T H E

S E R P EN T OF ED EN

A P H I L OL OG I CA L A N D CR I TI CA L E S S A Y

ON T HE

T EX T OF G E N ES I S III .
,

AND

ITS VAR IOU S I N T E R P R ETA T I ON S .

J . R
ZE
M
XéL
MB ER OF
D
’
ER EM A O
T HE A N J U M U N v l P U NJ -
,

A B
DD . .
,

L ATE R E T O R
C op T HE no w c u o sr C H U R C H ,
*
B A SI NGS TO E K

AR ER
,
'
no w OF M Y S, D BY .

AND CH A E NC LL OR OF T HE D I OC EE S op N O TT I NG H A M .

LO N D O N

R EG AN P A U L, T R EN C H CO .
, I , P AT ER N OS T ER S Q U A R E .

1 88 8 .

fi " ' “

3 1
 T H E R EV . SIR W . H . CO P E , BAR T .

D EA R S I R W I L LI A M ,

T o no o ne can I m o re fitly dedic ate th i s

l it tl e b ook th an to yo u , w h o h ave so k i ndly al lo we d me

free access t o y o u r m agni fi

c e nt li b rary at B ram shi l l P ark ,

and h av e a i de d m e w i t h m any a val u able su ggestio n .

W i thou t ,
h r fo r e
t e e ,
m ak i ng y o u r espo nsi b le for any vi e w
h e re pu t fo r th ,
I o ffe r i t t o y o u as a to k e n o f our m u tu al

fri e ndshi p ,
and i n gr ate ful a c k no wledgment o f m u ch

k i nd ne ss fro m you .

B e l iev e m e al ways , you r s ve ry fai t h ful l y ,

J OS E P VAL ER EM A t )
’
. o .

B A S I N G ST O K E ,

M arc/z 2 ,
5 1 88 7 .
 P R EF AC E .

C O M M EN T A T O R S h ave a lw ays fo u n d great d i ffi c u l ty

i n i n t erpret i n g G e n i i i . .
; an d t he d i ffi c u l ty h as

not d i m i n i sh ed w i t h t i m e . A l o n g fel t n eed ex i sts

-

of an i nt erpret at i o n s at i s facto ry t o sc i e n c e and

hu m an reaso n .

S u ch an i n te rp ret at i o n I n ow beg t o o ffe r fo r th e

c o n s i d e r at i on o f a l l c l ass es o f C h ri st i an s fo r h e r e ,

at l e as t t he i n te r e sts o f all sh ad es of b e l i e f are

i d e n t ic al . M y sol e obj e ct i s t o d e fe n d th e t rut h

of H o ly S c ri pt u re a g ai n st obj ect i on s fro m sc i e nc e
an d r e as on .

I t i s n e i th e r m y obj e c t n o r m y w i sh t o prov e t h at
t he rec e i ve d i n t e rp ret at i o n s gi ve n ,
i n th e p ast ,
are

ei th e r fal s e o r abs ol u t e l y u n t e n abl e . W he re I h aw

”
u s e d s u ch word s as
“
u n te n ab l e I w i s h to be u nd e r
 PR E FA CE .

s tood n ot as absol u tely co n d e m n i ng t h e t heo ry o r

,

i nte rp retat i o n to wh i ch I app ly i t o r as d ec l a ri n g

,

i t t o b e u tt erl y i n co rrec t . I m e an t o s ay o n l y th at
t h e d i ffi cu l t i es and obj ect i o n s r ai s e d agai nst i t a re ,

to m y m i n d an d fro m m y p o i n t o f vi ew s o s t ro n g ,

and cogen t as t o re n de r t h at th eory o r i n te rp retat i o n

u t terl y u n ten abl e t o m y reaso n . T h ose d i ffi c u l t i es ,

d u ri n g ye ars o f read i n g and refl ect i o n h ave al w ays

,

k ep t i nc re asi ng t o m y m i n d a n d th e ex pl an at i o n s
ficu l t i es h ave co n
g i ve n t o ob vi at e o r m eet those d i f
t i nu al ly b eco m e l es s a n d l ess s at i s facto ry . M an y
o th ers d ou btl ess h ave fel t a n d fee l
, ,
as I do .

I h ave t ri ed t o s t at e t hese d i ffi c u l t i es fai rl y an d

fu l l y yet m od er at el y
,
. T h e ch i e f a m o n g th e m fro m ,

m y po i n t o fvi e w , i s co m m o n to every p as t i nte rp re

t at i o n . I t i s t h at th ey all d ea l l argel y i n grat u i to u s

s u ppos i t i on s ,
w h i ch a re absol u tel y w i thou t any

fou nd at i o n i n t h e l etter o f th e s ac red n arrat i ve ,

as gi ve n i n Gen i i i . .

T h os e wh o fi n d n o d i ffi c u l ty i n t h at n arrat i ve ,

and t hos e whose m i n d s are s at i s fi ed w i t h a ny o f

t he i n terp ret at i on s h i the rto gi ven are we l co m e t o ,

h ol d s u c h i n terpretat i on s a nd t o d efe nd th e m t o
,
 PR E FA CE .

the best o f th e i r ab i l i ty . Those howeve r w ho h ave

, ,

fel t t he force o f th e m a ny an d se ri ou s d i fficu l t i es

atte nd i n g Ge n . iii . are i n v i ted t o co n s i de r th e
i nt e rpretat i o n n ow o ffered .

P V AL ER E M A O
’

J . . D .

B AS I N G STO K E ,

[anu ary 1 4, 1 887 .

 C O N T EN T S .

CH A TE R
P

I . O BJ E C T ST A T ED
II . TH E S A C R ED N A R R A T I V E
III . V A R I O U S T H EO R I Es O N T H E M A N N E R O F T H E

T EM P I AT I O N B Y
’ ‘

THE SERPENT “ ”

IV . D I F F I C U LT I E S A TT E N D I N G T E M PT A T I O N B Y A
B E ST I A I S E R P E N T .

S ECT I. As A C T I N G O F I T S EL I"
.
,

S ECT I I
. As P O SS E SS ED DV S A T A N
.
,

V O BJ EC I I O N S A G A I N ST P RO P O S I N G A N Ew T H E O R Y
’ ‘

VI . T H E N EW T H E O R Y ,

VI I . T H E C U RSE ON T H E S E R PENT “

VI I I . O R I G I N O F T H E CO M M O N LY R E C E I V E D I N T ER P R E

T AT I O N

IX . C ON N ECT I ON EET W EEN G EN . III . AND S ER I ENT

’

WO R S H I P
X . WH AT Is TH E W EI G H T OR TH E A RG U M EN T FROM

S ER R EN T WO R S H I P ?
 C ON TE N TS .

CH A TE R
P

XI . W AS S E R P E N T WO RS H I P
-
UNIV E RSA L ?
XI I . ORIGIN OF S ER I ’
EN T -
WORSH I P
XI I I . CON C LU S I O N
A PPENDIX .
-
H EB REW AN D G R EE K T E X TS OF T H E S A C R ED
N A R RATI V E
 T H E S ER P E N T O F ED E N .

C HA PT E R I .

O B J EC T S T A T ED .

T HE te m pt at i on of Eve by t he S e rpe n t h as bee n

“
,

o n al l h an d s and al w ays v i ewe d as a m atte r fu l l of

,

myste ry T h i s m yste ry i s by no m ean s s at i sfac to ri ly

.

e x pl ai n ed by th e v ari ou s i n t e rp ret at i on s gi ve n by
com men t ato rs to i ts at t end an t ci rc u m s t an ces as ,

gi ven i n th e s ac re d n arr at i ve . It co n t ai n s a n
ackn owl ed ged d i ffi c u l ty ,
and a gre at o n e .

To bot h J e ws and C h ri st i ans al i ke th e n ar r at i v e

,

o f th e te m pt at i o n and fal l o f m an i s an art i c l e O f

fai th I t i s t h e ve ry fou nd at i o n o f t h e ed i fi ce o f
.

fai th ; t he ve ry grou n d work o f th e wh ol e s che m e

of red em pt i o n I t i s a n arti cl e o f fai th th at Eve
.

B
 TH E S E R PE N T OF ED E N .

w as te m pted by th e S e rpen t an d fel l — th at s h e

“
, ,

i n he r t u rn te m pt ed A d a m wh o al so fel l —a n d
, ,

”
t h at A d a m Eve and th i s S e rp en t we re s u b
, ,
“

j e ct e d eac h to a s pec i al co n d e m n at i on by God i n ,

p u n i sh m e n t of t h e S i n wh i c h each h ad c om m i t ted .

”
B u t wh o o r wh at th at S e rpe n t was and i n w h at -

w ay h e te m pted Eve ; an d i n w h at p rec i sel y h i s

con d e m n at i on co ns i st ed —and i n wh at m an n e r i t
work e d i n h i m — th es e a re d et ai l s wh i ch h ave n eve r
b een d e fi n e d as art i c l es O f fai t h P rov i d ed t h ere .
,

fore t hat we d o n ot v i ol at e t he l aws of scri pt u ra l

,

i n terpret at i on w e are free to c hoos e s u ch ex pl a n a

,

t i o n s O f th ese d et ai l s as m ay s u i t ou r i n d i v i d u al
r e aso n T h e m an n er a n d m e an s o f t h e te m ptat i o n
.

h ave bee n a n d a re st i l l m atters o f d i sc u ss i on i n ,

wh i ch i f t h e su bst an t i al a n d l i te ra l t ru th o f th e
,

s acred n arr at i ve b e h el d i n tact an d i n vi ol at e ,

o p i n i on s o n d eta i l s m ay we l l b e l e ft free [72 .

fibertax
’ ’

3 zm zfas i n dzzéz zs
’

7 25 5 3 5 5 51 7 22
“

N o w wh i l e t h e fai th fu l h ol d i n g fas t t o t h e fac ts

, ,

o f th e t em p tat i o n an d fal l s eek t o ex pl ai n t he i r ,

at te n d an t c i rcu m st an ces as bes t they m ay t o ,

u n bel i eve rs t h e wh o l e n arrat i ve h as l o n g bee n a

'

c ho i ce obj ect o f ri d i c u l e a n d a ri ch sou rce o f a m u s e

m en t . Th ey assert th at h ere i n th e very b egi n n i n g
,

o f t he s c ri p t u r al h i s to ry o f t h e h u m an r ace t h e ,
 05 7 13 07
"
S TA TE D .

n arrat i ve l ays befo r e uS a m ass of gl ari n g ab s u rd i t i es

and i m probabi l i t i es . T hey d ecl a re th at a bes t i al
se rpe n t co u l d n ot poss i bl y tem pt E ve — th at Eve
wou l d ce rt ai n l y h ave bee n s u rp ri sed and st art l ed
a n d a l a rm ed at h e ari n g a d u m b a n i m al speak w i th
a h u m an vo i c e —t h at i t i s n o rea l c u rse fo r th e
se rpe n t to go o n i ts bel l y — th at i t i s n ot a fac t t h at
i t e ats d u st at all . C o m m e n t ato rs h ave s t ri ve n t o
'

re pl y t o t h ese and j
ot h e r i m po rt ant
with o b e ct i o ns

m ore o r l ess ab i l i ty a n d l e arn i ng B u t w e m u st .

ca n d i d l y ac k n owl ed ge th at t hey h ave n o t bee n so

s u ccess fu l as we c ou l d w i sh t h e m to be i n so i m ,

port an t an e ncou nte r . W i th eve ry w ish t o bel i eve

and to acce pt any re ason abl e i n te rpret at i o n eve n ,

t h e fai th fu l st i l l find t h e d i ff
i c u l ty u n sol ved thou gh ,

t hey bel i eve s i m pl y bec aus e G o d s o t e ach es But .

i t i s n ot at all l i k e l y th at s u ch e x pl anat i o n s w i l l
sat i sfy t hose whose fai th i s anyt h i ng b u t st ron g
a n d d ee p .

U nd e r t hese c i rc u m st ances and c o ns id e ri ng t h e ,

m any u n sol v e d d i ffic u l t i e s att e nd i ng t h e c o m m on l y

rece i ved op i n i o n I t h i n k th at s c arc e ly any apo l ogy
,

is ne cess ary fo r o ffe ri n g an i nt e rp re t at i o n wh i c h

seems t o gi ve a ve ry fu l l and c o m pl e t e s o l u t i o n t o
al l t hose d i ffic u l t i e s . B e fo re p roc e e d i ng h ow e ve r , ,

t o gi v e t h i s i nte rpr e t at i o n i t w i l l , add to th e clear

4 TH E S E R PE N T OF ED E N .

u n de rs tan d i n g of t he wh ol e qu es ti o n regard i n g the

se rpe n t of G e n i i i i f I fi rs t gi ve th e sac red n arra
.
,

t i ve i ts el f w i t h th e var i o u s i n te rp ret at i o n s t i l l n o w
,

ad van c ed t o ex p l ai n i ts d et ai l s a n d th e obj ect i o n s

,

t ha t are m ad e agai n s t i t .
 C HA P T E R II .

T HE S A C R ED N A R R AT I V E .

I H ER E gi ve the s ac red n arrat i ve fro m th e A u

t h o ri z e d Engl i sh Ve rs i o n s i d e by S i de w i t h t h e ,

re nd e ri n g o f t h e D ou ay B i bl e fro m th e L at i n
Vu l g ate ; a n d I p l ace at th e foot a s l i te ra l a
t rans l at i o n as I am abl e t o m a k e fro m th e o r igi n a l
H eb rew text .

'

A u I /i onz cd Ve rsi on . D ou ay Ve rs i on .

G en i ii . . I . N o w th e s r p nt
e e G en i i i . . I . N o w th e se r pe nt
w as mo r e su bt i l t h an any b e as t w as m o r s b t l t h an any fth
e u e o e

o f th e f l d w h i ch t h
ie e Lo d r b e as ts of th art h w h i ch th
e e e

G od had m ade . A nd h e s ai d r
Lo d ( l o d h ad m ade . A nd h e
u t
n o th e w o man, Y e a, h a h G o d t s ai d to th e w o man, Wh y ha h t
sa i d, Y e S ha l l no t e at o f e v ry
e ( ; o d co m m ande d y o u t h at you
t re e o fth e g ard n? e sh u l d n t
o o e at o fe v ry tr
e ee of

Par adi s ? e

2 . A nd th e w o man s ai d 2 . A nd th e w o man answ e r e d

uno t th e s r p nt W may at
e e , e e h im s ay i ng : O fth e fr i t u o f th e

o f th e fr i t f th t r s f th
u o e ee o e t r s t h at
ee are i n P ar adi s e w e do
gard e n e at ,

3 B u t o f th e
. fr u i t oft he tr ee 3 B u t o ft h e u o f th e
. ee fr i t tr
w i h ch i s i n t h e mi d st o f th e w h i ch i s i n th e m ds o f ’ a a i t l r
6 Tfl E S E R PE N T OF ED EN

gar d e n, G o d h at h i d Y e sh al l
sa , d is e, G od h a h t co mm ande d t h at
no t e at o f i t, n i t h e r s h al l y
e e we s h l d n t at and t h at w
ou o e ,
e

t o u ch i t, l st
e y e di e . Sh ou l d n t t ch i t l st p rh aps
o ou , e e

w e di e .

4 . A nd th e se r p nt s ai d nt
e u o 4 . A nd th e s r p nt s ai d t th
e e o e

th e w o m an, Ye s h al l n t s r l y o u e w o m an, No ; y h al l n t di
ou S o e

di e . th e de a t h .

5 . F o r G o d do h k no t w t h at 5 . t w t h at
F o r G o d do h k no
i n th e day y e e at th r f th n
e eo , e i n w h at day s v r y h al l oe e ou S

y r y s s ll b p
ou e e ha e o e ne d, and e at t h e r o f y o r y s h al l b
e , u e e S e

y s h al l b a g ds
e e s o , k no w i ng o
p n d and y
e e h al l b a ou S e s

g d and v i l
oo e . g ds k n w i ng g d and v i l
o , o oo e .

1 3 . A nd th e Lo d G o d r s ai d 1 3 . A nd th e Lo d G o d r s ai d
uno t th e w o m an, W h at is th i s to t h ew m an W h y o , h ast t h ou

t/zat th ou h as t do ne ? A nd th e d n t h i s ? A nd h
o e s e answ r d e e ,

w m an sai d T h s r p nt b
o , e e e e T h s r p nt d c i v d
e e e e e e m and I e,

g i l d m and I di d at
u e e, e . di d e at .

14 A nd th . L r d G d s ai d e o o 14 . A nd th e Lo d G o d r s ai d
u nt th s r p nt B ca s t h
o e e e ,
e u e ou to s r p nt B ca s e t h
th e e e ,
e u ou

h ast d n t h i s c rs d a t t h
o e , u e r ou h ast d n t h i s c rs d a t t h o
o e , u e r u

ab v all cat t l
o e and ab v v ry e, o e e e am ng al l catt l
o and b asts f e e O

b ast ft h fi l d
e o
p n th y b l l y
e e u o e th e eart h p n th y b r ast s h al t u o e

s h al t t h g and d st s h al t ou o, u t h g and d st s h al t t h
ou o, at u ou e ,

th at al l t h
ou e days ft h y l i f e o e al l t h days f t h y l f
e O i e.

15 A nd I W l l p t nm i ty
. i u e 1 5 A nd I w i l l p t nm i t i s
. u e e

b t w n th
e eeand th w man ee e o ,
b t w n th
e eeand t h w m an ee e o ,

and b tw n th y s d and h
e ee ee er and t h y s d and h s d h ee er ee ,
S e

s d ; i t s h al l br i s th y h ad
ee u e e ,
s h al l cr s h th y h ad and t h o
u e , u

and t h sh al t br i s h i s h l
ou u e ee . s h al t l i i n w ai t f h e r h e l
e or e .

f/e érew .

G en i ii . . I . A nd th e se r p nt e w as i nt e l l i g nt e am o n g al l l i v i ng
gs )
(b e i n o f th e fie l d w h i ch th e Lo d r G o d h ad m ade . A nd h sa d
e i

t th
o w e o m an : Str ang ! t h at G d h as sai d Y s h al l n t at f
e o , e o e o

e v ry tr
e e e O ft h e gar d n e

2 . A nd s ai d th w m an t th s r p nt O f th fr i t f ( ach )
e o o e e e , e u o e

tr e e o ft h e gar d en w e m ay e at .

3 . Bu t O f th e fr i t u o f th e tr ee w h i ch (i s ) i n th e m i ds t o f th e
 TH E S E R PE N T OF ED EZ V .

H e n ce p roceed s t h e s econ d ary m ea n i n g of d i s

co ve ry by th e i ntel l ec t o r reaso n — d i sc u rs i ve spee n
l at i o n . I n cons equ e n c e o f th i s i t i s u sed i n th e ,

H ol y S cri pt u res t o i n d i c at e t h e rat i on al qu al i t i e s

o f p ru de n ce o r w i s do m I n t h i s s e nse we fi n d t h e .

ve ry wo rd wh i ch i s he re u sed i n Ge n i i i I a p pl i ed . .
,

repeat ed ly t o t h e p ru d e n t o r w i s e m an i n co n t ras t ,

w i th t h e fo ol i s h T h u s i n P rov x i i 1 6 A fool s .
, . .
,
’

w rath i s p rese n t l y k now n ; b u t a p ru dent m an

”
cove ret h sh a m e A n d fu rth er o n i n ve r 2 3 A .
,
.
,
“

p ru dent m an con ceal et h k nowl ed ge bu t th e h eart

o f fool s p rocl ai m et h fool i sh n es s I t i s u n n ecessa ry .

t o m u l t i p l y i nst an ces O fth i s ex ac t m ea n i n g of t h i s

wo rd .

S O, t h e G reek S ept u agi n t gi ves th e word

too ,

dp o w ju ofi
r ar o g wh i c h i s d er i ved fro m qbp o vew T o ’
i ,
.

'

t h i s root S ch ri ve ll i u s lgo gi ves t h e m e an i n gs z nte/l z ,

' ' '

'
”
cogz to s e nl z o j zzdz eo de /z be ro
“
,
I u n d e rs ta nd
,
I , ,

” ” ”
thi nk I pe rce i ve
,
I j u d ge
“
I d e l i be rat e ,
“
,
“
.

Th i s i s al s o t h e s cri pt u r al m ean i n g of t h e word .

I n M at t x . . 1 6, w h e re o u r L o rd says ,
B e ye th e re
”
fore w i se as se rp e n ts t h e wo rd u sed i s t he pos i ,

t i ve d egree o f wh i ch th e s u perl at i ve i s used i n

,

G e n i i i 1 : (spam / w. {be 0 2 6rpa e H ere t oo th e n i n

. . .
, ,

th e S ep tu agi n t as i n t h e H eb rew a wo rd i s u se d
, ,

h i ch d i st i n ct l y s h ows u s th at th e S eve n ty i n te r
“
w
 TH E S A CR ED N AR R A TI VE .
9

p re te rs u n d erst oo d th e H ebrew t ex t to i n d i c at e
the i n ten t i o n O ft he sacred w ri te r as m ean i n g t h at
the S erpen t was s ubt i l i f yo u l i k e b u t wi th a n , ,

i n te l l i ge n t th i n k i ng an d reaso n i ng s u bt i l i ty
, , .

O th e r wi s e t hey wou l d n ot h ave u sed th e word

'
om
pp
( p ui r ar o e .
T he A n c i en t A rabi c Vers i on t oo u ses t h e w o rd , ,

”
lzak m i m zm /z ,
wh i ch s i gn i fi es W i sest .

I n th e G re e k and t h e A rab i c t h e e x p ress i o n i s ,

i n th e su pe rl at i ve d egree I n th e H e brew l an gu age .

,

wh i ch h as n o su pe rl at i ve form fo r th e a dj ect i ve ,

t h e su pe rl at i ve s e nse i s i nd i cate d by th e word s

”
bove al l, or m on g all this is l so d o n e i n
“
a a a

the tex t G en i i i I
,
. . .

A dd to al l th i s th at, w h e re
th e L at i n Vu l gat e u ses
”
’ ’

th e wo rd cal /zdz or m o re s u bt i l S t A u gu s t i n e ,
.
,

”
L i te ram ( )
’

i n h i s G e nes i s ad
“
z zz 10 a c i t i n g th e ,

Vet u s I t al a or , O ld I t al i an B i bl e s ays i n ,
o ne pl ace ,

se rpe n s u te m e r at p ru de nt i s s i m u s , and in
“
a

a n oth er p lace e r at s ap i e nt i s s i m u s om n i u m best i

“
,

”
a ru m q u ze s u n t S I I pe r t e rram M o s t p ru d e n t .
“
,

”
“
m ost w i se su rely i n d i c ate re aso n i n g pow e rs an d
, ,

n ot m e re an i m al cu n n i n g .

T he G ree k S e pt u agi n t t h e Vet u s I t al a a n d t h e , ,

A n c i e n t A r ab i c al l agree the re fore wi th t h e , ,

ori gi n al H ebrew tex t i n gi vi n g wo rd s wh i c h ,

10 TH E S E R PE N T OF E D E /Y .

s i gn i fy n ot m e re an i m al c u n n i n g b ut so meth i n g
, ,

rea l l y r ati on al a nd i n tel l i ge n t . W e m u st co n cl u d e ,

t h e refore th at the s u bt i l i ty w h i ch t h e t ex t p re d i
,

c ates o f th i s S erpe n t i s a n i n tel l i ge nt t h i n k i n g a n d , ,

reaso n i n g su bt i l i ty T h e i m portance of t h i s con

.

e l u s i o n w e sh al l s oo n pe rce i ve .

2
. I n th i s sam e fi rs t vers e the w ord wh i c h ou r ,

Eng l i s h ve rs i o n s re n d e r beas ts “ ”
i n th e
h as ,
H eb re w a far m ore gen era l sense
, . I t i s nn t

wh i ch m e an s a n y li vi ng be i ng a n d n ot,

”
m e rel y a beast . I t i s fro m t he sam e root as “
l i fe .

