Genetic Evidence

 DNA sequencing and comparative genomics reveal similarities in genetic codes

among different species, providing evidence for common ancestry.
 Shared genes and pseudogenes (non-functional remnants of once-functional
genes) across species indicate evolutionary relationships.

Fossil Record

 The fossil record provides a chronological sequence of life on Earth, showing the
gradual appearance, development, and extinction of species over time.
 Transitional fossils, like Archaeopteryx and Tiktaalik, demonstrate intermediate
forms between major groups of organisms.

Comparative Anatomy

 Homologous structures, such as the pentadactyl limb (five-fingered limb) in

vertebrates, suggest a common evolutionary origin.
 Vestigial organs, like the human appendix, are remnants of structures that had a
function in ancestral species.

Embryonic Development

 Similarities in embryonic development among different species imply shared

ancestry.
 The presence of gill slits in early vertebrate embryos, even in species that do not
have gills in the adult stage, is an example of shared developmental patterns.
1. Genetic Evidence:
Reasoning: Genetic evidence, including DNA sequencing and comparative
genomics, provides a direct and detailed look at the molecular basis of
evolutionary relationships. It allows for precise comparisons between
species and offers insights into common ancestry and genetic changes
over time.
2. Fossil Record:
Reasoning: The fossil record offers a tangible and chronological sequence
of life on Earth. Fossils provide crucial evidence of past species,
evolutionary transitions, and the overall history of life. However, the fossil
record may have gaps due to the incomplete preservation of organisms.
4. Comparative Anatomy:
Reasoning: Comparative anatomy, including homologous structures and
vestigial organs, provides observable evidence of shared ancestry and
evolutionary relationships. It has been a cornerstone of evolutionary
biology, offering visible similarities that support the idea of common
descent.
5. Embryonic Development:
Reasoning: Embryonic development offers insights into shared
developmental pathways among different species. While it provides
compelling evidence for common ancestry, it may not be as immediately
visible or universally applicable as genetic or anatomical evidence.
1. Genetic Evidence:
 Molecular biology, DNA sequencing, and genetic studies have become
increasingly powerful tools in supporting evolutionary relationships. The
genetic code and shared sequences among species provide strong
evidence for common ancestry.

 Example: Homologous Genes - Similarities in specific genes (like HOX

genes) across diverse species provide compelling evidence for common
ancestry and evolutionary relationships.

2. Fossil Record:
 The fossil record offers a tangible and chronological history of life on
Earth. It provides direct evidence of past species, transitional forms, and
evolutionary changes over time.

 Example: Archaeopteryx - This transitional fossil with characteristics of

both reptiles and birds serves as a notable example supporting the
evolutionary link between these groups.

3. Comparative Anatomy:
 Homologous structures and vestigial organs provide compelling evidence
for common ancestry and shared evolutionary history. Comparative
anatomy, both in living and extinct organisms, helps to trace the
relationships between species.

 Example: Pentadactyl Limb - The presence of a similar limb structure in

various vertebrates supports the idea of common ancestry and
evolutionary adaptation.

4. Embryology:
 Similarities in early developmental stages among different species offer
evidence for shared ancestry. Observations of embryonic development
can reveal common patterns and relationships between organisms.

 Example: Gill Slits in Embryos - Similarities in early embryonic

development, including the presence of gill slits in vertebrate embryos,
provide evidence for shared ancestry.