Chap. Indices Surds Standard Form.

PB: Md.
Abdullah Khan
Chap: Indices, surds & standard form.
1
PB: Md.Abdullah Khan
Indices:
➢ The index of a number says how many times to use the number in a multiplication, such as;
23 =2×2×2, here 3 is the index of 2 which indicates that 2 is required to be multiplied with itself
3times.
➢
This “x” is called the index, power, order or
degree of “A”
x
A
‘’A’’ is called the base.
➢ To define 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × … … … × 𝑎
m no. of factors
➢ Laws of Indices;
1) 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
2) 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
3) (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
4) (𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑛
5) ( )𝑛 =
𝑐 𝑏𝑛
−𝑛 1
6) 𝑎 =
𝑎𝑛
1
𝑏−𝑛 𝑏 𝑎𝑛
7) 𝑎 −𝑛
= 1 = 𝑏𝑛
𝑎
8) 𝑎1 =a
1
9) 𝑎−1 =𝑎; inverse of a
10) 𝑎0 = 1
11) 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 ; 𝑎 = 𝑦
12) 𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑦 𝑎 ; 𝑥 = 𝑦
Surds:
1
𝑛
➢ Numbers in the form 𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎 are called surds and read as ‘’n root of a’’.
1 1 1
➢ 𝑎2 is called square root of a and its written as 𝑎2 =√𝑎, similarly 𝑎3 has got an special called cube
1
3
root but its written in general form of surds, i,e, 𝑎3 = √𝑎.
𝑖
𝑛
➢ To take away root over a number we follow; ( √𝑎)𝑛 = (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 = a.
2
➢ Number (√𝑎 + 𝑏) is called the conjugate of (√𝑎 − 𝑏) and (√𝑎 − 𝑏) is called the conjugate of
(√𝑎 + 𝑏).
➢ To rationalize an irrational surds number, we multiply the number by its conjugate number.
Standards Form:
➢ Very large numbers or very small numbers are represented in standard form.
➢ When a number is represented in the form 𝐴 × 10𝑛 , where 1 ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 10 and n is an integer.
➢ When the decimal point in a number shift to left value of ‘’n’’ increases.
➢ When the decimal point in a number shift to right value of ‘’n’’ decreases.
Example:1
1
1)Simplify the following; (a) √18 + √72; [𝑝1] (b) √175 + √112 − √28;[p2] (c) 8√3 ÷ 2(48)2 × √243;[p2]
(d) (2√8)3; [p1] (e) (6√5 − 2√2)2 ;[p2] (f) (2√3 − 1)3 + (1 + 4√3)2 ; [p2].
3 2√5−3 1+√5 √5−1
2)Simplify the following by rationalizing the denominators; (a) ;[p1] (b) 3√5+7; [p2] (c) + ;[p2]
√2+5 √5+2 √5−2
1 1 3−√5 3+√5
(d)(1−√5)2 + (1+√5)2 ;[p2] (e) 2 + 2 ;[p2].
(√5+√3) (√3−√5)
Solution:
3
4
Example:2
Find the value of n, a, b , c, m and k of following; (a) The reciprocal of 23 is 2𝑛 ;[p1] (b) 5−2 × 5𝑘 = 1;[p1]
3 𝑡×𝑡 3
(c) √7 = 7𝑚 ; [p1] (d) = 𝑡 𝑛 ;[p1] (e) 3𝑎 ÷ 35 = 27;[p1] (f) 125𝑏 = 5;[p1] (g) 10𝑐 = 0.001;[p1]
√𝑡
Solution:
5
Example:3
1 5 3
1 1
(1)Evaluate or calculate the following; (a) 92 + 90 ;[p1] (b) 170 , 42 , (0.2)−2, 92 , (9)2 ; [p1]
16 1 1
(2)Simplify; (a) (𝑛16 )2 ;[p1] (b)(5𝑥 3 )2; [p1] (c) 25𝑥 2 ÷ 5𝑥 −4; [p1] (d) 𝑎−2 + 𝑎−2 + 𝑎−2 ;(e) (3𝑎)−2 ÷ 3𝑎2;
Solution:
6
Example:4
1
Solve the following equation; (a) 23𝑥 = 64;[p1] (b) 33𝑥−1 = 243𝑥 ;[p1] (c) 5 − √𝑥 = √𝑥 − 7;[p1] (d) 23𝑥+1 = 43 ;[p1]
