Review of Hydrogen Technologies Based Microgrid Energy Management Systems, Challenges and Future Recommendations

international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
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Review Article
Review of hydrogen technologies based microgrid:

Energy management systems, challenges and
future recommendations
Long Phan Van a, Kien Do Chi a, Tuyen Nguyen Duc a,b,*

a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shibaura Insitute of Technology, Tokyo, 135-8548, Japan
highlights
Reviewed current energy management techniques in hydrogen-based microgrids.

Discuss the challenges and future of the energy management system research topic.
Survey experimental platforms, including simulation software and practical systems.
article info abstract
Article history: With the significant development of renewable energy sources in recent years, integrating
Received 8 November 2022 energy storage systems within a renewable energy microgrid is getting more attention as a
Received in revised form promising future hybrid energy system configuration. Recently, hydrogen systems are
24 December 2022 being considered a promising energy storage option that utilised electrolysers to produce
Accepted 29 December 2022 and store hydrogen when energy is surplus and re-supply it into microgrids using fuel cells
Available online xxx in energy shortage scenarios. To control the energy flow within such hybrid energy sys-
tems, designing an energy management system should be considered a critical task, that
Keywords: allows the technical and economic optimal operation of microgrids. This study presents a
Hybrid renewable energy system comprehensive review and analysis of different energy management systems for hydrogen
Hydrogen technologies technologies-based microgrids, including the strategies’ objectives, constraints and tech-
Microgrid niques as well as the optimisation methods and simulation tools. In addition, an insightful
Energy management system discussion of the existing challenges and suggestions for the future research direction has
been given.
© 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Background and motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Literature review on previous surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
* Corresponding author.Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Viet Nam
E-mail address: tuyen.nguyenduc@hust.edu.vn (T.N. Duc).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.345
0360-3199/© 2022 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: Van LP et al., Review of hydrogen technologies based microgrid: Energy management systems, challenges and
future recommendations, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.345
2 international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Microgrid architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Energy management system in microgrids with hydrogen technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Objectives and constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Optimisation methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Energy management system techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Fuzzy logic control approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Model predictive control approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithm approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Stochastic and robust programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Hybrid approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Other approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
evaluation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Critical findings and future recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Current energy management techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Existing challenges and future of energy management system research topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Declaration of competing interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00
Nomenclature HT Hydrogen Tank

LCOE Levelised Cost of Energy
ACO Ant Colony optimisation
LoH Level of Hydrogen
ACS Annualized cost of the system
LPSP Loss of Power Supply Probability
AMPC Adaptive Model Predictive Control
MBO Mine Blast optimisation
ANN Artificial Neural Network
MG Microgrid
BATT Battery
MILP Mixed Integer Linear Programming
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
MPC Model Predictive Control
CCMPC Chance-constrained MPC
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
CHP Combined Heat and Power
MSMPC Multi-scenario Model Predictive Control
DER Distributed Energy Resources
NSGA-II Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm
DG Diesel Generator
OPEX Operational Expenditure
DP Dynamic Programming
PEE Percentage of Excess Energy
DR Demand Response
PEM Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
ECMS Equivalent Consumption Minimisation Strategy
PID Proportional Integral Derivative
EEMS External Energy Maximisation Strategy
PO Political Optimiser
EL Electrolyser
PPA Parasitism Predation algorithm
EMPC Economic Model Predictive Control
PSO Particle Swarm optimisation
EMS Energy Management System
PV Photovoltaic
EV Electric Vehicle
RES Renewable Energy Source
FC Fuel Cell
REVB Retired Electric Vehicle Battery
FCEV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
RO Robust Optimisation
FLC Fuzzy Logic Control
SMC State Machine Control
FPA Flower Pollination optimisation
SMPC Stochastic Model Predictive Control
GA Genetic Algorithm
SOC State of Charge
GHG Greenhouse Gas
SSA Salp Swarm Algorithm
GOA Grasshopper optimisation Algorithm
TBMPC Tree-based Model Predictive Control
GWO Grey Wolf optimisation
WT Wind Turbine
HB Hysteresis band
PLC Program Logic Controller
HESS Hybrid Energy Storage System
international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx 3
However, the integration of hydrogen technologies into

Introduction power systems raises several problems and requires a more
complex energy management system to control the energy
Background and motivation flow within the system while also achieving other technical
and economic objectives. Various studies have been carried
Electricity demand has become one of the basic needs of the out to develop different energy management systems using
modern world and is continuing to have a strong upward available techniques, with the very first articles on this
trend globally. Currently, the resources used to supply research direction starting back in the early 1990s, mainly
households, offices, workshops and factories largely come aimed at identifying the potential of seasonal long-term
from fossil fuel sources, which adversely impact the envi- hydrogen storage systems in stand-alone renewable energy
ronment and contribute to accelerating global warming. Ac- applications [3e6].
cording to the International Energy Agency, the global share of
fossil fuels in electricity generation is 62% in 2021 [1]. To Literature review on previous surveys
reduce emissions in the energy industry, renewable energy
technologies, such as wind and solar power plants, are widely In recent years, with the dramatic increase in the number of
applied around the globe, with the total capacity reaching technical papers on this research topic, several review studies
3064 GW in 2021 (Fig. 1) [2]. Renewable energy plants are able related to energy management approaches in hydrogen
to generate environmentally friendly energy that produces no storage-based microgrids have been carried out. In 2017,
greenhouse gas emissions and reduces dependency on fossil Eriksson and Grey conducted a critical review on the topic of
fuel sources. However, due to the stochastic behavior of these optimisation and integration of hydrogen energy technology
energy sources, operating a high renewable energy penetra- into hybrid renewable energy systems in [7]. This study also
tion power system could raise some problems, such as discussed the application of hydrogen in grids and microgrids,
decreasing the power system reliability as well as increasing sizing methods and energy management systems as well as
its investment costs. the optimisation algorithms and modelling/computation
To limit these disadvantages, the integration of energy software used in different articles. The optimisation objec-
storage devices into high renewable energy penetration power tives, including technical, economic, and environmental and
systems is considered a reasonable option. For small and socio-political objectives, are also defined and evaluated. A
medium-scale power systems, short-term storage systems year later, in reference [8], energy management systems for
such as batteries and supercapacitors are often used for en- hydrogen-based renewable energy systems are reviewed. The
ergy storage due to their fast dynamic response. Whereas for article discussed the most common configurations of
large-scale power systems, energy storage systems that are hydrogen-based renewable energy systems as well as the
capable of storing large amounts of energy over an extended main techno-economic criteria for designing a control system
period of time are often utilised, such as pumped-storage for those systems. The objectives (both technical and
hydroelectricity plants or hydrogen storage systems. While economical) and constraints of the reviewed EMS are also
the installation of pumped-storage hydroelectricity plants presented. Reference [9] also illustrates the control system for
depends significantly on the surrounding terrain and electric-hydrogen hybrid storage-based microgrids, however,
geographic location, hydrogen energy storage systems are only DC microgrids are evaluated. In this paper, the control
much more flexible when they don't rely too much on their strategies are divided and evaluated into five categories,
surroundings. In addition, hydrogen produced from the power which are the static, dynamic and start-stop characteristics of
plants within the energy systems can also be applied to other the HESS as well as the power allocation and efficiency opti-
sectors, such as steel production, transportation, fertiliser misation of HESS. In 2022, Khan et al. presented a review on
production, chemical production, heating, etc., which play an optimisation strategies, current research trends and future
important role in achieving net-zero emissions targets in scope for hybrid renewable energy systems that integrate
those sectors. hydrogen technologies as well as the present challenges and
opportunities [10]. Other studies published from 2016 to 2021
also provide an overview of energy management systems for
microgrids. The referred articles in Refs. [11e14] provide state-
of-the-art overviews of the energy management system's ob-
jectives, constraints, optimisation approaches, control tech-
niques and future trends. The reviewed techniques include
the model predictive control, heuristic and metaheuristic ap-
proaches, multi-agent systems approach, artificial intelligent
approach and classical approaches that include linear and
nonlinear programming, dynamic programming, stochastic
and robust programming, etc.
In general, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, all review
articles up to this point have focused mainly on describing the
energy management systems control objectives, constraints,
Fig. 1 e The growth of renewable energy capacity over the simulated tools and techniques, without mentioning too
years [2].
much the existing challenges and future recommendations storage systems (hydrogen, batteries, etc) and loads (electrical
for integrating hydrogen technologies into energy systems. and thermal), as show in Fig. 2. A microgrid has its own control
capability, which allows it to connect or disconnect from the
Contributions main grid and work in the grid-connected or standalone/island
mode. The disconnection might happen accidently when faults
Learning from previous publications as well as the afore- occur in the main grid or intentionally based on the attention of
mentioned trend of development in the energy industry, our the microgrid operator. It should be noted that in standalone
study aims to conduct a comprehensive review and analysis mode, the MG needs to generate, transmit and consume energy
on the topic of hydrogen storage-based microgrids, which on its own without the help of the main grid, which acts as an
evaluates the energy management systems as well as their extra source or load when energy insufficient happens in the
challenges and future prospects. The main contributions of microgrid. This makes the island mode even more crucial for
this paper are. the microgrid operator to ensure energy balance at all times.
However, with the integration of energy storage systems, such
Presents a comprehensive review on the topic of energy as hydrogen, batteries and supercapacitors, the reliability and
management systems in hydrogen technologies-based efficiency of the system can be increased.
microgrids, which includes the EMS objectives, con- Besides classification based on operation mode (grid-con-
straints, optimisation algorithms and control techniques nected or stand-alone), microgrids are also classified based on
as well as the contributions of the reviewed studies their supervisory controller (centralised or decentralised),
Critical discusses the existing challenges and future rec- phases (single phase or three phases), power types (AC or DC
ommendations for energy management systems for microgrid) and integrated elements (power sources, energy
hydrogen technologies-based microgrids storage systems and demands). Microgrid integrated elements
Thoroughly survey experimental platforms of past studies, of the reviewed studies have been obtained and presented in
including optimisation/simulation software and lab prac- Table 1. In this table, the common power sources used in
tical systems reviewed studies are shown, which include PV panels (PV),
wind turbines (WT), diesel generators (DG) and combined heat
This paper is organised as follows: Section 2 presents the and power (CHP). The frequently used energy storage systems
configurations of the reviewed hydrogen storage-based MG, are also displayed, including batteries (BATT), supercapacitors
including the integrated elements within the system. Section (SC) and hydrogen storage system that consists of fuel cells
3 introduces different energy management systems from (FC), electrolysers (EL) and hydrogen storage tanks (HT).
reviewed studies, including their objectives, constraints,
optimisation algorithms and control techniques. Section 4
discusses the current challenges and future recommenda- Energy management system in microgrids with
tions, while section 5 concludes the whole article. hydrogen technologies
To be able to integrate elements such as PV systems, wind

