Received: 12 December 2017

| Revised: 11 February 2018

| Accepted: 13 February 2018
DOI: 10.1002/mmce.21274

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Offset planar MIMO antenna for omnidirectional radiation

patterns

Leeladhar Malviya | M. V. Kartikeyan | R. K. Panigrahi

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee,

Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Correspondence
Leeladhar Malviya, Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Roorkee,
Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667 India.
Email: ldmalviya@gmail.com
Abstract
An offset quad element multi-band planar MIMO antenna with omnidirectional radia-
tion patterns is proposed for nonline of site (NLOS) communication on low-cost FR-
4 dielectric substrate for 4G and future technologies. A 1 3 2 power divider arm
results in dual beam and enhances diversity parameters and omnidirectional radiation
patterns. Moreover, the MIMO antenna limits the proximity/coupling effects using a
T-shaped isolator and achieves more than 12.4 dB of isolation between the radiating
ports. The proposed design covers WLAN/WiMAX bands with gain and radiation
efficiency of more than 2.6 dBi and 71%, respectively, in 2:1 VSWR bands of band-
widths 16.39% (2.24-2.64 GHz) and 7.88% (3.41-3.69 GHz). The 210 dB
impedance bandwidth is more than 280 MHz in each band. An ECC level of  0.01
has been achieved in the whole band.

KEYWORDS
ECC, MIMO, polarization diversity, T-shaped, WLAN, WiMAX

1 | INTRODUCTION access (WiMAX), and long-term evolution (LTE) technolo-

Variety of antenna designs in the market has been innovated
with the microstrip patch antennas, due to low cost and pla-
nar designs. A single-port antenna is easy to fabricate but
unable to achieve the required data rate, spectral efficiency,
and capacity for the presently available 4G data and multi-
media users. Also, the effects of co-channel and adjacent
channel interferences have high level of influence in these
antennas. Therefore, multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
antenna has been introduced to overcome the drawbacks of
single input single output (SISO). The SISO also places
impossible bandwidth demands on the gigabit (GB) wireless
system. Therefore, gigabit per second (GBPS) wireless links
in NLOS communication using SISO are in general not feasi-
ble due to signal to noise ratio (SNR) limits, average signal
to interference with noise ratio (SINR) limits, high power/
bandwidth requirements, and due to range reduction in prac-
tical receivers. The enhanced gain, large bandwidth, high
data rate, high efficiency, link reliability, and large capacity
of the MIMO, make it suitable among the wireless local area
network (WLAN), wireless interoperability of microwave
gies. The MIMO is at the core of the 4G/5G wireless
technologies.1
The demand of portability and compactness of the wire-
less technologies/devices requires special implementation
strategies of MIMO antennas in a limited space, which in
turn sets the upper limit on maximum achievable perform-
ance of antenna design parameters. The effect of proximity
effect/mutual coupling degrades radiation efficiency, MIMO
gain, and distorts far field radiation patterns. To solve these
issues of the close proximity of radiating elements sharing
the common ground and/or radiation emission, many of the
mutual coupling reduction techniques and diversity techni-
ques are utilized by the antenna designers. These techniques
result in better utilization of space and enhance the antenna
design parameters.2
MIMO with high isolation, compact size, and low vol-
ume are the current challenges for all the wireless applica-
tions. The performance of mulielement MIMO antenna can
be enhanced by placing symmetric antenna elements with
polarization diversity technique to achieve wide-lobe radia-
tion patterns and required isolation. The polarization

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https://doi.org/10.1002/mmce.21274
2 of 9 | MALVIYA ET AL.