Wh en God b reathes t h e b re at h O f l i fe i n to A d am ,

and h e beco m es a l i vi ng so u l t he s am e w o rd i s ,

u sed ; an d i t i s u sed a l so wh e n (Ge n i i i 2 0 ) Eve . .

i s cal l ed C/zr wva/z becau se S h e i s t o be the m othe r

,

o f al l l i vi n g— m e an i ng m e n . Th i s i s t h e p l ai n
sc ri pt u ral u se o f t h e w ord i n con fi rm at i o n o f wh i ch
,

n u m e ro u s oth e r e x am p l es co u l d be ad d u ced . It
fol l ows ,
t h er efo re fro m t h i s u s age a nd fro m th e
, ,

o ri gi n a l m e an i n g o f th i s wo rd th at we are p re ,

c l u d ed from l i m i t i n g th e com pari so n O f t h i s

’
S erpe n t s su b t i l i ty to ot he r beas ts o n ly Th e .

c o m p ar i so n ex t e nd s to al l li vi ng be i ngs of t/ze
”
earl /z ; for th e w ord fi e l d i s p l ai n ly syn onym ou s
“

with Th erefore i t i nc l u des all beasts ,

F i lde
”
i s no t u se d i n i ts r estri ct e d s e ns e , as is e v i de nt b e cau s
, e
 TH E SA CR ED N A R R A TI VE . u

an d m a n h i m sel f ; a n d poss i bl y al so s o m e a n gel s

who m i n i ste r o n earth Go d al o n e see m s t o be .

exc l u d ed fro m th i s co m pari son as t he C reat o r of ,

al l ; fo r t h e co m pa ri so n i s u rged i n t h e fu l l es t an d
w i d es t s e n se assert i ng th at th i s S e rpen t was th e
,

m os t i n tel l i ge n t am on g al l l i vi ng be i n gs o n t h e
”
ea rt h wh i ch the Lo rd God h as m ad e .

T h at t h i s i m po rtan t e xte ns i o n of th e co m pari so n

i s correct i s co n fi rm ed by t h e wo rd i n g o f ver 1 3
,
.

i n th i s sam e ch apte r . H ere th e se rpe n t i s d ecl are d

mp g;
”
a cc u rsed “
a bove all beas ts beli ema/z), an d
al so above al l “
l i v i n g be i n gs n
( e ,

”
C att l e a n d beast s “
,
as gi ven i n t h e E n gl i s h
ve rs i ons i s a m ere m ean i n gl ess t au tol o gy wh i ch
, ,

d oes n o t ex i st i n th e o ri gi n al H eb rew T h ere .

,

two d i st i nct wo rd s are u sed t h e on e appl i c abl e ,

to beas ts al o ne ; th e ot h e r by i ts ve ry d eri v at i o n , ,

i n c l u d i ng al l l i vi n g be i n gs T he t ex t th e re fo re
“
.
, ,

i nd i cates t h at t h i s S e rpe n t w as t he m ost i n tel l igen t

a m o ng al l l i vi ng be i ngs even i n c l u d i n g m a n h i m ,

sel f ; wh i ch as we s h al l see i s a n othe r i m po rt an t

, ,

po i n t .

3 . I n th i s s am e ve r . I th e S e rpe n t
’
s s p e ech t o
o t h rw i s
e w l d n dl ssly x cl d th b ast s
e it ou ee e e u e e e or l i v i ng b i ng e s

o f th m nt ai ns
e ou f th ai r and f th
, o a—t h at e , o e se i a l arg p
s e ro

p rt i n f ani m at d nat r : and i t w

o o o e ld th s w u e ou u e ak n t h at v ry
e e

s u p r i r i ty i n su bt i l i ty w h i ch i t i m ant t m ph a i
e o s e o e s zt
12 TH E SER PENT OF ED E N .

" t; (Ape lei )

E ve open s w i t h t h e i n te rj ec t i o n ra
-
.
,

T h i s wo rd i s n ot an i nte rrogat i o n as re n d ere d i n th e ,

” “
Vu l gate Qu are ? a n d the D o u ay Ve rs i o n Why ?
N o r i s i t a m e re ex c l am at i o n as i n t he A u t ho ri z ed ,

”
Ve rsi on Yea w i th an i n te rrogat i o n afte r i t
“
.
, ,

T he G reek S ept u agi n t ap p ro ach es n eare r th e

m ark : T i 8m Wh at ! th at God
, ,
“
,
etc The.

p rec i s e m ean i n g h oweve r o f Ap/i él i s an e x cla

, ,
-

” “
m at i o n o f s u rp ri s e S t ran ge ! th at or It is a , ,

”
s t r an ge th i n g th at . S l i gh t as t h is d i ffere n ce m ay
at fi rs t s i gh t appea r i t i s n ot w i tho u t i m port a n ce
,

i n co ns i d eri n g t h e m a n ne r o f th e t e m p tat i o n I f .

w e p u t t h e tem p tat i o n as a d i rec t qu est i o n (as i t

i s i n t he E ngl ish ve rs i o n s ) i t m ay l ead th e m i n d t o
i m agi n e a visibl e and au d i bl e qu est i on e r . But the
p l ai n H eb rew i n te rj ect i on S t ra n ge l t h at G od ,

h ath s a i d Ye sh al l n o t eat o f every t ree i n th e

,

”
g ard en , sou n d s m u c h m o re l i ke an i n tern al
s u gges t i on t o th e m i n d pu t forth as i f i t p roceed ed
,

Eve
’
fro m s ow n t ho ugh ts .

4 I n ver I 4 t h e wo rd b el l y i s ve ry correct ly
. .
“

t r an sl ate d fro m t h e H eb rew word ttng l

Ye t i t i s n ecess ary i n o rde r to u n d e rst an d th e

,

n at u re o f th e cu rse t o poi n t o u t t he d e ri vat i o n

,

o f th i s wo rd ; bec au se by m e an s o f th i s d e ri v at i o n
we sh al l see th at th i s passage becom es m o re
 TH E SA CRED N A R R A TI VE . I 3

i n tel l i gi bl y an d n at u ral l y co n n ect ed w i th oth e r

passages o f S cr i pt u re , w h i c h w i l l b e a dd u ce d l ate r
o n to e x pl ai n th e n atu re o f the cu rs e . G /i eek ozz,
t hen i s de ri ved fro m the root i n; (glzaekan) wh i ch
, ,

”
ori gi n al l y s i gn i fi es h e ben t h e b owed d ow n
“
,
“
,

“
h e was c u rve d . I n t h e wo rd g/zeeli on,
th erefore w e ,

”
n ot on l y h ave t he m ea n i n g of bel l y “
,
b u t i n cl u d e d
,

i n th at m e an i ng we h ave th e i de a o f be n d i n g o r
,

“ ”
b ow i n g d ow n to t h e gro u n d becau se th e bel l i es
o f a l m ost al l a n i m al s e xc ep t m a n a re t u rned
e a rt hw ard s ; and eve n m an wh e n bowi n g be fore
,

a s u pe ri o r ,
n ecessari l y ben d s h i s b el ly towa rd s
t he gro u n d T h i s w i l l h ave t o be recal l ed t o
.

m i nd whe n we a re co n s i d e ri n g par al l e l p ass ages

o f S c ri pt u re w i th t h e vi ew of
, asce rta i n i n g th e
prec i se m e an i n g o f t he c u rs e .

These fou r poi nts w i l l prove t o h ave a ve ry

i m port an t be ari n g o n t h e q u es t i o n Wh at o r wh o ,

i s t h i s S e rpen t ? I t i s v e ry n e c e ss ary t h at w e
s ho u l d ke e p th e m c o n st an t l y in ou r m i nd s wh i l e
,

we i nvest i g at e t h e v ari o us t h eo ri e s reg ard i n g t h e

t e m pt at i o n and w e i gh t h e argu m e n ts u sed ag ai n s t
,

th e co m m o n ly r e c e i v e d i n t e rp re t at i o n o f Gen . iii .

Ih ave n ot th ough t i t ex p e d i e nt to d i sc uss t he

q u est i o n wh eth e r i n ve r 1 5 t h e co rrec t r e nd e ri n g
,
.

”
he
“
sho u l d be sh al l c rush or “
sh e ,
“
h i s hee l
I 4 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N

“
or h er . I t d oes n o t co n ce r n o u r p rese n t s u bj ect
and, as it h as bee n repeated l y d i s c u ssed those
,

i n te res ted m ay fi n d t h e s u bj ec t t reate d i n n u m e rou s

w orks . B oth re n d e ri n gs u n d ers ta n d an d ad m i t
t hat t he age n t i n c ru sh i ng t h e s e rp e n t s h ead i s ’

t h e s eed o f the wo m an ou r Lor d J es u s C h ri s t

,
.
1 6 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N

t o co n vey a d eep sp i r i t u al m ea n i ng . But this

c an no t be .

I f t hey fo u n d th ei r d eep m ean i ng o n t h e d e n i al

o f t h e h i sto ri c al t ru th (as a fact ) o f t h i s sac red
n arrat i ve t h en n ei th er J ews n o r C h ri st i an s can
,

ad m i t s u ch an ex p l an at i on W e m ay a n d d o .

ad m i t th at a d eep s p i ri tu al m ean i n g can b e d eri ved

fro m th i s as fro m oth e r passages of S c ri pt u re ; b u t
,

s t i l l we m u s t a n d d o h o l d t h e fa cts t he re stated
t o b e h i sto ri cal t ru th s T h e wh ol e n arrat i ve s peak s
.

as o f a fac t t s o i n t e rl aces t h e ac ts a n d wo rds

.

o f G od A d a m E ve and t h e S erpe n t ; o f t he
, , ,

c reat i o n t h e t em p t at i o n an d t h e fal l
, , ; t hat i f t h e
t r u t h o f any o ne pa rt i s d en i ed vari ed o r ch an ge d , ,

i nt o a m e re al l egory t he n th e wh o l e fal l s t o p i eces

, ,

o r ca n be h el d o n l y as a m e re al l ego ry . It is a
cas e o f al l o r n o n e .

B u t the re i s a fu rthe r obj ect i o n agai n s t th i s v i ew .

W h at I ask i s a n a l l egory ? A n a l l egory i s a

, ,

p i ri tu al i n te rp ret at i o n
s ,
gi ve n i n ad d i t i o n t o t h e
ad m i ss i o n of natu ral facts ; a n d i t the refo re
n ecess ari l y p resu ppos es t h os e n atu ra l facts By .

an al l ego ry a seco n d i n te rp re tat i o n i s bu i l t u pon

,

t h e n at u r al a n d l i t e r al o ne as th e secon d s to ry o f ,

a h o us e i s b u i l t u po n t h e fi rs t . I t i s t h u s t h at
St . P au l (Gal i v . . 21 a n d fol l owi n g ve rs es ) al l e
 TH E OR I ES ON M A VN E R i OF TE M P TA TJ ON . I 7

go ri z es o n th e h i s tory of I saac a n d I s h m ae l . Bu t
he ho l d s u n q u est i o n ed n ay h e p resu ppos es i n , , ,

t he i r fu l l i ntegri ty t h e h i stori cal facts n arrated i n

,

Gen x x i
. . I n t ru t h w i th o u t th e p revi o u s ad m i ss i o n
,

o f those fac ts h i s al l ego ry cou l d h ave n o e x i ste nc e

, ,

any m o re t h a n a secon d s to ry o f an ed i fi ce c a n
s ta nd w i thou t t h e fi rst S u ch i s the ve ry n at u re .

o f an al l ego ry Whe n i t i s s tated t h e re fo re t h at

.
, ,

t h e na rr at i ve i n G e n i i a n d i i i i s a n al l ego ry i t
. . .
,

m u s t fi rst o f al l be ad m i tted t h at i t i s a t r ue stat e

m e n t o f h i s tori c al facts . I f n ot t he n i t m u st b e
,

asse rted that t he wh ol e i s a m e re fabl e o r m yt h .

Th e l at te r n o o n e n o t eve n th e a u tho rs o f th i s
,

t heo ry c an ad m i t B u t i f w e o n ce ad m i t as a n
,
.

h i sto r ic al fac t w h at i s t he re n arr ated t h e n t h e ,

d i ffi c u l t i es whateve r th ey
,
are , m u s t st i l l co n t i n u e t o
e x i st as befo re n otw i th st and i ng a myth i c al o r al l e
,

go ri cal ex pl an a ti on The bu i l d i ng u p o f an al l e go ry
.

u po n t h o se facts w i l l no t h e l p to rem ov e t h e di ffi
cu l t i e s att en d i n g th e c i rc u m st ances of th o s e facts .

T h i s t heory m ay t h e re fo r e b e at o n ce rej ecte d

, ,

becau se i t e i t he r d e n i e s t h e l i t e ra l t ru t h o f th e
s ac red n a r rat i v e a n d i s th e r e fo re s u bv e rs i ve o f
,

fai th o r i t ad m i ts t h e t ru t h o f th at narr at i ve and ,

the n i t l e aves th e d i ffi cu l t i es abs o l u t e l y u n sol ved as

be for e .
 '
1 8 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN .

II .

A m etaph o ri ca l i n t e rp ret at i o n h as bee n gi ve n by

some ,
in the s en s e t h at by th e s to ry o f th e se rpe n t
a n d t h e fo rb i d d e n fru i t i s m ea n t t h e g ivi n g way by
A d a m a n d E ve to th e p l eas u res o f th e fl esh .

T h i s s i l l y abs u rd i ty i s eas i l y an d b ri e f
ly re f
u te d

by re fe rr i n g t o G e n i 2 8 T he re t he p recep t t o
. . .

i n c rease a n d m u l t i p l y — (and i n t h e case o f A d a m

a n d Eve t h e n t h e o n l y h u m an be i n gs i t was n ot
, ,

o n l y a b e ne d i ct i o n b u t a l s o an act u al co m m a n d )
,

w as gi ve n p ri o r to t h e proh i b i t i o n i n G en i i 1 7 . . .

T h e u n i o n o f m a n a n d w i fe the re fo re was n ot o n l y , ,

n ot t h e su bj ec t o f t h at p roh i b i t i o n o n t h e co n t ra ry ,

it w as ex pres sl y c o m m an d ed . H e nc e th ey cou l d
n ot h ave s i n n ed by obeyi n g a d i rect co m m a n d o f
God .

M o reove r ,
t h e ru l es o f c o rrec t i nte rp retat i o n
forb i d u s t o a d opt a m et aph o ri cal se nse i n a n
h i s to ri cal n a r rat i ve s u c h ,
as i s th at of th e t e m pt a

t i o n by t h e S e rpe n t . I t i s al so a n ex p ress a n d
ack n ow l ed ge d ru l e i n sc ri pt u ral i n te rp re tat i on ,

t h at t h e l i te r al s e n s e i s n ot to b e ab a nd o n e d fo r
a m etaph ori c a l o n e w i t ho u t good and ev i d en t
,

reaso n H e re th e re i s n o reaso n at al l fo r a
.

m et apho ri c al ex p l an at i on e x cept th e d i ffi cu l t i es ,
 TH E OR I E S ON III AN N E R OF TE M P TA TI ON 19

atte nd i n g th e co m m o n i n terp re tat i o n . T h os e fi

di f

cu lt i e s , ,
fic i en t reaso n
h oweve r d o n ot fu rn i sh a s u f
fo r ad m i tt i n g a m etaph o ri cal se n s e becau se (as we ,

shal l see h e reafte r ) th ey ca n be ove rco m e w i tho u t

aba nd on i n g th e l i teral h i stor i ca l s ens e o f t h e
n arr at i ve T he n a rrat ive t herefo re , ,
can not be
taken i n th i s m et ap h o ri cal se ns e .

III .

A m ong th e th eo ri es t o b e at o n c e rej ect ed i s t h at

the best i a l se rpe n t w as , lz i nzs elf ana natu ral ly , ’
the
te m p ter . I f t h is we re eve r se ri o u s l y p u t fo rwa rd
by any s ane m an th e phys i c al i m poss i b i l i ty o f a n
,

i rr at i o na l an i m al u n ai d ed by any h igh e r powe r

, ,

be i ng abl e to t al k w i t h a h u m an vo i ce a n d to
reaso n wou l d be qu i te e n ou gh t o re fu te i t
,
.

IV .

S om e c om m en t at o rs es pec i al l y o f
,
t h e P rotest an t

s ch ool h e ad e d by
,
l l is h o p l
’
at ri ck , h ave el abo r ate d
a theo ry th at the t e m pt at i on o f l i ve w as acco m p
l i s h e d by th e d evi l app e ari n g t o h e r as an a n gel
fro m G o d i n a b ri l l i an t fl y i ng se rp e n t i n e fo rm
, , , ,

wh i ch they as s ert t o be t h e fo rm u nd e r wh i ch th e

s e raph i m are d esc ri bed i n th e S c ri pt u res .

20 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E M

B u t t h e fo l l ow i n g co ns i d e r at i o n s m us t m ak e u s
u n h es i t at i n gl y r ej ect t h i s th eory
I . I t i s a p u rel y gratu i tou s s u ppos i t i o n fo r i n th e
sc ri pt u ral n a rrat i ve t h e re i s n ot a word t o i n d i cat e
t h at t h e tem pte r cam e i n t h e fo r m o f a n a ngel .

”
The re i t i s th e S e rpe n t wh o t em pts ; a n d n o
“

m e n t i o n i s m ad e o f a n y o the r t e m pte r .

2T he s e raph i m a re n o t rep rese n ted i n S c ri pt u re

.

as h av i n g se rpe n t i n e fo rm s as t h es e a u t ho rs ass er t ,
.

Fo r i n I sa . vi . 2 an d fo l l ow i n g vers es t h e seraph i m ,

“ ” “ ”
are s ai d t o s t an d , to co ver t he i r feet ,
a n d to
”
h ol d a co al o f fi re i n h i s h an d . Th ey h ave ,

t h e re fo re ,
feet ,
l egs ,
and hands ,
in ad d i t i o n t o
w i n gs . I n n o se n se t he re fo re ca n th ey be sa i d
, ,

t o h ave serpe n t i ne b od i es o r fo rm s .

T h e word n
3 .
i t? (se rap/z pl u r al se rap/t i fn) d oes ,

” “
n ot i n H eb rew m e an a
,
se rpen t or ser ,

’
pen t i n e bod y ,
as i s e rro n eou sl y s tate d by th ese
au t ho rs I t i s a n adj ect i ve a n d n ot a s ubstan t i ve
.
,

“ ” “ ”
n ou n I t s i m pl y s i gn i fies fi ery
. bu rn i ng o r , ,

“
a rd e n t .

4 E ve n i f i n an y oth er p assage o f t h e S c ri ptu re

.

sera u we re u sed to s i gn i fy a se rp en t that wou l d

p ,

n o t h el p t h e i r argu m en t i n the case o f Ge n i i i . .

H e re th e wo rd u sed i s n ot s e ra p/i at a l l ,
but an
;
wh i ch i s de ri ve d fro m q u i te a d i ffere n t
 TH E OR I E S ON III A N N E R OF TE M P TA TI OIV . 2:

root ,
a n d s ig n i fi es “
the h i sse r , i n d i cat i n g th e
pecu l i ar sou nd m ade by th e serpe n t .

I t see m s d i ffi c u l t at fi rst s i gh t to acco u n t fo r th e

o ri gi n o f s o e rro n eo u s a th eory . B u t o n fu rt he r
,

i n vest i g at i on i t w i l l be fo u n d t o h ave a ri se n fro m a

,

m i s u n d e rst and i n g o f N u m b x x i 6 a n d fo l l ow i n g . .

ve rses . T h ere t he fi ery se rpen t s s e n t a m on g t h e

,

I s rae l i tes fo r th e i r s i ns a re cal l ed Q DNj E /n

J D Dug n
a ’ ’

(l mn n e c/ ms /z i tn t hat i s to say ‘

”
“
bu rn i n g o r fi e ry se rpe n ts . F u rt he r o n M oses
'

i s o rde red t o m ak e a b ra z e n q j ty th at i s
t o say a (se rpe n t )
br az e n fi e ry o ne nae/tas lz
“
, ,

bei ng u n d e rs tood Th i s i n t h e E n gl is h ve rs i o n s
.
, ,

as a l so i n t h e Vu l g at e h as be e n t ra n sl ate d
“
,
a

b r az e n se rpe n t wh i ch g ave ri s e d o u bt l ess t o th e

, , ,

e rron eo u s i d e a t h at i n I l e b re w se rap/i m ea n t a
”
“
serpe nt H e n c e th e se c o m m e n tato rs co n cl u d e d
.

th at the angel i c ser aph i m m u s t be an gel s w i t h

s e rpe n t i ne fo rm s ; whe r e as i n t rut h th e y are so
c al l e d bec au se i n a S pec i al m an n e r t h ey are
bu rn i ng fi e ry and ard e n t an ge l s
, , O n t h i s l igh t .

an d u n st abl e fo u nd at i o n w as e rec ted th i s p r e t e n

t i ou s bu t u n te n a bl e t heo ry .

Bes id es t he te m pte r n owhe re re prese n t s h i m se l f

,

as a n a ngel .

M oreove r ,
Eve m ight to ,
a ce rt ai n e x ten t h av e ,
22 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E JV .

bee n e xcu s ab l e i f s h e had yi el d ed t o a s u p posed

,

m essen ge r fro m Go d .

T h e w hol e t h eory th ere fore i s fro m b egi n n i n g

, , ,

t o e n d a gro u n d l es s s u ppos i t i on i n eve ry d et a i l

, ,

b es i d es bei n g opposed t o t h e l i t eral wo rd i n g o f th e

sac re d n a rrat i ve ; i t ca n n ot t h e refo re b e ad m i t ted
, ,
.

V .

A few co m m e n tators h ave n ot rest ed c on te n t

w i t h h o l d i n g t h at t h e t em pte r assu m ed th e fo r m
and s tat u s of an a n ge l fro m Go d . Th ey h ave go n e
“
t h e e xt ravaga n t l e n gth o f h ol d i n g th a t h e ass u m ed
”
th e for m of t h e S o n o f G o d i n ord e r t o t em p t
E ve .

Wh at t h ey m ea n by t h e form of t h e S o n o f
“

God I real l y c an n ot co n cei ve F o r t h e D i vi n i ty .

h as n o v i s i b l e fo rm ; a n d a h u m a n fo rm w as n ot
u n i ted t o t h e S o n o f Go d t i l l n ea rl y fou r t h ous an d
years a fterwa rds i n t h e I n carn at i o n o f eve n th e
, ,

pos si b i l i ty of w h i ch E ve cou l d t he n h ave h ad n o

i d ea . W hateve r t h ey m ay m ean i t w i l l b e ,

s u ffi c i e n t to poi n t ou t i n re fu t at i o n of th i s (as o f
,

t h e preced i n g ) t h eory th at E ve s act i n g u pon an

,
’

appa re n t i n st ru ct i o n fro m G o d H i m sel f wou l d n ot

h ave bee n a s i n at a l l B u t i n ad d i t i o n to t h i s t h e
.
, ,

very w o rd s o f t h e sac re d n a rrat i ve gi ve a fl at con

24 TH E S ER P E N T OF E D E /V .

t h e s ou n d o f a h u m a n vo i ce t o p roceed fro m th e
j aws o f th i s appar i t i o n wh i ch E ve took t o be
,
a

l i vi n g best i a l se rpen t
,
.

T h i s t h eory al so l abou rs u n d er t h e i nsu rm o u nt

ab l e obj ect i o n th at ,
it i s a p u re l y grat u i tou s a sse r
t i o n w i tho u t t h e s h ad ow o f a fou n d at i o n i n t h e
,

wo rd s of t h e s ac red n ar rat i ve . T h ere we h ave n o t

even a h i n t o f t he re h avi n g b ee n a n appari t i on a n d ,

n ot t h e S e rpe n t i n h i s n atu r al real i ty B es i des as

“
.
,

Eve i n th i s s u ppos i ti o n m us t h ave ta ke n i t fo r a

, ,

l i vi n g best i a l s erpe n t a l l t h e d i ffi c u l t i es wh i ch b ese t

, ,

th e n e x t fol l ow i n g a n d co m m o n l y recei ved t h eory

w ou l d u n d e r t h i s i n te rp retat i o n s t i l l re m ai n u n
, ,

t ou ch ed . Th i s t heo ry t h ere fore i s

, ,
as u sel ess as i t
i s opposed t o the l i te ral wo rd i n g o f G e n i i i . .

