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Fault Levels
Fault Levels
2. High impedance and Studies have shown that there are two fairly distinct
low impedance types of faults.
4. Low Impedance If the fault arcs to the neutral, the fault can be classi-
fied as:
6. Impedance is very If the phase wire lands on the ground and does not
high contact neutral conductor
10. 50 amps tests have shown that faults to surfaces such as as-
phalt, grass, and gravel are:
12. 25 ohms Utilities try to maintain what ohms or less when plac-
ing ground rods.
13. Good grounding has been created with alleviating a variety of utility
ills including line flashover, stray voltage and reduced
transformer failure rates.
14. Inrush current on a distribution system affects all over current pro-
tective device selection and settings.
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15. The Over-current is considerably different from any other part of the
Protection of the dis- utility system.
tribution system
16. Distribution system Unlike the transmission and substation system, what
system is usually radial in design.
17. Radial system coordinated on the premise that the fault current de-
creases distance from the substation increases.
19. One mile away this fault current is reduced to less than 3000 am-
peres.
20. Fuses are the most basic and cost effective type of over-cur-
rent device presently being used by the utility industry.
21. Fuses They are also one of the most reliable devices in that
they can provide their function for over 20 years with
essentially no maintenance.
24. Button, Fusible Ele- A distribution expulsion fuse link consists of three
ment and Leader basic parts:
26. Faster The longer the fuse, the _____ it will operate for low
level short circuits.
27. Diameter The melting time at the higher current range is not
dependent so much on the length of the element but
rather by:
29. They can be re- One of the main advantages with typical expulsion
loaded with a rel- fuses is_______.
atively economical
fuse link
32. EEI-NEMA standards divide expulsion fuse links into two types
fast and slow designated by K and T
33. K and T links of the same rating have identical 300 second or
600 second points.
34. Speed Ratio The distinction between the two types is the ______,
which is the ratio between melting current at 0.1
second and 300 seconds for links rated through 100
amperes.
35. Slow links have speed ratios between 10.0 and 13.0.
36. Fast links have speed ratios between 6.0 and 8.0.
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39. Fusible element and two key components in the silver-sand fuse are:
quartz sand
42. Current limiting Fus- When reaches this melting , only a small amount of
es additional heat is required to completely melt and
vaporize the metal.
43. Current Limiting It also has an excellent current carrying ability and
Fuses immunity to oxidation.
44. Silicon sand functions to absorb the heat given off by the fusible
elements without becoming electrically conductive.
47. General Purpose There are two types of current limiting fuses:
and Back up
48. General purpose "A fuse capable of interrupting all currents from the
of Current Limiting rated maximum interrupting current down to the cur-
Fuses rent that causes melting of the fusible element in one
hour."
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49. Backup Fuse "A fuse capable of interrupting all currents from the
rated maximum interrupting current down to the rat-
ed minimum interrupting current (as specified by the
manufacturer)."
50. Backup fuse is by design a fuse that clears only the high fault
currents.
51. The low current accomplished through the use of an expulsion fuse
clearing connected in series with the current limiting backup
fuse.
55. Minimum melt curve is developed by electrical test by recording and plot-
ting the magnitude of the current and the time it took
the fuse to melt.
56. Minimum melt curve a curve is drawn through these points representing
an "average" melt curve and from this curve, 10% is
subtracted and the resulting curve________.
57. Arcing time is the time it takes the fuse to refuse the current flow
in the circuit after the fuse melts and it is also obtained
by the test.
58. Minimum melt and are the extremes of the fuse characteristics and are
total clear the curves published by each manufacturer.
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59. Sensitivity, Selectivi- The required characteristics necessary for protective
ty, Speed and Stabil- equipment to perform its function properly are :
ity
67. Inverse, Very inverse There are three most commonly used time-overcur-
and extremely in- rent characteristics:
verse
68. Over-current relay- has been used for relaying of all system components.
ing It is now used primarily on distribution systems.
70.
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Recloser has less in- The main difference between the feeder breaker and
terrupting capability reclosers is that ___________.
and costs
73. Time delay or B is used to delay recloser trip and allow the fuse to blow
under permanent fault conditions.
77. Single phase re- are used to protect single-phase lines such as branch-
closers es or taps of a three-phase. Also can be used to
isolate single-phase loads.
78. Three phase re- are used where lockout of all three phases is required
closers for any permanent fault.
80. Electronic control is more flexible, more easily adjusted and more accu-
rate.
81. Sectionalizer
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is a protective device, used in conjunction with a re-
closer (or breaker with reclosing relay) which isolates
faulted sections of lines.
83. Circuit breakers It is a device that is not intended for frequent opera-
tion.
84. Circuit Breakers It is capable or making and breaking all currents in-
cluding fault currents up to its rated breaking capacity.
85. Air, Vacuum and The breakers in the distribution system use
electronegative gas __________ for insulation and arc quenching.
(SF6)
86. Speedy operation One very good advantage of circuit breakers is their
87. Bulk oil circuit oil performs two functions (1) Acts as an arc extin-
breakers guishing medium. (2)Serves as insulation between
the live terminals and earth.
88. Circuit breakers: It doesn't employ a steel tank and the container is typ-
Minimum Oil CB ically made by porcelain or other insulating material.
94. Short circuit calculations should include short circuit values for
both first cycle and interrupting duties of the Circuit
switching devices.
95. Time-Current Char- These must be designed for all protective devices
acteristics under consideration.
98. Perfect coordination If the damage curve of fuse 1 and the TC curve of fuse
2 never cross, they said to be in:
99. Limited coordination If the damage curve of fuse 1 and the TC curve of fuse
2 If they cross, at some value of current:
100. Feeder selective re- The most common philosophy of feeder protection
laying is to use which means that the feeder breaker and
lateral fuse are coordinated in such a way that the
lateral fuse only operates for permanent faults on the
lateral.
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