ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT

LECTURE 1
STATIONARY POWERPLANT
STEAM POWER PLANT
POWER PLANT

A power plant is an industrial facility that generates

electricity from primary energy. Most power plants use one or
more generators that convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy in order to supply power to the electrical grid
for society's electrical needs.

GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

TYPES OF POWER PLANT

DIESEL POWER PLANT

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
STEAM POWER PLANT
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANT

DIESEL POWER PLANT

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANT

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

VARIABLE LOAD

LECTURE 2

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 ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT
VARIABLE LOAD
In a power system, a load curve or load profile is a chart
illustrating the variation in demand/electrical load over a
specific time. Generation companies use this information to
plan how much power they will need to generate at any given
time.
ELEMENTS OF GENERATION, TRANSMISSION,
AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
THE POWER STATION
A set of transformers to raise the generated power to the high
voltages used on the transmission lines.
THE TRANSMISSION LINES
The substations at which the power is stepped down to the
voltage on the distribution lines.
THE DISTRIBUTION LINES
the transformers that lower the distribution voltage to the level
used by the consumer's equipment.
STATIONARY POWER PLANT
LOAD CURVE
is a curve of power versus time, showing the value of the
specific load for each unit of the period covered. The abscissa
is usually time in hours, days, weeks, months, or years and
the ordinate is the Megawatts generated.
LOAD DURATION CURVE
is a curve showing the total time, within the specified period,
during which the load equaled or exceeded the power values.
Ordinate is usually kilowatts, and the abscissa are 8760 hours
of the year.
PEAK LOAD
LOAD CURVE
is the maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or group
of units in a stated period of time.
CONNECTED LOAD
is the sum of the continuous ratings of the load consuming
apparatus connected to the system, or part of the system,
under consideration.
INTERMITTENCY
can mean the extent to which a power source is unintentionally
stopped or unavailable.
VARIABILITY
is the extent to which a power source may exhibit undesired or
uncontrolled changes in output.
DISPATCHABILITY
or maneuverability is the ability of a given power source to
increase and/or decrease output quickly on demand. The
concept is distinct from intermittency.
NOMINAL, OR NAME PLATE CAPACITY OR
MAXIMUM EFFECT
refers to the normal maximum output of a generating source.
This is the most common number used and is typically
expressed in Megawatts (MW).
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 ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT

is that installed in excess of that required to carry the load.

CAPACITY FACTOR
STANDBY EQUIPMENT
average capacity factor, is the average expected output of a
generator, usually over an annual period. Expressed as a Reserve equipment not in operation or A.K.A Standby Power -
percentage of the nameplate capacity or in decimal form (e.g., When a generator is used as a backup to mains supply power.
30% or 0.30).

RUN-OF RIVER STATION

PENETRATION
is a hydroelectric generating station which utilizes the stream
flow without storage.
or peak penetration refers to the nominal capacity of a power
source divided by peak demand in the system grid, expressed
as a percentage. Penetration may also be used to refer to the GENERATING STATION AUXILIARY POWER
amount of energy generated as a percentage of annual
consumption. is the power required for operation of the generating station
auxiliaries
RELIABILITY
HOUSE TURBINE
in this context means how certain a grid operator can be about
the future output. is a turbine installed to provide a source of auxiliary power

DUMP POWER

is hydro power in excess of load requirements that is made

available by surplus water.

FIRM POWER

is the power intended to be always available even under

emergency conditions.

PRIME POWER

When a generator is used as a primary power source

HOT RESERVE

is that reserve generating capacity in operation but not in

service.

VARIABLE LOAD CALCULATION

COLD RESERVE RESERVE OVER PEAK

is that reserve generating capacity available for service but not is the difference between plant capacity and the peak load.
in operation.

RESERVE EQUIPMENT

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 ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT

USE FACTOR

is the ratio of the actual energy output, in the period of time

considered, to the energy output which would have occurred if
the machine or equipment had been operating at its full rating
throughout its actual hours of service during the period.

AVERAGE LOAD

is the ratio of the energy produced in kW-hour to the number of

hours.
DIVERSITY FACTOR

is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of

the various subdivisions of a system, or part of a system, to the
maximum demand of the whole system, or part, under
consideration.
LOAD FACTOR

is the ratio of the average load to the peak load

DEMAND FACTOR

is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or part of a

system, to the total connected load to the system, or part of the
system under consideration.

CAPACITY FACTOR

is the ratio of the actual energy produced to the maximum

energy produced on the same period.

UTILIZATION FACTOR

is the ratio of the maximum demand of the system to the rated

ANNUAL CAPACITY FACTOR capacity of the system.

is the ratio of the annual energy production inkW-hour to the

product of plant capacity and annual number of hours.