Microgrid architecture farms, energy storage systems and loads and still be able to
operate safely and achieve other targets, the presence of an
A microgrid is defined as a local energy grid that consists of energy management system is a must. An energy management
distributed generators (PV panels, wind turbines, etc), energy system will help balance the energy produced and consumed
Fig. 2 e Considering microgrid sstructure.
Table 1 e Integrated elements in the reviewed microgrids.

Ref PV WT DG CHP FC HT EL BATT SC
[15e27] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[28e32] ✓ ✓ ✓
[33e39] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[40e46] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[47,48] ✓ ✓ ✓
[49,50] ✓ ✓ ✓
[51,52] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[53,54] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[55,56] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[57,58] ✓ ✓ ✓
[59,60] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[61,62] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[63,64] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[65] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[66] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[67] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[68] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[69] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[70] ✓ ✓ ✓
[71] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[72] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[73] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[74] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[75] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[76] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
[77] ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
in the system, increase equipment lifespan, reduce operating fundamental decision in the EMS design process. An EMS can
costs and optimise the system in many aspects. Usually, the have one or many objectives, including technical-based, eco-
energy management system design process begins by deter- nomic-based and environmental-based objectives.
mining the objectives of the EMS, including technical, eco- Besides the control objectives, to design an optimal EMS,
nomic and environmental objectives and establishing the system constraints also need to be included. In reality, every
constraints of the controlled energy system in the EMS, such as part of the microgrid has its constraints, such as energy
energy storage constraints, power capacity constraints, storage constraints, capacity constraints, transmission con-
transmission constraints, etc. After identifying the EMS constraints, and energy balance. So it is important to consider
trol objectives and the energy system constraints, techniques these boundaries and select suitable values instead of taking
are selected to design the EMS, including both classical and arbitrary ones. Common constraints applied to the design of
modern techniques such as Fuzzy logic control, Model pre- hydrogen storage-based microgrid energy management sys-
dictive control, Heuristic and Metaheuristics algorithms, etc. tems in the reviewed papers are operating power (e.g.
After designing an EMS with basic components including ob- maximum and minimum operating power of PV panels, wind
jectives, constraints and control techniques, the proposed EMS turbines, batteries, fuel cell, electrolyser), storage system
will be incorporated into the simulation model of the energy characteristics (e.g. maximum and minimum state of charge
system and evaluated through the set criteria. Based on the of battery and hydrogen storage tank, hydrogen storage tank
evaluation results from these indicators, the EMS will be pressure), electric price (e.g. electric sale price and purchase
modified and redesigned to meet the operating conditions. price from the grid), etc.
This section introduces a comprehensive presentation of
the elements that make up an energy management system Optimisation methods
including objectives, constraints, evaluation parameters, and
commonly used techniques in recent research. In addition, a Optimisation can be understood as giving the optimal solution
step-by-step on how to design an energy management system to solve a problem based on a given set of objectives and con-
for microgrids is presented in Fig. 3. straints. In the case of the energy system, optimisation is the
process of utilising different energy resources in both technical
Objectives and constraints and economic aspects. The most common optimisation targets
of the reviewed articles are the energy system optimal sizing
For any microgrid, there will be more than one acceptable and the maximum power generated by renewable energy
control technique for the energy management system. To sources. These optimisation objectives are also the simplest
decide which EMS is most suitable for the proposed microgrid, level of optimisation. A more complicated optimisation level is
system operators need to know their control objectives. It can system configuration optimisation (e.g. electricity grid rela-
be said that the construction of EMS objectives is a critical and tionship and bus type), which is present in [42].
Fig. 3 e Overview the designing process of a microgrid energy management system.
Energy management system techniques energy. A simulation was carried out and the results verified
that the EMS guarantees the residential-type demand while
Different techniques have been carried out by different re- prolonging the lifespan of systems that suffer higher degra-
searchers to solve the problem of optimise energy manage- dation by using them conservatively. Regarding economic
ment in microgrids. Fig. 4 summarised the reviewed criteria, the developed fuzzy logic-based EMS saves up to 630
techniques, including fuzzy logic control, model predictive per year on the electricity bill. in [72], a multiple optimised
control, heuristic algorithms, metaheuristic algorithms, sto- FLC-based EMS is demonstrated by Zahedi and Ardehali,
chastic and robust programming and others. A critical review which aims to minimise the operation and maintenance costs
of these techniques as well as their objectives and contribu- and the loss of power supply probability. Furthermore, fuzzy
tions, is presented in the following subsections. rules are optimised by a search method and the particle
swarm optimisation algorithm is used for the optimisation of
Fuzzy logic control approach the corresponding membership functions. The results show
Fuzzy logic control is a well-known artificial intelligence based that by employing multiple FLC, the EMS obtains an increase
control technique that is used to solve complex problems in the highest participation rate by supercapacitor for load
according to the authors’ knowledge about the problems. The peak from 10.05 to 23.63% and hydrogen storage from 24 to
main role of the functionary is to set up decision-based rules 98% at the end of one week of operation while reducing the
by analyzing the system behavior and the linguistic input average current by 56% and increasing the average state of
variables within the framework of the system. The inputs charge from 70% to 87% for the battery stack. Ramadhani et al.
provided to the FLC have to pass through three basic stages of developed a two-stage FLC-based EMS for a polygeneration
fuzzification, decision-making stage and defuzzification system that aims to reduce power loss and increase the reli-
before generating the output [78]. However, this method re- ability of the system, enhancing the performance of the en-
quires many parameters to be adjusted to work effectively, is ergy sources and increasing the energy savings and cost
very sensitive to the initial assumption of parameters and its savings of the system in [15] by optimizing the output power in
computing takes a long time. As a result, many authors pro- the first level and controlling the system based on the data
pose their EMS with various kinds of improved FLC in recent acquired from the first level through several operating points.
research. Fig. 5 shown the overview diagram of fuzzy logic A simulation is carried out and shows the superiority of the
control based energy management system. Table 2 summar- proposed system in terms of increasing reliability (22.05%),
ised the control objectives, contributions, used platform and energy (22.4%) and reducing system cost (32.58%) as well as
proposed fuzzy logic control based techniques of reviewed the polygeneration system power loss (48.82%). In [73], an
articles. improved energy management system based on a Program
In [15,24,72], authors adopted multiple FLC to manage their Logic Controller, fuzzy logic control and demand response
MG. In [24], two fuzzy logic controllers are used to ensure the program is introduced, aiming to reduce peak demand,
power balance, increase devices lifespan, reduce the amount minimise system costs and ensure energy balance within the
of electricity purchased from the main power grid and system. The authors also built a laboratory-scale stand-alone
improve the trade and profitability of the sale and purchase of hybrid microgrid to evaluate the performance of the proposed
Fig. 4 e Review energy management technique classification.
Fig. 5 e Fuzzy logic control diagram.
EMS. Based on the obtained results, the microgrid with the Sedaghati et al. proposed a hybrid EMS based on adaptive
integration of a demand response program and hydrogen fractional fuzzy logic control and sliding mode control for a
technologies is shown to have the lowest total operation cost grid-connected renewable energy-based MG. The uncertain
compared with cases where only a demand response program parameters in the MG with the fractional order can be
or hydrogen technologies or none of the two is applied. approached accurately by using the adaptive law-based fuzzy
An improvement in the execution of the EMS is proven by system. In [16], a fuzzy-barrier sliding mode control-based
using FLC and another control method simultaneously. By EMS is proposed by Zehra et al. The proposed method em-
utilising both FLC and sliding mode control in their systems, ploys a master-slave control architecture, which consists of a
the authors in Refs. [16,58] proposed their EMS, which has the master level that determines the reference power for the
main objective of power distribution among the power sour- electrolyser, fuel cell and energy storage and a slave level that
ces and power balance between generation and load. In [58], regulates the state currents to their desired references for the
8
Table 2 e Critical analysis of Fuzzy logic control based EMSs.

