Practical Research 2

Lesson 13

SAMPLE and
Sampling PROCEDURES

Ms. Angel Mae Bercasio, SHS Teacher II

 Sampling Procedure
✓a process of choosing part of a population to use to
usually test hypotheses about the entire population
✓used to choose the number of respondents from a
large group of people (population)
✓Since survey research has a larger scope of
respondents, sampling technique is very necessary.
✓Sampling technique should be done systematically so
that expenses and time will be minimized but the
generality and reliability of the information will be
maintained.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Population VS Sample
✓ A population is the entire group that you want
to draw conclusions about.

✓ A sample is the specific group that you will

collect data from. The size of the sample is
always less than the total size of the
population.

✓ In research, a population doesn’t always refer

to people. It can mean a group containing
elements of anything you want to study, such
as objects, events, organizations, countries,
species, organisms, etc.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Population VS Sample

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 How to choose a sample size
This advice is for:
✓ Basic surveys such as feedback forms, needs assessments,
opinion surveys, etc. conducted as part of a program.
✓ Surveys that use random sampling.

1. The minimum sample size is 100.

2. A good maximum sample size is usually 10% as long as it
does not exceed 1000.
3. Choose a number between the minimum and maximum
depending on the situation.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 How to choose a sample size
1. The minimum sample size is 100.
Most statisticians agree that the minimum sample size to get any kind of
meaningful result is 100. If your population is less than 100 then you really
need to survey all of them.

2. A good maximum sample size is usually 10% as long as it does not

exceed 1000.
A good maximum sample size is usually around 10% of the population, as
long as this does not exceed 1000. For example, in a population of 5000,
10% would be 500. In a population of 200,000, 10% would be 20,000. This
exceeds 1000, so in this case the maximum would be 1000.
Even in a population of 200,000, sampling 1000 people will normally give a
fairly accurate result. Sampling more than 1000 people won’t add much to
the accuracy given the extra time and money it would cost.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 How to choose a sample size

3. Choose a number between the minimum and maximum

depending on the situation.
Suppose that you want to survey students at a school which has
6000 pupils enrolled. The minimum sample would be 100. This
would give you a rough, but still useful, idea about their
opinions. The maximum sample would be 600, which would give
you a fairly accurate idea about their opinions.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 How to choose a sample size
Choose a number closer to the minimum if:
✓ You have limited time and money.
✓ You only need a rough estimate of the results.
✓ You don’t plan to divide the sample into different groups
during the analysis, or you only plan to use a few large
subgroups (e.g. males / females).
✓ You think most people will give similar answers.
✓ The decisions that will be made based on the results do not
have significant consequences.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 How to choose a sample size
Choose a number closer to the maximum if:
✓ You have the time and money to do it.
✓ It is very important to get accurate results.
✓ You plan to divide the sample into many different groups
during the analysis (e.g. different age groups, socio-economic
levels, etc).
✓ You think people are likely to give very different answers.
✓ The decisions that will be made based on the results of the
survey are important, expensive or have serious
consequences.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 How to choose a sample size
If you want to be a bit more scientific, then, use this table.
While the previous rules of thumb are perfectly acceptable for most basic surveys,
sometimes you need to sound more “scientific” in order to be taken seriously. In that case
you can use the following table. Simply choose the column that most closely matches your
population size. Then choose the row that matches the level of error you’re willing to
accept in the results.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Slovin’s Formula

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Sample Problem

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Sample Problem

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Practice Task 01
Using all the applicable way of getting sample size, determine the possible sample size of
each study. Justify your answer.

