkrNIenH vamansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IbgðajkartMrwmkMritel¥ogenAkñúgkarvas;eday
karbgðajy:agc,as;BIcMnYn tMélelxCak;lak; EdlCaxÞg;mann½ykñúgkarvas;)an b¤
brimaN)anKNna. ]TahrN¾ eyIgKYrEtvas;maDénbrimaN)an[rbs;GgÁFaturavedayeRbI
sIuLaMgRkitCamYymaRtdæan)an[minCak;lak; 1mL kñúgkarvas;. ebImaDrkeXIjKW 6mL
bnÞab;mkmaDBit R)akdteRmobBI 5mL eTA 7mL. eyIgtagmaDénGgÁFaturaveday (6±1)mL .
kñúgkrNIenH mantMélelxCak;lak;EtmYyKt; (xÞg;TI 6) EdlCacMnYnminCak;lak;GacbEnßm b¤
dk 1mL. sMrab;tMélCak;lak;FMCageyIg nigeRbIsIuLaMgRkitEdlmankarEcktUcCag dUecñH
KWmaDEdleyIgvas;KW\LÚvenHminCak;lak;RtwmEt 0,1mL. ebImaDénGgÁFaturav)anrkeXIj
GacCa 6,0mL dUecñHeyIgGacbgðajbrimaNenHeday (6,0±0,1) ehIytMélCak;lak;KWsßitenA
cenøaHrvag 5,9mL nig 6,1mL. eyIgGaceFVI[RbesIreLIgeTAelI]bkrN¾rgVas; nig
TTYyl)antMélCak;lak;Cag b:uEnþkñúgRKb;krNIxÞg;xageRkayKWCaTUeTAminCak;lak;brimaN
énPaBminCak;lak;enH GaRs½yeTAelI]bkrN¾rgVas;edayEpñkEdleyIgeRbI.

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esckþIepþIm

rUb 8 bgðajBICBa©IgTMenIb. CBa©IgEbbenHKWGaceRbIR)as;kñúgTIBiesaFn¾KImITUeTA

CaeRcIneKeRbIsMrab;m:asvas;énvtßúrhUtdl;xageRkayek,osbYnxÞg;. dUecñHRbePTm:asEdl
vas;)annwgmantMélelxCak;lak;bYn (]TahrN¾ 0,8642g) b¤ eRcInCag (]TahrN¾ 3,9745g ) .
rkSakartamdancMnYnelxCak;lak;kñúgkarvas;dUcCakarKNnaEdlTak;TgeTAnigTinñn½y nwgCH
\T§iBleTAelIPaBCak;lak;énkarvas;.
eKalkarN¾skmμPaBedaypÞal;sMrab;kareRbIR)as;tMélelxCak;lak;
(Guidelines for Using Significant Figures)
Canic©kal eyIgeFVIkarEbbviTüasaRsþy:agRbugRbytñ½edIm,IsresrcMnYn smrmüén
tMélelxCak;lak;. CaTUeTAvamanlkçN³gayRsYlbgÁÜredIm,IkMNt;fa etImantMélelxCak;
b:unμanCacMnYn)anRbtibtþitam c,ab; ³
¾ ral;xÞg;minEmnCaelxsUnüKWsMxan;. dUecñH 845cm mantMélelxCak;lak;bIxÞg;

cMENk 1,234kg mantMélelxCak;lak;bYnxÞg; >>> .l.

¾ xÞg;sUnürvagxÞg;minsUnüKWsMxan;Nas;. dUecñH 696m mantMélelxCak; lak;bIxÞg;

40.501kg mantMélelxCak;lak;R)aMxÞg; >>>>.l.

¾ elxsUnüenAxageqVgénxÞg;minsUnüTImYyKWminsMxan;. eKalbMNgrbs;eKKWedIm,I

bgðajBIkarCMnYscMNucek,os. ]TahrN¾ 0,08L mantMélelxCak;lak;mYy

0,0000348g mantMélelxCak;lak;bI nig >>>.l.