Ref Objectives Proposed Contribution Platform
Technique
[24] Power balance Two stage FLC Proposed a multi-objective two-stage FLC based EMS for a microgrid Matlab
Increase devices lifespan with both battery and hydrogen storage systems. The introduced EMS
international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Increase system profit aims to optimise both technical and economical aspects of the MG.
[72] Minimise operational cost Multi-optimised Proposed a FLC-EMS that has its rule bases and membership function e
Increase system reliability FLC optimised. The proposed EMS aims to decrease the operation cost and
increase reliability of a microgrid with three different storage systems.
[15] Electrical and thermal Two-stage FLC Proposed a two-stage fuzzy technique that optimises output power in e
balance the first level and regulates optimised operating power points in the
Increase system reliability second level, which helps reducing a huge deviation between energy
Minimise system cost demand and component operating point.
Minimise CO2 emissions
[58] Regulate real and reactive Adaptive fractional Proposed an adaptive fractional fuzzy sliding mode control system to Matlab
powers fuzzy sliding achieve a better load-sharing between energy sources.
Increase system stability mode control
[16] Power balance Two-stage FLC Proposed a two-stage EMS with FLC as master layer, which generate Matlab
Increase system performance references for the slave layer that is based on sliding model control.
The proposed EMS aimed to maintain the output powers of the storage
units at their respective references.
[48] Fuel economy enhancement Optimised FLC Proposed a FLC-EMS for a hybrid storage system based electric vehicle ADVISOR
Increase vehicle performance to enhance fuel economy and vehicle performance. The FLC parameters Matlab
Optimal energy distribution are also further optimised using genetic algorithm.
[28] Enhance power saving Optimised FLC Proposed an optimised FLC based EMS for a grid connected microgrid, RT-Lab
aiming to enhance the system energy saving. Eight metaheuristic DSpace
algorithms were tested as optimiser for the FLC based EMS.
[57] Power balance Improved DP-FLC Proposed a FLC based EMS that can assign the low-frequency power Matlab
Minimise H2 consumption demand to the fuel cell and battery, while the high-frequency power
Stabilise output power is absorbed/supplied by the supercapacitor. The FLC rules and
membership functions were also optimised using dynamic programming.
[31] Stabilise system voltage Type 3 FLC Proposed a novel online optimised type 3 FLC based EMS that aims to e
Increase system performance stabilise the system voltage and increase system performance.
[73] Power balance FLC Proposed an improved energy management system based on a PLC, Actual
Minimise system cost FLC and demand response program. A laboratory-scale experimental system
Reduce peak demand microgrid is built to validate the performance of the proposed EMS.
load generation. A fuzzy logic-based power management

system has been presented to act as a master level. A simu-
lation was conducted and the results show that the storage
unit output powers are tracked to their target references in a
smooth and quick manner. Furthermore, the experimental
results demonstrated the proposed scheme's hardware
viability under varied load demands.
By optimizing the fuzzy membership with heuristic and
meta-heuristic algorithms, the FLC can be used without prior
knowledge or expert experience. As a result, many authors
propose their EMS based on FLC, which is optimised by heu-
ristic and meta-heuristic algorithms. Ahmadi et al. [48]
demonstrated an EMS that aims to optimise the fuel economy
and performance of a fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicle. The EMS Fig. 6 e Model predictive control diagram.
is based on FLC, with its fuzzy membership optimised by
Genetic Algorithm. According to the authors, multiple objec-
tives such as fuel economy enhancement, vehicle perfor- proposed model predictive control based approaches of
mance improvement, battery charge-sustaining capability reviewed articles.
and optimal energy distribution can be achieved. In 2022, a Utilising the actual lab-scale microgrid system, which
comprehensive comparative study for an optimal intelligent consists of electronic renewable sources, a hydrogen storage
EMS was carried out by Fathy et al. [28]. After testing eight system with a metal hydride storage, an electrolyser, a fuel
meta-heuristic algorithms to optimise the membership func- cell and a battery storage system, the authors in Refs.
tion for the adaptive fuzzy control, the obtained results prove [34e37,39,65] have proposed their version of the model pre-
the political optimiser superiority over the other optimisers, dictive control-based energy management system as well as
where the obtained power saving using PO was 7.7% with a the comparison and evaluation with other approaches. A two-
tracking efficiency of 99.571%. level model predictive control approach has been chosen by
Another way to optimise the FLC is to change its rules. A Petrollese et al., Zafra-Cabeza et al. and Mendes et al. in Refs.
fuzzy-based EMS is published by Zhao [57], which aims to [34,35,65] respectively, which aims to minimise system costs.
achieve output power optimal distribution and online control. In [65], the first layer is based on optimal generation sched-
The FLC is improved based on dynamic programming com- uling, while the second layer is based on the conventional
bined with wavelet analysis and PI control. After comparing model predictive control approach. The study aims to achieve
the hydrogen consumption, battery SOC and fuel cell output both long-term and short-term system operating and plan-
power obtained under the fuzzy control system to the DP ning while maximising the equipment's lifespan as well as
control system, the system will decide on whether to change minimising the system's costs. The experimental results have
the fuzzy rule. By employing the improved FLC, the fuelcell proven the ability to increase the system's performance of the
outputs high and stable power, satisfying the ship's power proposed EMS, including the ability to reduce the system's
demand even under extreme conditions. Moreover, it is also operating cost and maintain the spinning reserve in the bat-
verified that the improved FLC helps reduce 14.39% hydrogen tery. Unlike the optimal generation scheduling approach in
consumption and keeps the battery SOC stable. the first layer in [65], Zafra-Cabeza proposed a risk-based
Aside from enhancing the type-1 FLC, a different method is model predictive control to identify and mitigate different
using a high-order fuzzy system. Compared to type-1 FLC risks in [34]. The risk-identifying step includes risks related to
presented in the previous articles, high-order fuzzy systems the PV system, fuel cell, battery and weather conditions. Based
such as type-2 FLC and type-3 FLC are more effective in un- on the experimental results, by implementing the risk-based
certain conditions. In [31], a type-3 FLC-based EMS is intro- EMS with risk mitigation, the system witnesses a decrease in
duced by Nabipour et al. for power and voltage management. costs compared with the EMS with no risk mitigation. In [35],
After being evaluated under various challenging conditions instead of the conventional off-grid lab-scale microgrid, the
such as unknown dynamics, variable temperature and irra- system is now connected to the utility grid and a charging
diation and abrupt changes in output load, it is verified that station for electric vehicles. The system introduced is based
excellent regulation performance is obtained and the on a two-level model predictive control approach, with the
designed scheme performs better than traditional regulators. first level focusing on the system's stability and power regu-
lation between elements in the microgrid, while the second
Model predictive control approach level's role is to optimise the economic aspect by managing
Model predictive control refers to a class of complex control the electricity purchased and sold to the utility grid and the
techniques that use a process model to forecast the behavior charge performance of parked EVs. The proposed EMS has
of the controlled system in the future, which is suitable for been tested in different weather conditions (sunny and
high renewable energy penetration microgrids with stochastic cloudy) and has been proven to be able to provide satisfying
behaviors of energy sources output power and load demands. results. In [37], three strategies based on three common model
Fig. 6 shown the overview diagram of model predictive control predictive control approaches, namely multi-scenario MPC,
based energy management system. Table 3 summarised the tree-based MPC and chance-constrained MPC, are evaluated
control objectives, main contributions, used platform and and compared in terms of effectiveness, performance,
Table 3 e Critical analysis of Model predictive control based EMSs.

