Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in the recent years have grown rapidly on the global

electricity grid. Overall cost and maintenance of the system has decreased dramatically due to
matured technologies in the renewable energy platform. On the other hand, RESs are
environment friendly and sustainable. Still, RESs cannot be seen a prudent solution for long
term power planning without Energy Storage Technologies (EST) due to its stochastic and
intermittent in nature. Among all, batteries serve as an oldest and dominant storage
technologies.
International:
H. Chen, T. N. Cong et.al portrayed some critical reviews on the storage applications. Among
all, lead-acid battery remains as a most adopted electrochemical storage device developed
150 years ago and also a popular option for energy storage in renewable power and Hybrid
Electric Vehicle (HEV) technologies due to factors of low cost, reliability and cost efficiency.
But these batteries have a demerit of discharge below 20% of its capacity. These batteries
possess low energy and power density because of lead collectors of huge weight and this
limits its usage in ESTs.
X.Feng, H.B. Gooi, and S.X. Chen et.al have discussed a multi-mode Fuzzy Logic Controller
(FLC) method for Hybrid Energy Storage System. Three different modes of operation are
proposed with two sets of fuzzy rules. All the modes of operation are based on State of
Charge (SOC) of battery and SOC of the Super Capacitor. Proposed method has been
compared with existing control methods such as LPF and HWT. But the implementation part
of multi-mode FLC becomes chaotic as it is sensitive to variations in system parameter.
H.Yin, W.Zhow et.al proposed a adaptive fuzzy logic based energy management strategy on
battery/ultra-capacitor combination pertaining to electric vehicle applications. Adaptive fuzzy
logic method is applied to calculate references of power for battery and SC to achieve power
balance. Dynamic tuning of membership function is applied in the method proposed and it
reduces the current ripple of battery, maintains SOC within the safe limits.
National:
D.O. Akinyele and R.K. Rayudu has demonstrated the advantage of lithium-ion batteries
which is quite popular in consumer durables and mainly in EV applications. Life-cycle of
lithium-ion batteries ranges from 1000-10000 cycles which largely depend on Depth of
Discharge (DOD). It contains a cycle efficiency of 95% and possess high power and energy
density. The major de-merit of lithium-ion batteries is its cost even though they are attractive
solutions for renewable and EV application.
V.Yaramasu et.al has proposed a Model Predictive Control based rectifier control which
provides a better controller response along with better dynamic response. Along with that
Model Predictive Direct Power Control (MPDPC) has been discussed which is used to
determine the non-zero voltage vectors and zero voltage vectors. Results proves that MPDPC
is better than MPC. But the problem with MPDPC is grid current distortion during
unbalanced grid scenarios.
S.Subramania et.al has enumerated an improved output feedback logic based MPC for linear
systems. An output feedback based MPC that is independent of estimation method is
employed. A non-conservative approach is proposed as a feedback information subjected to
estimation errors is considered in the predictions. But the proposed method addresses the
linear systems and non-linear systems are devoid of consideration.
Overall, ESTs are undeniable part of the grid system nowadays. But the effective operation of
the ESTs depends on the configuration of converters and the control technique employed. So,
an effective control strategy needs to be developed to achieve power sharing, energy
management roles and reliability in all possible grid structures.