¾ ebIcMnYnFMCagmYy bnÞab;mkRKb;elxsUnü)ansresreTAxagsþaMcMNuc ek,osrab;Ca

tMélelxCak;lak;. dUecñH 2,0g mantMélelxCak;lak;BIr 40,062mL mantMél

elxCak;lak;R)aMnig 3,040dm mantMélelxCak; lak;bYn. ebIcMnYnticCagmYy
bnÞab;mkmanEtelxsUnüenAcugbBa©b; éncMnYnnigelxsUnü EdlsßitenArvagxÞg;min
sUnüKWsMxan;. dUecñHmann½yfa 0,090kg mantMélelxCak;lak;BIr 0,3005L
mantMélelxCak;lak;bYn 0,00420min mantMélelxCak;lak;bI>>>>.l.
¾ sMrab;cMnYnEdlminmanek,osxageRkayelxsUnü (KWfaelxsUnüenAbnÞab;elxxÞg;

minsUnübMput) Gac b¤ minGacsMxan;. dUecñH 400cm GacmantMélelxCak;lak;

EtmYy (xÞg;TI4) tMélelxCak;lak;BIr (40) b¤ tMélelxCak;lak;bI(400). eyIg
minGacsÁal;NamYyRtwmRtUveday KμanB’tman. edakareRbIR)as;karkMNt;Ebb
viTüasaRsþGaRs½yehtuenH eyIgeCosvagPaBminc,as;las;enH. kñúgkrNIeday

1-18
 CMBYkTI1

ELkenHeyIgGacbgðajcMnYn 400 eTACa 4x10 sMrab;tMélelxCak;lak;mYy 4,0 x

2

10 sMrab;tMélelxCak;lak; BIr b¤ 4,00 x 10 sMrab;tMélelxCak;lak;bI .

2 2

xageRkamenHCa]TahrN¾bgðajBIkarkMNt;tMélelxCak;lak;³
]TahrN¾ 4 ³ kMNt;cMnYntMélelxCak;lak;sMrab;karvas;dUcteTA³
(a) 478cm (b) 6,01g (c) 0.825m (d) 0,043kg (e) 1,310x 1022 (f) 7000mL
cMelIy³
(a) mantMélelxCak;lak;bI
(b) mantMélelxCak;lak;bI
(c) mantMélelxCak;lak;bI
(d) mantMélelxCak;lak;BIr
(e) mantMélelxCak;lak;bYn
(f) enHCakrNIminc,as;las;. cMnYntMélelxCak;lak;GacmanbYn (7,000x
10 ) , manbI (7,00x 10 ) ,manBIr (7,0x 10 ) b¤ mYy (7x10 ) .
4 4 4 4

lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾³ kMNt;cMnYnéntMélelxCak;lak;kñúgkarvas;dUcteTA³
(a) 24mL ; (b) 3001g ; (c) 0,0320m ; (d) 6,4 x 10 m:Ul ; 560kg
3 4

dak;ecjnUvc,ab;yfaRbePTTI2 faetIRtUveRbIR)as;karKNnatMélelxCak;lak;y:ag
dUemþc?
¾ kñúgkarbUkb¤ dk cMnYnéntMélelxCak;lak;enAxagsþaMek,oskñúgplbUkcugeRkay
b¤ xusKñaRtUv)ankMNt;edaycMnYntUcbMptu éntMélelxCak;lak;eTAxagsþaMek,oskñúg
ral;cMnYnedIm. karbgðajtamry³]TahrN¾ ³
89,332 tMélelxCak;lak;mYybnÞab;BIek,os
+1,1
90,432 bgÁt;Rtwm 90,4
2,097
- 0,12 tMélelxCak;lak;mYybnÞab;BIek,os
1,977 bgÁt;Rtwm 1,98
lMnaMénkarbgÁt;mandUcteTA³ edIm,IbgÁt;cMnYnenAcMnucCak;lak;NamYyeyIgeFVI[gay
edaylb;ecalxÞg;EdlCab;tamebIxÞg;T1I rbs;vaticCag 5. dUecñH 8,724 bgÁt;eTACa 8,72
ebIeyIgcg;)anEtBIrxÞg;bnÞab;Biek,os. ebIxÞg;TImYyeTAtamek,osénkarbgÁt; KWesμIeTAnwg