(e) 28 = 4𝑥+1;[p1] (f) 𝑥 2 = 54 + 63 , x> 0; [p1].
Solution:
7
Example:5
1
1 3
3 5 1 2.882
(16)−2
3
(1)Evaluate the following; (a) (2)3 + ×8
0 2
− (√64) ;[p1] (b) (0.4) − √0.027 ÷ 0.2;[p1] (c) 1 ÷ 0.042 ;[p1]
22
𝑥 𝑦
(−𝑥)4 8(−𝑥)−3 + +2 𝑎𝑏2 3 6 9
𝑦 𝑥
(2) Simplify; (a) × 4 ;[p1] (b) ( 𝑥 𝑦 )−1; [p1] (c) √( ) ;[p1] (d) √𝑎 𝑥+2 ÷ √𝑎 𝑥+3 ;[p2]
4𝑥 − − 9𝑎 3 𝑏4
𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑥
Solution:
8
Example:6
(1)Express the following numbers in standard form; (a) 2567383 (b) 270000000 (c) 25000039 (d) 0.000000562
(e)256 × 102.
(2)Evaluate expressing the answers in standard form; (a) 4 × 10−4 + 3 × 10−3 (b) 5 × 10−5 × 7.5 × 103
0.33×10−3
(c) 10−6 − 2 × 10−7. (d) 0.15×102
Solution:
9
Example:7
(1)3 × 103 + 2 × 101 + 4 × 10𝑥 + 5 × 10𝑦 = 3024.05, find the values of x and y;[p1]
(2)In 1998 there were 4 × 107 people living in England and of this 9.3 × 106 were under 16 years of age. Find the
number of people who were 16 or over. Give your answer in std. form.; [p1]
𝑚
(3)It is given that 𝑚 = 8 × 107 and 𝑛 = 4 × 10−3 . Expressing your answer in standard form, find (a) 𝑚 × 𝑛 (b) 𝑛 ;[p1]
Solution:
10
Example:8
The population of Europe is approximately 7.0 × 108 . The population of Asia is approximately 3.5 × 109 . The mean
mass of the population of Europe is approximately 62kg.
(a) Giving your answer in std. form, estimate;
(i) The total mass of the population of Europe,
(ii) How many more people live in Asia than in Europe.
(b) Express the population of Europe as a % of Asia.
[p1]
Solution:
11
Example:9
(1)𝑝 = 3.2 × 1011 and 𝑞 = 8 × 10−4, Expressing the answer in standard form, evaluate (a) 𝑞 2 (b) 𝑝 ÷ 𝑞; [p1]
𝑝
(2)Given 𝑝 = 4 × 105 and 𝑞 = 8 × 106. Find in std. form (a) 𝑞 (b) 3√𝑞 ; [p1]
Solution:
12
Example:10
The Earth is 1.5 × 108km from the Sun.
(a) Mercury is 5.81 × 107 km from the Sun. How much nearer is the Sun to Mercury than to the Earth?
Give your answer in standard form.
(b) A tetrameter is 1012 meters. Find the distance of the Earth from the Sun in tetrameters.
[p1]
Solution:
13
Example:11
The mass and diameter of the planets in the inner solar system are shown in the table.
Planet Mass(kg) Diameter(km)
Mercury 3.30 × 1023 4880
Venus 24 12100
4.87 × 10
Earth 5.97 × 1024 12800
Mars 23 6790
6.42 × 10
(a) List the planets in order of mass, starting with lowest.
(b) Find the radius in km, of Mars, giving your answer correct to 1S.f.
(c) Giving your answer in std. form, find the total mass, in kg, of Venus and Mars.
𝟒
(d) [The volume of a sphere is 𝝅𝒓𝟑 ]
𝟑
Giving your answer in std. form, find the volume in cubic km of Earth.
[p2]
Solution:
14
Example:12
Arrange the following numbers in order starting with smallest;
(a) 217.3 × 102 , 22.6 × 103 , 0.031 × 105 , 2.5 × 104 ; [p1]
3
(b) √24 × 52 , 3 × 22 , √73 × 33 , √162 ; [p1]
Solution:
15

Chap. Indices Surds Standard Form.

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PB: Md.

Chap: Indices, surds & standard form.

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