ASEAN REVIEWER 7 LITERARY STANDARDS

1. Universality
INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE
● It appeals to everyone regardless of
LITERATURE culture, race, sex, and time which are
● The word literature is derived from the latin considered significant.
word “litera” which means letter or words. 2. Permanence
● total of preserved writings/spoken words ● It endures across time and draws out
belonging to a given language or people. the time factor: timeliness (occurring
● interprets the meanings of nature and life at a particular time) and timelessness
(thoughts, emotions/feelings) in words of (remaining invariably throughout time)
charm and power, touched with the 3. Artistry
personality of the author, in artistic forms of ● It has an aesthetic appeal to
permanent interests. everyone and thus possesses a sense
of beauty.
LITERARY TYPES
4. Intellectual Value
● Literature can generally be divided into two
● It stimulates critical thinking that
types:
enriches the mental processes of
○ based on structure
abstract and reasoning, making man
○ based on content
realizes the fundamental truths of life
● BASED ON STRUCTURE and its nature
○ Prose 5. Suggestiveness
■ Novels ● It unravels and conjures man’s
■ Short Story emotional power to define symbolism,
■ Plays nuances, implied meanings, images
■ Legends
and message, giving and evoking
■ Fables
visions above and beyond the plane
■ Anecdotes
■ Essay
of ordinary life and experiences.
■ Biography 6. Spiritual Value
■ News ● It elevates the spirit and the soul and
■ Oration thus has the power to motivate and
○ Non-prose (poetry) inspire, drawn from the suggested
■ Narrative Poetry morals or lessons of the different
■ Epic literary genres.
■ Metrical Tale 7. Style
■ Ballads
● It presents peculiar ways on how man
○ Lyric Poetry
sees life as evidenced by the
■ Folk Songs
formation of his ideas, forms,
■ Sonnets
■ Elegy
structures, and expressions which are
■ Ode marked by their memorable
■ Psalms substance.
■ Awit
LITERARY DEVICES
■ Corridos
● refers to the typical structures used by writers
○ Dramatic Poetry
in their works to convey his or her message(s)
● BASED ON CONTENT in a simple manner to his or her readers.
○ Fiction or “literature of power” ● Two aspects of Literary Devices
■ Myths ○ Literary Elements
■ Poems ○ Literary Techniques
■ short stories
■ Novels
LITERARY ELEMENTS
■ Plays
● have an inherent existence in literary pieces
○ Non-fiction or “literature of
and are extensively employed by writers to
knowledge”
■ Biographies
develop a literary piece.
■ News

● LITERARY ELEMENTS
 ○ Plot - It is the logical sequence of that they appeal to our different
events that develops a story. senses
○ Setting - It refers to the time and place ■ TASTE (gustatory imagery)
in which a story takes place. ■ SIGHT (visual imagery)
○ Protagonist - “good guy” or the main ■ SMELL (olfactory imagery)
character of story, novel or a play ■ TOUCH (tactile imagery)
○ Antagonist - “bad guy” or the ■ HEAR (aural imagery)
character in conflict with the ○ SIMILE AND METAPHOR - Both
Protagonist compare two distinct objects and
○ Point of View - The person or entity draw similarity between them. The
through whom the reader difference is that Simile uses “as” or
experiences the story. “like” and Metaphor does not.
○ Conflict - It is an issue in a narrative ○ PERSONIFICATION - attribution of
around which the whole story human qualities to something that is
revolves. non-human like objects and animals.
○ Mood - A general atmosphere of a ○ HYPERBOLE - It is deliberate
narrative. exaggeration of actions and ideas for
○ Tone - The “attitude” of the speaker, the sake of emphasis.
narrator as conveyed through the
language of the piece.
LITERARY APPROACHES
○ Theme - It is central idea or concept
● FEMINISM
of a story
○ often associated with literary pieces
written by women that deal with
LITERARY TECHNIQUES
women in society.
● are structures usually words or phrases in
○ involves characters which chide the
literary texts that writers employ to achieve
common gender norms dominated
not merely artistic ends but also readers a
with masculinity.
greater understanding and appreciation of
○ gives an impact to the voice of
their literary works.
women.