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esckþIepþIm

tMélFMCag 5 eyIgbUkmYyeTAelIxÞg;BImun. dUecñH 8,727 bgÁt;eTACa 8,73 nig 0,425

bgÁt;eTACa 0,43.
¾cMeBaHkarKuN nig karEckcMnYnéntMélelxCak;lak;kñúgplitplcugeRkay b¤ pl
EckKWRtUv)ankMNt;edaycMnYnedImEdlmanelxtUcbMputéntMélelx Cak;lak;xag
eRkamenHbgðajBIc,ab;enH ³
2,8 x 4,5039 = 12,61092 bgÁt;eTACa 13
6,85
112,04
= 0.0611388789 bgÁt;eTACa 0,0611
rkSaTukkñúgcitþnUvcMnYnBitR)akd)anmkBIniymn½yénvtßúGacRtUv)anbBaa©k;edIm,ITTYl)a
ncMnYnmin kMNt; éntMélelxCak;lak;. RbsinebIvtßúmanm:as 0,2786g
bnÞab;mkm:asénvtßúTaMgR)aMbIKW ³
0,2786g x 8 = 2,229g
eyIgminbgÁt;plitplenHeTACatMélelxCak;lak;eT eRBaHelx 8 KW 8,00000... tam
niymn½y. Rbhak;RbEhlKñaEdr edIm,ITajrktMélmFüménRbEvgBIrEdl)anvas;KW 6,64cm
nig 6,68cm eyIgGacsresr³
6,64cm + 6,68cm
= 6,66cm
2
edaysarelx 2 KW 2,00000... tamniymn½y . xageRkamenHCa]TahrN¾bgðajBI
tMélelxCak;lak;)aneRbIkñúgKNitsaRsþ .
]TahrN¾ 5 ³ cUrKNnatMélelxdUcteTA³
(a) 11.254,1g + 0,1983g
(b) 66,59L - 3,113L
(c) 8,16 m x 5,1355
(d) 0,0154kg ÷ 88,3mL
(e) 2,64 x 103 cm + 3,27 x 102 cm
cMelIy³
(a) 11.254,1g
+ 0,1983g

11.254,2983g bgÁt;eTACa 11.253,3g

(b) 66,59L
-3,113L
63,477L bgÁt;eTACa 63,48L

(c) 8,16 m x 5,1355 = 41,90568m bgÁt;eTACa 41,9m

1-20
 CMBYkTI1
0,0154kg
(d)
88,3mL
= 0,000174405436kg/mL bgÁt;eTACa
0,000174kg/mL b¤ 1,74x10 kg/mL
-4

(e) CadMbUgeyIgbþÚr 3,27 x 10 cm eTA 0,327 x 10

2 3

rYcbnÞab;mkeFVIkarbUk (2,64cm+0,327cm) 10 . Gnuvtþn¾tamlMnaM(a)