VI I .

Th e ge n e ral l y recei ved t h eo ry i s tha t t h e t e m pte r

(S at an ) e n te red i n t o t h e body o f o n e o f th e bes ti a l
s e rpe n ts th en e x i st i ng i n Ed en , and took possess i o n
of it ,
as h e d i d i n a fte r t i m es o f t h e
, , ene r gu meni ,
o r possessed p erson s m e nt i o n e d i n t h e Gospel s ;
,

t h at h e u s ed t h e voca l o rga ns o f th i s se rpe n t fo r

h i s pu rpos e fo rm i ng a h u m an vo i ce i n the se rpen t s
,
’

m ou th a n d d i scou rs i n g t h en ce w i th Eve as o ne
, ,

m i gh t th rough a m ask or as th e ev i l s p i ri ts u se d
,
 TH E OR I E S ON AI A N N E R OF TE M P TA TI OM 25

t o rep l y t o ou r Lo rd acco rd i n g to th e Gospel s ou t , ,

o f t he m ou ths o f possessed pe rso ns Th at S atan i s .

e nd owed w i th an d ,
h as bee n a l l owed to e x erci se ,

s i m i l a r powe rs we k n ow fro m t h e S c ri pt u res th e m

,

sel ves n ot to m e n t i o n th e c ase s o f t h e pag an

,

o racl es .

Th i s t h eo ry h as bee n s o c o m m o n l y p ropo u n d e d
an d accepted as th e o n l y o n e w h i c h h ol d s stea d
fast l y t o th e l i teral sen s e of t h e s ac red n a rrat i ve ,

t hat m os t read e rs w i l l d ou bt l ess be s u rp r i se d at m y

s ay i n g t hat i t al so i s a pu rel y grat u i tou s s u ppos i
t i o n wh i ch h as n ot th e s l i ghtes t fou n d at i o n i n th e
,

wo rd s o f Ge n i i i . . ! W here I ask i s t he re
, ,
o ne

s i ngl e word i n d i cat i n g to u s th e p resen ce o f any

oth e r be i n g ex cept “
th e S e rpe n t ,
h i m sel f a l on e ?
N owh e re ! I s t he re o n e s i ngl e wo rd a nywh e re t o
show u s th at th e s ac red w ri te r m e an t t h at t h e “

S e rpe n t w as poss essed o r w as act i n g u nd e r t h e ,

c oe rc i o n of a h i ghe r b e i n g o r w as n ot h i m sel f ,
th e

o n e fre e d el i be r ate and act u al age n t ? N o t

, , ,
o ne

wo rd l A l l th rou gh i t i s th e S e rpen t w as th e
“
, ,

Se rp n t s ai d —
e l i ve ,
”
,
and a f e t rw ard s Go d ,
“
s ai d to

the S e rpe nt ; th e S e rpe n t a l w ays ,

and not au v

o n e wh o pos s e ssed i t o r act e d i n o r by i t ,

. N o ev i l
s pi ri t i s m e n t i o ned at al l . The re i s n o t th e re m otes t
t r ace of t he p rese nc e o r act i o n o f any othe r be i n g
26 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E rV .

ex cept the S erp en t . All t h at i s sai d a n d d o n e ,

i s s ai d a
nd d o n e to o r by t h e S erpe n t an d th e “
,
” “

”
S e rpe n t al on e VVh e nce th en c o m es th i s t h eo ry
.
, ,

of S ata n i c possess i o n ? C ertai n l y n ot fro m th e

l i teral w ord i n g o f t h e s ac red n arrat i ve . T h at s ays
n ot h i n g o f S atan i c p ossess i o n ; i t cl e arly a n d d i s
t i nct ly a n d s i m p ly att r i bu tes t h e tem pt at i o n t o
’
t h e S erpen t al on e S atan s e nteri n g t he s erpe n t s
.
’

bod y a n d possess i n g i t a n d s pe ak i n g by m ean s o f

,

it ,
are al l grat u i to u s assu m pt i o n s o n t h e part o f
t h ese c o m m e n t at ors an d t h ey are al l d i rectl y co n
t radi cto ry o f t h e l i ter al se n s e o f t h e t ex t My .

fi rst obj ect i o n t here fo re ag ai n s t th i s t h eo ry as

, , ,

g i n st oth ers i s th at i t v i ol ates t h i s l i te ra l sens e

a a ,

o f t h e s ac red n a rrat i ve a nd i s a m ere hypoth es i s

,
.

B es i d es t h is ,
Eve m u s t h ave take n th e s e rp en t t o
be a m e re b est i al serpe n t b ecaus e sh e cou l d n ot ,

have k n ow n th at i t was possess ed by any s u pe ri o r

power S h e h ad n o p re vi ou s k n o w l ed ge of su ch
.

an eve n t o r o f i ts poss i b i l i ty . H e n c e t o h er m i n d
i t wou l d h ave bee n o n l y a best i a l serp en t t al k i n g ,

and reaso n i n g i n a m a n n e r i n wh i ch s h e k ne w th at

best i al s e rpe nts cou l d n ot t al k and re ason H e n ce .

al l t he d i ffic u l t i es bese tt i n g te m ptat i o n by a n ap p a

ri t i o nal se rpen t wo u l d s t i l l c on t i n u e t o e x i s t i n t h e

su pp os i ti on o f a S ata n i c possess i o n of t h e se rp en t .
 TH E OR I ES ON AI A N N E R OF TE M P TA TI O V I . 27

N ay t h i s wou l d ad d a few m ore d i ffi cu l t i es to t hose

,

a l ready bese tt i n g t h e n arrat i ve as w e s h al l s ee i n ,

th e n e x t ch apte r . F or t he p res e n t i t i s qu i te ,

e n ou gh t o s ay that t h is t heo ry d oes n ot l esse n t h e

dif ficu l t i es o f i n te rpret i n g G e n i i i an d th at i t . .
,

i s a grat u i to us s u ppos i t i on op pose d t o th e l i te ra l ,

w o rd i n g o f t h e t ex t .

T o h ol d t h i s t h eo ry we sh ou l d be ob l i ge d to
ad d to th e word s o f t h e t ex t a n d to pu t co n ,

s t ru ct i o ns u po n t h ose wo rd s w h i c h t hey d o n ot
n at u ral ly bea r . Fo r i n st an ce ,
we sh ou l d be
obl i ged to say Th e se rpe n t was (n ot i ndeed
,
“
, ,

h i m sel f t h e m ost s u bt i l b u t h av i n g bee n t e m , ,

po rari ly possessed by th e s u per i o r powe r a n d

i n te l l i gen ce o f o n e o f t h e rebe l a ngel s h e fo r a l i tt l e
,

wh i l e see m ed t o be ) th e m ost su bt i l of a l l th e
beasts o f th e fi el d W h at a l o n g an d sel f co n t ra
.
-

di ct o ry pare n t h es i s i s th i s wh i c h we sh ou l d h ave t o
i n se rt es pec i al l y as afte r al l i t fl atl y co n t r ad i c ts
, , ,

t h e pl ai n wo rd s T h e s e rpe n t w as th e m os t s u bt i l
,

”
A g ai n th e w o rd s
,
H e s ai d t o l i ve wou l d h ave
t o be ch an ge d th u s : l l e (di d n ot h i m s e l f s pe ak
to Eve b u t , S at an wh o possesse d h i m u s e d h is
voc al org an s a nd c au s e d a h u m an S p e ech t o i ss u e
'
fro m t h e s e rpe nt s j aws by wh i c h n ot t h e se rpen t , , ,

”
bu t S at an ) s aid t o Eve . And so on . Each c l au se
28 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN

wh i c h t h e sac re d n arrat i ve cl earl y assi gn s to t h e

S e rpe n t al on e wo u l d h ave t o b e ex pl ai n ed away ,

as referri n g not t o t h e serpe n t bu t t o S ata n w h o

, ,

possessed h i m S u rel y t h is i s d o i n g fea rfu l an d

.

n eed l es s v i ol e nc e t o t he l i tera l se ns e o f t h e S c ri p
t u res ' H ow d i ffe re n tl y t h e S c ri pt u res s pea k o f
S at a n i c acts a n d wo rd s i n t h e cas es o f real poss es
s i o n w e m ay e as i l y see i n t h e Gospel s
,
T h ere .

t h e acts a n d w o rd s a re c l earl y a n d u n m i s takabl y

refe rred to t he ev i l s p i ri ts t hou gh t he re was th e
,

l ess n ecess i ty for s o d o i ng becaus e i t h ad al ready

,

bee n s t ate d th at t h e m e n we re p ossessed by t h e

d evi l .H e re i n Ge n es i s i i i no s u c h a n tecede n t
,
.
,

a n no u nce m en t i s m ad e ; t h e words are n o t att ri

b uted t o S ata n a n d n o i nd i cat i o n i s g i ve n o f h i s
,

p resen ce . T he u s age o f S cri p t u re , t h erefo re t o

,

get he r w i th t h e absen ce o f any h i n t o f S atan i c

possess i on c o nv i n ces u s that th i s t h eo ry i s o pposed
,

t o the l i te ral a n d obv i ou s s en s e o f t he sacred

n a rra t i ve .

I h ave p u t t h i s argu m e n t at a greate r l en gt h

th a n absol u te n ec ess i ty requ i red becau se th i s ,

t heo ry h as bee n m os t e r ro n eo u sl y cal l ed t h e on l y “

l i te r al i n te rp ret at i o n of Gen i i i To this i t . .

h as n ot t h e re m ot es t cl a i m Th e fac t i s prec i sel y

.

th e reverse . W h ateve r oth e r m e ri t th is t heory

 TH E OR I E S ON [ll A Z VN E R OF TE l lI P TA TI OZ V .
2
9

m ay o r m ay n ot h ave i t i s m os t ev i d e n t ly a n d
,

m ost ce rt ai n l y not a l i te ral i n te rp retat i o n of th i s

n arr at i ve Y et u n d e r th i s fal se p rete n ce i t h as
.

s u cc eed e d o n l y too l on g i n u su rp i n g i n C h ri st i a n
l i terat u re a m os t n otab l e p l ace t o wh i ch i t i s i n ,

n o way e n t i t l ed .

VI I I .

O ne w r i te r on l y th at I k n ow — C ard i n al C aj e tan
,

see m s t o h ave p u t as i d e a l l i d e a of ei the r a

S atan i c a p p ari t i o n o r of a S atan i c poss ess i on o r
, ,

o f a myt h ; a n d t o h ave p ropou n de d a n ove l i d ea .

H e h ol d s th at t h e t e m pt at i o n was a pu rel y i n tern al

t e m pt at i o n ; th at i t w as not an a u d i bl e or v i s i bl e
t e m ptat i o n ; that i t d i d n o t t he re fo re n eed e i th e r , ,

an a pp ari t i on al o r a best i al se rpen t I n fac t h e .

,

see m s t o d i spe n se w i th the S e rpe n t l togethe r

“
a .

T h i s o f c ou rse r ai ses ag ai n st h i s th eo ry t h e
, ,

i nsu rm ou n t abl e obj ect i o n th at th e S cri ptu re m os t

d i s t i n ctl y and pos i t i v e l y te aches th at t h e S e r “

Eve
”
pe n t d i d t e m pt . N o t h e o ry wh i c h ex c l u d es
”
th e S e rpe n t i s co ns i st e n t w i th t h e requ i re m en ts
o f th e s ac r e d n arr at iv e .
30 YH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N

IX .

O u r i n terp retat i on wh i ch (as w i l l be see n h e re

afte r ) avo i d s a l l d i ffi cu l ty i s t h at the S e rpe n t i s
,
“ ”

—i n G e n i i i . . as e l s ewh e re -m
o nly a n ot he r sc ri ptu ra l
n am e for S at an . O f t h i s i n t e rp retat i o n I sh al l
h e re say n o m o re ,
as i t w i l l be fu l l y c o ns i d e red
i n C h apt er V I .

O f th e p reced i n g e i gh t t h eo ri es n o n e s ee m s t o ,

d eserve any se ri o u s co ns i d e rat i o n ex cep t th at

gi ve n u n d e r N o V I I . .
,
p . 24 , w h i ch i s t h e co m
m o nly recei ved o n e . T h e qu es t i on t h e re fore m ay , ,

b e n arrowed t o t h i s on e p o i n t .

The S cri pt u re t el l s u s pl a i n l y th at
t h e S e rpe n t
t e m pted Eve . T h i s S e rpe n t w as e i th er a b est i al
serpen t or i t m u s t h ave bee n s o m e oth e r se rpen t
, ,

n ot a b es t i al o ne , i f s u ch a o n e w e ca n fi n d
m e n t i on ed i n t h e S c ri pt u res .

I f i t was t h e b es t i al se rp en t a s th e co m m o nl y ,

rece i ve d th eo ry m ai n t ai ns the n i t m u s t h ave acted ,

e i th e r by i ts ow n n at u ral powe rs o r u n d e r a h i ghe r

i n fl u e n ce T h at i t c ou l d h ave t e m pt ed E ve o f i ts
.

ow n n atu ral powe rs i s a phys i c al i m poss i bi l i ty .

T h at i t d i d s o u n d e r a h i gh e r i n fl u en ce i s a m e re
gr atu i t ou s su p pos i t i o n not on l y u n s u pported by
,

t h e p l ai n wo rd s o f t h e sac red n arrat i ve bu t pos i ,

t i ve l y con t r ad i ct i n g t h em .
32 TH E S E R P E N T OF EDE N .

C HAPTER IV .

I
D FF I C U LT I ES A T T EN D N G I T EM P T A T O N I BY A

I
B ES T A L S E R P E N T .

T H ES E d i ffi c u l t i es m ay b e pl ace d u n d er two h ead s

( 1 ) t hos e wh i c h te l l ag ai ns t t h e s erpen t co n s i d e red
as a m ere best i a l s e rp e n t a n d (2 ) t h os e w h i ch t el l
g i n st th e s e rpe n t
a a as h av i n g act ed u n d e r t h e
coe rc i o n o f a s u p e ri o r S at an i c powe r .

S EC T I O N I —D i i eu l ti es
.

fi a tte ndi ng Te mp tati on by

a m ere B es ti al S erp ent .

I .

If the S erpe n t was a m ere best i al s erpen t

“
,

h ow cam e h e t o bec o m e m o re s ub t i l t h an oth e r

“

s e rpe n ts i n Ede n ? I n t h e H eb rew t ex t we n ot ,

o nl y h ave th e d efi n i t e a rt i c l e be fore th e wo rd Ser

wmn
'

p en t ,
an d i n th e S ept u agi n t
 TE M P TA TI ON B y A B ES TI A L S E R P E N T .
33

'
a l so 6 op g tb e S e rpe n t ; b u t th e H eb rew t e xt
ci ,
“

”
a l so ex p ress l y i n se rt s th e s ubst an t i ve verb was ,

“I D 15 030 H annae/zas /i
( the “

S erpe n twas T h e u s e o f t h e d e fi n i te a rt i c l e an d
.

of th e s u bstan t i ve verb accord i n g t o t h e i d i o m o f ,

t h e H eb rew l angu age ,

p recl u d es t h e poss i b i l i ty
of t h e p ropos i t i o n be i n g a ge ne r al o n e ,
asserted
ge ne ri cal l y o f al l se rpe n ts o r o f th e wh ol e se rpe n t ,

rac e . I n s u ch ge ne r al propos i t i on s i n th e H eb rew ,

l an guage t h e s ubstan t i ve verb ( was o r i s

,
“ “
is
al ways u n d e rs tood a n d i s n eve r ex p ressed ,
. I
n eed n ot c i te t h e n u m e rou s i n stan ces wh i ch w e
fi n d i n th e B ook o f P rove rbs fo r i nsta n ce to
, ,

p rove th i s fact . T h e t ext ,

th e re fo re ,
can n ot
m ea n t h at al l se rp en t s o r th e wh ol e se rpen t r ace
,

i n ge n e ra l w ere m o re s u bt i l th an al l th e b e as ts o f
“
,

”
th e fi el d . I t stat es th a t o n e p art i cu l a r d e fi n i t e ,

S e rpe n t w as t/ze m os t su bt i l o f al l l i vi n g be i n gs
”
i n t h e wo rl d l i ve n i f w i t h th e D arwi ni ans we
.
, ,

go t h e l e n gth o f s ay i n g t h at all t h e presen t a nd

p as t v ari e t ies o f s e rpe n ts h ad on e c o m m o n p ro
ge n i to r th e re m u s t h av e bee n at l e ast o n e p ai r
, ,

m al e and fe m al e ,
in Ed e n . W h ic h o f al l th e

se rpe n ts o r wh i ch o f
,
th e two bec am e
,
th e m os t
s ubt i l —so v ast l y s u pe ri o r to i ts m ate and to al l

othe r serpe n ts — i n so u n n at u ra l a manner ? A nd

I)
34 TH E S ER P EN T OF E D EN .

h ow d i d i t beco m e s o ? Was i t c reate d s o ? o r how

“
d i d i t m ak e i tsel f s u ch ? I f i t was c reated m os t
s u b t i l wh i l e other s e rp e n ts w e re created d i ffe re n t
,
”

i n s u bt i l i ty th e n th e serpe n t rac e at l e ast ca n n ot

,

h av e bee n c reated as t h e S c ri pt u re ex p ress l y tel l s

,

”
u s t h at a l l an i m al s w e re aft er th ei r k i n d,
I fi t
“
.

afte rwa rd s beca m e t h e m os t su bt i l o f al l by

“
,

wh at m e an s was th i s do n e ? O f i ts el f ? T h at i s
’
phys i ca l l y i m poss i bl e . B y God s power ? Th en
God wou l d h ave b ee n w o rk i n g m i racl es H i m sel f t o ,

r u i n H i s ow n wo rk wh i c h i s absu rd B y S at an i c
, .

possess i o n ? T h at as we sh al l see h e reafte r d oes

, ,

n ot rem ove al l t h e d i ffi cu l ty (see S ect io n I I p .

,
.

B es i d es w h i ch of al l t h e s erpen ts o r wh i c h o f
, ,

t h e t wo becam e t h e t e m pte r ? Why d i d t h at o n e

,

spec i al l y u n d ertak e t h at o ffi ce ? A bove al l wh y ,

i s t hat o n e above a l l oth e r serpe n ts cal l ed

, ,
“
t/ze
”
S erpe n t ? a n d w h y i s i t n ot st ated as i n th i s ,

hyp ot h es i s i t ou gh t t o h ave bee n t h at ,

“
one of the
”
se rpe nts was th e m os t s ubt i l ,
i n stead o f m e re ly
”
s ayi n g zb e S e rpe n t ? T h e re i s n o reason abl e
“

a nswe r t o t h es e qu es t i o ns .

T h i s speci al S erpen t i s s ai d t o h ave bee n t he “

m ost s u bt i l o f a l l t h e beasts of th e fi el d or rath er ,

 TE M P TA TI ON B Y A B ES TI A L S E R P E N T .
35

as I h ave s h ow n fro m t h e H eb rew te xt ,

“
t he m o st
i n tel l i ge n t o f a l l l i vi n g be i n gs ,
i n cl u d i n g m e n a n d ,

”
pe rh aps so m e a n gel s . T h e word s u bt i l ,
to o w e ,

hav e s ee n t o m e an i n th e o ri gi n al
,
i n t el l i ge n t ,
“
,

”
w i t h reason i n g powers Th i s S erpen t th ere fo re
.
, ,

i s d ec l are d t o h ave b ee n t h e m os t i n te l l i ge n t o r
rat i o n al o f al l l i vi n g b ei n gs o n t h e e arth — m ore
i n t el l i gen t th an m an h i m se l f fo r t h e t e x t w i l l be ar
,

t h at i nte rp ret at i on S erp en t s are n ot o f co u rse

.
, ,

i n te l l i ge n t w i t h reas o n i n g powe r ; t h at i s c e rt ai n .

B u t (n ot to i n s i s t t oo m u c h o n t h e s pec i a l a n d
pec u l i a r m e an i n g o f H eb rew o r G reek wo rd s ) i s i t ,

at al l t ru e th at t h e se rpe n t eve n i n m e re an i m a l
, ,

s ub ti l i ty o r i n t el l i ge nce i s above al l t h e beas ts o f

,

th e fi el d ? N ot i n t h e l east t ru e . F a r fro m ex
cel l i n g all ot h e r an i m al s i n i n te l l i gen ce i t i s i n , ,

fac t m u ch i n fe ri o r t o m an y o f th e m T h i s i s a
, .

m ost i m po rt an t po i n t I s ay t h at i n n o reaso n abl e

.

se n s e i s any best i al s e rpe n t m or e s u bt i l th an all

”
th e beasts o f th e fi el d . Le t u s e x am i ne t he c ase
i n d etai l ,
fo r i t i s a c ru c i al st at e m e n t in th e
n a rr at i ve .

M os t a n i m al s can be t am e d and t au gh t and

t ra i n ed . T h e y d i s pl ay m o re or l e ss an i m al i nte lli
ge n ce i n
,
an swe ri ng t h e c al l s m ad e u po n th e m to ,

l e arn so m e th i n g m o re t h a n n at u ra l i n st i n ct teac h es
36 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E Z V .

them . B u t n ei ther i n i ts n atu ra l s tate n o r u n d e r ,

d o mest i c at i o n h as th e s e rpe n t an y e ve n t h e
, ,

s l ightest c l a i m t o be i n g co n s i de re d th e m os t s u b t i l
,

o f a l l th e beas ts o f t he fi el d I n i ts n at u r al s t at e
.

it is f
ar s u rp asse d by m any a n i m al s ; as fo r
,
in
st an ce t h e ,
ant, t he beave r t h e bee th e e l eph a n t
, , .

In a d o m es t i c ate d s t ate i t i s s i m pl y i m m eas u rab l y

i n fe ri o r to m os t o th e r a n i m al s ; as fo r i n sta nce t h e , ,

d og th e goat t h e h ors e th e m on key t h e e l eph a n t

, , , ,
.

I t i s m arvel l ou s t o see w h at s o m e a n i m al s a re
capabl e o f be i n g t au gh t . B u t t he s e rpe n t ? No
t h i ng at al l ! D u ri n g my l o n g s oj o u rn o f a s co re
o f ye ars i n I n d i a I h ave s ee n h u n d red s of t am ed
,

se rpe n ts o f every v ari ety an d s i z e

, . T h e s am e
n at i ves w h o t ra i n th e m a n d m ak e a l i vi n g by t h em ,

t rai n al s o othe r an i m al s fo r t h e s am e p u rpos es .

T hey s u cceed i n teach i n g s o m e won d erfu l t h i n gs

to t hes e ot h e r a n i m al s — to t h e s erpe n ts — n oth i n g
T h e p erfo r m a nces o f t h es e t a m ed se rp e n t s c o n s i s t
s o le l y i n e rect i n g a n d wav i n g t h e i r c res ts t o t h e
sou n d o f a fl age o l e t—and n o m ore . A n d eve n
d u ri n g t h i s p oo r p erfo r m a nce t h e i r s o l e obj ect ,

s ee m s to b e t o gl i d e away t o a n y c ove r n e ar at
h a nd th at m ay s u gges t t o t h e m t h e p os si b i l i ty o f
,

a n escape o r o f a h i d i n g p l ace I f t h e re b e n o
,
-
.

s u ch cove r t h e se rpe n t qu i et l y coi l s h i m se l f u p

, ,
 TE M P TA TI ON B Y A B ES TI A L S E R P E A’ TI 37
/
an d l i st en s ,
with h ea d e rect t o t h e m u s i c, . A m on g
s e rpe n ts t h e c ob ra d i c ape l l o (N aj a trip u ai ans )
,
’
,

w h i ch erect s i t s c rest h i gh e r t h a n m os t o th e r se r
p en t s d oes w ave i tsel f
, to a n d fro ,
and s o m et i m es
”
e x ec u t e w h at i s by cou rtesy cal l e d a
, ,
“
d a n ce .