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 ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT

PLANT FACTOR

is the ratio of the average load to the equipment rating

supplying the load

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A power station has a maximum demand of 55,000 kW

when supplying three substations. For the following maximum
daily demands on each substation, calculate the diversity
factors

(a) between substations (ans.1.22)

(b) for each substation. (ans.1.417, 1.55, 1.18)

2. The daily load curve of a 250 MW power system is given by

the following data:

SOLUTION:

Determine the following:

(a) Plot the daily load curve

(b) Average load
(c) Load factor
(d) Reserve over Peak

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ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT

3. What is the annual capacity factor of the plant if the annual

energy produced in a 150 MW power plant is 500,000,000 kW-
hours? (ans. 0.3805)

4. What is the daily average load in a certain power plant if the

daily energy produced is 500,000 kW-hours? (ans. 20.83MW)

5. Calculate the use factor of a power plant if the capacity

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 ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT

factor is 35% and it operates 8000 hours during the year?

(ans. 38.325%)

6. Given a load factor of 0.48, installed capacity of the plant

35,000 kW, reserve over peak 3,000 kW, hours out of service
per year 410. Find the annual capacity factor and the use
factor. (ans. 43.9% & 46.04%)

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 ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT
LECTURE 3
THE DIESEL POWER PLANT
Are installed where supply of coal and water is not available or
where power is to be generated in small quantity.
These plants in the range of 2 to 50 MW capacities.
COMPONENTS OFTHE DIESEL POWER PLANT
STATIONARY POWER PLANT
ENGINE
Engine is the heart of a diesel power plant. Engine is directly
connected through a gear box to the generator. Generally, two-
stroke engines are used for power generation. Now a days,
advanced super & turbo charged high speed engines are
available for power production.
AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM
• Air inlet is arranged outside the engine room.
• Air from the atmosphere is filtered by air filter and conveyed
to the inlet manifold of engine.
• Its uses air compressor to deliver the enough air to the
engine.
FUEL SYSTEM
Fuel is stored in a tank from where it flows to the fuel pump
through a filter. Fuel is injected to the engine as per the load
requirement.
LUBRICATING SYSTEM
Lubrication system includes the air pumps, oil tanks, filters,
coolers and pipelines. Lubricant is given to reduce friction of
moving parts and reduce the wear and tear of the engine parts.
COOLING SYSTEM
This system includes water circulating pumps, cooling towers,
water filter etc. Cooling water is circulated through the engine
block to keep the temperature of the engine in the safe range.
EXHAUST SYSTEM
This includes the silencers and connecting ducts. The heat
content of the exhaust gas is utilized in a turbine in a
turbocharger to compress the air input to the engine.
ADVANTAGES OFTHE DIESEL POWER PLANT
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 ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT

1. Design and installation are very simple. The site selected should be near to the source of the fuel
2. Can respond to varying loads without any difficulty. supply so that transportation charges are low.
3. Occupy less space
4. Can be started and put on load quickly.
5. Require less quantity of water for cooling purposes.
6. Overall capital cost is lesser than for steam plants.
7. Require less operating and supervising staff as compared to
steam plants.
8. The cost of building and civil engineering work is low.
9. These plants can be located very near to the load centers,
many times in the heart of the town.
10. No problem of ash handling.
11. The lubrication system is more economical
12. The diesel power plants are more efficient than steam
power plants in the range of 150 MW capacity.

DISADVANTAGES OF THE DIESEL POWER PLANT ,

1. High operating cost.

2. High maintenance and lubricating cost.
3. Diesel unit’s capacity is limited. These cannot be
constructed in large sizes.
4. In a diesel power plant noise is a serious problem.
5. The life of a diesel power plant is quite (2 to 5 years) as
compared to that of a steam power plant (25 to 30 years).

SITE SELECTION OF THE DIESEL POWER PLANT

The following factors should be considered while selecting the

site for a diesel power plant:

FOUNDATION-SUB SOIL CONDITION

The conditions of sub-soil should be such that a foundation at

a reasonable depth should be capable of providing a strong
support to the engine.

ACCESS TO THE SITE

The site should be selected that it is accessible through rail

and road.

DISTANCE FROM THE LOAD CENTRE

The location of the plant should be near the load center. This
reduces the cost of transmission lines and maintenance cost.
The power loss is also minimized.

AVAILABILITY OF WATER

Sufficient quantity of water should be available at the site

selected.

FUEL TRANSPORTATION

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ME20-20L-T POWER PLANT DESIGN WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY AND PLANT VISIT

STATIONARY POWER PLANT 10