3

eyIgTTYl)ancMelIy 2,97 x 10 cm . 3

lMhat;Gnuvtþn¾³ edayeRbIKNitviTüa cUreqøIytMélelxCak;lak;smrmüdUcteTA³

(a) 26,5862L + 0,17L
(b) 9,1g + 4,682g
(c) 7,1 x 104dm x 2,2654x102
(d) (7,55 x 104m) – (8,62 x 103m)
lMnaMbgÁt;xagelIGnuvtþn¾eTAelICMhanmYyénkarKNna. kñúgbNþajKNna KWkarKNna
Tak;TgeRcInCagmYyCMhaneyIgeRbIlMnaMpøas;bþÚr. karbgðajBIkarKNnatamCMhanTaMgBIrKW ³
CMhanTI1 ³ A x B x C
CMhanTI2 ³ C x D = E
]bmafa A = 3,66 B = 8,45 nig D = 2,11. PaBGaRs½yelI faetIeyIgbgÁt; C
eTACatMélelx Cak;lak;bYn eyIgTTYl)ancMnYnxusKñasMrab; E ³
viFITI1 viFITI2
3,66 x 8,45 = 30,9 3,66 x 8,45 = 30,93
30,9 x 2,11 = 65,2 30,93 x 2,11 = 65,3
dUecñH ebIeyIgeFVIkarKNnadUcCa 3,66 x 8,85 x 2,11 tamm:asIunKitelxedayKμan
bgÁt;lT§plGnþrkaleyIgTTYl)an 65,3 dUccMelIyE. CaTUeTAeyIgnigbgðajcMnYnRtwmRtUv
éntMélelxCak;lak;kñúgCMhannImYy²énkarKNna. dUecñH kñúgg]TahrN¾xøHmanEtcMelIycug
eRkay KW)anbgÁt;eTACacMnYnRtwmRtUvéntMélelxCak;lak;. cMelIyénRKb;GnþrkalKNna
nigTTYl)antMélmYyCabEnßm.
PaBR)akd nig PaBCak;lak; ( Accuracy and Precision)
kñúgkarBiPakSaBIrgVas;rgVal;nigtMélelxCak;lak;KW)aneRbI edIm,IeFVI[xusKñarvagPaB
R)akd nigPaBCak;lak;. PaBR)akd R)ab;eyIgfaetIrgVas;rgVal;CiteTAnwgtMélBiténbrimaN
Edl)anvas;dUemþc. cMeBaHGñkviTüasaRsþ manPaBxusKñarvag PaBR)akd nig PaBCak;lak;.

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esckþIepþIm

PaBCak;lak; R)ab;eyIgfaetImanrgVas;rgVal;BIrb¤eRcInénbrimaNRBmeRBogdUcKñamanTMnak;TMng
CamYyKña (rUb 9) .
PaBxusKñarvag PaBR)akd nigPaBCak;lakKWl¥itl¥n; b:uEnþsMxan;. ]bmafa
Ca]TahrN¾ mansisSbInak;)ansYredIm,IkMNt;m:aséndMusrésTg;Edg. lT§plBIrCabnþbnÞab;
énkarføwgedaysisSnImYy²KW³
sisS A sisSB sisSC
1,968g 1,972g 2,00g
1,978g 1,968g 2,002g
tMélmFüm 1,971g 1,970g 2,001g

m:asBiténsrésTg;EdgKW 2,000g. dUecñHlT§plrbs;nisSit B KWmanPaBCak;lak;

Cag lT§plrbs;sisS A nig sisS B (1,972g nig 1,968g gakecjtictYcBI 1,970g Cag
1,964g nig 1,978g BI 1,971g) b:uEnþ minEmnTaMgBIrEdlCalT§ply:agRtwmRtUv. lT§pl

rbs;sisS C minRtwmEtCak;lak;CageK b:uEnþEfmTaMgRtwmRtUveTotpg edayehtufa tMél

mFümKWCitbMputeTAnigtMélBit. rgVas;rgVal;PaBR)akdx<s;KWEtgEt manPaBCak;lak;x<s;Edr.
mü:ageTot rgVas;rgVal;Cak;lak;x<s;mincaM)ac;FanalT§plPaBR)akd. ]TahrN¾ karRkit
Em:RtbnÞatmminRtwmRtUv b¤ mankarRcLMlMnwg naM[GMNanCak;lak;KWmanPaBlMeGog.

rUb9 r)ayénRBYjenAelIpÞaMgRBYjbgðajBIPaBxusKñarvagPaBR)akdnigPaBCak;lak;.
(a) PaBR)akdl nig PaBCak;lak;l¥ (b) PaBR)akdminl¥ nig PaBCak;lak;l¥

(c) PaBR)akdminl¥ nig PaBCak;lak;minl¥

1-22
 CMBYkTI1

segçb nig smIkarKnøwH ( Summary and Key Equations)

* d=
m
v
smIkarsMrab;dg;sIuet
5o C
* ? oC = (oF – 32oF) x
9o F
karbMElgBI F eTA C
o o

9o F o
* ? F = o x ( C) + 32 oF
o
5 C
karbMElgBI C eTA F
o o

1K
* ?K = (oC + 273,15oC) o
1 C
karbMElgBI C eTA K
o

segçbBIkarBit nig bBaØtiþ ( Summary of Facts and Concepts)