T A BL E 1 CST optimized values of parameters (mm) The EBG approach offers in-band isolation, compactness of
design, but suffers from slow wave propagation, and reduces
Parameter a b c d e f g
efficiency.14
Value 65.3 65.3 27.5 11.2 8.9 15.1 0.8 A monopole with half circle was designed with enhanced
Parameter h i j k l m n diversity parameters, without any decoupling network.15
Similarly, an MIMO antenna utilizes the effect of inter-
Value 10.4 6.4 2.96 16.4 4.68 17.2 17.2 digitized shorting stubs for matching and isolation improve-
Parameter o p q r s t u ment between radiators for WLAN/WiMAX technologies.16
There are certain slow wave line structures available for
Value 6.9 0.57 0.7 39.92 0.57 12.3 8.4
MIMO antenna designs to increase the speed of operation to
some extent.17 The low-profile meander antenna (LPMA)
diversity provides the size reduction, link reliability, and can be used, but requires very large ground and substrate
maintains port isolations due to the orthogonal arrangement sizes.18
of radiators.3 The effect of different diversity techniques This article proposes a pentagonal shaped, four-element
leads to the performance enhancement of MIMO antennas.4,5 offset MIMO antenna with a T-shaped isolator for omnidir-
A hybrid feed structure with the pattern diversity was ectional radiation patterns. The proposed MIMO radiator
designed for pattern grooming and reliability due to reconfig- with diversity branches has been considered to improve
urable radiation patterns.6 The combined effect of pattern antenna design/diversity parameters. The proposed MIMO
and polarization diversity techniques with an inverted resonates at 2.45/3.5 GHz frequencies. The 210 dB imped-
L-shaped MIMO and power divider network not only enhan- ance bandwidth with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
ces isolation but improves radiation characteristics also,7 and
2:1 is more than 280 MHz in each band. The offsetting of
is used for cognitive radio applications.8
ports is used for better utilization of the diagonal space of the
The effect of slot etching on radiator/ground plane offers
implementation. Each radiator has better than 12.4 dB of
wider bandwidth, compact size, and offers significant
port isolation due to T-shaped isolator.
amount of mutual coupling reduction between radiating ele-
ments.9 The slotted strips in PIFA antenna with polarization
diversity technique provides stability in gain, high isolation, 2 | MIMO ANTENNA DESIGN
and helps in compactness of the design and is utilized for STUDIES
LTE/WiMAX bands.10,11
Similarly, a slotted antenna with shorting strips results in The computer simulation tool (CST) optimized 2 3 2 com-
enhanced bandwidth/isolation characteristics, as required in pact MIMO antenna with pentagonal shaped radiators, partial
ultra-wideband (UWB) applications.12 MIMO antenna ground, and T-shaped isolator is proposed with 50 X ports
design with electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) materials uti- on offset position for the utilization of the diagonal space. In
lizes the split ring resonators (SRRs) to impose the effects of this diagonal space a T-shaped isolating arm is implemented,
6E and/or 6l on the radiating elements to control coupling and is connected to each partial ground to control mutual
effects.13 The same concept is followed in a four-port ring coupling between radiators. The proposed MIMO is fabri-
antenna using a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR). cated on FR-4 dielectric substrate of 1.524 mm thickness,

FIGURE 1 Schematic views: A, front; B, back; C, expanded

MALVIYA ET AL.
| 3 of 9

FIGURE 2 Fabricated 2 3 2 proposed MIMO antenna views

permittivity of 4.4, and loss tangent of 0.025. The size of
two port MIMO prototype is 65.3 3 65.3 mm2.
A linearly polarized MIMO antenna with pentagonal
shaped patch and inverted L-shaped slot is introduced to res-
onant the designed MIMO at 2.45/3.5 GHz frequencies. The
conventional patch (simple rectangular) for the same fre-
quency of operation achieves slightly less performance in
terms of gain and efficiency. A 1 3 2 feed structure has been
used to form 2 3 2 MIMO antenna with appropriate spacing
between the two branches and to achieve dual beam. The
effect of polarization diversity has been utilized to cover the
signals in vertical and horizontal directions to minimize loss
of signaling and to maintain reliability of transmission. A
partially extended ground (PEG) with T-shaped isolating
structure has been designed to control the degrading factors
of mutual coupling. The CST optimized design parameters
of the proposed MIMO are given in Table 1. The schematic
and fabricated MIMO antenna views are shown in Figures 1
and 2.
3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
with PEG ground and T-shaped decoupler resonates at 2.45/
3.5 GHz frequencies. The 210 dB impedance bands of 2.24-
2.64 and 3.41-3.69 GHz have been covered here with SWR
2:1. The percentage bandwidths in these two bands are
16.39% and 7.88%, respectively. The value of port isolations
for the presented case is more than 12.4 dB in lower and
higher bands. The antenna bandwidth in lower band and
higher bands are 400 and 280 MHz. The measured 210 dB
impedance band of 20.34% (2.12-2.60 GHz) and 8.15%
(3.41-3.70 GHz) have been exhibited in VNA. The measured
bandwidths in lower and higher bands are 420 and 290
MHz, respectively. The in-band isolations are better than 14
dB in each measured band. The decrease in return loss in
measured bands is due to the above said reason. Though, the
simulated and measured results are in good agreement, as
observable in Figure 3. The possible reason of the difference
in bandwidths and isolations in measured and simulated
results is due to the fabrication errors and port/cable coupling
losses.
The reduction in mutual coupling is due to the presence
of T-shaped isolator and can be observed from Figure 4. In