I t a d va n ces a n d reced es acco rd i n g as th e s n ake

m a n reced es o r ad va n ces B u t c l ose obse rva t i o n .

sh ows th at th i s al so i s an u n i n tel l i ge n t a n d p u rel y

i n st i n ct i ve m ot i o n N e ve r o n ce h av e I see n o r
.

h ea rd o f a se rpe n t h av i n g bee n su ccess fu l ly t au gh t

t o pe rfor m any t ri cks o r h av i n g l ea rn ed to d o ,

an y ac t i o n s o r o f h av i n g bee n t r ai n e d t o a nyth i n g
,

m o re t h a n to a p ass i ve s u b m i ssi o n (n ot w i th o u t
frequ e n t sy m pt o m s o f a n ge r i n eac h pe rfo rm a n c e )
i n be i n g ex posed t o pub l i c g az e a n d b e i n g ,

h a n d l ed a n d p u t arou n d t h e pe rs o n o f t h e ex
,

”
h i b i to r . The so -
ca l l ed fi gh t o f t h e s e t r ai n ed
s e rpe n ts w i th t he (o r ne w /a) a k i n d
m u ngh o o se ,

o f we ase l co m m o n i n I n d i a i s a m e re m atte r o f ,

i n st i n ct i ve s e l f d e fe nc e S u ch fi gh ts are o f frequ e n t
-
.

o c c u rre n ce ev e n i n w i l d fores t l i fe . A nd b e s i d es ,

b oth i n th e w i l d and in th e t am ed s t at e th e m u n ,

gh o o se g e ne r al l y ,
a l m os t i n v ari abl y gets ,
th e bet t e r
in th e fi gh t . T h e o nl y c ases o f d e fe at are wh e n a

no t fu l l y g row n m u ngh o o s e i s pi tted a g ai n s t an

ex ce pt i on al l y l arge o r v i go ro us s e rp e n t . I d o n ot

99 7 3 4
38 TH E S E R P E N T OF EDEN .

w i s h t o d en y n or d oes m y th es i s requ i re m e t o
,

d en y th e poss i bi l i t y o f t each i n g t ri cks t o a s erp e n t

, ,

a t th e ex pen se o f ve ry gre at ca re s k i l l an d p at i en ce, , .

I t i s e n ough fo r t h e pu rpose of t h e obj ect i o n wh i ch

w e a re c o n s i d eri n g t h at t h e s e rpe n t c an n ot be s a i d
,

t o be “
t h e m os t s u bt i l of al l th e b eas ts of t h e
”
fi el d . F o r t h e o rd i nary care sk i l l and p at i e n ce , , ,

w h i ch i n I n d i a a re s u cces s fu l i n t e ac h i n g t h e goat ,

t he m o n key and th e el eph an t t o d o s u ch s t range

,

and w o n d e rfu l th i ngs fa i l u t te rl y t o d o as m u ch

, ,

o r anyth i n g l i ke a s m u ch w i t h se rp en ts Th i s
, .

a l on e wou l d s u ffi ce t o p rove t h e fact th at th e

b est i al se rp en t i s n ot by a n y m e an s th e
, ,
“
m os t
”
s u bt i l o f a l l t h e beas ts of th e fi el d ,
as th e s ac red
n arrat i ve s tates th at t h e S e rp en t —
t e m pte r was .

I n o rd e r t o asce rt ai n yet fu rth e r th e al l eged

su bt i l i ty o f th e se rp e n t rac e I v i s i te d t h e Lo n d o n
,

Zool ogi c al Gard e n s o n p u rp os e an d s pok e t o o n e ,

of t h e ke ep ers at th e s n ak e h ou se wh o h as h a d a n
-

ex pe ri e n ce o f ove r a s co re o f ye ars h e t ol d m e , ,

w i t h se rpe nts . I n a n s we r t o m y qu est i o n h e em ,

ph at i cal l y d ecl ared t h at as a cl ass s e rpe n ts cou l d

, ,

by n o m ea n s be c al l e d i n te l l i ge n t a n i m al s . Wh at
i n tel l i ge nce th ey possess i s o f a very l ow typ e ,

and i s co n fi n ed al m ost ex cl u s i vel y t o a ba re

recogn i t i o n i n a ve ry u n de m on st rat i ve way o f t h e
, ,
40 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN .

re m i n ds u s of t h e p rove rb i a l st u pi d i ty o f t h e os t ri ch ,

a gre at d e al m o re th a n i t gi ves u s a n y spec i al l y

h i gh i dea o f th e s erpe n t s i n te l l i ge n ce ’
. T h i s i s th e
m o re ev i d e n t whe n w e co n s i d e r th at th e h ead i s n o t
’
t h e on l y v u l n erab l e p art of a s e rpe n t s bo dy ; a n d
t ha t t h erefo re i t i s n o t t ru e t h at t h e h ead o f th e
, , ,

serp e n t be i n g s afe th e l i fe o f t h e a n i m al i s al s o sa fe
,
.

A good b l ow w i t h any i n st ru m e n t w het he r s ha rp o r

,

’
b l u n t o n any p art o f a s e rpe n t s bo d y e xc ep t th e
,

t a i l c au ses a l i n ge ri n g b u t certa i n d eath by s eve r

, ,

i n g o r c ru sh i n g t h e s pi n a l verteb r ae eve n t h o u gh ,

’
t h e h ead by b e i n g h i d d e n o r kep t o u t o f h arm s
,

way re m ai n s u n tou c h ed S o l i kewi se d eath ca n

, .
, ,

a l so be e as i l y i n fl i cte d o n a s e rpe n t w i t h ou t to u ch ,

i n g i ts h ead by a n y severe c u t t i n g r i pp i n g o r
, , ,

b i t i n g ope n o f t he t h o rax be l l y o r ab dom e n , , . It

i s th u s t h at th e m u ngh o o s e ge n e ra l l y att ack s a n d
k i l l s th e se rpe n t w h e n th e h e ad i s e i the r h i d d e n
,

u n d e r t h e co i l s o f th e body o r u n d e r s o m e ot he r ,

obj ect I t i s n o p roo f t h e refo re o f i n te l l i gen ce

.
, ,

t h at th e s e rp e n t h i d es i ts h ea d ; j u s t t h e reve rs e .

F o r i f i t l ooke d d an ge r i n t he face a n d op pos e d i t

co u rageo u s l y i ts d ead l y po i so n m i gh t o ft e n gi ve
,

i t a v i cto ry wh ere i t ge n e ra l l y fi n d s d eath by h i d i n g

, ,

i ts he ad .

2. S om e co m m e nt ato rs h ave ad d u ced as a s i gn ,

 TE A/P TA TI ON B Y A B E S TI A L S E R P E N T .
4!

’
of t h e se rpe n t s s u p eri o r i n te l l i ge n ce a s i l l y t al e ,

b el i eve d i n fo rm e r t i m es t h at w h e n t h e an i m al i s
,

abou t to d ri n k i t fi rs t l ays as i d e i ts po i so n bag to

,
-

p reve n t t h e poss ib i l i ty of i m b i b i n g i t s ow n p o i so n
a n d t hat afte r h av i n g s l aked i ts th i rst i t rep l aces
, ,

the b ag i n i ts m o ut h to b e read y fo r o ffe n s i ve o r

,

d e fen s i ve p u rposes . I s u ppos e n o o n e be l i eves t h i s

fab l e n ow ; yet I h ave fo u n d i t repe ate d i n ve ry
m od er n wo rk s T h e s e rpe n t h as n ot t h e powe r o f
.

ej ect i n g i ts po i so n gl an d o r b ag N o r wou l d t h ere .

be any n ecess i ty for d o i n g so . I t h as bee n l on g

s i n ce p roved by act u al e x pe r i m e n ts t h at s e rpe n t
, ,

po i so n i s i n n oc u o u s i n th e h e al th y s to m ach w h i ch ,

c a n e as i l y d i ges t i t ; and t h at i t d oes n ot p rove

fat al e x cep t w h e n co n veyed d i rect l y i n to th e b l ood
, ,

e i the r by a b i te or t h rou gh a wo u n d o r u l cer at i o n

,
.

T h is the re fo re eve n i f i t we re t ru e wou l d be n o

, , ,

proo f of s u pe ri o r i n tel l i ge n ce i n t h e se rpe n t .

3 I t i s an o the r ol d fabl e t h at t h e s e rpe n t sh ows

.
,

i ts i n tel l ig e nce by att ac k i n g n ud e m e n bu t flyi n g ,

fro m th os e w h o are c l o th e d k n ow i ng t h at i t h as a ,

l ess c h an c e o f k i l l i ng th es e t h an t h e ot he rs I t i s .

st r an ge t h at s o m e a u tho rs p u t i t ex act ly t h e op po
s i te w ay —th a t t h e se rp e n t avo id s a n ud e m an ,
bu t
at t acks o n e wh o i s c l ot h e d . B u t th i s c on t r ad i ct i o n
i s n o wo n d e r ; fo r wh e n peo pl e t a l k o f wh at h as n o
n 42 TH E S E R P E N T OF EDE N .

fo u n d at i o n i n t ru t h i t i s very n at u r al t h at th ey
,

s ho u l d fal l i n to absu rd b l u n d e rs . So i t i s h e re ; fo r
th e assert i o n i s n ot t ru e ,
as a m atte r o f fact . E x cept
w h e n d e fe nd i n g i ts you n g (as al l a n i m al s d o i n t h e
m os t feroci ou s way ) th e s e rpen t i f i t h as t h e
, ,

poss i b i l i ty o f a n escap e i n vari ab l y gl i d es ,

way at
a

t he app ro ac h o f m an o r o f a n y l arge a n i m al
,
. It
n eve r at tacks t h e m e x cept w h e n h u rt o r wh e n
, ,

s u rp ri sed w i t ho u t t h e p oss i b i l i ty of escap e In .

c ou n t ri es m u ch i n fes t e d w i t h se rpe n ts i t i s n ot a n ,

u n c o m m o n eve n t fo r o n e o f t h es e rep t i l es to gl i d e
o ver a l i mb o r ove r t h e b o dy o f a m an w i thou t
, ,

i n fl i ct i ng a b i t e i f th e m a n re m a i n s st i l l an d qu i et
,
.

B u t i t i s equ al l y a co m m o n eve n t fo r a b i te to b e
i n fl i cted i f t h e s e rpe n t befo re i t h as gl i d e d qu i te
, ,

away b e st art l e d a n d fri gh t en e d by a n y s u d d e n

, ,

eve n i n vol u n tary m ove m en t of t h e m an

,
. I f s u ch
a m ove m en t h ow ever occu rs i m m ed i atel y afte r t h e
, ,

rept i l e h as gl i d ed eve n a s h o rt d i st an c e i t at o n c e ,

s ee k s s a fety i n fl i gh t a n d d oes n ot atte m p t to

,

ret u r n a n d b i te t h e c au se o f i ts t erro r . B ei n g
c l ot hed o r n u d e h as n oth i ng t o d o w i t h t h e m at ter .

’
T h i s i n stan c e al so of t h e serpe n t s i n te l l i gen ce o r
m a l i ce i s as u n t ru e as i t i s i n co n cl u s i ve .

4 I t i s a very c o m m o n assert i o n a m on g co m
.

m e nt at o rs t h at t h e s erpen t fu l l o f s u bt l e c u n n i n g
, ,
 TE M P TA TI ON B Y A B E S TI A L S E R P E N T .
43

an d m al i c e l i es i n s teal thy a m bu sh for m a n a n d

,

oth er a n i m al s a n d b i tes th e m u n aw ares i n th e h ee l

,

t o k i l l th e m . T o b egi n w i th w e are n o t co n ce r n ed
,

w i th m al ice b u t w i th i n te l l i ge n ce o f wh i c h t h i s of
, , ,

i tse l f w o u l d b e n o p roo f I t wou l d at m os t b e a n

,
.
, ,

i n st i n ct i ve act l i ke th at of t h e l i o n w at ch i n g fo r
,

i ts p rey . B u t t h e state m e n t t hou gh repeat e d by ,

d o z e n s of au th ors i s u t te rl y u n t ru e,
! A ll t h e fact s
a n d obse rv at i on s o f n at u r al h i st o ry s h ow th e s e r
p en t to be a q u i et shy ret i ri n g a n i m al wh i ch (as
, , ,

s tated i n th e p reced i n g p aragraph N o 3 ) n eve r ,

.

w i l l i n gl y o r w i l fu l l y at t ack s e i th e r m a n o r ot h e r o f
th e l a rge r a n i m al s I t d oes o f cou rs e at tac k th e
.
, ,

s m al l e r a n i m al s o n w h i ch i t fee d s as frogs m i c e , , ,

s m al l b i rd s et c ,
T h es e h oweve r a re o n l y i t s
.
, ,

n at u ral foo d ; a n d seek i n g th at foo d i s n o s i gn o r

pro of o f m al i ce c u n n i n g o r i n te l l i ge n ce
, ,
.

5 . Pl i n y a n d oth e rs gi ve ,
m on g t he i n st an ces
a

o f t h e i n tel l i ge n ce and c u n n i ng o f th e se rpe n t ,

a

n u m be r o f t al e s ,
p rese n t i n g u s w i t h i m agi n ary
d et ai l s o f th e m an n e r i n wh i ch i t c ast s i ts s ki n .

T h es e t al e s we n e ed n ot co n s i d e r m i n u t e l y b e c au s e ,

t h os e o f th e m w h i c h are n ot s i m pl y u n t ru e i n d i c at e
n e i the r i n tel l i gen ce n o r c u n ni n g T h e y m e re l y .

d esc ri be a n at u r al o pe r at i o n t au gh t t o t h e s e rpe n t,

by s i m p l e an i m al i n st i n ct .
44 TH E S E R P E N T OF EDEN

6 N or c a n th e fasc i n at i o n w h i ch t h e s e rpe n t i s
.

s ai d t o ex erc is e o n t h e s m al l b i rd s a n d an i m al s o n
wh i ch i t feed s be c i te d as a p roo f o f i ts s u bt i l i ty o r
i nt e l l i ge nc e T h i s i s a m e rel y n at u ral effect n o t
.
,

d e pe n d i n g o n t h e i n t e l l i ge n ce of t h e s e rpe n t bu t ,

p roceed i n g fro m t h e nat u ral i ns t i n c t o f t he v i c t i m s .

I t i s m e re l y th e fasc i n at i o n o r rath e r t h e p aral ys i s

, ,

o f fea r and d ead l y t e rro r . I t o ccu rs w i t h o th e r

b easts o f p rey a l so . N ay m a n h i m se l f i n certai n
, ,

c i rc u m s ta n ces o f fear g i ves w ay t o s u ch paral ys i s

,

o f t h e m ot i ve powe rs I t i s t he ga z e o f t h e s e rpe n t
.

t h at p ro d u ces t h i s e ffect wh i ch i s n ot t h e res u l t o f

,

a ny m anoe u vres o r pl an s o f t h e se rpe n t . It is ,

t h erefore n o p roof o f s u pe ri or i nt el l i ge n c e b u t o n l y
, ,

o f a spec i al i n s t i n ct .

Th es e si x po i n ts ex h au s t th e l i s t !
T h ere i s absol u te l y n oth i n g m o re th a n t h i s p u t
fo rwa rd by an y o n e t o p rove th e s u p eri o r i nte l li
,

gen ce o r su bt i l i ty o f t h e s erpe n t I t d oes n o t .

p rove i t i n t h e l eas t d egree . N ay m ore , . Th is

u t te r a n d co m p l ete fa i l u re to p rove t h e se rp en t
to be “
t h e m os t s ub t i l o f al l th e b eas ts o f t h e
”
fi el d ,
a ggr av ates and e m p h as i z es t h e d i ffi c u l ty
it w as s u pposed t o re m ove . We re i t t h e d o g ,

th e e l eph an t o r th e m o n key h ow e asy w o u l d i t

, ,

n ot b e t o prove th a t t hey possess a co ns i d e rab l e

 TE M P TA TI ON B Y A B E S TI A L S ER P E N T .
45

am o u n t o f a n i n te l l i ge n ce wh i c h s ee m s at t i m es
a l m os t s u pe r i or t o m ere best i al c u n n i n g a n d s u b
t i li ty
,
a n d a l m os t app roac h es t o re ason ! B u t
n ot h i n g o f th e k i n d can b e b rou gh t fo rwa rd i n
favou r of th e s erpe n t I u n h es i t at i n gl y a ffi r m t h at
.

t h e facts o f n at u ra l h i s tory p rove t o a c e rt ai n t y

t h at t h e re i s n o poss i b l e s e ns e i n wh i c h i t ca n be
asserted w i t h t ru t h o f any bes t i a l serpe n t t h at i t i s ,

”
“
th e m ost s u b t i l o f a l l t h e beasts o f th e fi e l d .

Ye t s u ch t h e S cri p tu re ex p ress l y tel l s u s was

, ,

th e S e rpe n t te m pte r T he re fo re h e co u l d n ot h av e
-
.

bee n th e best i al s e rpe n t .

H e re i t m ay be obj ecte d by so m e t hat o u r Lo rd ,

H i m se l f p r ai ses t h e w i sd o m of th e se rpen t (M at t .

x . sayi n g B e ye t h ere fo re w i se [p rud e n t ] as

,
“

”
s e rpen ts ,
and s i m pl e as d oves . O n e m ay e as i l y
re pl y to t h i s obj ec t i o n th at ou r Lo rd s pok e o f t hes e
,

tw o a n i m al s o n l y as o f two we l l k n ow n sy m b ol s
-

and n ot o f the i r ani m al n at u r e s I t w as t h e n l l i s .

i n te nt i o n t o i n cu l c at e a m o r al p ri nc i pl e t o gu i d e
u s i n o u r acts and no t t o t e ach n at u r al h i sto ry
,
.

H e n c e H e t oo k as i l l us t r at i o n s o f H i s m e an i n g
, ,

two sy m bol s wel l k now n t o H i s h e ar e rs —th e se r

p e nt as th e sy m bo l of p ru d e nc e ,
and t h e d o ve as

t he sym bol o f s i m pl i c i ty . Th e s e rp e n t m ay be u sed

( and h e re al l y w as in a n c i e n t t i m es ) as th e sy m bo l
46 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N

o f p ru d e n ce w i t h ou t h i s bei n g the re fo re a c t u al l y , ,

’
w i s e o r p ru d e n t . Was n ot th e ow l M i ne rva s b i rd , ,

a l so u sed as t h e sy m bo l of w i s d o m ? B u t d o es
t hat p rove t h at t h e G reeks co n s i de red t h e owl to
b e the w i s est of b i rd s ? C e rtai n l y n ot . A ga i n ,

t ak e t h e oth e r sy m bo l h e re u s ed by o u r Lo rd —th e
d ove . T h e d ove i s n ot n at u ral l y s i m p l e i n a n y
sense . I t i s j us t as w i d e awak e a n d a l e rt a n d
watch fu l as an y ot he r w i l d b i r d ; a n d i t i s pe rh aps
t h e m os t erot i c o f a l l a n i m al s . So m u ch fo r i ts
s i mp l i c i ty ! T h e se rpe n t i s n o m o re i n te l l i ge n t o r
p ru de n t by n atu re t h a n t h e d ove i s s i m p l e
,
. But
t hey we re wel l k n ow n symb ol s i n J u d aea
-
. As su ch
o u r Lo rd u sed t h e m i n t he i r sy m bo l i c a n d n o t i n
, ,

t h ei r n at u ral se n s e ,
. H e n c e H i s wo rd s c reate n o
d i ffi c u l ty i n th e w ay o f ou r h ol d i n g as i s c l earl y ,

p rove d by n at u ra l h i sto ry t hat t h e se rpen t i s n o t , ,

“
b y a n y m ean s ,
t h e m os t s ubt i l of al l t h e b easts o f
”
th e fi e l d .

I f the re fore by t h e S erp e n t i n G e n i i i I i s

,
“
, . .
,

m ean t a best i al serpen t th e facts o f n at u ral h i sto ry ,

wou l d be i n ope n and d i rec t con t rad i ct i o n w i t h th e

wo rd s o f S c ri pt u re I t i s i m poss i bl e t o over est i
.
-

m ate th e t re nc ha n t fo rc e o f t h i s obj ect i o n wh i ch i s ,

a bsol u t el y fat a l t o t h e co m m on l y rece i ved i nte rp re

t at i o n th at t h e bes t i al s erpe n t was (i n a ny way )
,
48 TI J E S E R P E N T OF E D E /V .

i n order d i rectl y t o ex c i te E ve t o s i n aga i ns t God s ’

e x p ress co m m an d . God wou l d th u s h ave b ee n

wo rk i n g a s t u pe n d ou s m i racl e ag ai ns t H i s ow n ,

c o m m a n d a n d i n o rd e r to cau se a b reach o f t h at
,

co m m an d T h i s i s s i m p l y absu rd
. H e wou l d .
,

m o reover h ave b eco m e i n th i s way t he d i rec t

, , ,

a u tho r o f m o ra l evi l th e d i rec t age n t H i msel f o f

,

th e t e m pt at i o n . T h i s i s op pose d to t h e S c ri pt u re
“ ”
Go d t em ptet h n o o n e (J a m es i T h e repl y .
,

t h ere fo re w h i c h u rges th e al m i gh ty powe r o f G od

,

as th e m eans o f t he t e m p t at i on fai l s to sol ve th e ,

d i ffi c u l ty ; and i t re m a i n s i n i ts fu l l fo rce .

4 .

T he s acred n arrat i ve rep rese n ts Eve as e n teri ng

i n to a r at i o n al co n versat i o n w i th t he S e rpe n t “
,

w i th ou t s howi n g a n y s i gn o f s u rp ri s e o r al arm .

”
If “
th e S erpe n t was a bes t i al o n e s u ch c on d u ct ,

wou l d h ave bee n bot h fool i s h a n d u n n a tu ral .

I t i s t rue t hat th e wo rl d was yet yo u n g a n d th at ,

ex pe ri e n ce w as s t i l l b u t s m al l A d a m an d E ve .
,

h oweve r h ad bee n c reate d i n t h e fu l l perfect i o n

,

o f m a n and wo m an h ood o f both bod y and m i n d

-

,
.

T h ey k n ew t hat th ey we re th e o n l y two h u m an
be i n gs i n P a rad i s e ; th e o n l y t wo r at i on a l an i m al s
a m o n g t h e i n n u m erab l e s pec i es of a n i m al s over ,
 '
TE A/P TA TI ON B Y A B E S T/ A L S E R P E N T .
49

wh i ch powe r and domi nion h ad bee n gi ve n to

t he m by th e co m m o n C re ato r Th i s i s evi de n t
,
.

fro m Gen i 2 7 2 8 com p ared w i t h Ge n i i 1 8—2 2

. .
, , . . .

Th e oth e r an i m al s h ad eve n bee n brou ght by God

to Adam ,
wh o h ad gi ven t o each i t s ap p ropr i ate
name . A ll th i s Eve kn ew wel l . She w as a ware
t h at thes e a n i m al s d i d n ot tal k w i th a h u m an
vo i ce ,
an art i c u l at e S peech a n d r at i on al argu m e n ts
,
.

She wo u l d t herefo re h ave bee n n atu r al l y m u ch

, ,

s u rpri sed a n d a a l rm e d at su ch voi ce speech a n d , ,

argu m en t fro m a best i a l se rpe n t . She wou l d

n at u ral l y have go n e at on ce to A d a m to co nsu l t ,

w i t h h i m o n t h i s p rete rn atu ral p he n o m e n o n . Yet

the s ac red n arr at i ve rep rese n t s h e r as doing
n oth i n g o f t he k i n d S h e d oes n ot m an i fest th e .

l east su rpri se s u s pi c i o n o r al a r m O n t he co n
, ,
.

t rary sh e t akes i t as a m atte r o f co u rse S h e

,
.

appe ars to h ave t al ked and argu ed w i t h t h e S e r “

”
pe n t i n th e m ost nat u r al and u nco n c e rn ed m an n e r ;
,

j ust as i f sh e h ad bee n d e al i n g w i t h an oth e r r at i on al

h u m an be i n g . T h i s u n n at u r al u n c on c e r n i f ,
“
the
S e rpe n t w as a b e s ti al s e rp e n t , can be e x pl ai ned
o n l y o n th e s u ppos it i o n of a s i l l i ne ss and fol ly i n
Eve ,
u t t erl y i ncom p at i bl e w i th th e p e rfe ct i o n o f
t h at st at e i n wh i c h t h e fi rst p ai r we r e c r e ated and

p l aced .
50 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E IV .