1. karsikSaBIKImITak;TgeTAnigbICMhan³ karGegát karbgðaj nig karbkERb. karGegátTak;Tg

eTAnigkarvas;enAkñúgBiPBmIRksáúb. karbgðajTak;TgeTAnigkareRbIR)as;nimitþsBaaØCasMKal;
ehIynigsmIkarsMrab;TMnak;TMng. karbkERbKWsMGageTAelIGatUm nig m:UelKulEdlCakmμsiT§
rbs;BiPBmIRkUsáúb.
2. viFIviTüasaRsþKWCaRbBn§½eq<aHeTArkkarRsavRCavEdlcab;epþImCamYykarRbmUlB’tmantam
ry³karGegátnig karvas;. kñúglMnaM smμtikmμ c,ab; nig RTwsþIEdl)anbegáIteLIg nig)aneFVIetsþ.
3.GñkKImIsikSaGMBIrUbFatu nig bERmbRmYlrbs;va. sarFatuEdlbegáItrUbFatumanmanlkçN³

rUbdUcKña EdlGaceFVIkarGegátEdlKμanERbRbYlPaBdUcKñaniglkçN³KImIdUcKña enAeBleK)an

bgðajeFVIkarERbRbYlPaBdUcKñaénsarFatul,ayfa etIesμIsac; b¤ minesμIsac;GacRtUv)anEjk
eTACaPaKpSMsuT§eday viFIrUb.
4. sarFatugaykñúgKImIKWFatu. smasFatuekIteLIgedaykarcUlpSMtamEbbKImIénGatUmrbs;

Fatuxus KñakñúgsmamaRtkMNt;.
5. RKb;sarFatu CaeKalkarN¾ GacmankñúgPaBTaMgbI³ rwg rav nig ]sμ½n. GnþrbNþÚrrvagPaB

TaMgenH GacCH\T§iBledaykarpøas;bþÚrsItuNðPaB.
6. xñat SI eRbIedIm,IbgðajbrimaNrUbkñúgRKb;viTüasaRsþ rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgKImIpgEdr.

7. elx )anbgðajtamkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþEdlmansNæan N x 10 Edl n enAcenøaHBI1

n

eTA 10 nig n CacMnYnKt;viC¢man b¤ GviC¢man. karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþCYyeyIgkñúgkareRbIR)as;

nUvbrimaNy:ag FM b¤ y:agtUc.

1-23
esckþIepþIm

BaküKnøwH ( Key Words)

maRtdæansItuNðPaB dac;xat Absolute temperature scale 1-13

PaBR)akd Accuracy 1-21

cMnucrMBuH Boiling point 1-7

lkçN³KImI Chemical properties 1-7

KImI Chemistry 1-1

smasFatu Compound 1-5

dg;sIuet Density 1-8

Fatu Element 1-5

lkçN³Giuctg;sIuv Extensive property 1-8

l,ayminesμIsac; Heterogeneous mixture 1-4

l,ayesμIsac; Homogeneous mixture 1-4

smμtikmμ Hypothesis 1-2

lkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv Intensive property 1-8

RbBn§½GnþrCati SI International System of Units (SI) 1-10

Eklvin Kelvin 1-13

c,ab; Law 1-2

lIRt (L) Liter 1-11

lkçN³m:aRkUsáúb Macroscopic properties 1-8

ma:s Mass 1-8

rUbFatu Matter 1-4

lkçN³mIRkUsáúb Microscopic properties 1-9

l,ay Mixture 1-4

lkçN³rUb Physical properties 1-7

PaBCak;lak; Precision 1-22

lkçN³KuNPaB Qualitative 1-2

lkçN³brimaN Quantitative 1-2

1-24
 CMBYkTI1

viFIviTüasaRsþ Scientific method 1-1

karkMNt; EbbviTüasaRsþ Scientific notation 1-15

tMélelxCak;lak; Significant figures 1-17

sarFatu Substance 1-4

RTwsþIi Theory 1-3

maD Volume 1-8

Tm¶n; Weight 1-10

sMnYr nig cMeNaT ( Questions and Problems)

viFIviTüsaRsþ(Scientific Method)
1. cUrBnül; etIviFIviTüasaRsþmann½yy:agdUemþc?