The verification of CST design and performance parameters

of proposed MIMO antenna has been done with vector net-
work analyzer (VNA)-HP8720B and in anechoic chamber
for the S parameters and far field results. From the simulation
and measurement of S parameters, it has been observed that
the return-losses at ports 1 and 2 are equal (S11 5 S22), and
isolations between ports are also equal (S12 5 S21). This is
due to the symmetric structure of the presented MIMO. For
easy analysis of the presented MIMO antenna, only S11 and
S12 scattering parameters have been considered throughout
the article.
A pentagon-shaped patch with PEG ground is selected
for the design because, for the same substrate size, conven-
tional (full) ground does not show any resonant even in
4.5 GHz frequency range. However, the proposed MIMO FIGURE 3 Simulated and measured S parameters
4 of 9 | MALVIYA
FIGURE 4 Surface current density of proposed MIMO
the absence of T-shaped isolator, the isolation level in lower
band is <9 dB. While presence of it results in more than
12.4 dB of isolation in lower band. The surface current den-
sity also exhibits the concentrated current on the patch and
ground planes. From Figure 4A, it has been observed that,
the antenna at 2.45 GHz frequency shows concentrated cur-
rent at the feed divider arm, when port 1 is excited and port
2 is terminated by 50 X. The presence of T-shaped arm
restricts the direct coupling current with the patch of port 2.
Similarly, from Figure 4B at 3.5 GHz resonant frequency, T-
shaped ground arm does not show much impact. Therefore,
it has been clearly observed that the T-shaped arm has much
influence in lower band as compared to higher band. When
port 2 is excited and port 1 is terminated by 50 X, then the
same action can be seen due to the symmetric structure. The
effectiveness of the T-shaped isolator can be seen on the cou-
pling and in creating longer current path for the lower
resonant.
Many of the isolation improvement techniques are avail-
able in research papers. However, the T-shaped isolator uti-
lizes the diagonal space without addition space requirement.
FIGURE 5 Isolation with and without T-shaped arm
ET AL.
We may use parasitic element here, but that will shift the fre-
quency bands toward higher frequency side due to capacitive
effect. Similarly, the split ring resonators may also be used,
but this will result in shrinking of frequency bands and also
return in slow wave structure due to inductive–capacitive
effect. The requirement of 10 dB isolation with 2:1 and 3:1
SWR antennas are mostly given in presently available
designs (even <10 dB of isolation level is acceptable in 26
dB impedance bands (3:1 SWR) as per the 4G standards).
The simulated results with and without T-shaped arm are
given in Figure 5.
The effectiveness of the MIMO antenna parameters can
be seen by the parametric evaluation. The effect of slot width
g can be seen on S parameters. A parametric sweep has been
carried out between 0.2 and 1.0 mm. The considered slot
width is 0.8 mm. The considered width provides the favor-
able responses of S11 and S12 parameters at 2.45/3.5 GHz res-
onant frequencies.
For the other values of slot width, variation from the res-
onance in higher band has been observed from Figure 6.
More than 254 dB of return-loss has been seen in higher
band for the considered width. Not much different has been
FIGURE 6 S parameter variation with slot width g
MALVIYA ET AL.
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The considered value of slot length is l 5 4.68 mm. The best