Technique
[65] Power balance Two-level MPC Proposed a two-level EMS and carried out a comparative analysis with RT-Lab
Minimise operation cost different approach (MPC-only EMS, SOC-based EMS)
[34] Identify and mitigate risks Two-level Proposed a two-level EMS for microgrids, in which high-level MPC Hylab
Minimise costs risk-based MPC controller mitigates the risks and a low-level controller optimises
the microgrid performance.
[35] Power balance Two-level MPC Proposed a hierarchical MPC based EMS to perform the economic Hylab
Maximize RE power optimisation and management of a microgrid that includes RE
Optimise economic aspects sources, energy storage systems and V2G system.
[36] Power balance MPC Presented the role of EMSs in hydrogen microgrids, covering both Hylab
Minimise operation cost theoretical and experimental sides. In addition, developed and tested
a lab-scale microgrid with different EMSs, including MPC.
[37] Minimise costs MS-MPC Performed an evaluation and comparison between Multi-scenario, Hylab
Increase grid independency TB-MPC Tree-based and Chanced-constrained MPC in terms of effectiveness,
Increase devices lifespan CC-MPC performance, advantages and disadvantages.
Increase system robustness
[74] Increase system flexibility E-MPC Developed an EMPC-MILP based EMS to implement the optimal e
Minimise operation cost daily operation of multi-energy system integrated with the nonlinear
power to hydrogen and heat model.
[38] Power balance under outage S-MPC Proposed a EMPC based EMS that can optimise the use of hybrid Matlab &
conditions ESS by calculating, at each sample instant, the optimal minimum Tomlab
Increase system flexibility level of bateries SOC and LoH in the tank to guarantee the
electrical supply of critical loads in the case of grid outages.
[55] Tackle RE & load uncertainties Two-level MPC Proposed a two-stage EMS based on receding horizon optimisation, e
Minimise operation deviations as well as the day-ahead and intra-day optimisation model.
Minimise operation cost
[61] Power balance MPC Proposed a MPC based EMS for microgrids that can minimise Matlab,
Maximize economic revenue management cost while also decrease the switching between modes. Yalmip &
Increase devices lifespan Introduced a dynamic hydrogen-based ESS model that considers the Gurobi
Minimise switching between electrolyser and the fuel cell different degradation costs.
different modes
[39] Satisfy load demand MPC Proposed an event-based state-space model predictive control. An Matlab
Reduce purchased electricity actual laboratory-scale experimental microgrid has been built to
from the grid evaluate the performance of the proposed EMS.
Increase devices lifespan
[27] Power balance AMPC Proposed an AMPC-based EMS that aims to reduce the costs of Matlab
Reduce electricity purchased electricity from the grid and ensure power balance within
purchase cost the microgrid. A disturbances prediction model is also presented
and evaluated.
advantages and disadvantages. Overall, the CC-MPC is the proposed EMS on a typical summer day with clear-sky
approach with the lowest cost, energy exchange with the conditions.
network and computational time, while the TB-MPC is In 2020e2022, different model predictive control ap-
considered to provide a longer lifespan for the equipment. proaches, such as economic MPC, stochastic MPC or adaptive
Finally, the robustness of the MS-MPC approach is considered MPC, have been proposed. In [74], an energy management
the strongest, as it can create control signals that are capable system based on the combination of economic MPC and
of coping with large fluctuations. Besides the comparison mixed-integer linear programming is presented, which is
between each type of MPC approach, an evaluation and applied to a multi-energy system to increase the system's
comparison of the MPC-based EMS with other techniques are flexibility and reduce operation costs. Due to the optimal
also taken into account in [36], in which the strategies based scheduling, the introduced EMS is proven to save costs by 59%
on MPC, FLC, ANN and HB are considered. The experiment and 38% compared with the rule-based EMS and the economic
outputs have shown that the MPC approach is capable of EMS without the power-to-hydrogen model, respectively.
optimizing the microgrid economically and technically by Another combination, which is between the stochastic MPC
reducing the system's operating costs and increasing the and mixed integer quadratic programming, is presented in
equipment lifespan. In [39], an event-based state-space model [38]. The output has shown the EMS's abilities, including
predictive control has been used as EMS to regulate a increasing microgrid flexibility, microgrid resilience and
renewable-based microgrid. The proposed EMS main targets guaranteeing the electricity supply in power outage scenarios.
are satisfying the office load demand, minimising the amount A two-stage model predictive control-based EMS is also pro-
of electricity purchased from the power grid and maximize posed in [55], which aims to effectively regulate the operation
the storage devices lifespan. Various simulation scenarios of the simulated microgrid and be able to eliminate the sto-
have been carried out to validate the performance of the chastic characteristics of renewable power sources and loads.
While the first layer plays the role of optimizing the opera-
tional and maintenance costs, the second layer minimises the
operation errors using the ultra-short-term prediction data.
The integration of the battery storage system is shown to help
decrease the operation cost by 12.85% as well as reduce the
dependency of the microgrid on the utility. A grid-connected
hydrogen-wind farm system is utilised using a model pre-
dictive control-based EMS in [61], which considers the oper-
ating and economical costs of the ESS, the demands as well as
the electricity market. To increase the lifespan of vulnerable
devices such as electrolysers and fuel cells, the cost when
these devices switch from one state to another is calculated
and minimised. Gbadega et al. presented an energy manage-
ment system based on the adaptive model predictive control
for a renewable-based microgrid with a hybrid storage system
[27]. The main objective of the proposed EMS is reducing the
costs of purchasing grid electricity and ensuring energy bal-
ance within the microgrid while considering the generation
constraints, energy storage system constraints and power
exchange constraints. The impacts of a disturbances predic-
tion model on the performance of the proposed EMS are also
evaluated. Based on the simulation results, adaptive model
predictive control-based EMS has proved its ability to provide
a reasonable solution for energy management in different
scenarios. Fig. 7 e Heuristic and Metaheuristic algorithms flowchart.
Heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithm approach

Heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms are techniques that superior to the traditional NSGA-II in terms of a wider search
are capable of solving problems more quickly compared with space and a higher uniform distribution of non-inferior solu-
traditional methods, while also being able to find an approx- tions. Particle swarm optimisation, a conventional meta-
imate solution when traditional methods are unable to find heuristic algorithm, is another common approach for authors
any exact ones. However, heuristic and metaheuristic algo- to develop their energy management system due to its
rithms do not ensure that the best solution will be found every simplicity, high convergence speed and low tuning parame-
time. With the problem of microgrid management and opti- ters. Authors in [17, 18, 32, 41, 66] proposed their PSO-based
misation, these algorithms are usually used to find the energy management systems, which aim to determine the
optimal size of microgrids, while also ensuring some of the optimum size of each energy source in the simulated micro-
technical and economical targets are achieved. Fig. 7 shown grids and minimise the system costs. In [41], the proposed
the overview flow chart of a heuristic/metaheuristic based energy management system was applied to a renewable
energy management system. Table 4 summarised the energy-based system with two hydrogen production sources,
reviewed articles control objectives, main contributions, used including an electrolyser and a reformer. The EMS was also
simulation tools and proposed energy management systems evaluated and proved to be able to successfully satisfy the load
based on various heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms. as well as minimise the total MG cost, CO2 emissions and fuel
In 2019, Huang and Ruiming proposed their energy man- consumption using a numerical model. In [17], two energy
agement systems, which are based on Elitist Non-dominated management systems have been proposed, with the first EMS
Sorting Genetic Algorithm [23,40]. While in Huang's study, prioritising electricity load satisfaction and the second EMS
the traditional NSGA-II is used to control the simulated prioritising hydrogen load satisfaction. The equipment ca-
microgrid's power flow and protect the system components, pacity optimisation problem was solved using the PSO
Ruiming's article used an improved NSGA-II to solve the non- approach, with the aim of minimising the microgrid costs.
linear mixed-integer operational optimisation models. The Marocco et al. employed a PSO algorithm-based energy man-
optimal microgrid sizing is also obtained in [23] by identifying agement system with the target of reducing the system LCOE
the number of retired electric vehicle battery modules and PV and CO2 emissions while also being able to autonomously
panels as well as the rated power of the fuel cell, electrolyser regulate the stand-alone microgrid power flows in [18]. Based
and the hydrogen tank's capacitor using NSGA-II. And by on the simulation results, the microgrid with both hydrogen
comparing it with the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and battery storage systems is proved to be the cheapest,
based on decomposition, the NSGA-II approach is proved to be mainly because it is able to avoid battery oversizing by inte-
superior in terms of the distribution of solutions and gives grating a hydrogen storage system as a long-term storage
better results. In [40], by using the improved NSGA-II based system. Authors in [66] introduced different energy manage-
multi-objective optimisation system, the microgrid's opera- ment systems to evaluate four storage configurations,
tion cost and environmental cost are lower compared with the including battery only, hydrogen only, hybrid battery priority
single-objective approach. This algorithm is also proven to be and hybrid hydrogen priority, that integrate into a RES
Table 4 e Critical analysis of Heuristic and Metaheuristic based EMSs.

