Name Date Class

CHAPTER 2

Chapter Test A Principles of Ecology

Part A: Multiple Choice

In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement
or answers each question.

1. Ecology is the scientific discipline that studies all the interactions between
A. all the different regions of Earth.
B. different forms of matter on Earth.
C. humans and their polluting behaviors.
D. organisms and their environments.

2. Which is an abiotic factor?

A. a forest of deciduous trees
B. a polar bear on an ice flow
C. an ocean current of cold water
D. fungi and moss on a rotting log

3. Which is an autotroph?
A. alga
B. mushroom
C. sparrow
D. wolf

Part B: Matching
Matching Set 1 Write the letter of the correct term on the line next to its description. Answers
may be used only once.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. a large school of barracuda A. biological community

2. all the conifer forests growing in Canada B. biome

3. all the groups of organisms that interact with C. population

each other in the same region

Matching Set 2 Write the letter of the correct term on the line next to its description. Answers
may be used only once.

4. Red-tailed hawks and black racer snakes prey A. commensalism

on the same species of rodents in the same habitat.
B. competition
5. One organism benefits, while another is unharmed
during a long-term relationship between the two. C. parasitism

6. A tick becomes lodged on the skin of a hiker. D. predation

7. White-tailed deer eat tree leaves.

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Chapter Test A CONTINUED

Part C: Interpreting Graphics

Write your response to each statement in the space provided.
1. Study the drawing to the right. Infer the effect on the
numbers of the pyramid’s organisms if an infection lowered
the number of primary consumers to 100,000.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Study the graph above. Identify the biomes with a constant warm temperature.

Part D: Short Answer

Write your response to each statement in the space provided.
1. Describe all the major parts of the biosphere.

2. Compare and contrast the different types of heterotrophs. Use the terms
carnivore, detrivore, herbivore, and omnivore in your discussion.

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Chapter Test A CONTINUED

Part E: Concept Application

Read the paragraph below, and write your response to each statement in the space provided.
Scientists are concerned that humans are putting too much carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere by burning fossil fuels in cars and factories. Carbon dioxide traps heat,
and scientists fear that average temperatures on the planet are rising. These rising
temperatures could affect Earth’s ecosystems in harmful ways.

1. Predict how rising global temperatures could affect the water cycle. Include the
term condense in your answer.

2. Analyze the carbon cycle. Hypothesize strategies humans could use to

remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Use the term photosynthesis in
your discussion.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

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CHAPTER 2

Chapter Test B Principles of Ecology

Part A: Multiple Choice

In the space at the left, write the letter of the term, phrase, or sentence that best answers
each question.

1. Which task would be completed by an ecologist?

A. explore the medicinal uses of nectar
B. inoculate cattle against infection
C. survey and classify mollusk fossils
D. test the effect of cyanide on algae

2. Which is an example of predation?

A. clownfish protecting its anemone
B. mallard eating aquatic invertebrates
C. tick lodging in the skin of a wolf
D. two male rams fighting for females

3. Which is a weakness of traditional food webs when they are applied to complex ecologi-
cal problems?
A. A food web does not represent all the links in an actual ecosystem.
B. Food webs do not account for non-native species in the environment.
C. The many food chains of a food web make it too complicated to use.
D. Trophic levels are not taken into account when creating a food web.

4. Which is a waste product of the photosynthesis process?

A. carbon dioxide
B. nitrogen
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

C. oxygen
D. water vapor

5. Which organisms capture atmospheric nitrogen for the process of nitrogen fixation?
A. animals
B. bacteria
C. fungi
D. plants

Part B: Matching and Completion

Matching Write the letter of the correct term on the line next to its description. Answers may
be used only once or not at all.

1. all the pumpkinseed sunfish living in a lake A. biological community

2. the deciduous forests of the eastern United States B. biome

C. ecosystem
3. all the things in a shallow desert pool of water
D. habitat
4. all coral, other invertebrates, and reef fish
on the barrier reef off the coast of Belize E. population

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Chapter Test B CONTINUED

Completion Write the correct term in the blank to complete each sentence below.
5. The oceans, lower atmosphere, and continents are parts of the .
6. A mushroom feeding on a dead log is an example of a(n) .
7. The total number of kilograms of algae in an aquarium is 0.98 kg. This number is an example of
.
8. The exchange of water, carbon, nitrogen, and all other compounds throughout the portions of the
planet where life exists is called the .

Part C: Interpreting Graphics

Write your response to each statement in the space provided.
1. Study the drawing to the right. Infer the effect on
organism numbers if humans aggressively hunted and
eliminated most of the snakes from the ecosystem.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Study the graph above. Hypothesize why tropical rain forests have the greatest
variety of organisms of any terrestrial biome.

