UNIT-4 DC & AC MACHINES

1. DC Generators and DC Motors

Construction and
Principle of operation

2. AC Machines-Three Phase Induction Motor-

Construction,
Principle of operation of Three Phase Induction Motor
Torque- Slip Characteristics
Applications- simple problems
3. AC Machines- Single Phase Induction Motor-
Construction,
working Principle
Capacitor start
Applications
 DC GENERATORS & DC MOTORS
DC generator is an electromechanical energy conversion device.
• It converts Mechanical Energy into Electrical Energy.
• Principle: Electromagnetic induction
• Electromagnetic induction: when the magnetic flux linking a conductor changes, an
EMF is induced in the conductor.
• Input- Mechanical Energy
• Output- Electrical Energy
• Electrical Energy-
Dynamically Induced EMF
Direction: Flemings Right Hand
Rule
 CONSTRUCTION OF A DC GENERATOR
A DC generator consists of
six main parts,

➢ Yoke
➢ Magnetic Field System
➢ Armature Core
➢ Armature Winding
➢ Commutator
➢ Brushes
1. Yoke also called as frame.
It provides the following
1.Protection to the machine from moisture, dust
and mechanical damage etc.
2.Mechanical support for the poles.
• It is an iron body which provides the low reluctance path for the flux.
• Materials used for the yoke cast iron, silicon steel, rolled steel, cast steel.
2. Magnetic Field System
Consists of
• Field poles – Pole core and
Pole shoe
• Field winding
Pole core:
• It supports the field or exciting coils.
• They spread out the magnetic flux uniformly.
• It increases the cross-sectional area of the magnetic
circuit, Reluctance is reduced.
Pole Shoe
• to support the pole core and the shoes are fixed to the yoke with the means of bolts.
• It holds the field winding and helps to establishes the magnetic poles.
• It provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux generated by the field winding.

Field Winding:
• The coils wound around the pole cores are called as field coils.
• Series combination of field coils with each other to form the field winding
• Field winding is also called as Exciting winding, Because it produces the flux.
• Materials used is enameled copper.
Armature Core: (Rotating Part)
• Structure -cylindrical drum shape.
• large number of slots all over its periphery,
• all these slots are parallel to the shaft axis,
• Armature conductors are placed in these slots.
• Armature core provides a low reluctance path to the flux.
• The air holes are for the air circulation, to cool the core.
• Core constructed using laminations so as to minimize
the eddy current loss.

Armature Winding:
• Copper coil wound in the armature slots.
• Armature conductors are insulated from each other.

• Types of Armature Winding

- Lap Winding and Wave Winding.
COMMUTATOR
• a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft along with the armature core.
• Mechanical rectifier which converts the AC emf generated in the armature winding
into the DC voltage across the load terminals.
• It collects the current from the armature conductors and passes it to the external load
via brushes.

•Commutator segments are made up of Copper.

• They are insulated from each other by Mica.
Brushes
• The brushes are mounted on the
commutator
• used to collect the current from the
armature winding.
• The brushes are made of carbon
supported by a metal box called brush
holder.
• The current flows from the armature
winding to the external circuit through the
commutator and carbon brushes.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC GENERATOR
• Principle: Faradays law of Electromagnetic Induction.
• Electromagnetic induction: when the magnetic flux linking a conductor changes, an
EMF is induced in the conductor.
• Essential Requirements to generate EMF
1. Coil or Conductor
2. Magnetic Field.
3. Relative motion between Conductor
and Magnetic Field.
• Output is Dynamically Induced EMF
Current Direction: Flemings Right Hand
Rule
 WORKING OF SIMPLE LOOP DC GENERATOR
(PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF DC GENERATOR)
•When the loop is in
position-1, EMF is zero (plane of the coil is parallel to the flux)
position-2, a small EMF is generated. (plane of the coil makes small angle with to the flux)

position-3, generated EMF is maximum.(plane of the coil makes right angle with to the flux)
position-5, no EMF is generated in the coil. (plane of the coil is parallel to the flux)
position-6, polarity of generated EMF is reversed. (plane of the coil makes small angle
with to the flux) reverse direction

position-7 The maximum EMF will generate in Reverse direction (plane of the coil
makes right angle with to the flux)

This cycle repeats with revolution of the coil.

 DC MOTORS
DC Motor is an electromechanical energy conversion device.
• It converts Electrical Energy into Mechanical Energy.
• Input- Electrical Energy
• Output- Mechanical Energy
• Principle: "whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
it experiences a mechanical force".
• Its magnitude is given by F = BIL.
Where, B = magnetic flux density,
I = current and
L = length of the conductor within
the magnetic field.
• Direction: Flemings Left Hand Rule
CUT SECTION VIEW OF DC MOTOR
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR

Consider a part of a multipolar DC motor as shown in the figure below.