Technique
[23] Minimise loss of power NSGA-II Proposed a REVB model based on the mathematical model of capacity e
supply, system cost and fade of Li-ion battery cells to simulate REVB's capacity loss. Proposed
potential energy waste a NSGA-II based EMS to mitigate the degradation of REVB modules
Increase devices lifespan and protect other components of the system.
[40] Power balance NSGA-II Proposed an improved NSGA-II based interactive multi-objective dynamic Matlab
Minimise operation and optimisation system that provides a new idea for large complex multi-
environmental cost objective dynamic optimisation problems.
[41] Power balance PSO Developing a comprehensive cost-based technique for optimizing DERs, Matlab
Minimise H2 consumption including H2 storage and electrolyser operation in a grid-tied mode, that
Minimise system and can efficiently manage various types of DERs output to supply the load
environmental cost while lowering system costs over the course of the project lifetime.
[17] Minimise ACS and LCOE PSO Develop a mathematical model to minimise the cost of microgrid with Matlab
hydrogen and electrical loads by optimizing the equipment capacity.
Proposed two EMSs to regulate microgrid operation.
[18] Power balance PSO Presented different typologies of batteries and electrolysers to provide e
Minimise LCOE a wider overview on different technologies for a P2P system in off-grid
remote areas.
[66] Minimise loss of load PSO Identified the optimal sizing configuration and cost of the hybrid battery- Matlab
Increase energy supply hydrogen ESS in a real RES-microgrid which supplies a realtime residential
security load towards island operation.
[32] Minimise system cost PSO Proposed a PSO based optimisation planning and energy management Matlab
system for an energy system that consider the load growth for different
types of demands including electrical and thermal (heating/cooling) loads.
[60] Minimise operating cost GWO Presented an improved grey wolf optimisation based EMS to control a Matlab
Increase grid independency grid-connected microgrid, then carried out an in-depth comparative
techno-economic analysis of the proposed GWO-EMS with FL-EMS and
MILP-EMS for different locations and conditions.
[76] Minimise total cost PSO-GOA Proposed a hybrid PSO-GOA approach to which hybrid ESS configuration Matlab
Minimise GHG emissions most appropriate based on the geographical and meteorological
conditions.
[42] Power balance ACO-PSO Proposed two hybrid PSO-ACO algorithms in order to identify the Matlab
Minimise LCOE, NPV and best RES share for islanded MGs with developing HESS.
CO2 emissions
[77] Minimise total annual cost FPA Proposed a new introduced metaheuristic algorithm based EMS to Matlab
Minimise LPSP and PEE reduce the loss of power supply probability as well as the percentage of
excess energy of the energy system.
[22] Minimise LCOE PO Proposed a PO-EMS to solve Economic Dispatch studies in a microgrid e
that consisted of various energy sources as well as Optimal power flow
studies in electrical networks (IEEE 30-bus system).
[47] e SSA & A comprehensive comparison among nine EMSs is done, in which two of Matlab
MBO them are SSA and MBO based EMSs.
[54] Minimise LCOE, LCOH e Performed a comparison between eight different metaheuristic algorithms Matlab
and NPC in terms of solving stand-alone microgrids sizing and optimizing
problems.
microgrid. This study also focuses on finding the optimal wolf algorithm-based EMS in [60], which is used to obtain the
sizing of the hybrid storage system via a multi-dimensional optimal energy dispatch in the hybrid renewable energy sys-
sensitivity-based approach and a PSO-based approach. From tem. The proposed EMS's targets are increasing the robustness
the simulation output data, the hydrogen storage system is and efficiency of the microgrid, reducing dependence on the
shown to be more suitable as a long-term storage system, with grid and minimising operational costs while also maximising
a high initial capital investment cost but a low operational the output power from renewable energy sources by providing
cost. It is also proven that the combination of both a battery the optimal system sizing option. When compared with the
and a hydrogen energy storage system is better than a single- fuzzy logic control and the mixed-integer linear
component ESS due to the different storage characteristics of programming-based EMS, the proposed metaheuristic-based
the battery and HESS. In [32], besides the target of minimising approach has proven to be better by dramatically decreasing
the system's total cost, Tooryan et al. also consider the growth the system costs. Energy management systems that are based
of load demand. The simulation outputs have proved that in on the combination of various metaheuristic algorithms are
order to satisfy different load types (electrical, thermal) that also an option for researchers. In [76], Elnozahy et al. intro-
are increasing every year, new DERs should be installed in the duced the two advanced hybrid PSO-GOA based energy
system each year. Kumar et al. presented an improved grey management systems, which are GOA initialised PSO and
GOA updated PSO. Based on the numerical model simulated in with a highly fluctuating load condition. After comparing with
MATLAB, the GOA initialised PSO approach is proved to be other conventional strategies, including FLC, PI, SMC, EEMS
superior to the GOA updated PSO approach in terms of mini- and ECMS, the proposed SSA and MBO-based strategies are
mising the LCOE and the GHG emissions. The same approach proven to be better in terms of increasing overall efficiency. A
is taken by Abo-Elyousr et al. in [42], where two energy man- comprehensive comparison of the ability to find the optimal
agement systems based on PSO and ACO that aim to find the system sizing between eight different metaheuristic
optimum system sizing were proposed, namely ACO ini- algorithm-based energy management systems is carried out
tialised PSO and ACO updated PSO. To have a fair evaluation in [54]. Based on the simulation results, the Moth flame opti-
between various metaheuristic approaches, three regions misation algorithm is proved to be better than other investi-
with different meteorological and geographical conditions gated metaheuristic approaches in terms of minimising the
were considered. In terms of minimising the LCOE and GHG system's net present cost.
emissions, the ACO updated PSO approach is proved to have
better results than other tested metaheuristic algorithms. Stochastic and robust programming
Besides conventional algorithms, a newly published met- Due to the negative impacts of renewable energy sources’
aheuristic algorithm like the Flower Pollination optimisation stochastic characteristics, stochastic and robust program-
Algorithm is also utilised as an energy management system ming have been deployed in [43, 45, 62e64, 79]. Table 5 sum-
for a renewable energy-based microgrid [77]. In this study, the marised the reviewed articles control objectives, main
main target of the FPA is to find the optimal off-grid microgrid contributions, used simulation tools and proposed energy
design that helps decrease the loss of power supply proba- management systems based on stochastic and robust opti-
bility and the percentage of excess energy. The proposed FPA misation algorithms.
approach was also proven to be better than the ABC and PSO In [79], unlike the conventional two-stage robust pro-
approaches in terms of computation time. Suresh et al. pre- gramming approach, which focuses on the worst-case sce-
sented a political optimiser algorithm-based energy manage- nario, the authors introduce an expected scenario-oriented
ment system for a university microgrid in [22]. Based on the two-stage robust optimisation approach. Its primary objec-
simulation results of an IEEE 30-bus system, the proposed EMS tives are to reduce the system cost in the expected scenario as
is proved to be superior to GA-based, PSO-based and Lich- well as the adverse effects on the utility. In addition, to in-
tenberg algorithm-based energy management systems in crease the grid independence of the microgrid and decrease
terms of minimising LCOE and optimizing the system's power the negative impact on the utility, a penalty mechanism is
flow. In [47], two novel energy management systems based on combined with the model, which causes the MG to tend to
the Salp Swarm Algorithm and Mine Blast optimisation are self-regulate during adjustment without much help from the
proposed, which aim to manage the power flow in an aircraft utility. By comparing with the conventional two-stage RO
Table 5 e Critical analysis of Stochastic and Robust programming based EMSs.

Technique
[79] Minimise system costs Two-stage robust Proposed a two-stage robust optimisation based EMS that focus on e
Minimise negative optimisation the expected scenario for a grid-connected DC microgrid, which can
impacts on the grid overcome the conservatism of the conventional two-stage RO models
and gave a better economic benefit.
[45] Power balance Stochastic Proposed a novel stochastic day-ahead scheduling model for optimal e
Maximize economic optimisation energy management of the interconnected 100% RE microgrids.
benefits
[62] Power balance Stochastic p-robust Proposed an EMS based on stochasitc and robust optimisation to e
Minimise worst-case cost optimisation solve the security constrained unit commitment problem of high
Minimise system cost renewable energy penetration microgrids. The presented approach also
allowed the robust operation and cost reduction in worst-case scenario.
[63] Minimise costs Robust & Stochastic Proposed a hybrid robust-stochastic approach to regulate the e
Manage uncertainties optimisation uncertainties of market price, PV system output power and electric
vehicle demand. The proposed method also provided the operational
optimisation and optimal bidding system for the hybrid
charging station.
[43] Minimise operation cost Stochastic Modelled the optimal day-ahead energy and reserve scheduling of an Matlab
optimisation off-grid multi MG system equipped with P2H technology and applied
a scenario-based approach to model the uncertainties arising from RE
power generation and electrical demand of the MGs.
[64] Energy balance Stochastic Proposed a stochastic programming-based EMS for heating, power GAMS
Minimise costs optimisation and hydrogen-based microgrid. Risk management is considered in
stochastic programming.
[75] Energy balance Robust Proposed an adjustable robust optimisation-based EMS for uncertainty GAMS
Reduce risks optimisation management in an off-grid microgrid
…
approach, the proposed method is proved to be more effective stage stochastic programming is proposed for the simulation
when decreasing the system cost by 17.19% under the same of the PV system, market price and load demand. In addition,
conditions. Nojavan et al. presented an adjustable robust interval-based stochastic programming is also introduced for
optimisation-based EMS for uncertainty management in an accuracy and robustness validation. The authors in [43] pre-
off-grid PV/CHP/Boiler/HESS/Thermal and electric storage sented a stochastic contingency-constrained energy and
microgrid, taking into account multiple uncertain parameters reserve scheduling model for an islanded multi-microgrid,
in [75]. Based on the obtained results, it has been demon- which consists of renewable energy sources, diesel genera-
strated that as robustness increases from the lowest to the tors, hydrogen storage systems and DR resources. Based on
highest level, the operating costs also increase by 43.29%. In the simulation results, the multi-microgrid saved $209,825 by
[45], a novel stochastic day-ahead scheduling model has been using the demand response program. Langeroudi et al.
presented that optimises the energy management of ten investigated a stochastic programming-based EMS for a
interconnected 100% renewable energy microgrids. The au- heating, power and hydrogen-based microgrid that integrate
thors also improve the ability to control energy exchange be- with renewable energy sources and electric vehicles [64]. Risk
tween microgrids and achieve a dynamic energy balance management is also considered in stochastic programming, in
within the system by developing local energy exchange mar- which the risk parameter conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) is
kets using transactive energy technology. In addition, for en- formulated into a CVaR-based model. Using the GAMS soft-
ergy management on the demand side, price and load ware for simulation, the integration of hydrogen storage and
response schemes have been introduced. The authors in [62] plug-in electric vehicles is proven to reduce daily costs by
proposed a stochastic p-robust optimisation method that 9.6%.
combined both stochastic programming and robust optimi-
sation, aiming to minimise the worst-case cost of regret level. Hybrid approach
In addition, the price-based demand response programs An EMS based on a combination of different techniques is
alongside the hydrogen storage system are also considered to another approach that researchers have carried out in recent
cope with the uncertainty of renewable energy sources. Using years that can limit the disadvantages of one technique by
a six-bus test system, the proposed stochastic p-robust opti- utilising the advantages of others. Table 6 summarised the
misation approach was proved to be better compared with the reviewed articles control objectives, main contributions, used
traditional stochastic optimisation method in terms of robust simulation tools and proposed energy management systems
operation and system cost. In [63], an energy management based on the hybrid approaches.
system for a hybrid hydrogen/electric charging station is Authors in Refs. [46,56,70] focus on the same targets, which
introduced, in which the robust optimisation approach is are minimising the system's costs and emissions. In [70],
utilised for the day-ahead market price's uncertainty and two- Pashaei-Didani proposed an energy management system that
Table 6 e Critical analysis of Hybrid based EMSs.