● LITERARY TECHNIQUES:
● NEW HISTORICISM
○ SYMBOLISM - It refers to using an
○ deals with the cultural context during
object or action that means
writing of the piece of literature.
something more than its literal
○ interprets literature for its meaning or
meaning.
idea in a particular socio-historical
○ FLASHBACK - tells an interjected scene
atmosphere.
of the story that takes it back in time
● FORMALISM OR NEW CRITICISM
from the current point in the story and
○ The formalists’ interpretation of work
often used to tell the events that
of art is formulated by the information
happened before another important
and details of the piece itself.
event
○ Formalists focus is on rhetorical and
○ FLASH FORWARD - tells a scene that
logical connections within the writing.
takes the narrative to a future time
from the current point of the story
○ CLIFFHANGER - tells and abrupt
ending which places the main
characters in a perilous situation with
no resolution
○ FORESHADOWING - important hints
that an author drops to prepare the
reader for what is to come, and help
the reader anticipate the outcome .
○ IMAGERY - It is the use of figurative
language to create visual
representations of actions, objects
and ideas in our mind in such a way
SUMMARY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERARY
WORKS
SUMMARY OF “SI MABUTI”
● Writer: Genoveva Edroza-Matute
○ One of her masterpieces is “Kwento ni
Mabuti” which won the Palanca
Award for Short Story in Filipino in 1951.
● Title Background: about the life of a teacher
named Mabuti and how she handles the
problem as a teacher and mother to her
child.
● Characters:
○ Mabuti – an ordinary public school
teacher who is trying to make her
students realize the importance of
studying.
○ Fe – student of Mabuti.
● Type of Conflict:
○ MAN VS. HERSELF
■ The main character is hiding
her emotions towards the
circumstances.
SUMMARY OF “TATA SELO”
● Writer: Rogelio Sicat/“Rogelio Sikat”
○ a prolific Filipino novelist,
playwright and short story
writer.
○ One of his masterpieces is the
story of “Tata Selo” which won
the second prize in the Carlos
Palanca Award for 1963.
● Title Background: story of a male
farmer named Tata Selo. Primarily, it is
based on the real-life land reform
issues and recurring political cruelties
in the Philippines.
● Type of Conflict:
○ MAN VS. SOCIETY
■ Tata Selo, fought with
other people around
him so that he could
defend himself in the
case he faced
regarding the hacking
and accidental death
of Kabesang Tano.
VIETNAMESE LITERATURE
FOLK LITERATURE
● Folk Literature - Oral literature
● Written Literature - Includes kanji
● “chu Nom” (Nom letters) and “chu Quoc
ngu” (national language) literature.
“chu Quoc ngu” (National Language)
● From early 20th century, “chu Quoc ngu”
(national language) was widespread
nationwide
● With the development of printing technology,
together with the exposure of Western and
Eastern literature, literature in Vietnam
witnessed a great number of new literary
genres
● 1930s - New Poetry movement
○ Changes in literary life appeared with
the advent of the in the 1930s.
○ This was a modern movement to
liberate Vietnamese poetry from
restrictive rules of classical Chinese
poetry.
● “Tu Luc Van Doan” group (influenced by the
West)
○ created modern Vietnam novel
○ Vietnam literature from this period set
a presence of many movements
■ Romanticism
■ Realism
■ politics
3 MAIN TYPES OF VIETNAMESE LITERATURE
● TRUYEN - traditional oral literature
● HAN VIET - Chinese-Vietnamese literature
● QUOC AM - modern literature, or anything
written in the romanticized quoc ngu
alphabet
TONE RULE
● are among the most important elements in
most of Vietnamese verse forms
● are divided based on their falling and rising
nature into two categories:
○ BẰNG (flat) Bằng category comprises
two tones:
■ ngang
■ huyền.
○ TRẮC (sharp or non-flat). Trắc
category comprises four tones:
■ sắc,
■ hỏi,
■ ngã,
■ nặng.
RHYME SCHEME RULE
● There are two kinds of rhymes in Vietnamese
poetry.
○ VẦN GIÀU (rich rhymes):
■ when two words have the
same final sound and their
tones come from the same
category.
○ VẦN NGHÈO (poor rhymes):
■ when two words have nearly
similar final sound and their
tones come from the same
category.
DIFFERENT POETIC FORMS OF VIETNAM
● Tho Bon Chu or Four Word Verse
○ It is written as its name implies,
measuring the number of words per
line rather than syllables.
○ The elements of the Tho Bon Chu are:
■ stanzaic, written in a series of
couplets
■ measured by the number of
words in the line, each line has
4 words
○ Example:
■ Sounds normal to shout
with children at home.
■ To shout in office
is not my suggestion.
● Tho Sau Chu or Six-Word Verse
○ It is measured by word count and uses
either alternate or envelope rhyme.
○ It can be written in quatrains or
octaves.