Computation of sample size using Slovin’s formula is required.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Sampling Techniques
TYPE OF SAMPLING
Probability Sampling Non-probability Sampling
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
1. Simple Random Sampling 1. Convenience Sampling
- Fishbowl Method 2. Voluntary Response
- Lottery Method Sampling
2. Systematic Sampling 3. Purposive Sampling
3. Stratified Sampling 4. Snowball Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
All the members of the population have an equal Not all members of the population have an equal chance of
opportunity to be a part of the sample using the selection participating in the study
parameters.
Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure
 Types of Probability Sampling - Simple Random Sampling

✓ every member of the population has

an equal chance of being selected
✓ Your sampling frame should include
the whole population.
✓ To conduct this type of sampling, you
can use tools like random number
generators or other techniques that
are based entirely on chance.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Types of Probability Sampling - Systematic Random Sampling

✓ uses a list of all the elements in the population and then elements are
being selected based on the kth consistent intervals
✓ To get the kth interval, divide the population size by the sample size.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Types of Probability Sampling - Stratified Sampling

✓ involves dividing the population into

subpopulations that may differ in important ways
✓ It allows you draw more precise conclusions by
ensuring that every subgroup is properly
represented in the sample
✓ To use this sampling method, you divide the
population into subgroups (called strata) based on
the relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age
range, income bracket, job role).
✓ Based on the overall proportions of the
population, you calculate how many people
should be sampled from each subgroup.
✓ Then you use random or systematic sampling to
select a sample from each subgroup.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Types of Probability Sampling - Cluster Sampling

✓ population is divided into clusters or groups and then the clusters are
randomly selected.
✓ All elements of the clusters randomly selected are considered the
samples of the study.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Types of Non-Probability Sampling - Convenience Sampling

✓ includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the

researcher.
✓ This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no
way to tell if the sample is representative of the population, so it can’t
produce generalizable results.

Example: You are researching opinions about student support services in

your school, so after each of your classes, ask your fellow students to
complete a survey on the topic. This is a convenient way to gather data,
but as you only surveyed students taking the same classes as you at the
same level, the sample is not representative of all the students at your
university.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Types of Non-Probability Sampling – Voluntary Response
Sampling
✓ Similar to a convenience sample, a voluntary response sample is mainly
based on ease of access.
✓ Instead of the researcher choosing participants and directly contacting
them, people volunteer themselves (e.g. by responding to a public online
survey).
✓ Voluntary response samples are always at least somewhat biased, as
some people will inherently be more likely to volunteer than others.

Example: You send out the survey to all students at your university and a
lot of students decide to voluntarily complete it. Students are chosen on
voluntary basis. This can certainly give you some insight into the topic, but
the people who responded are more likely to be those who have strong
opinions about the student support services, so you can’t be sure that their
opinions are representative of all students.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Types of Non-Probability Sampling – Purposive Sampling

✓ This type of sampling involves the researcher using their judgement to

select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.
✓ It is often used in qualitative research, where the researcher wants to
gain detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon rather than make
statistical inferences.
✓ An effective purposive sample must have clear criteria and rationale for
inclusion.

Example: You want to know more about the opinions and experiences of
disabled students at your university, so you purposefully select a number of
students with different support needs in order to gather a varied range of
data on their experiences with student services.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 Types of Non-Probability Sampling – Snowball Sampling

✓ If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to

recruit participants via other participants.
✓ The number of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in
contact with more people.

Example: You are researching experiences of homelessness in your city.

Since there is no list of all homeless people in the city, probability sampling
isn’t possible. You meet one person who agrees to participate in the
research, and she puts you in contact with other homeless people that she
knows in the area.

Lesson 13 – Sample and Sampling Procedure

 References

Abdullah, S. N., Simpal, M. T., Mangakoy, A.B. (2020). Practical Research 2. Quantitative
Research for Senior High School Students
Bhandari, P. (2023, June 21). Population vs. Sample | Definitions, Differences & Examples.
Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/population-vs-sample/
Bullen, P. B., & Bullen, P. B. (2022, September 28). How to choose a sample size (for the
statistically challenged). Tools4dev. https://tools4dev.org/resources/how-to-choose-a-
sample-
size/#:~:text=Most%20statisticians%20agree%20that%20the%20minimum%20sample
%20size
Department of Education. Senior High School. Statistics and Probability Quarter 3 Module
14: Identifying the Different Random Sampling Techniques
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Lesson 12 – Data Gathering Tools/Instrument

 Written Works (Multiple Choice, ¼ sheet of paper)

Please answer the following quiz. Click the provided link to do.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WxpF3zW66wvVWgAKJ-
WrcyT3A_BeMknI/view?usp=sharing

Lesson 12 – Data Gathering Tools/Instrument