Technique
[70] Minimise operation cost Hybrid Proposed a compromising programming combined fuzzy satisfying e
and GHG emissions approach
to solved the heat and power dispatch problem as a multi-objective
economic/environmental problem.
[56] Power balance Hybrid Proposed a stochastic based EMS, combined with the augmented epsilon e
Minimise system cost constraints and the fuzzy satisfying methods, to solve the surplus power
and GHG emissions problem in high renewable energy penetration microgrids.
[19] Power balance Hybrid Proposed a DP-MPC based EMS that can reasonably distribute the energy Matlab
of battery, fuel cell, electrolyser and external grid and maximize the
output
of distributed power supply while ensuring the power balance and cost
optimisation of the system.
[67] Power balance Hybrid Proposed a three-layer operation methodology to control multiple e
Minimise operating cost grouped
hybrid storage systems as well as presented a multi-criteria decision
making
model to allocate power to each hybrid storage system and a MPC
dispatching model that considered the temperature impacts. In addition, a
PID based reference tracking is also presented.
[68] Power balance Hybrid Proposed a hybrid EMS that functions as an automated control system Matlab
Minimise H2 consumption and combined with fuzzy logic/frequency decoupling/state machine
Increase devices lifespan control.
Minimise system cost
[46] Minimise costs and Hybrid Proposed a MILP-based EMS for hydrogen, heat and power-based GAMS
emissions microgrids
that integrate an intelligent parking lot and demand response program.
aims to regulate the heat and power flow in the simulated hydrogen storage system's working time as well as increasing
grid-connected microgrid, which also consists of a demand stability in operating the system. The computation time of the
response program. Besides, the optimisation function of proposed DP-MPC approach is also greatly reduced due to its
minimising the system's costs and emissions is solved using simplicity compared with the traditional DP approach.
compromising programming to create the Pareto solutions, Another system that utilizes model predictive control, com-
combined with the fuzzy satisfying approach. The perfor- bined with multi-criteria decision making and a PID controller
mance of the proposed approach as well as the DR program, is for a hydrogen-based hybrid storage system is presented in
proved to be effective in terms of reducing system costs (2.8%) [67]. It is shown that the proposed EMS can regulate healthily
and emissions (126 kg). In [56], a stochastic programming- the power to each storage system as well as reduce the
based energy management system is presented, which is operating costs when integrating the Fuzzy Membership-
combined with the Augmented Epsilon constraints and the Entropy/Kalman filter algorithm into the presented EMS. In
fuzzy satisfying methods. Three scenarios have been simu- [68], Kamel et al. proposed a system that is based on fuzzy
lated, in which the presence of a hydrogen storage system has logic control, frequency decoupling and state machine con-
been implemented to cope with the surplus power generation trol, which aims to minimise the operating cost of the hybrid
problem in the third scenario. Hosseinnia et al. proposed an energy storage system and increase its lifespan. The fuzzy
EMS based on the MILP combined with the max-min fuzzy logic control and state machine control are set parallel to each
algorithm, that allows the calculation of optimal configuration other as two separate work states and can only be changed to
of hydrogen, heat and power-based microgrids with an intel- another state if the battery SOC reaches a certain threshold.
ligent parking lot [46]. Time of use-based demand response Compared with the stand-alone FLC-based EMS and SMC-
program is also been used for optimal demand side manage- based EMS, the proposed system has proven that it can
ment. Two case studies with and without the integration of reduce hydrogen consumption (19.6%) while increasing bat-
the DR program are carried out, in which the case study that tery state of charge (5.4%).
integrates the DR program allows the reduction of total costs
and emissions to 1.72% and 4.01%, respectively. In [19], Qi Li Other approaches
et al. introduced a dynamic programmingemodel predictive Other well-known strategies that aim to minimise hydrogen
control-based energy management system for a grid- consumption, such as the equivalent consumption mini-
connected renewable microgrid that aims to optimise the misation strategy and the external energy maximisation strat-
system's costs and maximize the renewable energy source's egy, are studied in [29, 51, 69]. The summary of these studies is
output power while still being able to maintain the energy presented in Table 7 and Table 8. Ying Han et al. present two
storage level at a normal range. The proposed system is energy management systems based on ECMS in Refs. [29,69],
proven to have better performance than the conventional DP- which are applied to a lab-scale DC microgrid platform. In [29], a
based EMS, MILP-MPC based EMS and logic-based EMS in two-level EMS is proposed, which is divided into the local con-
terms of significantly minimising the system's costs and trol level and the system control level. The first layer is based on
Table 7 e Critical analysis of ECMS, EEMS, SMC and deep learning based EMSs.
Technique
[29] Power balance ECMS Proposed a two-level energy management system for PV-fuel cell- RT-Lab
Stabilise DC bus battery-based DC MG, which is divided into device control level and
Minimise fuel consumption system control level.
[69] Power balance ECMS Proposed an optimum design scheme and a hierarchical EMS for an RT-Lab
Minimise H2 consumption island DC MG, including the local control layer and the system
Enhance the economy control layer aiming to improve the MG robustness and economy.
[51] Power balance EEMS Proposed a PPA optimised EEMS energy management system Matlab
Minimise H2 consumption for powering aircraft in an emergency situation during landing.
Increase system efficiency
[30] Power balance SMC Proposed an EMS that can control different distributed generations LabVIEW
Minimise H2 consumption with power equilibrium and capable of achieving optimal control of
Stabilise DC bus the DC microgrid.
[21] Power balance SMC Proposed a hierarchical EMS based on state machine control to RT-Lab &
Ensure system stability regulate the energy flow within the stand-alone DC microgrid, while Matlab
Minimise system cost also minimise the system ultilisation cost.
[59] Power balance SMC Proposed and tested the state machine based EMS for stand-alone e
Increase devices lifespan microgrid in four different case studies.
Increase system efficiency
[49] Minimise voyage cost Double-Q Proposed a cost-effective reinforcement learning-based energy Matlab
reinforcement management system for coastal ships with fuel cell stack and battery
learning as main power sources.
[50] Minimise voyage cost Double-deep Proposed a double deep Q-network-based energy management Matlab
Q network strategy for plug-in hybrid fuel cell and battery propulsion systems
on ships.
Table 8 e Critical analysis of flowchart based EMSs.