○ When written in octaves it is called
Six-Eight Poetry
○ The elements of the Tho Sau Chu are:
■ stanzaic, written in any
number of quatrains. It can
also be written in any number
of octaves.
■ measured by word count, 6
words per line.
■ rhymed, either alternate,
abab cdcd etc.
● Tho Bay Chu or Seven Word Poetry
○ It is written with a seemingly more
flexible tonal pattern than most Viet
verses with the exception of
■ when an end word in the first
line is flat,
■ the 3rd word must be sharp
■ and when the end word of
second line is sharp,
■ the 4th word in the line must
be flat.
○ The elements of the Tho Bay Chu are:
■ stanzaic, written in any
number of quatrains.
■ measured by number of
words, 7 words per line.
■ Rhymed
● Tho Tam Chu or Eight Word Poetry
○ It appears to be more flexible in
stanza length as well as tonal and end
rhyme.
○ The elements of the Tho Tam Chu are:
■ stanzaic, written in any
number of either tercets,
quatrains or septets.
■ measured by the number of
words in the line, 8 words per
line.
■ Rhymed
BRUNEI & MYANMAR
BRUNEI
● known to be trading with and paying tribute
to China in the 6th century CE.
○ It then came under Hindu influence
for a time through allegiance to the
Majapahit empire, based in Java.
● duly gained independence on January 1,
1984, and an Islamic sultanate was
proclaimed.
● Legislative Council
○ which had become an entirely
appointed body by decree of the
sultan in 1970, was suspended
○ a ministerial form of government was
introduced.
● Brunei-Malay English Dictionary
○ Saya/Aku = I/me
○ Awak/Kau = You
○ Kami = We/us
○ Si Awang = That Boy
○ Si Dayang = That Girl
○ Lelaki/Laki-laki = Guys/Boys/Men
○ Perempuan/Bini-bini = Girls/women
○ Budiman = Gentlemen
○ Kebawah Duli = his majesty
○ Makan = eat
○ Cinta = love
○ Suka = Like
○ Terima Kasih = thank you
 ● Brunei Language
○ Brunei Malay (Bahasa Melayu Brunei)
or Kedayan (Kedaian)
■ sometimes conflated as
Brunei-Kadaian
■ the national language of
Brunei and a lingua franca in
parts of East Malaysia.
○ Standard Malay - official language of
Brunei.
○ Arabic - is the language of the Quran
and is used by Islamic scholars in
Brunei.
○ Islam - official religion
○ The Chinese minority of Brunei speak
a number of Chinese varieties.
■ Hainanese, Hoisan and
Fuchow - other Chinese
languages that are actively in
use in Brunei.
○ English - used as business and official
language and it is spoken by a
majority of the population in Brunei.
LITERATURE OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
● Language and Literature Bureau
○ promotes the development of
literature and folklore and
publishes textbooks in Malay
and English for use in primary
and secondary schools.
● Sajak - form of poetry popular to
school children
● Sya’ir Awang Simawn – epic poem,
most famous work of traditional
literature which recounts the exploits
of the culture hero.
● The Oilfield Laborers
MYANMAR
● Language
○ Burmese - the mother tongue of the
Bamar and official language of
Myanmar.
■ It is written in a script consisting
of circular and semicircular
letters, which comes from the
Mon script.
○ Mon script - The Mon language is a
recognized indigenous language in
Myanmar as well as a recognized
indigenous language of Thailand.
○ Palm-leaf and Folded Paper
LITERATURE OF MYANMAR
● The Kindergarten Teacher
○ Written by Aung Thinn
THAILAND LITERATURE
LANGUAGE
● Thai language is the official language of
Thailand
○ English is its unofficial second
language.
● The Thai language features five tones:
○ high, mid, low, rising, and falling, each
of which changes the meaning of
particular ‘words’
● Written Thai is based on an alphabet
adopted from the Khmers of Cambodia
○ became standardized during the
reign of King Ramkhamhaeng during
the Sukhothai period
CULTURE
● The traditional thai greeting the “wai” is
generally offered first by the younger of the
two people meeting
○ with their hands pressed together,
fingertips pointing upwards as the
head is bowed to touch face to
fingertips
○ coinciding with the spoken words
“sawatdi khrap” for male speakers,
and “sawatdi kha” for females
LITERATURE
● Thai Literature was traditionally heavily
influenced by Indian culture
● Ramakien - Thailand’s national epic which is
a version of the Ramayana
● Sunthorn Phu - most important poet in Thai
literature who is best known for his romantic
adventure story Phra Aphai Mani and nine
travel pieces called Nirats
● Boatman’s Love Song