FIGURE 7 S parameter variation with slot length l
FIGURE 8 S parameter variation with diagonal length r
seen in isolation for the different widths of g in both the
bands.
Similarly, a parametric sweep has been carried out to
show the effectiveness of the slot length l on S parameters.
results are evident for the considered value of slot length l
only in terms of return-loss and isolation parameters, and
may be observed from Figure 7.
Similarly, the variation in length r of the diagonal arm is
evident from Figure 8. It has been observed that for the con-
sidered value of r 5 39.92 mm, best results are seen. For the
other values of r, slight variations from resonant frequencies
are observed.
The far-field gain of the fabricated prototype is measured
in an anechoic chamber using the substitution method. The
CST simulated design exhibits far field antenna gain of more
than 2.6 dBi in lower and higher bands. The simulated gains
at 2.45 and 3.5 GHz resonance frequencies are 3.2 and 4.77
dBi, respectively. The measured gains at 2.43 and 3.52 GHz
resonance frequencies are 3.2 and 4.52 dBi, respectively.
The simulated radiation efficiency in lower band is more
than 90%, and in higher band, it is more than 71.5%. The
total efficiency is more than 50% in each band. The meas-
ured and simulated antenna gains are compared in Figure 9
along with different efficiencies.
An envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is evaluated
for the uncorrelated channels to observe the channel is good,
bad, or good enough. In real propagation world even in line
of site communication, finding a truly uncorrelated channel
is impossible. Therefore, ECC is used for the measurement
of such conditions. Far-field analysis and S parameter
approach are considered to find the value of ECC. The effect
of mutual coupling between any of the two ports of MIMO
can be seen in terms of two scattering parameters S12 and
S21. However, ECC involves all the scattering parameters of
the designed MIMO to show their effects on the correlation
coefficient (q). For the good diversity behavior the value of
ECC must be <0.5 for mobile applications.
A comparison between the simulated and measured
values of ECC has been shown in Figure 10. The simulated
values of ECC are in the range of 0.01 for the proposed

FIGURE 9 Far-field MIMO antenna gain

6 of 9 | MALVIYA
FIGURE 10 ECC of proposed MIMO antenna
MIMO antenna. While, measured values are slightly different
from the simulated values. Very low values of ECCs in
simulated and measured bands are one of the advantages of
the proposed design. These values are very close, therefore,
seems to be constant over the bands. All the measured ECCs
are based on the S parameters measured using VNA. The
second method of ECC measurement is based on the far-
field measurement in an Anechoic chamber,18 which leads
to the same results, as plotted in Figure 10. Very less differ-
ence between the measured and simulated values of ECC
shows the suitability of the antenna for WLAN/WiMAX
applications.
The total active reflection coefficient (TARC)19,20
involves random signals and their phase angles for diagonal/
adjacent ports. The actual behavior of the S parameters for
particular phase angle(s) can be verified using TARC.
A comparison of the different excitation angles at the
two ports has been shown in Figure 11. The proposed
MIMO antenna with 08, 908 of phase combinations of excita-
tion signals, shows the resemblance with the measured S11
FIGURE 11 TARC of proposed MIMO
ET AL.
FIGURE 12 Equivalent circuit model of proposed MIMO
parameter (black curve). For the other values of phase
angles, deviation from the actual shape of S11 parameter has
been observable. More than 280 MHz of 210 dB TARC
bandwidth has been observed in both the bands.
Similarly, the resonance/tuning property of the proposed
MIMO has been carried out with advanced system design
(ADS)-2016 tool with its equivalent circuit. The microstrip
line, patch, and isolation parameter are modeled in terms of
the combination of an inductor (L) and capacitor (C) for 50
X ports. The CST simulator has the facility of extracting
these parameters at the resonant frequency. Similarly, due to
the basic definitions of the inductor and capacitor, metallic
and nonmetallic areas, overlapping areas, and separation
between them have been calculated and the equivalent com-
ponents of the antenna are formed. The resonant peak has
been represented by the combination of L1 and C1 compo-
nents. The effects of S11 and S12 are shown as a combination
of L and C, as given in Figure 12. The simulated response of
the equivalent circuit using ADS is compared with CST
simulated response in Figure 13. The values of the circuit
parameters are given as L1 5 0.816 nH, C1 5 5.24 pf,
L2 5 5.98 nH, C2 5 0.6 pf, L3 5 3.98 nH, and C3 5 0.46 pf.
Each of the port is represented by 50 X resistance. From the
equivalent circuit response, it has been observed that the
CST-simulated and circuit-simulated responses have very
small differences.
The far-field characteristics of the proposed design with
the radiation pattern explore the field of orientation and range
of the antenna. From Figures 14 and 15, it has been observed
FIGURE 13 S parameters of CST and ADS equivalent circuit
MALVIYA ET AL.
| 7 of 9

FIGURE 14 E- and H-field radiation patterns at 2.43 GHz

FIGURE 15 E- and H-field radiation patterns at 3.52 GHz

that the proposed MIMO exhibits wide field patterns. The
main lobe directions of E field radiation patterns for two
ports are 2058 and 1558. The beam widths of each port in E
field patterns are 277.98. Similarly, the main lobe directions
of H field radiation patterns for two ports are 2058 and
1558. The beam widths of each port in H field patterns are
277.98.
A comparison of the proposed work with the earlier
reported works is carried out in Table 2. It has been observed
that the proposed four-element MIMO with pentagon-shaped

