Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
www.AroraIAS.com
➢ Persuading British Government (1885-1905): They used petitions, meetings, and public pressure to
influence British reforms.
➢ "Prayer and Petition" (1885-1905): Moderates preferred polite requests for change.
➢ British Committee of INC (1889): Established in London to advocate for India's interests.
➢ Dadabhai Naoroji's Advocacy (1889-): Campaigned extensively for India's cause abroad.
➢ London Congress (1892 - Cancelled): Planned but ultimately postponed due to British elections.
Overall Strategy:
➢ Moderates believed in gradual change through building relationships with Britain.
➢ Their goal was to transform British rule into a more representative system.
www.AroraIAS.com
✓ Better treatment for Indian laborers abroad.
www.AroraIAS.com
Important Leader
1. A.O. Hume: Civil Servant
➢ Arrival and Career in India:
✓ Joined Bengal Civil Service in 1849 (Etawah district).
✓ Witnessed 1857 Rebellion and focused on improving lives (Etawah became a model of progress).
✓ Rose through the ranks but criticized British policies (like his father, a radical MP).
✓ Became secretary of Revenue, Agriculture, and Commerce (1871).
✓ Dismissed from Secretariat in 1879 for criticizing Lord Lytton.
➢ Beyond Civil Service:
✓ Founded journal "Stray Feathers" for birdwatching records across India.
✓ Left India in 1894 (London).
✓ Supported Indian National Congress.
✓ Developed interest in botany and established South London Botanical Institute.
www.AroraIAS.com
➢ Significant figure in social reform movement and Indian nationalism
➢ Legacy includes:
✓ Societal change advocacy
✓ Economic development initiatives
✓ Inspiration for future reformers
3. Dadabhai Naoroji
➢ Born: September 4, 1825, Bombay (Mumbai)
➢ Education:
✓ Elphinstone College (scholarship recipient)
✓ First Indian professor at Elphinstone College
Career Highlights:
➢ Co-founded Cama & Co. (First Indian company in London)
➢ Professor of Gujarati at University College London
➢ Dewan of Baroda (1874)
Contributions & Achievements
➢ Founded East India Association in London (1867) to advocate for Indian rights.
➢ Three-time president of the Indian National Congress (1886, 1893, 1906).
➢ First Indian MP in British House of Commons (1902).
➢ Pioneered concept of calculating India's national income.
➢ Championed social reforms:
✓ Women's education
✓ Equality
✓ Anti-caste system
Legacy
➢ Known as "The Grand Old Man of India"
➢ Voiced Indian grievances on international platforms
➢ Remembered for his contributions to Indian nationalism and social reform
4. Badruddin Tyabji
➢ Born: October 10, 1844, Bombay (Mumbai)
➢ Family:
✓ Son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian (Sulaimani Bohra community)
✓ Youngest of seven sons
✓ Brother Camruddin was the first Indian solicitor in England
Education:
➢ Newbury High Park College, London (1860)
➢ University of London
➢ Middle Temple
Career Highlights
➢ First Indian Barrister in Bombay High Court (1867)
➢ Bombay Municipal Corporation member (1873)
➢ University of Bombay senate member (1875-1905)
➢ Bombay Legislative Council member (1882-1886)
➢ Co-founded Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
➢ Bombay High Court Judge (1895) - First Muslim judge
➢ Chief Justice of Bombay High Court (1902) - First Indian Chief Justice
Political Participation
➢ Founding member of Indian National Congress
➢ Third president of Indian National Congress (1887-1888)
➢ Co-founded Indian Parliamentary Committee (1893)
www.AroraIAS.com
Socio-Political Contributions
➢ Advocated for social reforms:
✓ Opposed purdah system (his daughters were first to be educated abroad)
✓ Supported Age of Consent Bill (1891)
✓ Fought against zenana system
➢ Promoted Muslim participation in public life:
✓ Established Islam Club and Islam Gymkhana
➢ Known for his impartiality as a judge
Legacy
➢ Pioneered secular political consciousness among Muslims
➢ Remembered for his legal and social reforms
6. Surendranath Banerjee
➢ Born: November 10, 1848, Kolkata, India
➢ Education: University of Calcutta
Civil Service Aspirations and Dismissal
➢ Attempted Indian Civil Service exams in England (1868)
➢ Became first Hindu to pass interview stage
➢ Appointed Assistant Magistrate in Sylhet (1871)
➢ Dismissed by British in 1874 (alleged jurisdictional impropriety)
Shift to Academia and Nationalism
➢ Became professor of English at Metropolitan College
➢ Founded Ripon College (later Surendranath College) in Kolkata
➢ Used teaching to inspire nationalism in students
www.AroraIAS.com
7. Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Born: July 23, 1856, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
Educationist
➢ Founded Deccan Education Society (1884)
➢ Co-founded Fergusson College (1885)
Ideology
➢ Devout Hindu, used scriptures to inspire fight against oppression
➢ Emphasized self-rule (Swaraj) as key to progress
➢ Popularized:
✓ Ganesh Chaturthi festival
✓ Shiv Jayanti celebrations
Political Life
➢ Early advocate for complete independence (Swaraj)
➢ Part of Lal-Bal-Pal extremist trio
➢ Joined Indian National Congress (INC) in 1890
Surat Split (1907)
➢ Extremists (Tilak, Lal Lajpat Rai) vs. Moderates (Gopal Krishna Gokhale)
➢ Extremists walked out over INC president selection
Contributions to Freedom Movement
➢ Promoted Swadeshi movement (boycott of foreign goods)
➢ Founded All India Home Rule League (1916)