When the terminals of the motor are connected to an external source of DC supply:
➢ the field magnets are excited developing alternate North and South poles
➢ the armature conductors carry currents.
All conductors under North-pole carry currents in one direction
and under South-pole carry currents in the opposite direction.
➢ The armature conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the paper (denoted as ⊗)
➢ the conductors under S-pole carry currents out of the plane of the paper (denoted as ⨀)
➢ Since each armature conductor is carrying current and is placed in the magnetic field,
a mechanical force acts on it.

When the conductor moves from one side of a brush to the other, the current in that conductor is
reversed.
At the same time, it comes under the influence of the next pole which is of opposite polarity.
Consequently, the direction of the force on the conductor remains the same.
 AC MACHINES-AC MOTORS
• 3-Phase Induction Motor: an electromechanical energy conversion device
• It converts 3-phase input electrical power into output mechanical power.
• Available in different ratings
• Principle: Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
Production of Rotating Magnetic Field.
• Uses: Industries, Manufacturing Units
Agriculture and Industrial Pumps
Machine tools
cranes & hoists,
elevators, compressors and
conveyors.
 CONSTRUCTION OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
It has two main parts
1.Stator (Stationary part) 2. Rotor. (Rotating Part)
STATOR: consists of three main parts :
1.Stator frame,
2.Stator core,
3.Stator winding or field winding.

Stator frame - outer part acts as covering

-it is made of cast iron, aluminum, or rolled steel.
-provides mechanical protection

Stator core:- it carries the alternating flux.

- is laminated to o reduce the eddy current loss,
- all the stamping are stamped together to form stator core,
- the stamping is made up of silicon steel
• Stator Winding:
-Stator core has slots in which 3-phase stator winding is placed
- it is connected in star connection
-each phase winding is displaced 120deg apart
-3-phase stator winding carries 3-phase currents
-it produces rotating magnetic field
- material is copper
Constructional parts of 3-phase IM
2. ROTOR: It is a rotating part of the motor.
• It is mounted on the shaft.
• It consists of hollow laminated core having slots on its outer periphery.
• The windings placed in these slots (rotor winding) are of two types
1. Squirrel cage rotor
2. Slip ring Rotor (Slip Ring Induction Motor)
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF 3-PHASE IM
• 3-Phase AC supply is given to 3-phase stator winding
• 3-Phase currents flows through the windings say IR, IY, IB
• These currents produces flux in the stator called as stator flux (Rotating Magnetic Field)
• This (RMF) flux rotates with speed called synchronous speed Ns = 120 f/P
• There is an air gap between stator and rotor which is 0.04mm to 0.4mm
• Rotor consists of rotor conductors called rotor winding made of cu or Al.
• The stator flux passes through this air gap and reach rotor conductors
• The stator flux cuts the rotor conductors, an EMF is induced in the rotor according to
Faradays law of EMI.
• The rotor circuit is short circuited currents in the rotor conductors produces rotor flux.
• The relative speed between the stator flux and rotor flux produces torque
• This mechanical force makes the rotor to rotate
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF 3-PHASE IM
 SLIP AND TORQUE OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
• SLIP: It is defined as the ratio of difference between synchronous speed of the
rotating stator field and rotor speed to the synchronous speed

•The quantity Ns-N is sometimes called as slip speed.

•When the rotor is stationary,slip s=1 or 100%
 TORQUE SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF 3-PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
• The graph plotted between the torque and slip for a particular value of R2 and X2.
• The torque of under running conditions is given by,
• if R2 and X2 are kept constant, T s’.
Regions of Operation
• Low-slip region
• Medium-slip region
• High-slip region
1. Low-Slip Region
• At Ns, the slip s = 0, thus, T=0.
• When the speed is very near to the Ns, the slip is very low and the term (𝑠𝑋2)2 is
negligible in comparison with R2.
Therefore,

If R2 is constant, then

Eqn. (2) shows that the torque is proportional to the slip. Hence, when the slip
is small, the torque-slip curve is straight line.
 Medium-Slip Region
• When the slip increases, the term (𝑠𝑋2)2 becomes large so that 𝑅22 may be
neglected in comparison with (𝑠𝑋2)2.
• Therefore, If X2 is constant, then

• Hence, for intermediate values of the slip, the curve is rectangular hyperbola.
• The curve passes through the point of maximum torque when R2 = 𝑠𝑋2.
• The maximum torque is known as pull-out torque or breakdown torque.
• This breakdown torque is a measure of the short time overloading capability of the
motor.
High-Slip Region

• The torque decreases beyond the point of maximum torque.

• As a result of this, the motor slows down and eventually stops.

• The induction motor operates for the values of slip between s = 0 and s = sm, where sm is the
value of slip corresponding to maximum torque.

• For a typical 3-phase IM , the breakdown torque is 2 to 3 times of the full-load torque.

• Therefore, the motor can handle overloading for a short period of time without stalling.

