Batas militar

68 wika
Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Huwag ikalito sa Batas pangmilitar.

Ang Proklamasyon ni Dunmore noong Nobyembre 14, 1775 na nagdeklara ng Batas-militar sa Kolonya ng Virginia, ilang buwan
matapos sumiklab ang Himagsikang Amerikano
Ang batas militar ay kakaibang kapangyarihan ng estado na karaniwang ipinatutupad nang panandalian ng isang pamahalaan kapag
hindi na nito maayos magampananan ang pamamahala gamit ang sibilyan nitong kapangyarihan (e.g. pagpapanatili ng kaayusan at
katiwasayan, o magbigay ng mga unang serbisyo). Sa isang ganap na batas militar, ang pinakamataas na opisyal ng militar ang
namumuno, o naitatalaga bilang tagapamahala o puno ng pamahalaan, kasabay ng pagbuwag o pagtanggal ng lahat ng
kapangyarihan ng mga sangay ng pamahalaan mula tagapagpaganap, tagapagbatas, hanggang panghukuman.[1]
Maaaring ipatupad ng pamahalaan ang batas militar upang manaig ang kanilang kapangyarihan sa sambayanan. Ang ilang insidente
ng pagpapatupad ng batas militar ay nangyayari matapos ang isang kudeta (gaya sa Thailand noong 2006 at 2014); kapag may banta
ng malawakang protesta laban sa pamahalaan (Tsina sa Tiananmen Square noong 1989); upang supilin ang oposisyong politikal
(Poland noong 1981); sugpuin ang napipintong pag-aalsa (Canada, October Crisis noong 1970). Nagdedeklara rin ng batas militar
tuwing may matinding sakuna; ngunit, ang ilang bansa ay gumagamit ng ibang legal na konstruksiyon, gaya ng estado ng kagipitan.
Ayon kay Franzane Abella gamit ang Chomskyan method para mag preserba ng mga taktika at estratehiya para sa pag-unlad gamit
ang pagdidisiplina sa mga katawan ng gobyerno at iba. Magagamit din dito ang game-theoretical political-cum-economic
analysis para malaman kung ang desisyon na nagawa ay epektibo gamit rin ang common knowledge para masasabi na ang resulta at
ang kagamitan ng batas militar ay epektibo.[2]
Nagpapatupad din ng batas militar tuwing may mga hidwaan gaya ng pananakop, kung saan ang kawalan ng pamahalaang sibilyan ay
nagdudulot ng pagkabalisa ng populasyon. Ang ilang halimbawa ng ganitong pamamahalang militar ay noong rekonstruksiyon
pagkatapos ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig sa Alemanya at Hapon, pati na rin noong rekonstruksiyon sa timog Estados Unidos
pagkatapos ng Digmaang Sibil Amerikano.
Malimit na may kaakibat na pagpapatupad ng curfew, pagsuspindi ng batas sibil, karapatang sibil, habeas corpus, at pagsasailalim o
pagpapalawig ng hukumang militar o katarungang militar sa mga sibilyan. Ang mga sibilyang hindi tatalima sa batas militar ay maaaring
litisin sa isang hukumang militar.
Sa Pilipinas

Napasailalim sa batas militar ang Pilipinas mula 1972 hanggang 1981 sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni Ferdinand Marcos, sa pamamagitan
ng Proklamasyon Blg. 1081 na nilagdaan noong Setyembre 21, 1972.[3] Ang opisyal na dahilan sa likod ng pagpapahayag ng batas
militar ay upang mapigil ang lumalalang kaguluhan ng mga mamayanan, ang banta ng pagkuha ng kontrol na mula sa komunista, at
ang isang pagtatangka sa buhay ng kanyang dating kalihim ng tanggulang pambansa na si Juan Ponce Enrile sa Mandaluyong. Unang
malugod nang tinanggap ang batas military ngunit naging kinasusuyaan ito kalaunan dahil sa mga pang-aabuso ng militar sa
karapatang-pantao. Kasama ang paghina ng ekonomiya, ang mga salik na ito ay nag-udyok ng pagtutol sa ilang mga sektor (tulad ng
urbanong middle class) na naging malinaw sa pagpaslang ng nakulong senador ng oposiyon na si Benigno Aquino, Jr. noong 1983, at
malawakang pandaraya sa dagliang halalan noong 1986. Kalaunan, ang mga ito ay nagbunga ng sa rebolusyong EDSA ng 1986 na
nagpatalsik kay Marcos at nagtulak sa kanya na lumikas sa Hawaii, kung saang namatay siya noong 1989. Iniluklok ang kanyang
katunggali sa pagkapangulo at balo ni Aquino na si Corazon bilang kanyang kapalit.
Noong Mayo 23, 2017, idineklara ni Rodrigo Duterte ang batas militar sa Mindanao, sa pamamagitan ng Proklamasyon Blg. 216, dahil
sa pagsalakay ng Pangkat ng Maute sa Marawi, kabiserang lungsod ng Lanao del Sur. Ipinahayag ito sa isang pagpupulong
sa Moscow ni Kalihim Ernesto Abella,[4] at mananatili ito hanggang sa Disyembre 31, 2018.
What is Noise?