T A BL E 2 Comparison of proposed work with considered references

Ref. No. Frequency\bands No. of elements Size (mm2) Isolation (dB) ECC Gain
22
2
2.45 4 105 3 55 >10 <10 2.15
3
2.65 3 120 3 90 >20 <0.4 2.8
6
2.4 2 100 3 100 >40 —— 3.4
7
2.4 2 60 3 90 >29 <0.2 ——
8
2.4 2 50 3 50 —— —— ——
13
2.43-2.54 2 60 3 57 >30 <1023 2.57 (peak)
15
2.4 4 110 3 60 >11 <0.3 3.12 (peak)
18
2.45 2 100 3 150 >15 <1023 20.7

Present work 2.24-2.64, 3.41-3.69 4 65.3 3 65.3 >12.4 1022 >2.6

8 of 9 | MALVIYA
patches and T-shaped isolator has its excellence in terms of
size, isolation, ECC, and gain, among considered references.
4 | CONCLUSION
The proposed MIMO with pentagonal shaped patches with
T-shaped isolator, and with polarization diversity effects has
been presented for 2.4/2.5/3.5 GHz WLAN/WiMAX appli-
cations. The proposed MIMO exhibits more than 2.6 dBi of
gain in the both the frequency bands, and has more than 12.4
dB of isolation at ports. The effect of equivalent circuit mod-
eling has explored its tunable property. The TARC exhibited
the resemblance of scattering parameter for 08, 908 phase
angles. The decorrelation property of antenna has been
exhibited by the ECC, and has very less value than the limit
set by international telecommunication union (ITU).
O R CI D
Leeladhar Malviya http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7342-4766
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AU TH O R BI O GR A PH IE S
LEELADHAR MALVIYA received his PhD
from IIT Roorkee, India in 2017. He
received his ME in Electronics and Tele-
communication Engineering from Shri
G. S. Institute of Technology and Sci-
ence, Indore (MP), India, in 2008, and
BE in Electronics and Communication,
from the Govt. Engineering College, Ujjain (MP), India, in
1998. Since 2001, he has been with Shri G. S. Institute of
Technology and Science, Indore (MP), India, and serving as
an Assistant Professor (Selection level). His current research
interests include compact multiple-input-multiple-output
(MIMO) antennas for high data rate communications for 4G
and 5G, planar microstrip antennas, fractal antennas, and
metamaterial antennas for communication. He is a Member
of IEEE, Institution of Electronics and Telecommunications
Engineers (IETE, India) Institution of Engineers (IE, India),
and Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE).
MALVIYA ET AL.
M. V. KARTIKEYAN received his MSc
and PhD in Physics and Electronics
Engineering from Banaras Hindu Uni-
versity, Varanasi, India, in 1985 and
1992, respectively. He was a Research
Scientist with the Central Electronics
Engineering Research Institute, Pilani,
India, from 1989 to 2001. He was with KIT, Karlsruhe, Ger-
many (1996, 1998-2000, 2001-2003; and during summers in
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012). He joined
the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering,
IIT, Roorkee, India, as an Associate Professor, in 2003, and
elevated to Full-Professor in 2009. He is the principal author
of four books. His current research interests include milli-
meter/THz wave engineering (electron cyclotron masers, high
power devices, and components), metamaterials and fractals,
planar microstrip antennas and filters, MICs, and RF and
microwave design with soft computing techniques. Prof. Kar-
tikeyan is a Senior Member of IEEE, Fellow of the IET
(UK), Institution of Electronics and Telecommunications
Engineers (India), Institution of Engineers (India), and Vac-
uum Electronic Devices and Applications Society (India).
| 9 of 9
RAJIB KUMAR PANIGRAHI has obtained
his PhD from IIT Guwahati, India in
2011. He has received his MTech from
CUSAT, Kerala and BE in Electronics
and Communication from Bangalore
University (Now VTU), India. Since
2012, he has been with IIT Roorkee,
India, where he is currently serving as an Assistant Professor
in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engi-
neering. His current research focuses on radar signal process-
ing, radar-based remote sensing, target detection, and
denoising, segmentation, and classification of polarimetric
SAR images.
How to cite this article: Malviya L, Kartikeyan MV,
Panigrahi RK. Offset planar MIMO antenna for omni-
directional radiation patterns. Int J RF Microw Comput
Aided Eng. 2018;e21274. https://doi.org/10.1002/
mmce.21274