2. etIPaBxusKñarvagTinñn½yCaKuNPaB nig Tinñn½yCabrimaNmanlkçN³y:agdUemþc?

cMeNaT(Problems)
3. cUrcat;fñak;karR)ab;EbbKuNPaB b¤ brimaN tamKMnitrbs;Gñk.

(a) RBHGaTitümancMgayRbmaN 93 lanm:ayBIépÞEpndI

(b) CagKMnUr Leonardoda Vinci KUsKMnUrs¥atCag Michelangelo
(c) TwkkkENnticCagTwk .
(d) b½rmanrsCatiRbesIrCag Margarite (RbePTb½rm:üagplitBIeRbgrukçCati xøaj;stV nig
TwkedaHeKa) .
4.cMNat;fñak;sNæandUcteTACa smμtikmμ c,ab; ³

(a) karpþl;[ Beethoven's eTAelItRnþIKYrEtmanlkçN³RbesIrCagebIsinKat;)anerobkar

(b) srTrdUv søwkeQIvilvl;eq<aHeTAdIedaysarEtkMlaMgTMnajrvagsøwknig EpndI.
(c) RKb;rUbFatuKW)anbMEbkeTACaPaKl¥itd¾tUcehAfaGatUm.
karcat;fñak; nig lkçN³énrUbFatu ( Classification and Properties of Matter)
sMnYrrMlwk
5. cUr[]TahrN¾sMrab;BakünImYy²dUcteTA³ (a) rUbFatu (b) sarFatu (c) l,ay

6.cUr[]TahrN¾ énl,ayesμIsac; nig l,ayminesμIsac;.

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esckþIepþIm

7. kareRbI]TahrN¾ cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvag lkçN³rUb nig lkçN³KImI.

8. etIlkçN³GaMgtg;sIuv nig lkçN³Giuctg;sIuvxusKñadUcemþc ? etIlkçN³dUcteTAenHNaxøHCa

lkçN³ GaMgtg;sIuv nig lkçN³Giuctg;sIuv ³ (a) RbEvg (b) maD (c) sItuNðPaB (d) m:as
9. cUr[]TahrN¾énFatu nig smasFatu. etIFatu nig smasFatuxusKñay:agdUemþc ?

10. etImanFatub:unμanehIyEdleyIg)ansÁal; ?

cMeNaT ( Problems)
11. cUrcat;fñak;sNæandUcteTACalkçN³rUb b¤ lkçN³KImI³

(a) ]sμ½nGuksIuEsnpþl;cMehH
(b) CICYybegáInplitplksikmμ
(c) TwkBuHeRkam 100 C enAelIkMBUlPñM
o

(d) sMNENnCagGaluymIjÚm
(e) sármanrsCatiEp¥m
12> cUrcat;fñak;karBiB’NnadUcteTA etICabNþÚrrUb b¤ bNþÚrKImI ?

(a) ]sμ½neGlüÚmenAxagkñúg)aLúgmanTMenarRCabecjeRkAbnÞab;BIry³eBlBIreTAbIem:ag.
(b) karcaMgBnøWPøwbEPøtyWt²TTYlPaBRsGab;ehIyTIbMputggwtsUnü
(c) TwkRkUckkKWkekIteLIgvijedaykarbEnßmTwkeTAelIva
(d) karlutlas;rbs;rukçCatiGaRs½yeTAelIfamBlRBHGaTitükñúglMnaMehAfarsμIsMeyaK
(e) GMbilmYysøabRBarlaykñúgcans‘ub
13> cUrehAeQμaH tMNag[nimitþsBaaØdUcteTA³ Li ; F ; P ; Cu ; As ; Zn ; Cl ; Pt ; Mg ; U ;

Al ; Si ; Ne (emIltaragxagkñúgRKbesovePA) .

14> cUrsresrnimitþsBaaØénFatudUcteTA ³ (a) b:UtasüÚm (b) sMN)ahaMg (c) RkUm (d) b½r

(e) )ar:üÚm (f) PøúytUjÚm (g) s<an;F½r (h) Gaku (i) )ar:t (emIltaragxagkñúgRKbesovePA) .