I n repl y t o t h i s m os t se ri ou s obj ec t i on i t h as ,

bee n u rged t h at t h e s e rpe n t m ay h ave s tate d to

,

Eve ,
th at i t acqu i red t h e u s e of speec h and of
reaso n fro m h av i n g i tse l f eate n of the fru i t o f th at
forb i d d e n t ree ; an d t hat t h i s state m e n t t ogeth e r ,

with i ts a pp are n t ve ri fi cat i o n ,

m ay h ave bot h
Eve
’
con qu ered s s u rpri se a n d preven t e d h e r h avi n g
,

recou rse t o A d am .

We m ay at o n ce can d i d l y ad m i t t h at th i s s uppo
s i ti on i f i t co u l d b u t b e p roved to be a m i gh t
, fac t ,

b e co n s i d e re d t o re m ove t h i s d i ffi cu l ty i n a p l au s i bl e
w ay p rov i d e d i t We re t h e s ol e d i ffi cu l ty at te n d i n g
t he n arrat i ve B ut i t i s n ot t h e so l e d i ffi c u l ty ; a n d
.

t h e sol u t i o n d oes n o t t ou c h any oth ers B es i d es .

,

ad m i tt i n g t h at s u ppos i t i on i t wou l d s ti l l s ee m t o
,

m ost o f u s th at eve n t hen Eve wou l d n at u ra l l y

,

h ave h ad good gro u n d s fo r i n te n se su rp ri se fo r ,

d eep reflect i on ,
a n d for i m m e d i ate co ns u l tat i o n
w i th A d a m . B ut h oweve r t h at m ay be th e grea t ,

and fat al fl aw i n th i s rep l y — as i n al l these t h eo ri es

,

i s th at i t i s s i m p l y an d p u rel y a m ere gratu i tou s

, ,

s u ppos i t i o n I t h as n o fo u n d at i o n i n t h e sacred
.

narrat i ve W e fi n d n ot a s i ngl e word i n Ge n i i i

. . .

o f s u ch a st ate m e n t h av i ng bee n m ad e by th e
S e rpe n t . W e are not al l owed i n th e i n te rp retat i o n
,

o f S c ri pt u re t o m ake su c h grat u i tou s s u ppos i t i on s

,
 TE M P TA TI OzV B Y A B E S TI A L S E R P E N T .
51

w i t hou t good gro u n d s i n t h e t e xt i ts el f ; an d h e re

n o n e a re to b e fou n d A d i ffic u l ty wh i ch req u i res
.

n oth i n g sh o rt o f s o gro u nd l ess a s u p pos i ti o n t o

m eet i t m ay fai rl y be con s i d e red a ve ry gr ave
, ,

nay , a n abs o l utely i n su r m o u n t ab l e d i ffi cu l ty ,

.

5 .

T h ere i s n o re ason abl e se ns e i n wh i c h th e se r

pen t i s c u rsed a bove all cat tl e a n d ab ove
,
al l
”
beasts o f th e fi el d .

I f i t c an n o t com pare t o ad v an t age w i t h t he

h i gh e r and n obl e r a n i m al s ,
it is i tsel f great l y
s u pe ri o r i n i ts n atu ral co nd i t i o n to m an y o f t he
, ,

l owe r o n es I t i s bu t o ne o f m any c re ep i n g th i n gs
.

o r rept i l es a n d by n o m e an s th e l e ast a m o n g t he m
,
.

I t i s su peri o r i n t h e co n fo rm at i o n o f i ts bod y i n ,

t h e r api d i ty o f i ts m ove m e nts ,

and i n t h e k ee nn ess
o f i ts i nst i n cts t o m an y ot h e r s i m i l ar c re e p i n g
,

t h i ngs . I t i s wel l prov i d e d w i t h a m e an s o f

d e fe nc e i n th e no i s e l e ss sw i ft n e ss o f i ts cou rs e as

a m e an s o f esc ap e ; a nd i n i ts d e ad l y po i so n as

a m e an s o f a tt ac k i n g i ts e n e m i e s whe n esc ap e i s
i m pos s i bl e I t i s e qu al l y w e l l abl e t o prov id e fo r
.

i ts food a n d s u bs i s te nc e w i t h t he best favou r e d -

a n i m al s . In al l t h e se m atte rs i t i s i m m e as u r abl y
s u pe r i o r t o m any o f i ts fel l ow r e pt i l e s ; fo r i n st an c e
-

,
52 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED EN .

t o th e l i z ard ,
th e earthwo rm th e frog t h e s n ai l o r
, , ,

t he s l u g . I t i s n ot th e re fo re th e m os t c u rse d of
, ,

al l c reat u res .

I n rep l y we a re tol d th at t h e s erpe n t i s ab o m i n

,

ab l e t o al l c re at u res and i s m os t d et es te d an d
,

avoi d ed by al l an d th at i n t h i s w ay i t i s th e m os t
, ,

c u rs ed of al l . B u t i n t h e fi rs t pl ace th e S c ri pt u re
, ,

d oes n ot s ay th at t h e se rpe n t i s t o be th e m os t
abo m i n ab l e a n d d etest ed o f al l c reat u res b u t th e
,

’
m ost cu rsea ; a n d w e h ave n o ri gh t t o twi s t t h e
m e an i n g o f th at wo rd t o s u i t ou r t heori es B ei n g .

c u rsed i n t h e s cri pt u r al se n se m e an s be i n g m ad e
, ,

d esp i sed abj ect h el pl ess and m i s e rabl e T h i s i s

, , , .

n ot ve ri fi ed i n t h e se rpe n t above al l o th e r an i m al s ,

as we h ave see n I n th e n e xt p l ac e i t i s n ot t ru e
.
,

t h at t h ere i s any s pec i al n at u r al abh o rre nce i n al l

c re atu res towa rd s t he se rpe n t m o re t ha n t h e re i s , ,

fo r i n st an ce tow ard s t h e l i on t h e t i ge r t h e al l i
, , ,

gato r t h e c rocod i l e
,
. H e nce t h e d i ffi cu l ty re m a i n s
and n o a mou n t o f cavi l l i n g can b e m ad e t o veri fy
th i s c u rs e i n th e case o f t h e best i a l se rpen t .

6 .

T h ere i s n o s peci al rec i p roca l e n m i ty betwee n

th e se rpen t t ri b e and m an .

O n t h e part of t h e se rpe n t t h e re i s n ot fou n d th e

 TE M P TA TI ON B Y A B E S TI A L S E R P E N T .
53

l eas t appea ran ce o f a ny spec i a l e n m i ty a a g i n st

m an A s h as bee n al re ady s ai d t h e se rpe n t i s by
.
,

n at u re a shy and t i m orou s an i m al H e n eve r goes .

i n qu est o f m an, o r l i es i n wa i t fo r h i m o r ,
a t t ack s
h i m or l o n gs t o k i l l h i m a ny m ore th a n he d oes
, ,

for oth e r l arge r an i m al s — th at i s to say n ot at al l ,

.

Whe n i t i s poss i bl e h e ,
a voi d s m an and seeks to
fl y fro m h i s p rese nce h avi n g t h i s t r ai t i n co m m o n
,

w i th m os t w i l d an i m al s N ay ; w ol ves t i ge rs .
, ,

l i o n s a n d so m e othe r an i m al s h ave a fa r greate r

, , ,

i nt e n se r and m ore ac t i ve e n m i ty aga i n s t m a n — i f

,

t h at can p rope rl y s peak i n g be c al l ed an e n m i ty

, , ,

w h i c h i s b u t th e res u l t o f m e re n i m al i nst i nct

a .

T hese a n i m al s accord i ng t o th e i r n at u re d o att ac k

, ,

m an e i the r ope n l y o r by ste al t h and fi gh t h i m

, ,

o fte n n ot u ns u ccess fu l l y wh e n h u n t ed H e nce t h e

,
.

e n m i ty ag ai n st m an o n the p art o f th e se rpen t

i s c o ns p i c uo u s by i ts abse nc e o r i s c e rt ai n l y m u ch ,

l e ss th an t h at wh i c h c e rt ai n oth e r a n i m al s be ar t o
m an .

N e i th er can i t b e t ru t h fu l l y ass e rt e d th at m an h as
any s pe c i al e nm i ty ag ai ns t t h e s e rp e nt t ri b e l le .

k i l l s s e rpe n ts i t i s t ru e wh e rev e r
, ,
he ca n f
i n d the m ,

b e c au s e th ey are a d ange r t o h i s l i fe . B u t th i s i s
n o s i gn o f any sp e c i al e n m i ty ; fo r h e d oes the s am e
e qu al l y a n d fo r th e s am e r e as o n t o m any ot he r
, ,
54 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N

a n i mals ; for i nstan c e t o th e sco rp i o n t h e l i on th e

, , ,

t i ge r th e w ol f t h e bear t h e eagl e th e al l i g ato r

, , , ,
.

N ay m o re M a n sh ows a far greate r an tagon i s m

,
.

a a g i ns t so m e oth er w i l d a n i m al s t h a n agai n st t h e
s e rpe n t say fo r i n st a n ce th e l arge r a n i m al s o f t h e
, ,

fel i n e race . F o r m an n eve r goes i n qu est o f t h e

se rpe nt t o k i l l i t t ho u gh h e i nvari ab l y t ri es t o k i l l
,

i t w he n h e m eets i t . B u t h e d oes act u al l y go i n

q u est of t h e l a rger an i m al s fo r t h e ex pres s p u rpos e ,

of ki l li ng them ,
b es i d es k i l l i n g the m w he n h e
h appen s t o m eet t he m . I n s om e cou n t ri es m a n ,

h as waged a wa r o f e x t er m i n at i o n ag ai n st so m e
spec i al l y ob n ox i o u s a n i m al s ; as fo r i n st an ce i n , ,

E n gl an d aga i n s t w o l ves . B u t wh e n o r whe re h as

s u ch a wa r b ee n ever waged aga i n st serpe n ts ?
Th e ap pare n t h at red t h erefo re o f m a n agai ns t , ,

s e rpen ts i s n ot a s pec i al e n m i ty ; i t i s m e rel y h i s

co m m o n n at u ral e n m i ty agai n s t al l w i l d n o x i ou s

a ni mals . N o r o n th e other h an d
, ,
as we h ave
sh ow n h as t h e s erpe n t a n y speci al e n m i ty agai ns t
,

m a n H e n ce th i s c l au s e al so o f t h e c u rse u po n
.

“
the S e rpen t i s n ot at al l veri fi ed i n th e c ase
o f t h e b es t i a l s e rpe n t ; a n d t h i s fact con st i tu tes
an oth er i n s u pe rab l e d i ffi c u l ty ag ai n s t th e gen eral l y
rece i ve d theory .
56 Tfl E S E R P E N T OF E D E /V .

a bd o m i n a l r i bs a nd s c al es . T o a n an i m al s o
c reated m ovem e n t o n i t s bel l y i s i ts s ol e n at u ra l
,

m ovem en t ; a n d th e co n de m n at i o n i n t h e t ex t
beco m es s i m p l y m e an i n gl ess . T ort u re t h e te x t
as y ou p l eas e goi n g on i t s bel ly i s n o m ore
,
a

p u n i s h m en t i n a n y reaso n ab l e s e n s e to a se rpe n t
, , ,

t h a n w al k i n g i s t o a h o rs e fl yi n g t o a n eagl e o r , ,

sw i m m i n g t o a sh ark .

Th e repl y o f co m m en t ators i s a h ack n eyed o n e

t hat th i s m od e of p rogress i on n atu ral t o th e se rpe n t ,

b efo re th e cu rse was b y th at c u rs e m ad e a p u n i sh

,

m e n t T h i s h owever i s a m ere p l ay u po n word s

.
, ,
.

I t m ea n s n oth i ng . I t h as n o d efi n i t e s e n se . Wh a t
i s n atu ra l ca n n ot beco m e a rea l c u rs e u n d er t h e ,

c i rcu m s ta n ces h e re n ar rated ,

i n a n y reason ab l e
sense .

B u t (th e co m m en t at o rs rep l y ) l abo u r i s m a n s

’

n at u ral c on d i t i o n a n d d eat h h i s n at u ra l e n d o n t h i s
,

e arth —ye t t h ey a re p a rt o f A d a m s c u rs e C h i l d ’
.

b e ari n g i n p ai n i s t h e n at u ra l l o t o f wo m a n —
ye t
’
it i s al s o p art of E ve s c u rse T h e ra i n bow as a .
,

n atu ra l p h e n o m e n on ex i sted be fore th e F l ood ;

,

y et i t was afterw ard s m ad e t h e c ove n an t of Go d

w i t h m a n ag ai n st a fu t u re d el u ge .

B u t t h es e i n stan ces a re o n l y appa ren t l y an d n o t ,

real ly t o t h e p o i n t T h ey a re e as i l y d i sposed o f
,
. .
 TE M P TA TI ON B Y A B E S T/ A L S E R P E zV T .
57

A d am had bee n ra i s ed to a st ate f

ar ab ove wh at
h i s m ere n at u re d e m a nd ed . I n t h at st ate h e w as

not requ i red t o l abo u r a n d h e wou l d h ave bee n

,

prese rved fro m d e ath T h e c u rs e c as t h i m b ac k

.

t o n at u r al l abou r an d d e at h ; a n d t h ese t hou gh ,

n at u r al t o m a n beca m e ,
a re al evi l afte r h i s s i n ,

a n d i n p u n i sh m e n t of i t . F or i t en ta i l ed t h e
l oss o f greate r e xcel l e nc e o n ce e nj oyed . The
s am e appl i es to th e c ase of Eve Th e d i ffe re n c e .

betwee n t h ei r c ases and t hat o f t he se rp e n t i s ,

t h erefore vas t H e h ad n ot bee n o n ce rai se d to

,
.

a h i ghe r stat e fro m wh i ch a d egr ad at i o n bac k

,

t o h i s ow n n atu ral st ate cou l d be a p u n i s h m en t .

He a l ways went o n h i s be l ly . He w as c reated

s u ch as to n ecess i t at e h i s d o i n g so H e w as .

n ot fi rs t so c re ated a n d th e n afte r h avi ng bee n

, ,

e nd owed w i th a h i gh e r m od e o f l oco m ot i on c as t ,

b ac k to be a c ree pi ng th i ng T h e r e fo re h i s c u rs e .

can i n n o m an n e r be com p ar e d w i t h th at o f A d am
and Eve ; and i t st i l l r e m ai ns t ru e ,
th at wh at
i s n at u r al c an n ot (o f i ts el f and i n d ep e nd e n t l y o f
,

p as t s u pe rn atu r al favou rs su c h as are not c l ai m e d

,

i n th e c ase o f t h e se rpe nt) be a c u rs e i n any re as o n

i
ab l e se nse l o r A d am and Eve t h e c u rs e w as
.

i n d eed a re al o ne , e nt ai l i ng a re al d e grad at i o n and

pu n i sh me n t . To the s e rp e n t i t w as no p u n i sh m e n t
58 TH E S E R P EN T OF E D EN .

at a l l a n d n o d egrad at i o n I t t ook away n ot h i ng

, .
;
i t c h an ged n ot h i n g ; i t l owered n ot h i n g .

N or d oes t he i n st a n c e o f th e ra i nbow i n an y
w ay h el p t h e u ph ol d e rs of th i s t h eory . It is of ,

cou rs e phys i cal l y ce rta i n th at th e rai n bow ex i st ed

,

be fore t h e F l o od . I t i s equ a l l y certa i n fro m th e ,

S c ri p t u res , th at i t was a ft erw ard s very appro

p ri ate ly an d beau t i fu l l y i n d i cate d b y God to
N oah t o b e H i s cove n an t w i th m an t h at H e ,

w ou l d n eve r agai n d es t roy th e worl d by wate r ;

w i t h wh i c h t h at rai n bow h as phys i cal l y s o i n t i m at e
and n ecess ary a co n n e ct i on — th ough t he n an d

fo r ages a fterwards m e n k n ew i t n ot God gave ; ,

.

i n th i s case a p re ex i s ten t ph e n om e non o fte n

,
-

repe at i n g i tsel f at heavy d ow n fa l l s o f rai n as ,

t h e s i gn o f H i s res ol u t i o n fo r t he fu t u re . B u t th e
co n de m n at i o n o f t h e s e rp ent i s p al pabl y qu i t e
a d i fferen t t h i n g I ts go i n g o n i ts be l l y i s n ot i n
.
,

Ge n i i i to b e a s i gn of anyth i ng el s e
. .
,
. I t i s s i m ply
co n d em n e d (and ac co rd i n g t o th i s hyp oth es i s
, ,

n ot fo r an y fau l t of i ts ow n b u t for t h e fau l t o f ,

q u i t e a di f
fe re nt be i n g ) t o go o n i ts be l l y fo r al w ays ,
.

S uch a co n d em n at i o n i n t h e cas e o f t he bes t i al

,

serpen t wo u l d b e
,
as absu rd as i f God h ad con
de m ne d wate r u n d e r t h e wel l k n ow n phys i cal c i r
,
-

cu m s t ance s ,
t o p rod u ce a r ai nbow as a pu n is h m e n t ,
 TE A/P TA TI ON B Y A B E S TI A L S E R P E N TZ 59

’
o n th e wate r for h avi ng bee n God s i n st r u m e n t i n
,

d est roy i n g th e worl d . T o est ab l i s h a p ara l l e l w i t h

t h e case o f th e s erpen t we sho u l d h ave t o c h an ge
,

t h e wo rds of t h e cove n ant an d m ake God ad d res s

,

th e wate r i n so m e s u ch t e rm s “
A nd bec au s e t h o u
has t bu t l atel y d rown ed t h e w orl d t ho u sh al t b e ,

p u n i s h e d by h av i n g t o re fr ac t t h e rays of t h e su n ,

a n d t o p rod u ce r ai n bo w s t i l l t h e e n d o f t i m e . How
abs u rd i t so u n ds wh e n t h u s e xp res sed T he rep l y ,

t h e re fo re t h at wh at
,
w as n at u r al befo re w as aft e r

w ard s ch an ge d i n to a p u n i sh m e n t i s i n re al i ty ,
a

s o u n d w i tho u t any rat i o n a l m e an i ng a n d i s s i m pl y ,

r i d i cu l o u s an d u n wo rthy of s eri ou s co n s i d e r at i on .

8 .

T he re i s n o re ason abl e sen s e i n wh i c h i t i s

ve ri fi ed o f t h e se rpe n t ,
D us t sh a l t thou e at all the
d ays o f thy l i fe .

D u st n e i th e r i s n o r can be i n
,
any re aso n abl e
se nse t h e food o ft h e se rpe nt o r i nd e e d o f any othe r
, ,

an i m al .T h at t h i s i s a phys i c al i m poss i bi l i ty i s ,

d e m o n st rated by c he m i st ry . D u st is no t a nu t ri

t i ve s u bst an ce . S ome t r av e l l e rs i t i s t ru e h av e
, ,

s poke n of th e e x i s te n c e i n s o m e re mote c ou nt ri es
, ,

o f a ce rt ai n k i nd of c l ay wh i ch i s e at e n ,
and is
possesse d o f so m e n u t ri t i ve p ro pe rt i es . But an
60 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N

n l ys i s wo u l d ce rtai n l y sh ow t h at t h i s cl ay d oes
a a

n ot n ou ri sh ,
i nas nzu eli as it is ( l as t, b u t bec au se i t
h app en s t o co n tai n so m e d i gest i bl e i ngred i e n ts
m i x ed w i t h i t i n qu an t i t i es s u ffi c i e n t fo r n u t ri t i ve
p u rposes I t i s n ot of su ch c l ay— very ra rel y
.

fo u n d eve n i f i ts ex i st e n ce b e n ot a m e re t r ave l l e rs
,
’

t al e — th at t he s ac re d n arrat i ve speaks . I t speak s

of co m m o n o rd i n ary d u s t as d u st
, , . T h i s i s phy
s i cal ly i n d i ges t i b l e a n d i ncap abl e of ass i m i l at i o n
,

w i th an i m al bod i es .

T he e x p l an at i o n s atte m pt ed by co m m e n tators
a re v ari ou s Th e o l d e r ad h ere t o the st ri c t l ette r
.
,

and m ai n t ai n i n sp i te o f ch e m i stry a n d n at u ra l
,

h i s to ry t h at se rpe nts d o feed o n d u st Th e m ore

, .

m od er n com m e ntato rs s at i s fy th em sel ves thoug h ,

n o t t hei r read e rs by asserti n g that t h e s erpen t as

, ,

a c reep i n g t h i n g h av i n g i ts m o uth c l ose t o th e

,

g rou n d o ff w h i ch i t t ak es i ts food m u st n ecessari ly

, ,

e at a great qu an t i ty o f d u st w i t h th at food a n d ,

t h u s veri fy t h e l et te r of th e cu rse I f th i s h oweve r .

, ,

we re th e m an n e r i n wh i ch th e c u rs e i s ve ri fi ed ;
” “ ”
and if “
dust w ere e aten by th e serpe n t
t ak i n g i ts food o ff t h e gro u n d th e n al l an i m al s ,

ex cept fi shes a few b i rds a n d t h e qu ad ru m an a )

( , ,

wou l d be equ al l y e ate rs o f d u s t w i t h th e serp en t ;

a n d t h i s wou l d th erefo re be n o spec i al o r pec u l i a r
, ,
 T E Z l/P TA TZ ON B Y A B E S TI A L S E R P E JVT . 6x

cu rs e o n t he serpe n t . B u t i n real i ty a ve ry l i tt l e
observat i o n o f the h ab i ts of a n i m al s w i l l su ffice t o
s h o w u s th at b y i n s t i n c t i ve m ove m en ts o f t he i r
,

l i ps t h ey s u cceed n atu ral l y i n keep i n g off d u s t

,

fro m t he i r fo od t o a fa r gre at e r e x t en t th a n w i l l
,

be bel i eved by the u n obse r va n t . B u t e ven gr an t

,

i n g t h at m uc h d u st i s t h u s sw al l owed by th e
se rpe n t ,
w e re m ai n j u st wh ere w e we re befo re .

T h i s al so m u s t h ave occ u rred befo re th e c u rse ; fo r

t h e serpe n t even t he n n at u ra l l y c rep t o n i ts bel l y ,

w ith i ts m ou th c l os e to th e grou n d . This l so

a

w ou l d be a n atu r al h ab i t o f t h e s e rpe n t ; a n d
t he re fo re (as see n above i n N O 7 ) i t cou l d n ot .

h ave beco m e i n an y t ru e se n s e a cu rs e o r
, ,

p u n i sh m e n t .

W i t h reg ard to th e ol d e r co m m e n t ato rs an d th e i r

s t at e m e nt s th at se rpe n ts d o e at d u st as food I ,

t h i nk eve ry s ch oo l boy k n ows th at th ey d o n ot

and t h at the i r foo d co ns i sts as n atu r al i s ts t el l s u s
, ,

o f i n sec ts re pt i l es and s m al l b i rd s and an i m al s

, , ,

wh i c h th e y c atch sw al l ow and d i g e st m u ch as
, , ,

o the r a n i m al s d o T h e s e rp e n t h as n o spec i a l
.

o rg an s fo r d i gest i n g o r ass i m i l at i n g d u st . I t is
c arn i vo ro us and i n s e c t i vo rou s .

I t i s n ot th e re fo re a fact t h at th e se rp e n t u ses
, ,

d us t as an art i c l e o f food Th at so m e d ust i s s w al

.
62 TI J E S E R P E N T OF ED EN

l owed i nvol u n t ari l y w i th i ts food i s com m o n t o th e

se rpe n t w i th m os t oth e r a n i m al s an d i s n at u ral to ,

i t T h i s m u st al so h ave occ u rred before th e c u rse

. .