• Important – It may be seen that addition of resistance to the rotor circuit does not change the
value of maximum torque but it only changes the value of slip at which maximum torque occurs.
 Applications of 3-Phase Induction Motors
Applications of squirrel cage
induction motors Applications of slip ring motors
used in residential as well as industrial
applications especially where the speed • used in heavy load applications where
control of motors is not needed such as the high initial torque is needed such as:
• Pumps and submersible • Steel mills
• Pressing machine • Lift
• Lathe machine • Crane Machine
• Grinding machine • Hoist
• Conveyor • Line shafts
• Flour mills • and other heavy mechanical workshops
• Compressor etc
• And other low mechanical power
applications
Three-phase induction motors are used for commercial and industrial
purposes, ideal for higher-power applications.
• Lifts
• Cranes
• Hoists
• Large exhaust fans
• Lathe machines
• Crushers
• Oil extracting mills
• Textiles
• Commercial electric and hybrid vehicles
 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
• Most common type of electric motor
• Widely used in Domestic, commercial, industrial applications
• Upto 0.5kW and more economical
• Simple in construction,
• reliable,
• easy to repair,
• cheaper in cost
• Principle: Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
• Torque is produced due to double field revolving theory.
 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
• Stator
• Rotor
Stator
• Stator core is similar to that of 3-Phase IM.
• Two windings-
1. main winding (running),
2. auxiliary winding (Starting)
• Each winding displaced by 90 deg
• This makes the motor a self starting motor
• The stator core is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss.
• The single-phase supply is given to the stator winding (main winding)
Rotor
• Same as a rotor of squirrel cage induction motor.
• Consists of laminated core with skewed slots on periphery
• rotor bars are used and it is short-circuited at the end by end-rings.
• This increases the mechanical strength of the motor.
• The rotor slots are skewed at some angle to avoid magnetic coupling
• Also to make a motor run smooth and quiet.
 WORKING OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

• Single-phase AC supply is given to the stator winding (main winding).

• The AC Current flowing through the stator winding produces flux. This flux is
known as the main flux.
• the rotor conductors are cut by a magnetic field produced by the stator winding.
• According to Faraday’s law, the current start flowing in the rotor circuit it is a close
path. This current is known as rotor current.
• Due to the rotor current, the flux produced around the rotor winding. This flux is
known as rotor flux.
• There are two fluxes; main flux which is produced by stator and second is
the rotor flux which is produced by the rotor.
• Interaction between main flux and rotor flux, the torque produced in the rotor and it
starts rotating.
TYPES OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
The single-phase induction motors are classified as;
• Split Phase Induction Motor
• Shaded Pole Induction Motor
• Capacitor Start Induction Motor
• Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Induction Motor
APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
• Used in Fans,
• Refrigerators,
• vacuum cleaners,
• washing machines,
• blowers,
• centrifugal pumps,
• other kitchen equipment’s.
 CAPACITOR START INDUCTION MOTOR
• It is a type of single-phase induction motor.
• It uses a capacitor for the purpose of starting.
• consists of a starting winding (S) and a main or running winding (M).
• The starting torque is produced by using a starting capacitor and an auxiliary
winding.
• The capacitor is of electrolytic type.
• A starting capacitor (C) is connected in series with the starting winding as shown in
the circuit diagram of the motor.
• For higher starting torque, the capacitor values
should be higher, and the values of stating
winding resistance should be less
 CONSTRUCTION OF CAPACITOR START MOTOR
It consists of two major parts
• Stator
• Rotor (Cage rotor)
Stator
• Two windings-
1. main winding (running),
2. auxiliary winding (Starting)
• Each winding displaced by 90 deg
• A capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding as shown
• A centrifugal switch Sc is connected with the capacitor.
• The single-phase supply is given to the stator winding (main winding)
• Rotor: It is of squirrel cage type
• Consists of laminated core with skewed slots on periphery
• rotor bars are used and it is short-circuited at the end by end-rings.
• This increases the mechanical strength of the motor.
• The rotor slots are skewed at some angle to avoid magnetic coupling
• Also to make a motor run smooth and quiet.
 WORKING OF CAPACITOR START INDUCTION MOTOR
• When the stator windings are energized from a 1-phase supply, the main winding
carries current Im and the starting winding carries current Ia.
• The value of the capacitor Ca is chosen such that current Im is made to lag current
Ia by 90°.
• Therefore, there is a 90° time-phase difference(α) and 90° space difference
between the two currents.
• These two currents produce a rotating magnetic field which starts the motor.
• The main and auxiliary windings are connected in parallel during motor starting.
• When the motor reaches speed about 70 to 80 % of synchronous speed, the
auxiliary winding disconnects from the supply by centrifugally operated switch S.
 APPLICATIONS OF THE CAPACITOR START MOTOR
• These motors are used for the loads of higher inertia where frequent starting is
required.
• Used in pumps and compressors
• Used in the refrigerator and air conditioner compressors.
• conveyors and
• machine tools.