15> cUrcat;fñak;saFatudUcteTACaFatu b¤ smasFatu ³ (a) GIuRdUEsn (b) Twk (c) mas (d) sár

16>cUrcat;fñak;dUcteTA etICaFatu smasFatu l,ayesμIsac; b¤ l,ayminesμIsac;³ (a) TwksmuRT

(b) ]sμ½neGlüÚm (c) sUdüÚmkørY (GMbilsML) (d) TwksMrab;pwk (e) TwkedaHeKaRkLúk (f) xül;

(g) )ay

1-26
 CMBYkTI1

rgVas;rgVal; ( Measurement)
17> eQμaHxñatmUldæan SI Edlmansar³sMxan;kñúgKImI. cUrR)ab;xñat SI

sMrab;bgðajkenSamdUcteTA³RbEvg (a) maD (b) m:as (c) eBlevla (d) famBl (e)
sItuNðPaB
18> cUrsresrCaelxtMNag[buBVbTdUcteTA³ (a)emRhÁa (b) KILÚ (c) edsIu (d) sgÞI (e) mIløI

(f) mIRkU (g) NaNU (h) BIkU

19>etIxñatGVIEdlGñkKImIniymeRbIsMrab;dg;sIuetvtßúrav nig rwg ? cuHcMeBaH]sμ½n ?

cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKña?
20> Gfib,ayBImaRtdæansItuNðPaBTaMbIeRbIkñg ú TIBiesaFn¾nigkñúgkarrs;enArbcaMéf¶.
maRtdæanhaVrinéh maRtdæanGgSaes nig maRtdæanEklvin.
cMeNaT (Problems)
21>RbUmCaGgÁFaturavB’NRkhm-etñat. KNnadg;sIuetrbs;va (KitCa g/mL) ebIvamanm:as

586g taMgTIkñúg 188mL .

22>)ar:tCaelah³EtmYyKt;EdlmanlkçN³ravenAsItuNðPaBbnÞb;. dg;sIuetrbs;vaKW

13,6g/mL. etI)ar:tnwgmanm:asb:unμanEdlnwgtaMgTIkñúgmaD 95,8mL ?

23> cUrbMElgsItuNðPaBeTACaGgSaes³

(a) 95 F CasItuNðPaBenArdUvekþAeBléf¶
o

(b) 12 F CasItuNðPaBenArdUvRtCak;eBléf¶
o

(c) 102 F enAeBlRKunekþA

o

(d) kareRbIR)as;L (furnace) enA 1852 F

o

24> (a) FmμtakMedAxøÜnmnusSGacFn;nigsItuNðPaB 105 F sMrab;ry³xYbxøIéneBlevlaedaymin

o

eFVI[xUcCaGciéRnþeTAxYrk,alehIynigsrIr³sMxan;². etIsItuNðPaBenHKitCaGgSaesesμIb:unμan?
(b)eGTIELnKøIkulCasmasFatusrIragÁravEdleRbIRbqaMgnigkarkkkñúgr:aDIy:aT½rrfynþ. vakk

enA–11,5 C. KNnasItuNðPaBkMNkenHKitCaGgSahaVrinéh. (c) sItuNðPaBelIépÞRBHcn½ÞKW

o

RbmaNCa 6300 C. etIsItuNðPaBenHKitCaGgSahaVrinéhesμIb:unμan?

o

25>cUrbMElgsItuNðPaBKitCaEklvin ³

(a) 113 C CacMnucrlayéns<an;F½r

o

1-27
esckþIepþIm

(b) CasItuNðPaBFmμtakñúgxøÜnmnusS
37oC

(c) 357 C CacMnucrMBuHrbs;)art

o

26> cUrbMElgsItuNðPaBKitCaGgSaes³

(a) 77K cMnucrMBuHrbs;GasUtrav

(b) 4,2K CacMnucrMBuHrbs;eGlüÚmrav

(c) 601K CacMnucrlayrbs;sMN

kareRbIR)as;elx (Handling Number)

sMnYrrMlwk (Review Questions)
27> etIGVIeTACasar³sMxan;énkareRbIR)as;karkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþelIkarkMNt;ek,os ?

