Morphology

Group 4
 Morpheme

Morphology studies the relationship between

morphemes, referring to the smallest
meaningful unit in a word, and how these
units can be arranged to create new words or
new forms of the same word.
FREE MORPHEME

a standalone word that can

convey meaning on its own.
ex: book, walk
 Free Morpheme

LEXICAL FUNCTIONAL

These morphemes carry the These morphemes serve a

core meaning or content in a grammatical or functional role
word. in a sentence.
•nouns •preposition
•verbs •conjuction
•adjectives •article
adverbs •grammatical inflection
 BOUND MORPHEME

a unit of meaning that cannot

stand alone but must be attached
to a free morpheme.
ex: -s in the word books to
indicate plurality
 ROOT STEM BASE

The root is the core or The stem is a more inclusive

A broader term that can
main part of a word that term that can include the
root along with other refer to any part of a
carries its fundamental
meaning. It is the morphemes.It's the part of a word to which affixes are
foundation upon which word to which additional added, including both
affixes (prefixes or suffixes)
words are built. roots and stems.
Example: In the word can be attached.
Example: In the word
"unhappiness," "happy" is
the root, representing the Example: In the word "unhappiness," "unhappi-
basic meaning related to "happily," "happi-" is the " is the base, consisting of
joy. stem, encompassing the root the prefix "un-" and the
"happy" and the suffix "-ly"
stem "happi-."
indicating manner.
 word formation

Regarded as the branch of morphology.

Forming new words with the outfits same
root by deploying/applying new processes or
rules. (Adding affixes, etc.)
 1. Compounding

Compounding is a word formation

process in which two or more words
are combined to create a new word
with a new meaning.
 2. Blending
Blending is a word formation process
in which two or more words are
combined to create a new word that
merges the sounds and meanings of
the original words.
 3. Clipping
Clipping is when we deduct or
remove segments from an
existing word to create new
words or create synonyms.
 4.Conversion

Changing the grammatical

category of a word without
adding any affixes
 4. Back-formation

Creating a new word by

removing an affix from an
existing word
 6.Affixation

Affixation is a process of
adding suffixes or prefixes
 Affixation
processes
1. Personal Affixes: these are used to create a
noun referring to people by by adding suffix
– er or suffix –ee and -or.
(e.g. teacher, employee, actor)
 Affixation processes
2. Negative and Privative Affixes: used to
convey the notion "not" and to communicate
something that is not desired.
e.g. un- (unhappy), in- (inactive), and - less
(hopeless).
 Affixation processes
Negative Affixes and Privative Affixes
un- a-/an-
dis- non-
anti- in-/im-/il-/ir-
de-
 Affixation processes
3. Prepositional and Relational Affixes:
used to represent space or time.
e.g. over- (overfill) and out- (outhouse)
 Affixation processes
Prepositional Affixes and Relational
Affixes
fore- co-
under- con-
over- syn-
sub-
 Affixation processes
4. Quantitative Affixes: used to indicate the
amount of something to do.
e.g. –ful (handful), re- (reread), and multi-
(multilingual)
 Affixation processes
5. Evaluative Affixes:
a. diminution - to create the smaller version of
the root.
e.g. Micro-, mini-, nano-, pico-, -ette, -let, -
ling, and –y
 Affixation processes
5. Evaluative Affixes:
b. augmentation - to create the bigger version
of the root.
e.g. Hyper-, mega-, uber-, ultra-, and tera-
 Affixation processes
Evaluative Affixes
1. -ish
6. -able / -ible
2. -y
7. -ive
3. -ful
8. -ous
4. -less
5. -ic
 InFLECTION
An inflectional morpheme is a suffix that’s
added to a word (Noun, Verb, Adjective, or
an Adverb) to assign a particular grammatical
property to a word such as its tense, number,
possession, or comparison.
 InFLECTION
Noun : -s (Plural nouns)
Possessive Nouns : -’s, -s’ (Possession)
Possessive Pronouns: -s (Possession)
Verb : -s/-es,-ing,-ed (Present, Past,
Continuous Tenses)
Adjectives : -er, -est (Comparative and
Superlative)
 InFLECTION
Singular Nouns Plural Nouns (-s)
Apple Apples
Hotel Hotels
Lion Lions
Kid Kids
 InFLECTION
Possessive Nouns
1. Ball of Jimbo 1. Jimbo’s ball
2. Song of Isabel 2. Isabel’s song
3. Puppy of Mira 3. Mira’s puppy
4. Uniform of the boys 4. The boys’ uniforms
5. Feathers of swans 5. Swans’ feathers
 InFLECTION
Possessive Pronouns
1. it 1. its
2. her 2. hers
3. our 3. ours
4. their 4. theirs
5. your 5. yours
 InFLECTION

Root form of Simple Present Simple Past Present

the Verb (-s) (-ed) Continuous(-ing)
1. Walk 1. Walks 1. Walked 1. Walking
2. Shout 2. Shouts 2. Shouted 2. Shouting
3. Jump 3. Jumps 3. Jumped 3. Jumping
 InFLECTION

Root form of Comparative Superlative

Adjectives (-er) (-est)
1. Slow 1. Slower 1. Slowest
2. Clean 2. Cleaner 2. Cleanest
3. High 3. Higher 3. Highest
 DERIVATION

Derivation as the most common

word formation process, builds
new word by adding prefix and
suffix.
types of derivation

1. Noun Formation
2. Verb Formation
3. Adjective Formation
4. Adverb Formation
 Noun formation
Ex. Prefixes
1. market (noun) + super- =
supermarket (noun)
2. biography (noun) + auto- =
autobiography (noun)
 Noun formation
Ex. Suffixes

3. entertain (verb) + -ment =

entertainment (noun)
4. teach (verb) + -er = teacher(noun)
5. slow (adj.) + -ness = slowness ( noun)
 verb formation
Ex. Prefixes
1. cover (verb) + un- = uncover
(verb)
2. build (verb) + re- = rebuild
(verb)
 verb formation
Ex. Suffixes
3. modern (adj.) + -ize =
modernize (verb)
4. black (adj.) + -en =
blacken(verb)
 adjectives formation
Ex. Prefixes

1. loyal (adj.) + dis- = disloyal

(adj.)
2. comfortable (verb) + re- =
rebuild (adj.)
 adjective formation
Ex. Suffixes

3. dance (verb) + -ing = dancing

(adj.)
4. hope (noun) + -ful = hopeful
(adj.)
 adverb formation

Prefix a- means “not”

1. apolitical (not interested in political
discussion)
2. amoral (unconcerned with the rightness
or wrongness of something)
 adverb formation
Suffix -ly, -ward, -wise, -ways
3. quick (adj.) + -ly = quickly (adv.)
4. personal (adj.) + -ly = personally
(adv.)
5. happy (adj.) + -ly = happily (adv.)
Thank
You