➢ Lucknow Pact (1916): Hindu-Muslim unity with Muslim League
➢ Jailed (1908-1914) for defending revolutionaries
Newspapers: Kesari (Marathi), Mahratta (English)
Death: August 1, 1920
9. Kadambini Ganguly
➢ Born: 1861
➢ Died: 1923
Early Education and Achievements
www.AroraIAS.com
➢ Studied at Banga Mahila Vidyalaya and Bethune School
➢ Became the first woman to pass the University of Calcutta entrance exam (1878)
➢ Along with Chandramukhi Basu, became the first female graduates of Bethune College (1883) - also the
first female graduates in India and the British Empire
Medical Career
➢ First woman admitted to Calcutta Medical College (1884)
➢ Trained in Scotland due to restrictions
➢ Established a successful medical practice in India
10. Lala Lajpat Rai
Born: January 28, 1865, Dhudike village, Punjab
Early Life and Influences
➢ Studied law at Government College, Lahore
➢ Joined Arya Samaj, influenced by Swami Dayananda Saraswati
Nationalist Leader
➢ Formed Lal-Bal-Pal trio with Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
➢ Joined Indian National Congress, participated in agitations
➢ Opposed Bengal partition, founded Home Rule League of America (1917)
➢ Supported Non-Cooperation Movement, opposed Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre
➢ Died in 1928 from injuries sustained during a protest against the Simon Commission
11. Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
Early Life and Education (1844-1868)
➢ Born: December 29, 1844, Calcutta (Kolkata)
➢ Family: Brahmin family with a legal background
➢ Education: Oriental Seminary and Hindu School (Calcutta)
➢ Legal Training: Clerk at a law firm (1862), Middle Temple (London, 1864-1867)
Legal Career (1868-1906)
➢ Barrister in Calcutta (1868)
➢ First Indian Standing Counsel (1882, 1884, 1886, 1887)
➢ Practiced law in England (later years)
Indian National Congress (1885-1892)
➢ President of the INC (1885 Bombay session, 1892 Allahabad session)
➢ Advocated for better provincial coordination within the INC
➢ Criticized the British Salt Tax
Other Political Activities
➢ Helped establish the London Indian Society (later merged with East India Association)
➢ First Indian to contest a British Parliamentary seat (Barrow-in-Furness, 1892)
Later Life (1902-1906)
➢ Returned to England with family (1902)
➢ Died in Croydon, England (1906)
12. Surendranath Banerjea
➢ Born: November 10, 1848, Calcutta
➢ Education: Calcutta University (1868)
Teaching Career and Inspiration
➢ Professor of English (1875)
➢ Influenced students with nationalistic ideas
Indian Association (1876)
➢ Founded the Indian Association to unite Hindus and Muslims for political action
➢ Promoted the concept of India as a unified political entity
National Conference (1883-1885)
➢ Organized national conferences to discuss political issues
➢ Paved the way for the Indian National Congress
www.AroraIAS.com
Indian National Congress (1885-1906)
➢ Played a key role in the INC's formation
➢ Served as President twice (1895, 1902)
➢ Advocated for moderate reforms within the British Raj
Later Life (1906-1925)
➢ Supported Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919)
➢ Disagreed with Gandhi's non-cooperation movement
➢ Left Congress and accepted a knighthood (1919)
Died: 1925
13. Dinshaw Wacha:
Industry and Politics:
➢ Associated with cotton industry, President of Indian Merchants' Chamber (1915)
➢ Held positions in Bombay Legislative Council, Imperial Legislative Council, Council of State
➢ Led Western India Liberal Association (1919-1927)
Indian National Congress:
➢ Criticized lack of dedicated leadership
➢ Praised Allan Hume's role but argued against his dominance
➢ Advocated for greater Indian involvement in Congress affairs
14. Syed Ahmed Khan
Born: Delhi (1817)
➢ Aristocratic family with ties to Mughal court
➢ Educated in Quran and science, awarded honorary law degree later
➢ Witnessed decline of Mughal Empire
Early Career
➢ Rejected job offer from Mughal court, joined East India Company (1838)
➢ Experienced loss of relatives in 1857 revolt
➢ Authored "Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind" criticizing British policies in the revolt
➢ Knighted by British government (1869)
Ideology
➢ Advocated for reconciliation of Western science with Quranic teachings
➢ Believed in adaptability of religion and critical thinking
➢ Promoted English education and opposed blind adherence to tradition
➢ Advocated for interfaith understanding and authored "Commentary on the Holy Bible"
Contributions
Educational Reforms:
➢ Founded Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (MAOC, 1875), later Aligarh Muslim University
➢ Established Aligarh Scientific Society to promote science among Muslims
➢ Believed education was key to Muslim progress
Social Reforms:
➢ Supported democratic ideals, free speech, and social reform
➢ Advocated for women's education and challenged practices like purdah and polygamy
➢ Promoted religious tolerance and unity
Literary Works:
➢ Authored "The Causes of the Indian Revolt" analyzing the 1857 rebellion
➢ Published "Tahzebul Akhlaq" magazine to address social and religious issues
Criticism
➢ Discouraged Muslims from joining the National Movement, prioritizing education over politics
➢ Views on separatism seen as contributing to the Two-Nation Theory
Legacy
➢ Died: Aligarh (1898)
➢ Considered a pivotal figure in Muslim education and social reform in 19th century India
www.AroraIAS.com