I t ca n n o t t he refore i n a ny reason ab l e se n se be a
, , ,

c u rs e . T h i s i s th ere fo re an ot h e r cl au se o f th e
, ,

c u rse wh i ch i s absol u tel y i n ap pl i cabl e to th e best i a l

,

s erpe n t .

9 .

T h e S e rpen t i s n ot s t at ed t o h ave co m e to
E ve o r to h ave gon e aw ay fro m h e r as shou l d h ave ,

b ee n s a i d o f a corpo re al b e i n g A ga i n God s eeks .

,

A d a m an d Eve co rpo re al be i n gs wh e n H e c o m es
, ,

t o p ass s en ten ce u po n th e m B u t t h ere i s n o

.

searc h for t h e S e rpe n t Ye t w h e n God pu n i s h es

.

w i t h H i s cu rse t h e v i ol at i o n of H i s co m m a nd s t h e re ,

t he S erp e n t i s — s u d d e n l y p res en t agai n o n t h e

s cen e i n t h e very h i d i n g p l ace of h i s v i ct i m s and
,
-

ag ai n h e i s n ot sai d t o h ave co m e o r gon e aw ay .

N ow i s i t n ot h i gh l y i m probab l e th at eve n a fter

, ,

t h at m el an ch ol y ope n i n g of t h e eyes o f A d a m an d
Eve ,
t h e best i a l s erpen t ,
i f that h ad bee n t h e
te m pt e r wou l d h ave bee n per m i tted by th e gu i l ty
,

p ai r t o accom p any the m i n the i r fl ight and to ,

s h are th ei r ret reat

64 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E IV .

as al l C h ri s t i an s b el i eve too k pl ace o n t h e d ay of

,

t h e cru ci fi x i o n a n d d e at h o f ou r L o rd J esu s C h ri s t .

Th at i d e n t i ca l S e rpe n t th e re fo re t h e tem pte r w as

, , ,

t o b e st i l l l i v i n g to se e t h at
,
day — ove r fou r thou
s a n d yea rs afte r t h e c u rs e ! I t i s ev i d e n t t h at n o
best i al s e rpe n t l i v i n g i n E d en a t t h e t i m e of t h e
,

F al l cou l d co nt i n u e l i v i n g t i l l th e c o m i n g o f t h e
,

R ed ee m e r Th e obj ect t h e re fo re o f t h i s c u rse

, ,

co u l d n ot b e a m e re b est i al se rpe nt .

I n t i m at el y co n n ected w i th t h e fo rego i n g j ob e c

t i o n i s t h e p res en t o n e O u r Lo rd phys i c al l y
.

b ru i sed th e h e ad o f n o best i a l s erpe n t T he re fore .

t h e c u rs e co u l d n o t h ave bee n m e an t fo r a ny
b est i al se rpen t .

N o r ca n w e ad m i t i t t o b e a ny s u ffi ci e n t rep l y
t o t h i s obj ec t i o n t h at th i s p art o f th e c u rs e was
,

m e taph o ri c al ; becau s e th e ru l es o f correct i n te r

re t at i o n d o n ot al l ow u s i n th e s am e sen ten c e to
p , ,

ch an ge abo u t fro m t h e l i teral t o t h e m etaph ori c al

s en s e an d b ack a ga i n at w i l l B es i d es w hat i s
,
.
,

t h e m ean i n g o f a m etaph o ri cal b ru i s i n g o f a

b est i al serp en t s h e ad ? N o n e ; ag ai n wo rd s a re
’

b e i n g u s ed w i th o u t any d efi n i t e m ea n i n g I f i t .

be s a i d t h at t h e S e rpe n t
“
h ere (a n d n ot th e
 TE /lI P TA TI ON B Y A B E S TI A L S E R P E N TZ 65

bru i s i ng ) i s a m et aph ori ca l o n e I s ay t h a t w e ,

c a n not ad m i t two se rpe n ts wh ere t he r e i s o n l y

th e on e s erp e n t — t h e te m pt e r — m e n t i o n ed al l
t h ro ugh t h e sacred n a rrat i ve ; and i f i n th i s par t
”
“
t h e S e rpe n t i s m etapho r i c al m et ap ho ri c al h e ,

m u st b e a l l th ro u gh .

T h i s th eo ry o f m et aph ori c al i n te rp ret at i o n we

h ave se en t o be u n te n abl e .

1 3 .

W i th rega rd t o t h e goi n g o n t h e b el l y a n d t o th e
e at i n g o f d u s t we m u st p art i cu l arl y n ot i ce th at
,

th e co nd e m n at i o n ,
al l t h ro ugh th e n a rrat i ve i s i n ,

t h e s i n gu l ar n u m be r ad d ress ed s ol el y t o t h at o n e
,

se rpe n t wh i ch t e m pt ed Eve : C u rsed a rt t/zon ,

”

”
“
o n t/ty b el l y sh al t f/l ott go ,
“
d u s t sh al t l /t 07t
e at allt h e d ays o f My l i fe b ru i s e h e ad ,
” “
.
”

W h i l e th e e nm i ty i s e x te nd e d t o t h e se e d al l
“
,

t h e ot h e r cl au ses o f th e cu rs e are co nfi ne d t o t h at
o n e i nd iv i d u al se rp e n t t he n h appe n ed t o
.

i t s m ate ; and t o t h e oth e r s e rpe nt s i f any th e n , ,

i n l i d e n ? W e re t h e y b l e ssed o r c u rs ed ? H ow
'

’
d i d t hey go ?
W h at d i d t h e y e at ? I f t h e y sh are d
i n th e se n at u r al o pe r at i o ns t u r ned by th e c u rs e
,

i nto a pu ni s h m e nt h o w c ou l d i t b e j u s t to m ak e
,

t h e m sh ar e i n th e p u n i sh m e nt , l t h ou gh th ey
a h ad
66 TH E S E R P E N T OF E DE Z V .

h ad n o s h a re wh ateve r i n th e te m pt at i o n I f on
,

th e oth e r h an d i t was n o p u n i sh m e n t fo r t he m
, ,

h ow was i t o n e for t h at se rpen t ? I f th ey d i d n ot

go o n th ei r bel l i es or “
eat d u s t ,
th e n wh at d i d
t hey d o ? Wo u l d t here n ot be a m os t u n n atu r al
a n o m al y fo r o n e s e rp e n t t o be l e ad i ng o n e k i n d o f
l i fe a n d a l l o t h ers (i n c l u d i ng i ts m ate ) a d i ffe re n t
,

k i n d o f l i fe ? Wh i c h e ve r way we vi e w i t t h e , ,

fic u l ty
di f i s i n s ol u b l e .

T h es e a re th e p r i n c i p a l d i ffi c u l t i es atte nd i n g t h e
i n te rp ret at i o n o f G e n . iii .
,
wh i ch h o l ds th at th e
b est i al s e rp e n t w as t h e m e an s o f t h e t e m p tat i o n
o f E ve .

S C I
E T ON I I — D zfieu l ti es
. at te ndi ng t/ze B es ti al

S e rp ent li ar/ i ng bee nposs ess ea by S atan ’

.

I f to th e se rpe n t h av i n g b ee n t h e m ea n s o f
t h e fa l l w e su pe rad d th at i t wa s s e i z ed u po n a n d
,

po ssesse d by S at an t he n we s u pe ra d d t h e fo l l ow
,

i n g t o t h e fo regoi n g d i ffi cu l t i es

T h at S at an took pos se ss i on o f th e se rpen t an d

u sed i t as a n i n s tr u m e n t for t h e t em p tat i o n i s ,
a

p u re ly gra t u i tou s s u ppo s i ti o n wh i ch as we h ave , ,

 TEAI P TA TI ON B Y A B E S TI A L S E R P E N T . 67

s een ,
h as n o fou n d at i o n i n o ne s i ngl e wor d o f t h e
s a cre d n a rrat i ve . I t is ,
t h ere fore p l a i n l y i n ad
,

m i ss i bl e .

S ata n i s n ot eve n o n c e m e nt i o n ed i n an y pa r t
o f th at n ar r at i v e n e i t h e r ex pl i c i t l y n o r i m p l i c i tl y
,
.

”
T he re i s on l y t h e S erpe n t
“
. S u ppos i n g a b est i al
s e rpe n t t o h ave b ee n p res e n t ,
and see i n g t h at th e
s ac red n arr at i ve d oes n ot te l l u s o f th e p resen ce o f
any t h i rd p arty b u t o n l y of E ve a n d t h e
,
S erpe n t ,

i t s u re l y t h u s l e aves n o roo m whatsoeve r fo r S at a n

i n th i s s u ppos i t i o n .

3 .

I f th e b est i al serpen t was u sed by th e s u pe ri o r

p owe r o f S at an w i th o u t any vol u n t ary co o pe ra -

t i o n o f i t s own fo r th e d ecept i o n o f l i ve i t wo u l d
, ,

h ave b e e n so u sed w i th o u t any m o r alfau l t o f i ts

ow n . N ay w i thou t eve n any
,
m ate ri al fau l t o f i t s
ow n ; fo r i t w as no t i tse l f at al l t h e r e al age nt ;

bu t at m os t i t w as only a p ass i v e and e n t i re l y

'
i n n oc e n t i n st ru m e n t of a n oth e r s i nali ni t Is it
g y .

c om p at i bl e w i t h th e j u st i ce o f G od t o i n fl i c t so
he avy a c u rse o n an e nt i r e l y i n noc e nt i n st ru m e n t ,

and t o t ak e n o cog ni z an ce of th e re al l y gu i l ty
ge n t ? Th e cases in Le v x x not
a . . 1 5 ,
16 are to
68 TH E S ER P E N T OF E D E zV .

t h e poi n t ; b ecau s e d eath i s th e re d ec ree d n ot so

m u c h as a p u n i sh m en t o n t h e beas t a s t h e m ea n s ,

o f p reve n t i n g a repet i t i o n o f th e acts a n d o f th os e

act s th e an i m al s h a d bee n t h e real act i ve a ge n ts ,

and n ot m e rel y t he p ass i v e i n st ru m e n t s .

I f by t h e S e rp e n t
“
we a re t o u nd e rs t an d
(acco rd i n g t o th e c o m m o n l y rece i ved t h eo ry ) t h e
best i al se rpe n t acte d u po n fo r a t i m e by S ata n ,

t he n th e s am e bes t i al s e rpe n t m u st h ave b ee n th e

s u bj ec t o f t h e cu rs e O n l y t h ree are c u rsed
.

A d a m E ve a n d
,
th e S erpe n t
,
“
S at an t h e re fo re
.
, ,

w h o i n th i s t h eory i s th e m ost gu i l ty o f a l l ,

esc ap es w i t h ou t a ny c u rs e or p u n i sh m en t wh at
s oeve r ,
l th o ugh as t h e m ost gu i l ty h i s p u n i sh
a , ,

m e n t sh ou l d h ave bee n th e h eav i es t o f al l .

5 .

If t h e S erpe n t was a best i al s e rpe n t te m

p o rari l
y poss esse d a n d u sed by S ata n t o sed uce
Eve ,
t h en th e sed u ct i o n h av i n g bee n e ffected a n d
, ,

t h e s i n o f A d am and Eve h avi n g bee n co m p l ete d

w h e n b ot h h ad e ate n o f t h e forb i d d e n fru i t th at ,

'

p oss ess i o n m u s t h ave ceased a s s oo n as i ts obj ec t

w as acco m p l i s h e d . Th e s e rpe n t ,
the re fore m u s t ,
 TE M P TA TI ON B Y A B ES TI A L S ER P E N T . 69

h ave beco m e free fro m th at poss ess i on . I t was

t he n n o l o n ge r a ny th i n g e xcep t a m ere bes t i al se r
pe n t . Ye t G o d a d d ress es ,
an d c u rses t he poo r
bes t i al se rp en t eve n afte r t h e ,
S at an i c p ossess i o n
h ad ceased as i f i t ha d bee n t he re al age n t o fa d eed
, ,

d o n e u n d e r e n t i rel y d i ffe re n t c i rcu mst an ces wh i c h ,

h a d c ease d a n d as i f i t we re respon s i bl e fo r t h at
,

d eed as u n d e r th i s hypot hes i s i t n ei the r was n o r

,

co u l d be B ec au se th o u [best i a l serpe n t accord

.
,

i n g to th i s th eo ry ] h as t d o n e t h i s s ai d Go d ; wh e n ,

as a m att e r o f fac t t h e poo r beast h ad done no

t h i ng at al l a n d w he n t h e ass u m ed co n nect i o n
,

betwee n i t and S at an th e re al age n t h a d c ease d fo r

, ,

e ve r . I s i t n ot th e h e igh t o f abs u rd i ty to rep res ent

G o d act i ng as t h i s the ory m kes H i m a ?

6 .

Wh eth e r w e con s i de r the S e rpe n t as acti ng “

u n d e r S at an i c c oe rci o n o r by i tsel f t h e a rgu m e n t ,

d r awn fro m th e abse n ce i n th e s ac red n arrat i ve ,

of any s u rp ri se o n t h e p art o f l i ve at t h e s e rp e n t
s pe ak i n g and r e aso n i ng s t i l l h ol d s good
,
. Fo r to

h e r i t wo u l d sti l l h ave be e n b u t an i rr at i o n al
an i m al act i n g prete rn at u r al l y as a r at i o n al h u m an
,

b ei n g W h at can s h e h ave k n ow n o f S at an i c
.

possess i o n P
70 TH E S ER P E N T OF ED EN

fic u l t i es s u pe rad d ed t o m os t o f th os e
T h ese d i f ,

al re ad y gi ve n i n th e p reced i n g se ct i on (es pe c i al ly
th e i n ap pl i c ab i l i ty o f th e c u rse ) atte nd th e t h eo ry ,

of a S at an i c possess i o n a n d coe rc i o n o f a best i al

se rpe n t for t h e p u rpose of te m pt i ng E ve No .

s u ccess fu l at t e m p ts h av e bee n m ad e to fu rn i sh
a reas o n ab l e a n sw er t o an y o f t hese d i ffi cu l t i es .

E ve ry rep ly eve r a tt e m p te d h as bee n m et as w e ,

h av e seen and re fu ted w i th o u t m u ch t rou b l e o r

,

w ast e o f i nge n u i ty .

A llt h ese d i ffi c u l t i es (each o n e i n i tsel f be i n g

of m u ch i n d i v i d u al w ei gh t ) fo rm w h e n ta ke n ,

al l t oget he r a cu m u l at i ve argu m e n t s o s tron g as

,

t o ren d e r p e rfec t l y h opel ess th e atte m pt t o ove r

tu rn it . I l ay spec i al st res s u po n t he i n d u b i t abl e
fact t h at n ot
,
a fr agm e n t o f t h es e t heo ri es ca n be
fou n d ed o n a l i te r al u n d e rs tan d i n g o f th e sac re d
n a rrat i ve w i th ou t b ri ngi n g i n th e su pport o f
,
a

seri es of su pp os i t io n s ,
w h i ch are pu rel y gratu i to u s ,

and h ave n o t t h e l eas t su ggest i o n of t he m i n t h e

t e x t T h e re i s n ot a s i ngl e cl au se rega rd i n g t he
.
“

”
S e rpe nt wh i ch fi ts i n w i th w h at w e k n ow fro m ,

n at u r al h i sto ry o f t h e n at u re o f a best i al s e rpe n t

,
.

T h e re i s n o t a s i ngl e c l au s e wh i c h d oes n ot
fu r ni sh a spec i al d i ffi cu l ty and obj ect i on o f i ts ow n ,

g i n s t t h e s u p pos i t i o n th at
a a a b est i al s erpen t
72 TH E S E R P E N T OF E DE A’ .

C H A PT E R V .

O B J EC T I O N S AG A I N ST P R OP OS N G I A

T H EO R Y .

THE d i ffic u l t i es wh i c h h av e be en sh ow n to att e n d

e very o n e o f th e t h eori es h i t hert o u se d for an

e x pl a n at i o n of th e te m p tat i o n o f Eve by “
the
”
S e rpe n t ,
l e ave t h e q u est i o n s t i l l very myst eri ou s ,

a n d s t i l l O pe n fo r a s at i sfacto ry s ol u t i o n .

I p u rpose w i t h o u t a ct u al ly co n d e m n i n g t h e
,

c om m on l y p rop ou n d e d an d d o u b tl ess w e l l m ea n t
, ,
-

t h eo ri es t o a rgu e (as aga i ns t u nbel i evers o n ly) t h at

,

t h ere i s ye t rem ai n i n g a l i te ra l se n s e — an d t h e o n ly
real ly l i te r al se n se — i n wh i c h t h e S cri pt u re n arra
t i ve of t he t e m pt at i o n a n d fal l o f m a n a n d t h e
,

s u bsequ e n t c u rse o n t h e S e rpe n t c a n be rat i o n al l y

,

h el d w i thou t ad m i tt i n g an y u n na t u ral appa ri t i on

, ,

or any S at an i c possess i o n o f a best i al s erpe n t o r ,

a ny co n versat i o n w i t h E ve i n a h u m a n m an n e r by
 OB 7 E C T1 0N S A G A I N S T N E PV TH E OR Y .

a b es t i a l s e rpen t . I f t h i s ca n b ut be p rove d an d ,

such an ex p l a n at i o n be gi ve n th e n arra t i ve wou l d ,

b e at o n c e free d fro m all i m p rob ab i l i t i es a n d

diffic u l t i es an d b e re n d e red i mp regn ab l e agai n s t
,

i n fi d e l an d r at i o n al i s t i c t tack s
a . A n d yet th e
fai th fu l wo u l d st i l l b e l e ft at fu l l l i be rty t o choos e
w h ateve r i n terp ret at i o n m i ght best s u i t t h e taste
a n d m i n d o f e ac h i n d i vi d u al .

H e re h oweve r I m us t a n swe r i n a n t i c i p at io n
, , , ,

t wo obj ect i o n s t ha t m ay be rai sed ,

w i th so m e
p l a us i bi l i ty ,
ga i n st m y p roposed u n d e rtak i n g
a .

I .

I t m ay b e a rgu e d th at I am n eed l essl y aba n do n

i n g t h e l i te ra l a n d n atu ral se ns e o f t he sac red
n arrat i ve ,
and fl yi n g to a fi gu r at i ve se n se .

T h i s i f t rue wou l d i nd ee d b e a gr ave obj ect io n

, ,

b u t i t i s n ot t ru e .

I m i gh t repl y t h at th i s i s o n e o f t hose cas e s in

wh i ch i f ev e n
,
a nov e l fi gu r at i ve se ns e w e re s ou gh t
fo r i t cou l d n ot be s ai d th at
,
s u ch a se arch w as

a n eed l es s o n e T h i s i s p rov e d by th e ve r y
.

e x i ste nce o f t h e n u m e ro u s and i ns u rm ou nt abl e

d i ffi c u l ti es wh i ch as w e h av e s ee n atte nd t h e
, ,

s ac re d n arrat i v e wh e n t ake n ,
in the se n se i n wh i c h

i t h as bee n co m m o n ly i n te rp r e t e d . B ut t h a t i s n o t
74 TH E S ER P E N T OF E D EN

m y ch i ef repl y M y p ri n ci pal an swe r t o t h e obj ect i o n

.

i s t hat I am n ot at al l aban d on i n g t h e rea l l i teral

,

se n s e I aba n d o n o n l y th e co m m o n i n terp retat i o n

.

o f t h e t ex t w h i ch I h ave a l ready s how n t o be by

,

n o m e an s a l i te ral o n e . O n th e co n t ra ry i t h as ,

bee n s h ow n t o b e a p u re su ppos i t i o n co m pl ete l y ,

op posed t o th e l ette r o f th e s acred n arrat i ve . I

p u rp os e t o s ubs t i t u te fo r i t a ve ry
o
l i te ral i nte rp re
t at i o n, w h i c h sh al l be a t ru l y l i t era l sen s e i n stea d ,

o f be i n g o n l y a p ret e nd ed l i t era l on e I am n ot .

go i n g t o m ai nt a i n t h at t h ere was n o s e rpen t con

”
ce r n e d i n th e t e m p t at i o n ; o r t ha t t h e S erp en t i s
“

a m et aph ori c al o r fi gu rat i ve o r al l ego ri ca l exp res

, ,

“
s i o n for so m e th i n g e l s e . I shal l hol d th at the
S erp en t d i d t e m pt Eve a n d w as real l y cu rse d for
,

h avi ng do n e so I s h al l h ol d al l t h e facts as re l at ed
.

i n t h e s ac red n arrat i ve t o be l i teral l y t ru e as a ,

pl ai n h i sto ri ca l n a rrat i ve of facts . The poi nt at

i ss u e i s n ot wh eth e r t h e l i te ral sen s e i s n ot p re fe r
ab l e t o an y fi gu rat i ve sen s e . I a d m i t th at i t i s so .

T h e real q u es t i o n i s W h i ch i s t h e real ly l i te ra l
,

s e n se ? Wh o i s th i s s erp e n t i n a l i te ra l se nse , ,

w i thou t a ny grat u i tou s s u p pos i t i on s i n ad m i ss i bl e ,

by t h e s acre d te xt
 OB 7 E C TI OA S
’
A GA I N S T N E W TH E OR Y .
75

II .

C ath ol i cs m ay m o reove r u rge agai n st m e tha t , , ,

i f I d e ny th at th e t e m ptat i o n of Eve w as e ffec ted

by S ata n by h is t ak i n g poss es s i o n of a best i a l
,

s e rpen t o r i n oth e r w o rd s u n d er t h e a ppearan c e

, , ,

of a best i a l s e rp en t t he n I sh a l l ,
be goi n g ag ai n st
t he eonz nzu z s ente nti anz,
ne n a nd c onsequ en t l y agai nst
t h e ex p res s p ro h i b i t i o n o f th e H oly C ou n c i l o f
T re n t (S ess .

B u t t o t h i s I an swe r th at n ew obj ect io n s m u s t

n ecessa ri l y b e m e t by n ew rep l i es ; t ha t va ry i n g
c i rcu m st an ces of t i m e an d of i n c rea sed kn ow l edge
, ,

chan ge the o ld grou n d s of p ol em i cs ; t hat n ew

th eori e s m ay a n d sh o u l d be ad va n ced (wi th d u e
, ,

s ub m i ss i on t o t h e j u d gm e n t of H ol y M oth e r
C hu rch ) i n o rd e r t o st re ngth e n t h e c ause of t ru t h
ag ai n st m od e rn ed u c ated u n bel i ef .

Th i s h as a l r e ady be e n d on e w i th m u ch ,
advan

‘
The de c r ee o f th e f
'
o u ne i l o f T r nt f r b i ds t h
e o e
p r i v at e

i nt r pr t at i
e e o n o fH o ly S r i pt r c u e ,
in re lm l i d i t m r m
s e e o u ,
ad ( L t ll
'

fi h ri s t i ana: pe rti ne nt i u m
’
‘

e at i o nem do ct ri nze t . T h e mm u u '

r, ho w
e v r f t h t m pt at i
e , o e v e t s ai d t b l ng t t h i s
o n o f li e cann o be o e o o

cat g ry
e o I t als f rb i ds t h pr v at i nt r p r t at i n f H l y
.
o o e i e e e o o o

S cr i pt r c nt r a nani m m c n n m l at I d n t t h i nk ' ”
u e, o u e o se su i u iu . o o

t h at am i d th v ari s t h i s pr p s d any n f t h m can b

,
e o u eo r e o o e , o e o e e
"
s ai d t h av i n i t fav u r t h nnani m m c n n n
o e s a o e r o se su i . re ,

t h r f r l ft fr n t h s m at t r b y th d r
e e o e, e ee ft h
i C nn d f i e e ec ee o e o e o

T r nt
e .
76 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E I V .

t age a n d s u ccess ,
i n th e cas e o f two pa ral l e l
qu est i o n s regard i n g t wo othe r n arrat i ves i n t h i s
,

ve ry B ook o f G e n es i s I m e an th e D ays o f
.

C re at i o n and the U ni ve rs al i ty of the D e l uge

,
The .

ac k n ow l ed ge d a n d as ye t u n an swe red d i ffi c u l t i es
at ten d i n g t h e n arrat i ve i n G e n . iii . fu l l y j us t i fy
m e i n t ryi n g a ne w a n d as I hop e a bette r so l u t i o n
, , .

