write short note on constructions in c++ 4 marks

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Constructions in C++ refer to the process of creating objects of a class. This process involves
initializing the object's data members and performing any necessary setup operations. There are
several types of constructions in C++, including:

1. Default Constructor: A constructor that is called automatically when an object is created

without any arguments. It initializes the object's data members to default values or
performs any necessary setup.
2. Parameterized Constructor: A constructor that accepts parameters to initialize the
object's data members with specific values. It allows customization of object initialization
based on the provided arguments.
3. Copy Constructor: A constructor that initializes a new object as a copy of an existing
object. It is invoked when an object is initialized with another object of the same type,
typically using the assignment operator or passing objects by value.
4. Constructor Overloading: The ability to define multiple constructors for a class with
different parameter lists. This allows for flexibility in object creation, as different
constructors can handle various initialization scenarios.

Constructions play a crucial role in object-oriented programming as they enable the creation and
initialization of objects, ensuring proper setup and state management. They contribute to the
flexibility and usability of classes and objects in C++

epxplain inljne functions with suitable examoles in c++ 3 marks

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Inline functions in C++ are a mechanism to optimize code execution by suggesting the compiler
to insert the entire body of the function wherever it is called, rather than executing a regular
function call. This is typically beneficial for small functions where the overhead of the function call
itself might outweigh the actual computation.

Here's a simple example demonstrating the use of inline functions in C++:

In this example:

1. The function square() is declared as inline. This suggests to the compiler that it should
insert the function body directly at the point of call.
2. Inside the main() function, square() is called with the argument num.
3. During compilation, the compiler might replace the call to square() with the actual code of
the function, thus eliminating the overhead of a function call.
Inline functions are particularly useful when:

 The function body is small.

 The function is called frequently.
 The function is performance-critical.

Using inline functions can lead to more efficient code execution by reducing function call
overhead, but it's essential to use them judiciously since inlining larger functions can increase
code size and potentially decrease performance due to cache effects.

Explain principles of OOP.[DATA ABSTRACTION ,ENCAPSULATION,

INHERITANCE ,POLYMORPHISM ]

Absolutely! Let's break down the principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in simpler
terms:

1. Data Abstraction:
 Think of abstraction as hiding the complex details and showing only the essential
parts.
 It's like using a TV remote without knowing how it works internally; you just need
to know the buttons to press to change channels or adjust the volume.
2. Encapsulation:
 Encapsulation is like putting things in a box and sealing it. Only certain parts of
the box can be accessed from the outside.
 It's similar to how you can't directly access the internal wiring of a device; you
interact with it through buttons or interfaces provided.
3. Inheritance:
 Inheritance is like passing down traits or features from parents to children.
 For example, a car inherits features from a generic vehicle but may have specific
traits like a convertible roof from a subclass called "SportsCar."
4. Polymorphism:
 Polymorphism means many shapes/forms. In programming, it's like one thing
taking on different forms or behaviors based on the context.
 For instance, think of a shape. It can be a circle, square, or triangle. Each behaves
differently, yet they're all shapes.

So, in simple terms, OOP principles help in:

 Hiding Complexity (Abstraction)

 Keeping Things Secure (Encapsulation)
  Passing Traits Down (Inheritance)
 Being Flexible and Adaptable (Polymorphism)

These principles make it easier to manage and work with code, just like how organizing your toys
into different boxes helps keep your room tidy and manageable!

Find out errors and solve it from following code. a) long float x; b) int
ch; char *ptr=ch; c) int p=new; d) for(i=0;int i<5;i++)cout<<i<<"/n";
e) float *p=new int [10];
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Sure, let's go through each line:

a) long float x;

 There is no such thing as long float in C or C++. You can have long double,
but long float is not valid. You should use float or double depending on the
precision you need.

Corrected: float x;

b)

 You're trying to assign an integer ( ch) to a pointer to a character ( ptr).

This is not correct because they are different types. If you want to
store the address of ch in ptr, you need to use the address-of operator
&.

Corrected: char *ptr = &ch;

c) int p = new;

 The keyword new is used for dynamic memory allocation in C++. It

cannot be directly assigned to an integer variable like this. It seems
 you want to assign some value to p, so you should assign it to an
integer value, not the keyword new.

Corrected: int p = 5; (or any other integer value you want to assign)

d) for(i=0; int i<5; i++) cout<<i<<"/n";

 The initialization part of the for loop should be int i = 0; not i = 0; int. The
int should not be repeated.

Corrected: for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) cout << i << "/n";

e) float *p = new int[10];

 You are trying to assign an integer array to a pointer to a float. This is

not allowed without a typecast. If you want to allocate an array of
floats dynamically, you should use float instead of int.

Corrected: float *p = new float[10];

After corrections, the corrected code will look like this:

DIFF BTWN OOP AND POP

Feature Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Procedural-Oriented Programming (POP)

Conceptual Focuses on procedures or routines that
Approach Emphasizes objects and their interactions. manipulate data.
Encapsulation, bundling data and methods Data typically stored in variables and
Data Handling within objects. manipulated by passing to functions.
Code Organization Organized into classes and objects. Organized into procedures or functions.
Supports inheritance for code reuse and
Inheritance hierarchy. Does not inherently support inheritance.
Achievable to some extent through function
Polymorphism Supports polymorphism for flexibility. overloading.
Modifiability & Suitable for larger projects and teams due to May become harder to maintain and scale as
Scalability encapsulation and abstraction. codebase grows.

This table provides a concise overview of the key differences between OOP and POP
across various aspects of programming paradigms.
FRIEND FUNCTION :
Friend functions in C++ allow external functions or classes to access private and protected
members of a class. They are declared using the friend keyword inside the class definition.
This grants them special access privileges, enabling them to work with private members
directly. Friend functions are useful for operations that logically belong outside the class but
need access to its private data. However, they should be used judiciously to avoid
compromising encapsulation.

NAME TWO OPERATORS THAT CAN T BE OVERLOADED IN C++

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In C++, two operators that cannot be overloaded are:

1. Scope Resolution Operator (::): This operator is used to define the scope of functions
and variables in namespaces and classes. It cannot be overloaded.
2. Member Selection Operator (. and ->)**: These operators are used to access members of
objects and pointers to objects, respectively. They cannot be overloaded.