28> kMNt;tMélelxCak;lak;.

BiPakSasar³sMxan;énkareRbIR)as;elxsmrmüéntMélelxCak;lak; kñúgkarvas; nig

kñúgkarKNna.
cMeNaT (Problems)
29>bgðajcMnYnTaMgenHtamkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³
(a) 0,000000027
(b) 356
(c) 47.764
(d) 0,096
30 > bgðajcMnYndUcteTACakarkat;ek,os³
(a) 1,52 x 10-2
(b) 7,78 x 10-8
31 > bgðajcMelIyeTAtamKNnatamkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³
(a) 145,75 + (2,3 x 10-1)
(b) 79.500 ÷ (2,5 x 102)
(c) (7,0 x 10-3 ) – (8,0 x 10-4)
(d) (1,0 x 104) × (9,9 × 10 6 )
32 > bgðajcMelIyeTAtamKNnatamkarkMNt;EbbviTüasaRsþ³
(a) 0,0096 + (8,5 x 10-3)
(b) 653 ÷ (5,75 x 10-8)
(c) 850.000 – (9,0 x 105)
(d) (3,6 x 10-4) x (3,6 x 106)
33 >etIcMnYnéntMélelxCakénkarvas;;dUcteTAenHesμIb:unμan ? (a) 4867 m:ay (b) 56mL
(c) 60.104 etan (d) 2900 Rkam (e) 42,2g/cm (f) 0,0000003cm (g) 0,7 naTI
3

(h) 4,6 x 10 etan

9

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 CMBYkTI1

34. etImantMélelxCak;lak;b:unμanEdlmandUcteTAenH?
(a) 0,006L (e) 960 × 10-3g
(b)0,0605dm (f) 6kg
(c) 60,5mg (g) 60m
(d) 605,5cm2
35>ykecjBIkareRbIR)as;dUcteTAdUcEdleK)aneFVIkñúgkarKNnaBIlT§plBiesaFn¾nigbgðajcMe
lIy nImYy²[RtwmRtUvtamxñatCamYycMnYnRtwmRtUvéntMélelxCak;lak;³
(a) 5,6292m + 0,6m + 4,33m
(b) 3,70g – 2,9133g
(c) 4,51cm × 3,6666cm
35> ykecjBIkareRbIR)as;dUcteTAdUcEdleK)aneFVIkñúgkarKNnaBIlT§plBiesaFn¾nigbgðajcM
elIy nImYy²[RtwmRtUvtamxñatCamYycMnYnRtwmRtUvéntMélelxCak;lak;³
(a) 7,310km ÷ 5,70km
(b) (3,26 × 10-3mg) – (7,88 × 10-5mg)
(c) (4,02 × 106dm) + ( 7,74 × 107dm)

cMekIylMhat;Gnuvtþn¾
1. 96,5g 2. 341g 3. (a) 621,4oF (b) 78,3oC (c) -196oC 4. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
rW
(e) 3 2 5. (a) 26,76L (b) 4,4g (c) 1,6 x 107 dm (d) 0,0756g/ml (e) 6,69 x 104 m

cMelIy
4. (a) smμtikmμ (b) c,ab; (c) RTwsþI 12. (a) bNþÚrrUb (b) bNþÚrKImI (c) bNþÚrrUb (d) bNþÚrKImI

(e) bNþÚrrUb 14. (a) K (b) Sn (c) Cr (d) B (e) Ba (f) Pu (g) S (h) Ar (i) Hg 16. (a)

l,ayesμIsac; (b) Fatu (c) smasFatu (d) l,ayesμIsac (e) l,ayesμIsac (f) l,ay
esμIsac (g) l,ayminesμIsac 22. 1,3 x 10 g 24. (a) 41 C (b) 11,3 F (c) 1,1 x 104 F
3 o o o

26. (a) -196oC (b) -296oC (c) 328oC 30. (a) 0,0152 (b) 0,0000000778
32. (a) 1,8 x 10-2 (b) 1,14 x 1010 (c) -5 x 104 (d) 1,3 x 103 34. (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 4
(e) 2 3 rW

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