T h i s m ay b l a m el es sly b e a tte m pted p rovi d ed t hat

,

I do n ot co n te m p tu o u sl y c o n d e m n ot he r t h eo ri es ,

a nd p rovi d ed I d u l y s ub m i t m y j u d gm e n t i n al l
m atte rs o ffai th (as I hereby m ost h u m b ly s i n ce re ly , ,

and c o m p l etel y d o be foreh an d ) t o t h e s u p re m e

a u th ori ty o f t h e H ol y C at h ol i c C h u rch a n d o f i ts,

s u p rem e h ead and t each e r o n ea rth t he V i ca r o f

,

o u r Lo rd J es us C h ri s t .
 C H A PT E R V I .

T H E N EW T H EO R Y .

T HE real q ues t i o n at i ss u e as I have sai d i s

, , ,

“th at Be i n g i s i n d i cated i n G en i i i by th e w ord s . .

” ”
th e S e rpen t ? A ce rt ai n real S e rpe n t of
“ “
,

cou rse b u t w h at se rpe n t

We h ave al ready show n th at w e ca n n ot reco n c i l e
w i th the s ac red n ar rat i ve e i t he r th at t h e best i al
,

se rpen t w as i tsel f t h e te m pte r o r th at

, S at an u sed
i t u n d e r h i s pe rson al poss es s i o n fo r t h i s pu rpose ,

o r t h at h e as s u m ed th e ap p ari t i o n o f o n e fo r
”
t h i s e nd I f t h e n th e S e rpe n t i n G en i i i w as
.
, , . .

not a m e rel y best i al se rp e n t ,

nor a poss e ssed
se rp e n t n o r ana pp ari t i o n al se rpe nt wh at S e rpe n t
, ,
“

w as i t ?

Th e q ue st i o n m ay i n a d i ffe re n t fo rm be fi n al l y
, ,

p u t th u s : I s t h e re bes i d es th e best i al s e rp e n t
, , any

ot he r S e rpe nt me nt i o n e d i n t he S c ri pt u res —any

78 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E IV .

o the r S e rpe n t whose e x i sten ce i s prove d fro m th e

S c ri pt u res t he ms e l ves — a n d wh os e n at u re ,
as

r e l ated i n t h os e very S c ri pt u res ,

fi ts i n to t h e
n a rrat i ve o f G e n . i i i — who h as a j u s t t i t l e to
.
,

be i n g par ex cell ence c al le d t/ze S erpe n t P

, ,

Yes : t he re i s s u ch a s cri pt u ra l S e rpe n t d i st i n c t ,

fro m th e b es t i al o ne .

S eve ral pass ages o f S cri pt u re exh i bi t b efo re u s

a c e rta i n S erpe n t w h o i s al s o ca l l e d by va ri o u s
,

o ther t i t l es T h i s S e rpe n t t h o ugh not a best i a l

.
,

s erpe n t i s s t i l l a rea l S e rpe n t H e i s d esc ri bed i n

, .

t he S c ri pt u es as be i n g of s u c h a n at u re as t o
r

h ave b ee n m os t n atu r al l y th e p ri m ary and sol e

age n t i n th e te m pt at i on of E ve H i s c l ai m to .

be i n g t h e S e rpe n t o f G e n i i i c
“ ”
an b e e st ab l i shed . .

w i t h ou t any u n n atu r al c i rc u m st an c es o f fac t w i th ,

out any i n su rm ou n tabl e d i ffi c u l t i es of i nt e rp re

t at i o n, es pec i al l y w i th ou t a n y v i o l at i o n o f t h e
n at u ral a n d l i te r al s e n se of S c ri pt u re ,
an d w i t ho u t
th e u se o f any gr at u i to u s s u p pos i t i o n s .

I n fact T H E S ER P E N T i s on e o f th e spec i al
,
“

s cri pt u ral t i t l es o f the gre at a rch rebe l a n ge l S atan -

,
.

T h i s i s th e k ey t o the t r u e i n te rp retat i o n o f Ge n i i i . .

T h i s k ey i s fou n d i n t h e A poc alyps e (o r R eve l a

t i o n ) x i i 7 8 and 9 w h ere t h is ch i e f l e ad er of th e
.
, , ,

rebel an gel s i s t h u s s poke n o f

80 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E xV .

c al l ed th e G rea t D ragon t h e S e rp en t o f ol d ,
.

D r ago n a n d S e rpe n t a re syn o ny m o us i n S c r i p t u re

and a n c i e n t n at u ra l h i story ; a d rago n be i n g s i m pl y

an o l d e r gre ate r, ,
an d m i gh t i e r serpen t a m o ng
o th e r s e rpe n ts T h i s s a m e b ei n g i s a l so ca l l e d
.

D ev i l and S at an I t i s no t t h e D evi l a n d S at an
.
,

w h o i s al s o ca l l ed t h e S e rp en t J u s t t h e reve rs e . .

I t i s th e S e rp en t w h o i s al s o c al l e d D ev i l a nd
“
,

S at an W e a re t h e refo re c om pel l ed t o con c l u d e ,

”
th at “
t h e S e rpe n t i s th e p r i m a ry n am e of th i s
be i n g ; and th at t h e D ev i l a n d S at an are o n l y h i s
secon d ary n am es .

N ow t h ere i s abs ol u tel y n o d o u bt poss i b l e as

,

t o th e pe rso n al i ty o f h i m who i s h e re d esc ri bed

i n R e v x i i A p o rt i o n o f t h e an gel s o f G od h ere
. .
,

sa i d t o have bee n on e th i rd of th e w h ol e fe l l fro m -

th ei r h i gh es tate ,
h ead e d by a l ead e r w ho ,
is
”
S e rpen t ,
“
p r i m ari l y cal l e d the a n d vari ou s ly and

e qu al l y n am ed L u c i fe r , S at an ,
and t he D evi l .

A n d t h i s b e i n g i s n ot o n l y cal l ed th e S e rpe n t “
,

'
b u t h e i s e x p ressl y c al l e d 6 ti rpi g o ci pv O Q the ’

,
’

S e rpe n t h e o f ol d
,
T h i s l ead e r t he re fore o f t h e
.
, ,

rebe l an ge l s i n t h i s pass age o f S cri pt u re i s cl e arl y

,

and d i st i n ctl y and e x p ress l y i d e n t i fi e d w i t h t h a t

S erpe nt of ol d e n t i m es t h e d ecei ve r o f t h e h u m an
,

race fro m al l t i m e wh ose fi rs t d ea l i n gs w i t h th e

,
 TH E N E W TH E OR Y . 81

h u m a n race a re reco rd ed i n Ge n i i i H e an d h e . .

al o n e i s t he S erpe nt te m pt er o f E ve
-
H e and .

h e al on e i s th e S erpe n t o f E d e n Th e S erpen t .
“

i s s i m pl y o n e o f h i s m an y s c ri pt u ral t i tl es o r
n a m es .

T h e t ru e i n te rpretat i o n of Ge n i i i co n sequ e n tl y . .

req u i res n o ai d of any bes t i a l se rpe n t at all ; a nd

“
th e S e rpen t i n te rch an ge ab l e w i t h D rago n o r
,

”
G reat S e rpe n t i s on l y a pl ai n l i te ral sc r i pt u ra l
,

e x p ress i o n fo r the D ev i l S at an o r L u ci fe r
, , .

“
I d o n ot asse rt pos i t i ve l y th at t h e S e rpe n t i s
t h e so l e and i n d i vi d u a l n a m e o f p rec i se l y t h e
l ead er o f t h e rebel an gel s . Wh at d o we real l y
k n ow as t o wh ethe r e ac h o f t h e m u l t i tu d i n ou s
a n gel s bot h goo d
,
and b ad, h as o r h as n ot an i nd i
”
vi d u al n am e ? T h e S e rp en t m ay o r m ay n ot
b e an i nd i vi d u al n am e ; i t m ay o r m ay n o t b e a
co m m o n o r ge ne ri c n am e fo r m an y evi l s p i ri ts .

T h is d oes n o t affe c t th e argu m e n t i n t h e l eas t .

”
F o r eve n i f th e S e rpe n t be o n l y a gen e ri c o r
“

”
co m m o n n am e fo r m any so al s o i s D evi l
,
“

( B
A l é O AO Q , t h e C al u m n i ato r ) and S at an th e
A dve rs ary ) . Wh ateve r m ay be hel d as to ind i
v i d u al nam es ,
i t i s ce rt ai n th at th i s t e x t ( R ev .

x i i 9 ) c l e arl y and co n c l u s i vel y p roves t h at

. th e

S e rpe n t i s o n e o f th e scr i pt u ra l t i t l es o r n am es o f
82 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E /V .

t h e great l ea d e r o f reb e l s p i ri ts a n d i s l i te ral ly ,

equ i val e n t t o a n d i n te rch an geab l e w i t h “

S at a n ,

”
o r w i th D evi l .

B u t R ev x i i 9 i s by n o m ean s a s ol i tary pass age

. .

o f t he S c ri ptu res u po n wh i ch I a m t ry i ng t o bu i l d
u p a ne w i n terp retat i o n of Ge n i i i T he re a re . .

m any oth er passages t o t h e s a m e e ffec t I n sacre d .

S cri pt u re ,
i n fact S at a n i s repeat ed ly ca l l e d
,
“
the
”
S e rpe n t .

T ak e J ob x xv i . T h e h ol y su ffere r e l oque n t l y
m en t i o n s s o m e o f t h e greates t ph e n o m e n a o f n at u re ,

a n d so m e o f th e m i ght i est wo rks o f G od .

7 H e s t ret chet h ou t t h e n ort h ove r t h e e m pty

.

pl ac e an d h a nget h t he eart h u po n n oth i n g

,
.

“
8 . H e bi n d et h u p th e wat e rs i n H i s t h i c k
c l o ud s an d t he cl ou d i s n ot re n t u n de r t h e m .

“
9 . H e ho l d et h b ack t h e face o f H i s t h ro ne ,

a n d s p read eth H i s cl o u d u po n i t .

IO H e h ath c om passed th e wate rs wi t h bou n ds

.
,

u n t i l the d ay a n d t he n i gh t co m e t o a n e n d .

I Th e p i l l ars of heave n t re m b l e a n d are

I .
,

as to n i sh ed at H i s rep roo f .

12 H e d i v i det h t h e s ea wi th H i s p ower ; a n d
.

by H i s u nd erst an d i n g H e s m i tet h t h rou gh t h e

p ro ud .

1 3 . By H i s S p i ri t H e h ath gar n i s h e d th e
 TH E N E W TH E OR Y . 83

he aven s ; and H i s Izand b at/t formed tb e crooke d

14 . Lo t h es e a re pa rts o f H i s ways
, ; b u t how
l i tt l e a po rt i on i s h eard o f H i m ? b u t th e th u n d e r
of H i s power w h o c an u nd ersta n d ? ”

I h ol d th at i n ve r by t h e gar n i t u re of t h e
. 1 3,
“

”
h eave ns ,
are m ea n t n o t th e i n a n i m ate stars b u t
, ,

t h e an gel s o f h eave n . Th i s i s p rove d by a co m

pa ri so n w i th Ps x x x i i i (i n t h e D ou ay B i bl e P s
. .
,
.

xxxii ) 6
.
,
“
By t h e wo rd o f t he Lo rd t h e heaven s
we re m ad e an d a l l t he h os t o f th e m by th e breat h
”
o f H i s m o u th T h e ex p ress i o n bre at h o f H i s
.
“

m o ut h i n d i c ates th e c reat i o n of l i v i ng a n d rat i on al

hosts ; for i n Ge n i i 7 al s o G od b re at h e d i nto
. .
,
“

h i s n ost ri l s t h e breath o f l i fe a n d m an bec am e a ,

l i vi n g so u l I n t h i s e n u m er at i o n o f t h e m i gh ty
.

wo rk s o f God th e re fo re ve r 1 3 i s d e voted t o a
, , .

desc r i pt i o n of t h e an ge l s ; and am o n g th e an gel s ,

as a n othe r n otabl e i n st an ce o f th e al m i gh ty powe r

o f God J ob nam es o n e s ol e b ru te an i m al
,
His
” ”
h an d h ath fo rm ed t h e c rooke d S e rpe nt C rooked .
“

i s n o t m e rel y u sed t o i nd i cate t h e w i nd i ng o f a

s e rpe n t T h e wo rd i s re pe ated l y u s e d i n S c ri pt u re
.

t o m e an perve rse o r w i cked D e u t x x x i i 5 th e y . . .

,
“

a re a c rooke d gen er at i o n l
’
s . c xx v ( D ou ay
.
,

‘ ” “ ”
c rooked w ays ; l ’
bil i i . . 1 3, a c rooke d n at i o n .
84 TH E S ER P E N T OF E D EN

Th i s spec i a l c rooked S e rpe nt , t herefore ,

is a
s pec i al ly perve rs e an d w i cke d bei n g c al l e d th e ,

S erpen t N ow fro m t h e c on tex t i t i s evi d e n t th at

.
, ,

J ob d es i red t o i n d i cat e th e powe r o f God as sh ow n

by H i s work s A m on g t hes e works h e m ou n ts .

fro m t he greate r p hys i ca l wo n d ers o f c re ati o n (h e

o m i ts eve n m an) t o th e wo n d e rfu l e x i ste n ce of t h e
an gel s o r (i f yo u d o n ot ad m i t t h e paral l el fro m
,

th e P s al m s ) t o t h e m arvel s of t he s t arry h eaven s

a n d h e e n ds h i s cat al ogu e w i th t h e c reat i o n of t h e
c rook ed S e rpen t ! N ow th e bes t i al s erpe n t race
,

h as n o poss i bl e cl ai m w h ateve r t o b e i n g ran k e d

a m on g t he ch i e f wo rks of G od m u ch l ess to be i n g ,

t h e ap e x of th e w ho l e t h e m os t s u b l i m e o f al l ,

’
God s works B u t s u ch p rec i sel y i s S at an t h e d evi l
.
, ,

t h e ol d S e rpe n t H e re th erefo re J ob d i sti n ct l y .

, ,

and cl e arl y n am es S ata n u n d e r h i s sc ri pt u ral t i t l e

”
o f th e S erpe n t
“
.

S o too I s ai ah (x x vn I ) s peaks o f on e pa rt i c u l a r
, ,
.

great S e rpe n t w h i ch th e Lo rd w i l l pu n is h o n t he
,

d ay th at H e pu n i sh es t he i n i qu i ty o f th e earth
“
x xv i 2 1 F o r behol d t h e Lord com et h ou t of
.
, , ,

H i s pl ace to pu n i sh th e i n h ab i t an ts of th e e arth
fo r th ei r i n i qu ity : th e e art h als o shal l d i sc l ose h e r
”
bl ood an d sh al l n o m ore cover h er s l ai n
, .

“
x xvi i I .
,
I n t h at d ay th e Lord w i th H i s sore , ,
 TH E N E W TH E OR Y . 85

a n d great an d st ro n g s wo rd s h al l pu n i sh Levi ath a n

, ,

t hat p i erc i n g S erpen t even Levi a th a n t hat c rook ed ,

S e rpe n t a n d H e sh al l s l ay t he D rago n t h at i s i n
,

”
t he sea .

T he p u n i sh m e nt o f th i s o n e p arti c u la r S erpe nt
i s t h e cu l m i n at i n g po i n t of th e a n ge r and j ust i ce
of God T he co n te x t p rec l u d es th e p oss i b i l i ty o f
.

i t s re fe rri n g t o any b est i al serpe n t T h e word .

“ ”
c rook ed con n ects th i s t e x t w i th t he p reced i ng
o n e gi ve n fro m J ob ; and t he j u xtapos i t i o n o f th e
” ”
te rms D r ago n and S e rpe n t see m s t o co n n e ct
“

i t w i th R e v x i i 9 . . .

A gai n l et u s open ,
I sa. lxv . H e re th e p rophet
typ i fies t he gre at n ess an d gl o ry of t h e C h u rch . In
ve r 5
. h e s
2 ays Th e w ol f a n d th e l am b ,
sh al “
l
feed t ogeth e r and t h e l i o n sh al l eat s t r aw l i k e t h e
,

’ ”
b u l l ock : and du s t s /t a/l be t/t e S ezpe nt s m eat . Th i s
con cl u s i on w i t h i ts s pec i al,
m ar k ed r e fere n ce to
Gen i i i . . 14, m akes i t i m poss i bl e t o d o u b t t h at t he
p roph et n ot t h i n k i n g o f any best i al se rpe n t
w as ,

b u t o f t h at ol d S e rpe nt — S at an —t h e sol e age nt i n

t h e te m pt at i on o f l i v e T o i nte rp r e t th i s t e x t o f a.

bes t i al se rp e n t wou l d be t o t h ru s t th e se rpe nt i nt o

a p rom i ne nc e n ow ays co m p at i bl e w i th i ts n atu r al
pl ace i n th e c re at i o n . l l e s i de s , wh e n th e othe r
a n i m al s are rep rese nted as h avi ng c h anged th e i r
86 TH E S E R P E N I OF ED E IV .

n at u ra l h ab i ts cl ea rl y sh ow i n g t he p rese n ce o f
,

a m et aph ori cal s en s e ,

i t fol l ows n at u ra l l y t h at
t h e s erp e n t h ere i n d i cate d i s n ot t h e m e re b est i al
s erpe n t bu t so m e o th e r S e rpe n t
,
.

I n R e v (A p ocal yps e ) x x 2 a n an gel o f God

. .
,

l ai d ho l d o n t h e d r ago n t h at ol d S e rpe n t [agai n ,

‘
6 f l ag 6 épxai o g th e S erpe n t h e o f ol d
, ,
which ,

i s th e D evi l an d S atan a n d bou n d h i m for a

, ,

”
th o u san d years . A n d i n th e a l ready ci t ed ch apt e r
,

” ” ”
S erpe n t
“
(x i i ) t h e wo rd s
, S ata n ,
D ev i l and , ,

”
“
D ragon a re repeated l y u s ed bot h s i m u l tane ou sl y ,

a n d i n terch an ge ably fo r o n e an d th e sa m e person ,

.

Th i s perso n i s i d e n t i fi ed as t h e l e ad er o f th e rebe l
ange l s a nd by be i n g i n d i ca ted as t h e e n e my o f
, ,

th e see d o f t h e wo m an i s al so i d e n t i fi ed as t h e ,

S e rpen t t em pt er i n G e n i i i
-
. .

F ro m t h ese t ex ts i t i s ev i d e n t t hat t h e s ac red

,

S c ri p t u re
m akes spec i a l a n d frequ e n t m en t i o n o f a
ce rt ai n S erpen t al so t h e l ead e r o f th e rebe l a n gel s
, ,

’
on e of th e c h i e f o f G od s m i gh t i est works ; a n d i t
“
speak s of h i m u n de r th e n a m e o r t i tl e o f th e
”
S erpe n t T h e S c ri pt u re s p e aks o f h i m i n thes e
.
,

cases i n h i s ow n i n d i vi d u al pe rso n al i ty u n con n ected

, ,

w i th any app ari t i on o r pos sess i o n of a b est i al

S erpe n t
”
Yet i t c a l l s h i m s i m pl y th e S erpe n t
.
“
,

a s i n Ge n i i i I t i s evi d e n t t he re fore th at th e
. .
, ,
“
88 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E IV .

i s n ot o n ly th us no need fo r a ny app ari t i o n or

p ossess i o n o f a b es t i a l s e rpe n t ; t h e re i s n o room
l eft fo r ei th er i n t h e sac red n arrat i ve t he l i te ral ,

wo rd i n g of wh i ch bo th t h ose s u ppos i t i on s wo u l d
v i ol ate .
“
The S e rpe n t i s s i m p ly equ i v al en t t o
S atan bot h be i n g t i t l es o f t h e sam e p erso n a n d
“
, ,

capab l e o f b e i n g s u bst i t u te d fo r e ac h othe r .

T o s ee h ow c o m pl etel y n atu ra l ly a n d perfect l y, ,

t h i s i n t e rp ret at i o n fi ts i n to t he sac red n arrat i ve o f

Ge n i i i I p roceed t o rep eat t h at n a rrat i ve as we
. .
,

fou n d i t i n t h e o ri gi n al H eb rew t ex t s u bst i t u t i n g ,

“ ” ”
t he wo rd S at an i ns tead o f th e S e rpe n t ; j u s t “

as i n a l geb ra w e m ay s u bst i t ute t h e as cert ai n ed

v al u e o f a n x o r a y fo r x o r y i n an equ at i o n ,

w i tho u t al te ri n g i ts val u e . I ad d a ru n n i n g co m
m en ta ry .

S at an
Ver I . . N ow
the S e rpe n t
w as m ore fi
s b ti l

t h a n any l i v i n g be i n g of t h e eart h w h i c h th eLo rd

”
God h ad m ad e ; becau s e h i s an gel i c n at u re a n d
qu a l i t i e s th o u gh d i m m ed a n d d egrad ed
, by h i s fal l ,

s t i l l co n st i t u te h i m s up eri o r t o al l an i m al s o n e arth ,

i n c l u d i n g m an ag ai n s t wh o m p ri n c i p al ly (an d n ot
,

ag ai n st i rrat i on al be asts ) th e co m pari s o n (qi p o mju ui ’

r ar o g, m ost i n te l l i gen t o r t h i n k i n g ) i s u rged fo r i t

was t o cope w i t h m a n t hat S ata n c am e .
 TH E N E W TH E OR Y . 89

A n d h e sa i d u n to t he wo m an ,
n o t by an y
a rt i c u l ate a u d i b l e speech m ad e t o p roceed p rete r ,

n atu ral l y fro m t he j aws o f a possess ed b es t i al

se rpe n t o r o f a n ,
a p p ari t i o n al on e ; b u t by an
i n ter n al a n d i n au d i bl e yet m os t i n te l l i gi b l e a n d ,

s ou l fel t co m m u n i c at i o n of m i n d w i th m i n d a n d
-

s p i r i t w i th sp i ri t . T h u s G od s pe ak s to t h e h eart
o f m a n w i th H i s i nsp i r at i o n s an d ou r gu ard i a n ,

a ngel s co m m u n i c at e w i th u s ; a n d t h us t oo t h e , ,

s am e S at an d ai ly a nd h ou rl y s peak s t o o u rsel ves ,

i n o u r v ari ou s t e m pt at i on s Eve n t h u s i n te rn al l y .

and i n au d i bl y yet qu i t e i n te l l i gi bl y S ata n spok e , ,

t o Eve s m i n d and s ou l N o best i al s erpe n t o r

’
.
,

a p pea r ance o f o n e ,
w as at a l l n eed ed . E ve had
m os t p rob abl y o ften t hou gh t over a n d wo n d e re d
at t h e p roh i bi t i o n ag ai n s t t he eat i n g o f t h at p ar
t i cu l ar fru i t S h e h ad o n t h is occ as i on p rob abl y.
, ,

I t is scar c l y n c ss ary t p i nt t t h at t ay i n S r i pt r
e e e o o ou o s , c u e ,

IS o ft n s ed i n th s ns f t t h nk v n w h n th t h g h t i
e u e e e o
“
o i , e e e e ou s

n t x pr s d by a di b l w r ds
o e e s A fw
e x am pl s m st s ffcu e o . e e e u u i e .

L k in 8u e D n t b g i n t my [i v t t h k i n y
.
,
o os lv s J W e o . .
‘
o rrr our e e
’
, e

h av A br ah am f r fat h r als M att i i i 9 A g ai n M att

”
e o r ou vi 7 e o . . .
, . x .
,
"
A nd t h y t h g h t w i t h i nt h m s l v aving A g ai n \ I att i 2 5
e ou e e es, r .
, . . xx .