Noise is unwanted sound. A sound which has unpleasant effects and discomfort to ears is called noise. Generally sound
generated by vehicles, horns, loudspeakers, planes, construction etc. are reasons for noise pollution.
It is measured in decibel (dB). Normally noise which is less than 115 dB is tolerable (for a shorter period).
Noise pollution is also considered as environmental pollution although it is not as harmful as air, water or soil pollution
effects of noise pollution for a longer period can be severed.

How to Reduce Noise Pollution?

We can reduce noise Pollution by following below mentioned Tips:

Turn off Appliances at Home and offices

We can turn off home and office appliances when not in use such as TV, games, computers etc. it can create
unnecessary stress on ears. We can save electricity also when we turn them off.
Shut the Door when using noisy Machines

We can shut the door after we turn on dishwashers or washing machines for rooms where it is kept or we can turn them on before
leaving the house so that overlapping of exposure to loud noises can be reduced

Use Earplugs

Use of earplugs or earmuffs can bring down loud noises to a manageable level. Earplugs are small inserts that fit into our ear canal.
And earmuffs fit over the entire outer ear to form an air seal keeping ears safe from loud noises.

Lower the volume

We can listen to songs, radios, TVs in lower volume when listening from headphones or speakers.
Stay away from Noisy area

Noise producing industries, airports, vehicles should be far from residential areas as it is very dangerous for infants and senior
citizens.

Follow the Limits of Noise level

Community law should check the use of loudspeakers, outdoor parties as well as political public announcements.

Control Noise level near sensitive areas

There should be control on noise level (Silent zones) near schools, hospitals. Place noise limits boards near sensitive
areas.
Go Green by planning trees

We can plant more trees as they are good noise absorbents. According to studies, it can reduce noise by 5 to 10 decibels Db around
them.

Create Healthy noise to eliminate unwanted noise

If we can’t eliminate unwanted noise coming from outside then we can create healthier noise such as music, singing birds or waterfalls
in homes or offices.

Use Noise absorbents in noisy machineries

We can check for pieces of machinery which are creating noise due to vibrations and put some noise absorbents to reduce noise.

Use Proper Lubrication and Better maintenance

We can use proper lubrication as well as better maintenance of machines to reduce noise pollution and improve efficiency. It reduces
friction between movable parts and helps to reduce noise.

Notify Authorities about Disobedience of Noise Rules

We can notify government agencies if someone is not following rules and regulation regarding noise levels.
Regularly check noise levels

Regularly checking noise level in an industrial complex and indoor to keep noise level within the limit

It is necessary to control the noises created around us. It is necessary to aware people around us through various mediums. We can
start from ourselves to spread awareness about noise pollution and its effects on human and the environment. Limit for noise at
daytime is 55 dB and in the night it is 30 dB to avoid health effects.

Learn more about noise level Monitoring

Governments are taking steps to reduce noise pollution in mostly all countries which is a very good sign.
We can follow below mentioned tips for how to reduce noise pollution.
Also you would be interested in Ways to reduce air pollution from factories.

What are effects of Noise Pollution?

o Constant exposure to loud noises can damage eardrums and loss of hearing. It also reduces the sensitivity of eardrums to pick
up small sounds.
o Noise pollution can affect health and shows signs of aggressive behaviour, sleeps disturbance, increases in stress level,
fatigue
o It can create hamper sleeping pattern (it is recommended to take sound sleep and not noise sleep :p)
o Sound Pollution can increase blood pressure, heartbeat, headache
o Loud noise affects not only on humans but also on pets. They can behave more aggressively if exposed to loud noises for a
longer duration
o Interference or disturbance in conversions can result in misunderstanding
If together we could follow at least three tips then we can say that the objective of this article is successful.
What do you think? let us know by commenting below if you know any other tips to reduce noise pollution.
Perfect Pollucon Services has written this post. They are Professional Environmental Consultant in Mumbai and offer
Environmental Monitoring services.
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What are 10 ways to reduce noise pollution?

· Plant trees as sound barriers.

· Use soundproof curtains.
· Maintain machinery regularly.
· Install noise barriers.
· Limit noisy activities.
· Use noise-reducing devices.
· Educate and raise awareness.
· Control traffic noise.
· Implement sound insulation.
· Promote quiet zones.

What are 5 solutions to noise pollution?

· Implement stricter noise regulations and enforcement.

· Encourage the use of electric vehicles to reduce traffic noise.
· Design buildings with soundproofing materials and techniques.
· Create more green spaces to act as natural sound buffers.
· Promote community awareness and education about noise pollution.

How can we reduce excessive noise?

· Use headphones or earplugs to protect your hearing and reduce exposure to loud noises.
· Maintain and regularly service machinery and equipment to minimize noise emissions.
· Implement noise-reducing measures in architectural and interior design, such as acoustic panels or sound-absorbing materials.
· Encourage responsible behavior, such as avoiding unnecessary honking or loud music in public spaces.
· Promote the development and use of quieter technologies and appliances to reduce noise pollution.

What are the ways to reduce noise pollution in school?

· Install acoustic panels in classrooms and common areas.

· Enforce quiet zones and noise restrictions.
· Promote use of headphones or quiet activities during study time.
· Conduct regular maintenance of HVAC systems to reduce noise from ventilation.
· Educate students on the importance of noise control and respectful behavior.