Technique
[71] Power balance Flowchart Proposed an advanced EMSs for a regional hybrid electricity-H2 energy TNRSYS 18
Energy flexibity system, which consider multiple energy interactions (electricity, H2,
Minimise system cost and thermal energy).
[52] Power balance Flowchart Proposed an EMS for homes for the first time, that is capable of Matlab
Minimise primary energy frequency regulating and voltage restoration. The proposed EMS can
consumption also regulated the energy flow in the microgrid and decrease the system
Stabilise DC bus cost and GHG emissions at the same time.
Minimise operation cost
and CO2 emissions
[20] Power balance Flowchart Developed a control algorithm for the coordinated operation of H2 Matlab
Stabilise DC bus storage in-conjunction with the battery storage in the MG, as well
as designed and tested a dynamic EMS in the simulation domain
and verified afterwards using the hardware implementation.
[44] Power balance Flowchart Proposed a validated dynamic model for every microgrid component, as Matlab
Reduce grid dependency well as an EMS to reduce the power absorption from the grid by
Increase system stability exploiting the renewable power sources.
[53] Power balance Flowchart Proposed a DRPC controller that improves the microgrid performance Matlab
Increase power quality in extreme condition in terms of robustness, rapid tracking error,
Increase devices lifespan system stability and improved energy management.
Increase system stability
Increase security of supply
[33] Power balance Flowchart Evaluated the overall performance of the two proposed EMSs in the long Matlab
Increase system efficiency -term operation (8760 h) from an electical and energetic standpoints.
Increase H2 utilisation
[25] Power balance Flow chart Proposed a comprehensive control-oriented state-space model for Actual
renewable system
energy-based microgrids that integrate hydrogen technologies. Actual
experiment system has been built to evaluate the proposed EMS.
[26] Power balance Flow chart Proposed an optimal EMS to regulate the energy flow and stabilise the RT-Lab
Stabilise frequency frequency within islanded AC microgrids.
the MPPT-droop dual mode control, which can help reduce the proposed EMS is proven to be able to provide the optimum
PV output power when the ESS can not store the excess energy, control of the DC microgrid. In [21], a hierarchical system is
while the second layer is based on the ECMS to regulate the proposed, where the system control layer includes the state
power between the fuel cell and battery. Compared with con- machine control system and the minimum utilisation cost al-
ventional PI control and state machine control, ECMS-based gorithm, while the local control layer plays the role of con-
EMS is proven to have the lowest equivalent hydrogen controlling each device. The state machine control system divides
sumption. Different from [29], the proposed microgrid in [69] the operational states into nine states, based on the level of
includes the electrolyser, which plays the role of absorbing the battery SOC and the level of stored hydrogen in the hydrogen
excess energy from the PV system and the sliding mode control tank. And the minimum utilisation algorithm is applied in
technique to smooth the FC output power. Instead of using the mode five, where the battery SOC and level of hydrogen are
ECMS approach, Fathy et al. utilised the EEMS-based EMS to both in the normal range. By applying this algorithm, the uti-
minimise the hydrogen consumption of the microgrid in [51]. lisation cost of the microgrid is much lower compared with
Due to the low convergence of the gradient-based method, this traditional strategies and the system is also able to stabilise the
paper used the parasitism-predation metaheuristic algorithm, energy storage level. A hybrid automata-based EMS for islan-
which has a higher convergence rate, to combine with the ded microgrids, which includes renewable energy sources,
conventional EEMS. Compared with other strategies, including battery and hydrogen storage systems and diesel generators, is
the EEMS-based EMS, the hybrid PPA-EEMS proved its superi- proposed in [59]. Four different cases with different load de-
ority by achieving the highest efficiency and lowest hydrogen mands (industrial and residential) and renewable energy
consumption. sources (solar, wind, hydropower and biomass) are studied.
Another popular system, which is state machine control or Deep learning-based energy management systems are also
finite automata, is studied in Refs. [21,30,59]. Ying Han et al. presented in several studies. Wu et al. presented a cost-
introduced a conventional state machine control-based energy effective energy management system for coastal ships with
management system, combined with the hysteresis band fuel cell stack and battery as the main power sources in 2020
control system, to regulate the energy flow in the microgrid in [49]. The control system is based on double-Q reinforcement
[30]. The proposed EMS aims to increase the equipment's life- learning, aiming to minimise the average voyage cost of the
span and efficiency and reduce system costs. Testing with ships. Based on the simulation results of the study, it is proven
different initial battery SOCs from low, normal, to high, the that the proposed EMS could achieve a near-optimal cost
performance of 96.9% without knowing the future power de- introduced EMS's target is to identify the power setpoint of the
mands. Another study is also presented in 2021 by Wu et al. energy storage system (HESS and battery) and the amount of
[50], utilising double deep Q-network to design an optimal electricity exchanged with the power grid to ensure the energy
energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid fuel cell and balance within the microgrid. Based on the experimental re-
battery propulsion systems on ships. The output results have sults of the study, the proposed model with EMS is proven to
proven the superiority of the proposed double deep Q-network accurately reflect the non-linear behavior of the microgrid.
compared to the double Q-learning agent in discrete state Zhang et al. proposed an EMS to regulate the energy flow and
space in terms of cost reduction (5.5%) and training time stabilise the frequency within an islanded AC microgrid that
reduction (93.8%). contains a PV system, battery storage system and hydrogen
Other approaches are also presented in Refs. storage system [26]. The EMS applied to the hydrogen storage
[20,25,26,33,44,52,53,71], where simple flowchart-based EMSs system allows for optimal control of the electrolysers and fuel
are used instead of well-known techniques. In [71], a hybrid cells, which ensure the balance of energy when the battery
electric-hydrogen microgrid, which is controlled by various system is fully charged or fully discharged. Both the maximum
advanced energy management systems that aim to optimise power point tracking system and the P-f droop control system
system flexibility and stability (one simple EMS and three are used for the PV system to allow maximum power generation
advanced EMSs), is proposed. Besides the conventional and increase system stability and reliability. A simulation on
renewable energy sources, the proposed microgrid also consists RTLAB experimental platform has been carried out to verify the
of hydrogen stations as well as fuel cell vehicles as the main effectiveness of the proposed energy management system
hydrogen demand, while the main hydrogen supply sources are Evaluation parameters
electrolysers and pipeline-delivered hydrogen. For further After finishing the design process of the system configura-
evaluation of seasonal grid stability and system cost savings tion and energy management system of the microgrid,
over time, a simulation is conducted by the authors. It is proven including EMS objectives, constraints and techniques, the au-
that by producing green hydrogen from renewable energy thors will need to make assessments and compare them with
sources, the microgrid will be less dependent on pipeline- other studies to prove the superiority of the proposed EMS.
delivered hydrogen. In [52], a robust energy management sys- These assessments will be based on evaluation parameters,
tem is presented, which aims to minimise the operating cost of which represent aspects of the model and allow the author to
the microgrid. The results have shown the effectiveness of the draw different conclusions about the proposed EMS. They can
proposed EMS in terms of minimising costs, CO2 emissions and be classified into technical, economic and environmental.
primary energy consumption. An EMS that focuses on the
technical aspects of the microgrid, including DC bus voltage evaluation parameters
stability, demand-supply balance, renewable energy source
integration and more, is introduced in [20]. Based on the com- For the analysis of technical performance, supply reliability
parison of the AC microgrid and the DC microgrid, the DC assessment plays an important role in renewable energy-
microgrid is found to have better performance in terms of based microgrids, due to the instability and uncertainty of
hydrogen production, fuel cell power saving as well as hydrogen the energy supply from renewable energy sources. The most
consumption minimisation. Lodono et al. proposed an EMS that commonly used specification for assessing supply reliability is
minimises the grid dependence of the microgrid by utilising the loss of power supply probability, which is defined as the
renewable energy sources within the system in [44]. A detailed number of hours the power sources are unable to satisfy the
dynamic model of every device, including the PV system, wind load demand over the total number of operating hours [7]. The
turbine system, alkaline electrolyser, PEM fuel cell and less common criteria for assessing supply reliability are loss of
hydrogen tank, is also presented. An energy management sys- load probability, loss of load frequency, loss of energy proba-
tem that is capable of avoiding battery overcharging, deep bility, loss of energy expectation and expected energy not
charging, reducing fluctuations and satisfying load demand is supplied. Besides the supply reliability evaluation parameters,
presented by Sahri et al. in [53]. An adaptive algorithm based on other technical parameters should be considered, including
combined direct reactive power control and fuzzy logic control the utilisation ratio of renewable energy, the renewable frac-
is also applied to the introduced topology to improve the system tion, system overall efficiency and hydrogen storage system
performance in terms of robustness, error tracking speed, sys- efficiency [80,81].
tem stability and energy management ability. A long-term After obtaining the technical evaluation, the economic
evaluation and comparison between a battery priority energy characteristics of the system will be evaluated next. The two
management system and a hydrogen priority energy manage- most common parameters for evaluating the system are
ment system are presented in [33]. Based on the simulation annualized cost of the system, which is defined as the sum of
results, it is proved that the hydrogen-priority EMS will allow annual capital cost and operational cost and the levelised cost
the microgrid to operate independently from the grid due to the of energy, which is the ratio of the ACS to the net present value
higher amount of stored energy compared with the other EMS. of electrical energy produced over a lifetime. Other parame-
In [25], a comprehensive control-oriented state-space model for ters such as the levelised cost of hydrogen, net present value,
renewable energy-based microgrids that integrate hydrogen internal rate of return should also be considered.
technologies (electrolysers and fuel cells) has been presented. Another type of evaluation parameter, although less pop-
The proposed model considers both technical and economic ular than the above two, is becoming more common as the
aspects and allows the design of an efficient energy manage- problems of environmental pollution and global warming
ment system both in the short term and long term. The become more serious. It will be necessary to develop a
parameter that can assess these issues, which are called ability to control multi-input multi-output signals. The meta-