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Chapter Test B CONTINUED

Part D: Short Answer

Write your response to each statement in the space provided.
1. Compare and contrast the three symbiotic relationships. Use the terms
commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism in your discussion.

2. Describe Earth’s water cycle. Use the terms condensation, evaporation,

precipitation, and water vapor in your discussion.

Part E: Concept Application

Write your response to each statement in the space provided.
1. Coral reefs are being degraded around the globe due to human activities.
Hypothesize the possible abiotic factors contributing to the decline of coral reefs.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Raccoons consume many different types of foods such as fruits, nuts, fish,
small mammals, and even human food scraps. Raccoons live in regions as diverse
as Central American rain forests to Canadian conifer forests. Explain why raccoons
have adapted to so many different habitats.

3. Overnight, the water of an aquarium housing several large fish turns cloudy,
and the water has a milky, white appearance. The aquarium’s owner discovers a
dead fish in the aquarium. Infer how the dead fish affected the aquarium water.

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CHAPTER 2

Chapter Test C Principles of Ecology

Part A: Multiple Choice

In the space at the left, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement
or answers each question.

1. In which scientific study would an ecologist take part?

A. assess the rabies risk of wild raccoons
B. classify three new rain forest insect species
C. compare fossilized ant species in amber
D. observe how coral colonizes a sunken ship

2. Ecologists often use modeling, instead of field studies, because it

A. allows them to control all of the variables involved.
B. helps them collect more samples.
C. is less expensive than working in the field.
D. lets them study many organisms at once.

3. The region of land—approximately 4 km2— a jaguar must roam to collect food would be
an example of a(n)
A. biome.
B. ecosystem.
C. habitat.
D. population.

4. Which is an example of mutualism?

A. a fish protecting a shrimp, who builds a burrow for the pair to share
B. a peacock courting and mating with a peahen

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

C. crayfish and minnows resting under the same rock
D. two snake species with similar markings advertising their toxic venom

5. Which is part of the biogeochemical cycle?

A. carbon trapped on the ocean floor
B. helium gas escaping into space
C. lava flowing from an active volcano
D. solar radiation traveling to Earth

6. Which is the substance formed from decomposing matter?

A. ammonia
B. carbon
C. nitrogen
D. phosphorus

Part B: Completion
Write the correct term in the blank to complete each sentence below.
1. Deep ocean vents, African wildlife, and arctic glaciers are all part of the
.

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Chapter Test C CONTINUED

2. The algae, insect larvae, protozoan, and other living things in a large puddle would be an example of
a(n) .
3. A remora fish swimming beneath a shark to collect scraps while the shark remains unaffected is an
example of .
4. A doctorfish grazing on ocean algae is an example of a heterotroph that is
a(n) .
5. Iron, water, and sugar are examples of matter that are .
6. The weathering and eroding of rocks releases a substance, which is essential for the growth of many
autotrophs, called .

Part C: Interpreting Graphics

Write your response to each statement in the space provided.
1. Analyze the drawing to the right. Infer why rain forest
deforestation leads to a reduction in jaguar populations.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Hypothesize why super-predators that consume tigers,

wolves, or jaguars never evolved.

3. Study the graph to the right.

Hypothesize why savanna and shrubland
biomes have no forests.

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Chapter Test C CONTINUED

Part D: Short Answer

Write your response to each statement in the space provided.
1. Infer the abiotic factors affecting the growth of a palm tree that has sprouted
along the shore of a tropical island.

2. Hypothesize how top carnivores, such as lions, wolves, and eagles, that are
tertiary consumers, increase the variety of species found in the ecosystems
they inhabit.

3. Explain why the biomass of an ecosystem is not necessarily a measurement of

its health.

Part E: Concept Application

Write your response to each statement in the space provided.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Until recent years, the traditional view of a food web was a foundational concept
that ecologists applied to ecological problems. Now ecologists are dramatically
altering the traditional idea of a food web. Critique the use of traditional food webs
for studying complex environmental problems such as rain forest deforestation,
the clearing of wetlands, or the global disappearances of amphibian species.
Hypothesize why traditional food webs do not provide a comprehensive framework
for addressing complex ecological dilemmas.

2. Many scientists are greatly concerned about the large quantities of carbon
dioxide being released into the atmosphere by human activities such as driving
vehicles and operating power plants. Many scientists believe these activities are
causing global warming, which is a gradual increase in Earth’s average temperature.
Predict an adverse consequence of global warming on the water cycle.

68 Principles of Ecology CHAPTER 2 Unit 1