environmental parameters. The parameters used for evalua- heuristic and heuristic optimisation approaches can efficiently
tion include greenhouse gas emissions and carbon emission obtain the global optima with fast convergence and acceptable
[81]. In addition to calculating these two parameters, future accuracy. Some population-based metaheuristic algorithms,
studies can compare them with cases where fossil fuel-based such as the genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimisation al-
microgrids are used and give parameters such as the number gorithm, firefly algorithm, also have the ability to avoid local
of tons of CO2 emissions avoided, so that the reader can easily optimum points and obtain the global optimum solution due to
visualise. Fig. 8 presents the three main evaluation aspects as their low dependency on the initial solution, as well as having a
well as its commonly used parameters. great number of individuals distributed around the design
space. However, this approach requires high computational
effort and for some heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms, the
Critical findings and future recommendations convergence speed is really low. Additionally, because of the
stochastic behaviours of metaheuristic and heuristic algo-
Current energy management techniques rithms, the obtained solutions can be different in each run.
Several runs could be carried out from various starting points to
To improve the organisation of the paper theme, energy man- confirm that the calculated solution is a global optima.
agement techniques are divided into four main types, including Some complex problems make it impossible for even
fuzzy logic control, model predictive control, metaheuristic modern techniques to find the optimal answer. Therefore, the
optimisation algorithms and stochastic and robust program- proposed hybrid methods are developed, aiming to limit the
ming. Fuzzy logic control is famous for its ability to maintain weaknesses of one technique when used alone by utilising the
control without the need for an accurate model or precise input advantages of the other. The hybrid approach can be executed
values, which is suitable for controlling high renewable energy by applying different techniques for different microgrid
penetration microgrids with high uncertainty and stochastic operating states (FLC-SMC, FLC-MPC), or by using one tech-
characteristics. It is also able to control a multi-input multi- nique to optimise another technique parameters (DP-MPC,
output system, unlike PID control, which usually has only one MILP-MPC, etc). Particularly with metaheuristic optimisation
input and one output. In addition, fuzzy logic control is a flex- algorithms, combining algorithms together to optimise ob-
ible, intuitive knowledge base design with an easy-to-use tained outputs and avoid getting trapped in local optimum
interface. However, this technique is also relatively complex solutions is becoming more popular recently. In addition,
and demands high implementation costs. Users also have to recently published papers tend to apply newly introduced
tune a high number of parameters, including fuzzy member- metaheuristic algorithms or improve old ones to produce
ship functions and fuzzy rules, which can be difficult and time- better outputs. In the future, more research is needed to
consuming for novices. Another disadvantage of fuzzy logic explore and develop hybrid techniques to solve the problem of
control is its long computation time due to its computation operating and optimizing a 100% renewable energy microgrid
complexity, which might not be suitable for real-time, on-line with hydrogen storage systems.
energy management systems. However, this should not be
considered a drawback for off-line energy management sys- Existing challenges and future of energy management
tems since the impact of high computation time is not as great system research topic
as online systems. Contrary to fuzzy logic control, model pre-
dictive control needs an accurate plant model to work with, Forecasting the generating power of renewable energy sour-
which might not always be achieved due to the lack of input ces and load demand is vital for energy management system
information and the model complexity. However, on the other research, yet it has not yet been noticed by many articles.
hand, model predictive control is capable of predicting the Despite the advantages it offers, including better EMS perfor-
future behaviors of the controlled system and optimally con- mance in terms of technical and economic aspects, there is
trolling the system during disturbances. It can also provide the little research integrating forecasting techniques into their
Fig. 8 e Energy management systems evaluation parameters.
proposed energy management systems. By leveraging fore- each system to manage its energy shortage and surplus,
casting models from renewable energy output power, solar which reduces the stress for MG operators in ensuring the
irradiance, wind speed and energy demand forecasting pa- system energy balance while also maximising the usage of
pers, future studies of EMS for hydrogen storage system-based renewable energy sources.
MG can further integrate forecasting models as input param-
eters for the proposed energy management system, thereby
improving the outcomes. Conclusion
Past studies mainly considered the technical and economic
aspects as primary objectives for controlling the microgrid, This review study comprehensively presents an up-to-date
which takes into account factors such as the system's reli- investigation of various types of energy management tech-
ability and operation costs. Future research should also focus niques used in renewable energy microgrids with hydrogen
on environmental objectives, which aim to reduce greenhouse technologies, including fuzzy logic control, model predictive
gas emissions, or CO2 emissions. control, heuristic and metaheuristic algorithms, stochastic
In the reviewed papers, hydrogen storage systems with and robust programming and hybrid approaches as well as
electrolysers and fuel cells are often used to store energy and their experimental platforms. Due to the differences between
re-supply it into the microgrid. Combined with other types of each energy management technique in terms of complexity,
short-term storage, such as batteries or supercapacitors, accuracy and computation time, various factors must be
hydrogen storage systems can act as long-term storage sys- considered when selecting an energy management system to
tems. However, the potential of this fuel is enormous and is control a microgrid. Those factors include the microgrid's
not limited to only the energy sector. Other applications of control objectives (technical, economic and environmental),
produced green hydrogens, such as filling FCEVs’ tanks, constraints as well as configurations, which are based on
providing fuel for steel and chemical manufacturing plants, integrated elements (power sources and energy storage sys-
providing heating services to buildings, or using gas pipelines tems), operation mode (grid-connected or stand-alone), su-
to deliver hydrogen to other areas, should be included in pervisory controller (centralised or decentralise), phases (one
future research studies. By considering other hydrogen us- phase or three phases) and power type (AC or DC). No energy
ages, the energy management system now also needs to take management system can optimally control all types of
into account other problems, such as the uncertainties of microgrids, but each system will have its own advantages
electric vehicles arrival and departure times, which will in- and disadvantages. Therefore, hybrid energy management
crease its complexity and practicality. Some studies have techniques are being developed to limit the weakness of
mentioned the application of green hydrogen in different using only one technique. Despite the adoption of hybrid
sectors, but the number is still low. In the future, studies that energy management systems in a few studies, further
integrate different hydrogen applications will need to be car- research is required in this field in order to make the hybrid
ried out more, which will help to achieve the net-zero target techniques simple to code and implement while maintaining
not only in the power sector but also in the industry sector, their properties. In terms of experimental platforms, most
transportation sector, etc. research is still being done in the form of simulations, with
Accurate modelling of microgrids that integrated real-life Matlab/Simulink software being the most used due to its
problems, such as grid congestion, should be seen more in great simulation, analysis and data-displaying performances.
future studies, which helps to increase the practicality of both Lastly, the review article critically discusses the existing
the energy management system and the simulated microgrid. challenges and future research developments in energy
To the best of our knowledge, the grid congestion problem is management system for hydrogen technologies-based
rarely mentioned in studies on the topic of EMS for hydrogen microgrids, including the integrating of forecasting tech-
technologies-based microgrids. Up until now, most studies niques into energy management systems, the consideration
with grid-connected microgrid viewed the power grid as an of environmental objectives, the utilisation of hydrogen
unlimited power supply or power consumption that ensure other roles, the needed of accurate microgrid modelling with
the energy balance within the microgrid when energy storage real-life problems as well as the consideration of controlling
systems are full or empty. However, this will not be the case in multi-microgrid systems.
real life due to the transmission constraints of the power grid
and will lead to the curtailment of renewable energy plants or
load shedding when the generated power output is too high or Declaration of competing interest
too low.
Multi-microgrid systems are another topic that should be The authors declare that they have no known competing
included more in future studies. With future energy systems financial interests or personal relationships that could have
full of renewable energy-based microgrids, the energy man- appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
agement system not only has to manage the power flow inside
one microgrid but also has to be able to analyze and control
the energy flow between multiple microgrids. Instead of
Acknowledgements
reducing the renewable energy output power in scenarios
where the hydrogen storage tank is full and load demand is
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
low, that excess energy can now be transported to the nearby
agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
microgrids, which are in a state of energy shortage. This helps
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international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he

Review of hydrogen technologies based microgrid:

Long Phan Van a, Kien Do Chi a, Tuyen Nguyen Duc a,b,*

Reviewed current energy management techniques in hydrogen-based microgrids.

article info abstract

Nomenclature HT Hydrogen Tank

However, the integration of hydrogen technologies into

To be able to integrate elements such as PV systems, wind

Fig. 2 e Considering microgrid sstructure.

Table 1 e Integrated elements in the reviewed microgrids.

Fig. 3 e Overview the designing process of a microgrid energy management system.

Fig. 4 e Review energy management technique classification.

Fig. 5 e Fuzzy logic control diagram.

Table 2 e Critical analysis of Fuzzy logic control based EMSs.

international journal of hydrogen energy xxx (xxxx) xxx

load generation. A fuzzy logic-based power management

Table 3 e Critical analysis of Model predictive control based EMSs.

Heuristic and meta-heuristic algorithm approach

Table 4 e Critical analysis of Heuristic and Metaheuristic based EMSs.

Table 5 e Critical analysis of Stochastic and Robust programming based EMSs.

Table 6 e Critical analysis of Hybrid based EMSs.

Table 8 e Critical analysis of flowchart based EMSs.

Fig. 8 e Energy management systems evaluation parameters.

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