( M ar k i 2 8 ; L k x x x . A n dt h y t h g h t w i t h i n t h m s l v s
u e . e o u e e e ,

"
say i n g A nd M att
. i i 44 f th v i l s pi i t i t i wr i tt n T h n
. x .
,
o e e r s e , e

h m i l / I w i ll r t r n
e 1 ,
l n M ar k v 8 t h w m ann i l l t h i ss
e u . f . 2 , e o i e ue o

bl i n M att i a d w i t h i n h rs l f i r p r s nt d
”
d wh
oo ,
2 ! o . x . s i e e , s e e e e
"
s i m ply a s ay ng l s h ai d S ay i ng and t h ki ng t h r f r
i ,
’
o rs e s .
,
rrr , e e o e,

acc r di ng t
o s cr i pt r al s ag ar i nt rch ang abl t r m s w h r th
o u u e, e e e e e e e e

s nse may ne d i t
e e .
90 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E JV .

wand e red n ea r th e t ree fro m m ot i ves o f n at u ra l

,

cu ri os i ty . O r sh e m ay h ave been pe rhaps m oved , ,

by p rev i ous i nte rn al i n d i rec t te m ptat i on s of S at an

, ,

s ee m i ngl y h e r ow n t h ou ght s b u t exc i te d by h i s

,

ba l efu l a n d p owe r fu l i n fl u e n ce p ro m pt i n g h e r t o
,

app roac h an d l ook a t t h at wo n d erfu l t ree . When

sh e arri ved th e re a n d was v i ewi n g t h e beau t i fu l
t ree an d fru i t , ( i n v i s i bl y p resen t w i th h e r
S ata n
a n d i n h e r fo r a sp i r i t i s w here i t t h i n ks ) m akes
,

h i s fi rs t d i re ct i n t ern al s u ggest i o n o r te m ptat i on .

N ot t h rou gh th e co rpo rea l ear o r i n a n a u d i bl e voi ce

,

cau se d by v i brat i o n s i n t h e ai r p rod u ced fro m t h e

j aws of an y se rpe n t body o r app ari t i o n b u t st rai gh t ,

t o t h e s ou l by sp i ri t u al i n t e rco m m u n i c at i on Th e
,
.

s e rpe n t S at an th erefo re i n th i s m a n n e r sai d u n to

, ,
“

th e w o m an : S trange ! th at God h as s a i d Ye sh al l ,

”
n o t eat o f every t ree o f th e garde n ! T h i s i n te r
j e ct i o nal fo rm o f t h e begi n n i n g o f th e te m ptat i o n
i s a m atte r o f so m e i m po rta n ce . T h e t e m p t at i on ,

i n th e o ri gi n al i s n ot i n t h e i nt errogat i ve fo rm
, . It
i s n ot a qu est i o n ask ed fro m o u ts i d e ; b u t the
se n te n ce s ee m s m u ch m o re l i ke a t h ou gh t d e
ve lo p e d i n Eve s ow n m i n d u n d e r S at ani c s u gge s
’

t i o n S ata n spea ks to h er s ou l ; a n d i n h er m i n d
.

h e cau s es to a ri s e a feel i n g o f s u rp ris e at th e

rest rai n t p u t u pon h er l i be rty . To th i s t hou gh t ,
 S E R P E N T OF ED E N
’

92 7l

en
’
u nh es i tat i n g assen t t o God s t e ach i n g . He
l arges the d ou bt i n to a certai n ty ; th at th ere i s n o
c han ce o f the i r dy i ng ; th at th e re i s n o certai nty
’
i n God s t h reat ; a n d t hat i t p roceed s o n l y fro m
a j e al ou s e nvy o n t h e part of G od . A l l this he ,

t h erefore ,
aga i n c o m m u n i c at es i n au d i bl y t o t h e
m i n d o f E ve as b efore .

S ata n
4 .
“
And s ai d u n t o the wo m an ,
the S erpen t
”
Y e sh al l n ot s u rel y d i e . A n d he th e n p ro ceed s
t o ad d a noth er t e m pt at i on . H e appeal s t o h e r
p ri d e a n d a mb i t i o n h i s own favou ri te v i ces by
, ,

wh i ch h e h i m sel f h ad fal l en H e s u ggests t o .

’
E ve a fal s e s u sp i c i o n as th e reaso n o f Go d s p ro
h i b i t i o n ; a n d h e fi n al ly h ol d s o u t t o he r t h e fal s e

p ro m i se t h at ,
a d i sobed i e n ce o f so a rb i t rary a n d
i n terested a co m m a n d w ou l d res u l t i n an i n c rease
o f k n ow l ed ge an d i n con sequ en c e a n e n l argem e n t
, , ,

o f p owe r a n d a n i m p rove m e n t o f co nd i t i on
,
.

5 .
“
F or G o d k n owe th t h at i n t h e day ye eat
t h e reof t h e n yo u r eyes sh al l be open ed a n d ye
, ,

”
sh al l be as gods k n ow i n g good an d evi l ,
F rom .

c u ri os i ty S at an l ead s h e r to u nbe l i e f a n d fro m ,

u n b e l i e f t o p ri d e a n d a m b i t i o n .

Eve d we l t w i th p l e as u r e o n these evi l su g e s

g
t i on s . She o ffered n o res i s tan ce . She d i d not fly
 TH E N E W TH E OR Y .
93

fro m th e occas i o n of s i n S h e d i d not pr ay S h e . .

hes i tated S h e v i ewed t h e t ree w i t h a wel l

.

d evel oped a n d grow i n g d es i re to t aste th e fr u i t .

She ga z ed l on g pe rh aps at i t t i l l h e r d es i re for i t

, , ,

m ade i t see m to be good fo r food wh i c h m ere “

,

s i gh t co u l d not t el l h e r ; an d pl easa n t to th e
“
eyes ,
wh i c h i n H eb rew i s a des i re u n t o t h e
eye s an d “
a t ree to b e d es i red to m ake on e
w i se wh i ch al so he r s igh t cou l d n ot p rove an d
, ,

’
w h i ch s h e h ad n o re aso n to bel i eve ex cep t S atan s ,

su ggest i o n an d he r ow n l o ngi n g t houghts She .

S ata n
’
yi el d ed ,
and e at of i t . s p u rpose w as
accom p l i sh ed . H e ce ased to act fu rth e r .

W e p roceed to n ot e th at th e S e rpe nt S ata n

“

—i s n ot s ai d t o h ave com e to Eve befo re h e r

t em pt at i o n o r to h ave go n e
,
a w ay a fte r he r fal l ,

bec au se h e i s a s pi ri t ; and h i s co m i n g and go i n g

a re n ot reco rd ed bec au se th e y d i d n ot fal l u n d e r
,

th e sen ses Ye t th e y wo u l d n at u r al ly h av e bee n re

.

co rd ed i fa b e st i al se rp e nt h ad b e e n i n any m an n e r
,

the i n st ru m e nt o f t h e t e m pt at i o n T h e S e rpe n t .

te m pt e r i s rep r e s e nt e d as b e i ng all th e t i m e
pres e n t w i th h e r S at a n h ad b e e n i n d e e d re al l y
.

prese nt we avi n g h i s pl ot
,
and wo r k i ng ou t h i s evi l
’
pu rpos e i n Eve s m i nd though ,
ne i th e r v i s i bl e n o r
aud i bl e . H e n ow seem s to d i s appe ar fo r a wh i l e
94 TH E S E R R E N T OF ED E N .

fro m t he scen e ,
a n d rem ai n s u n n ot i ced i n t h e
sac red n arrat i ve H e co n t i n u es st i l l p rese n t h ow ,

eve r thou gh i nv1 srb l e a n d i n au d i bl e ; gl o at i n g over

,

Eve s fal l wh i l e s h e eats o f th e fru i t a n d t ak es of

’
, ,

i t to A d am a n d coaxes h i m t o e at o f i t ; an d h e
,

d oes eat a n d fal l s l i kew i s e S t i l l i n v i s i bl y p rese n t

,
.

w i th t he m , h e co n t i n u es t o w atch the m awa i t i n g ,

t h e res u l t o f h i s s u cc ess . H e watc h es t h e gu i l ty

p ai r after t h e
,
O pe n i n g o f t h ei r eyes wh i l e t h ey ,

m ak e ap ro n s for t h e mse l ves a n d h ear t h e vo i ce o f ,

God a n d h i de an d a re s ou gh t by H i m a n d fo u n d
, , ,

a n d s poke n w i th Whe n th e t i m e for i ssu i n g t h e

.

s en t en ce o f con d em n at i o n arri ves l o ! u nsough t u m , ,

s u m mo n ed th i s sam e se rpe n t — S ata n — i s aga i n o n

,

t h e sce n e i n vi s i bl e yet real ly p rese n t a n d agai n

, ,

not m e n t i o n ed as hav i ng ei th er c o m e or gon e .

H ow pe rfect l y d oes n ot al l t h i s co i nc i d e w i t h th e
”
S erpe n t
“
n arrat i ve wh e n ,
t he i s s i m pl y t ake n as
a n ot he r n am e fo r S atan a n d how u tterl y i t s ee m s
at vari a nce w i th t h e co m m o n l y rece i ve d th eori es !
C o n t i nu i n g S ata n
“
st i l l t o s u bst i t u te for “
the
”
S erpent , we st i l l fi n d th e res t of th e n arrat i ve
p roceed rat i on al l y a n d i n t el l i gi b ly as before .

' S atan
And th e wo m an
“
I 3 s ai d
t he S erpe nt
gu i l e d m e a n d , I d i d eat .
96 TH E S E R P E /V T OF ED E J V .

myth ; ex c l u d i n g al l fi gu rat i ve i n te rp retat i o n ; i a

s i st i n g s ol el y o n th e fact p roved fro m th e S cri p ,

“ ”
t u res the ms el ves th at th e S e rp e n t i s o ne o f
,

’ ”
S at an s s c ri pt u ral n a m es an d th at by t h e S erpe n t
“
,

i n G e n i i i S at an i s m ea n t t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f
. .
,

a ny v i s i bl e s erpe n t . H en ce n o vi ol en ce i s do n e t o
t h e t e x t and n o gratu i tou s su ppos i t i o n i s ad opted
, .

T he t ex t i tsel f i s l eft i n v i ol ate by su bst i t u t i n g ,

” ”
S e rpe n t ;
“
S at an fo r th e fi rs t l y becau s e reason s
,

a l ready ad d u ced p recl u d e th e p oss i bi l i ty o f a

best i al s erpe n t h avi n g b ee n eve n th e i n st ru m en t o f
t he t em pt at i on ; a n d seco nd ly becau s e t h e S cri p ,

t u res th em s el ves tel l u s t h a t S ata n i s t h e S e rpe n t “

,

h e o f ol d I t i s l i k e s ubst i tu t i n g maps for h ing

.
”
,
'
’
K ti p t o g fo r 6 5 6g D om zm zs for D em o r Lo rd fo r
, ,
”

”
“
God . T he m ea n i n g rem ai n s th e sam e ; th e se ns e
rem ai n s th e s am e ; th e perso n m ea n t rem ai ns th e
s am e Th i s i s al l t h at we n eed d o i n G e n i i i
. . .
 C H APT E R V I I .

THE CUR SE ON
“
T H E S ER P EN T .

I P R EM I S E fou r po i nts fo r co n s i d e rat i o n wh i ch ,

afte r wh at h as bee n al ready s ee n w i l l eas i l y ,

c om m an d asse n t
I T h e wo rd s o f t h i s c u rs e a re i n appl i c ab l e to th e
.

best i al se rpe n t .

2. T hey d o n ot a p pl y to any m ate ri al be i n g an d ,

c an n ot th ere fo re be t ak e n i n a m ate ri al a n d l i te r al
, ,

se n s e .

3. I f t h ey are appl i c abl e o n l y to a s pi r i tu a l o r

i m m ate ri al be i n g th e y m u s t be t ak e n i n an i m
,

m ate ri al and s p i ri t u al s e n se .

4 S u ch an appl i c at i o n u n d e r th e c i rcu m st an ces

.
, ,

d oes n o v i ol e n ce t o th e l e tte r o f t h e s ac r e d t ex t .

We h ave no w t o con s i d e r the w o rd s o f t h e c u rs e

u po n th e S e rp e n t i n the l igh t o f th e th eory no w
,

a d v an ced .

Ve r 1 4 . . B e c au se th ou h ast d on e t h i s c u rs e d
,
art

11
93 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN .

t h ou above eve ry b e as t an d above al l l i vi n g bei n gs

o n th e earth U po n t hy b el l y sh al t t h o u go an d
.
,

d u st sh a l t t h o u e at a l l t h e d ays o f thy l i fe .

“
1 5 A nd I w i l l pu t en m i ty betwee n thee a n d
.

t h e wo m an an d bet wee n thy s eed and he r seed

,
.

I t s h al l b ru i se t hy h e ad ,
and th ou sh al t b ru i se h i s
”
h ee l .

S u ch a re t he wo rd s of th e cu rs e o n the S erpe n t “
.

I f p u t t i n g as i d e t h e p rej u d i ces n at u ral ly cau sed

,

i n u s by t h e t e ach i n g o f o u r e arl i est d ays we d i s ,

p ass i o n ate ly e x am i n e t h e wo rd s of t h i s cu rs e w e ,

s h al l b e co m pe l l e d to ack n ow l ed ge th at t h ere i s
n ot o n e s i n gl e c l au se i n t h e te x t wh i ch can i n an y
i m agi n ab l e w ay be n at u r al l y app l i cab l e t o a bes t i al
s e rpen t : c u rs i n g a n a pp ari t i o n i s o f cou rs e t oo
, ,

gl ari n g a n abs u rd i ty t o n eed a ny e x a m i n at i o n W e .

h ave see n t h e i n ge n i ou s t heor i es bu i l t u p and t he ,

b ol d asse rt i o ns m ad e i n o rd e r t o show how t he

,

c u rse c ou l d work o n a best i a l se rpe n t . T hey a l l

l e ave u n to u ch ed t he qu es ti o n why at all t h e serpen t ,

s i n l ess by n at u re beca u s e i rrat i on al s hou l d h ave

, ,

bee n cu rsed T h ey are all b es i d es m o re o r l ess

.
, ,

i m p robabl e i n t he m sel ves a n d oppose d t o rea l

,

facts Yet th ese th eor i es and assert i o n s h ave been

.

c op i ed by o n e au th o r o r co m m en tato r fro m h i s
p red ecessors t i l l qu i te a l i t e r at u re o f n on se ns e ( I
,
 '
1 00 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N .

p ass ed u po n S at an — th e h e o f ol d — t he n
“
S e rpen t ,

eve ry c l au s e ass u m es a d e fi n i te and app rop ri ate

m e an i n g co nson an t both w i t h th e na t u re o f th i n gs
, ,

a n d w i t h n u m e rou s ot h e r p ass ages of H ol y S c ri p

t u re . Let u s co n s i d e r i t i n d et ai l i n th i s se nse ,

a n d we sh al l eas i l y real i z e i t s fu l l a n d t ru e s i gni fi

c at i on .

S ata n i s i n dee d c u rsed ab ove eve ry b e as t a n d

above all l i vi n g bei n gs of t h e ea rth . F o r wh i l e
t hey s erve God e ach acco rd i n g t o h i s n atu re an d
, ,

t hu s fu l fi l th e e n d o f the i r c reat i o n a n d have a n ,

at t ai n ab l e obj ect for the i r e x i st e n ce S ata n h as ,

fal l e n away for eve r fro m h i s e n d A s a u sel ess .

b r an ch h e h as bee n cu t o ff a n d cast i n to th e fi re
, .

A s a s i ck l y o n e o u t o f th e fl oc k h e h as bee n ,

se n te n ced to ete rn al d e ath . H i s p u n i sh m e n t i s

m ad e gre ate r th an t h at o f al l oth e rs bec au se h e ,

was t h e fi rs t o ri gi n ato r and c au se o f all evi l T h i s .

c ast i ng away th i s l i v i n g d e at h t h i s co m pl ete

, ,

d egr ad at i o n an d pu n i sh m e n t , h ave t h ro w n h i m
d own ,
and l owe red h i m b en eat h eve n th e b east s o f
t h e fi el d . H e h as forfe i t ed h i s o ri gi n al e n d ; and
t h e obj ect h e n ow s t ri ves at, — to res i s t and o ppos e
G od — h e ca n n ot poss i bl y ob t ai n ; fo r Go d i s
,

A l m i gh ty .

O n thy b el l y sh al t th ou go and d u s t sh al t t h o u
“
,
 TH E C URSE ON
“
TH E S E R P E N T .
”
to :

eat al l th e d ays of thy l i fe . S at an , be i ng an

i n corporea l s pi ri t h as n o corporeal be l l y o n wh i c h
,

t o go i n a l i tera l s e nse ; and as h e requ i res n o

,

m ateri al s u s te n ance h e n e i th e r e ats d u st n o r ,

any

ot h e r food i n a l i te ra l s e ns e W e fi n d h oweve r
, .
, ,

o n e xa m i n at i o n th at t hese two ex pres s i o n s h ave a

,

ve ry de fi n i te and s pec i al s e n se and m e an i n g i n t h e

H o ly S c ri ptu res Th e two c l auses th ro u gh i n se n
.
,

s i bl e gr ad at i o ns and t h rou gh v ari o us sh ad es o f

m ea n i n g m erge i n to th e on e i d e a wh i c h i n scri p
, ,

t u r al us age i s m os t app l i c ab l e to t h e c ase o f S at an s ’

co nd em n at i o n i n co n se quen c e o f h i s ev i l d ee d .

G o i ng s i t ti n g lyi n g
, , ,
and grovel l i n g i n d u s t a n d
ashes o r o n the e arth
, ; prost r at i n g p l ac i n g o n e s
,
’

’
bod y o r pu tt i n g on e s m ou t h to t h e e art h i n d u s t
and a sh e s ; ea t i n g o r l i c k i n g d u st and a sh es ; al l

t hese are co m m o n sc ri pt u ral e x press i o ns fo r m is e ry ,

h e l pl ess n e ss d e gr ad at i o n s e rvi t ud e h u m i l i at i o n
, , , ,

and d e fe at O ne m ay e as i l y co nv i nc e o ne s s e l f o f
.
’

t h i s by co ns u l t i ng any fu l l C o nc o rd anc e o f th e B i bl e
, .

Let m e c i t e a fe w n ot abl e i nst anc e s ; and i n co n

s i de ri ng t he m ,
we sh ou l d rec al l wh at i s st at e d at

pp . 1 4, 1 5 , th at i n I l e b re w t h e d e ri v at i o n i tsel f o f
"
th e wo rd “
b e l ly i n cl ud es th e idea o ft h e bow i ng
d own and be n d i ng gi ve n i n t h e s e t e x ts be i n g fro m ,

t he sa m e root s .
 T H E S E l t P E N T OF E DE N
’
102 .

I .

P rost rat i on , wh i ch by b ri n gi n g t h e bel l y to

,
th e

e art h and pl ac i n g th e m o u th i n th e d u st as a n ,

”
a n al ogou s act w i th go i n g o n th e bel l y i s th e “
,

o rd i n ary O ri e n ta l a n d s cri ptu ra l s i gn o f su bj ect i on ,

o f ven e r at i o n a n d o f th e ac k n owl ed gm en t of
,
i nf
e

ri o ri ty a n d s u b m i ss i ve h el p l ess ness . I n ee d h ard l y

m u l t i p l y c ases . I n Gen x x x i i i 3 j acob . .
,
“
bowe d
h i m sel f t o t h e grou n d s eve n t i m es u n t i l he c am e ,

”
n ear t o h i s b roth e r ; x l i i 6 and x l i i i 2 6 j os eph s .
,
.
,
’

b reth re n bowed the ms el ves t o h i m t o t h e

e a rth x l i v 1 4 th ey fe l l b e fore h i m u po n t h e
.
,
“

grou n d B al aam i n N u m b x x i i 3 1
.
,
bowed h i s . .
,
“

”
h e ad a n d fe l l fl at o n h i s face
,
R u th (i i t o ) fe l l . .
“

u pon he r face and bowed h erse l f t o th e grou n d

,
.

I n I S am (D ou ay I K i ngs ) x x 4 1 D avi d i n h i s
.
,
.
,

d i st ress fe l l o n h i s face t o th e gro u n d a n d bowe d

“
,

h i m se l f t h ree t i m es ”
t o J on ath a n — x x v . 2 3, Abi
g ai l fe l l before D av i d o n h e r face and bowe d
“
,

”
hers el f to t he gro u n d ; x xvi i i . I 4,
“
S au l pe rcei ved
th at i t w as S am u e l a n d h e s tooped w i th h i s face
,

”
to t h e gro u n d and b owed h i m sel f,
I n 2 S am . .

(D ou ay 2 K i n gs ) i 2 th e m es sen ger a n n ou n ci n g
,
.
,

S au l s d e at h ca m e
’
w i th h i s c l oth es ren t a n d e art h
,
“
,

u po n h i s h ead : a n d s o i t w as w he n h e ca m e t o ,
 1 04 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN .

God by be i n g m ad e prost rate i n h el pl ess n ess a n d

, , ,

by be i n g fo rced t o s ub m i t t o H i s d e crees .

II .

N ex t fol l ows a n othe r gro up of ph rases wh i c h ,

s pe ak of d we l l i n g lyi n g o r bei ng i n th e d ust ; m os t

, ,

o f t he m be i n g s o wo rd e d as to i n c l u d e a l so t h e
bel l y be i n g u po n t h e eart h .

In M i c ah i 9 1 0 t he p rophe t says o f S am ari a

.
, ,

a n d j u d ah he r w ou n d i s i nc u rabl e
,
“
d ec l are i t
n ot i n G at h i n t h e hou se of d u s t ro l l t hyse l f
i n t he d u st . I n N ah u m i i i 1 8 th e p rophe t spe ak s .
,

o f th e d ow n fal l o f A ssyri a t hy n obl es shal l dwe l l

i n t he d u st — P s v i i .
”
. . 6,
“
Le t th e e n e m y pe rsecu t e
m y s o u l and t ak e i t ; y e a l et h i m t re ad d ow n m y
, ,

l i fe u po n t h e e arth a n d l ay m i n e h o n ou r i n t h e ,

d us t ;xx i i ( D o u ay x x i ) 1 4 1 5 I a m pou red

.
,
.
, ,
“

o u t l i ke w at er and al l m y bo n es are o u t o f j o i n t ;
,

m y h e art i s l i ke w ax i t h ath m el t e d i n t h e m i d s t
of m y bowe l s ; my s t re n gt h i s d ri ed u p l i ke a pot
sh e rd a n d my t o n gu e c l eavet h t o m y mo u t h ; an d
T hou has t b rou gh t m e t o t h e d us t o f d e at h
xliv . 24, 2 5 ,
“
W h e re fore h i d es t Thou t hy face a n d ,

fo rgettes t o u r affl i ct i o n a n d o u r O pp ress i o n ? F o r

ou r sou l i s bowed d ow n t o th e d u st ; ou r bel l y
”
cl eaveth t o t he earth ,
w h i ch i s an evi d e n t e
q u i va
 TH E C UR SE ON TH E S E R P E N T
”
1 05

l e n t t o the ph rase o n thy b el ly s hal t t ho u go ;

c x i x ( D ou ay cx vnt ) 2 5 M y s o u l c l eave t h u n to
.
,
.
,

t h e d u s t : qu i cke n T hou m e j o b (i i i n h i s s ore . .

d i st ress s at d ow n am on g ashes — an d ve r 1 3 h i s
,
.
,

fri e n d s shari n g h i s affl i ct i o n

,
and m i sery ,
sat d ow n
w i t h h i m upo n t he gro u nd s eve n d ays and s eve n
n i gh ts ;
—xv i . 1 5 ,
“
I h ave sewed s ackc l oth u p o n
m y sk i n and de fi le d my h orn i n th e d u s t
,
—x x x .

19 H e h at h c as t m e i n to t h e m i re and I a m
,
“
,

beco m e l i k e d u s t an d ashes I sa i i i 2 5 26 . . .
, ,

A nd
thy m e n s h al l fal l by t he sword and thy ,

m i ghty i n t h e w ar ; and he r g ates shal l l a m e n t a n d

m ou rn ; and sh e be i n g d esol ate sh al l s i t u po n t he
gro u n d — x xv i . 1 9, A w ake ye and s i ng ye th at ,

dwel l i n th e d u st ; s pe ak i n g o f t h e h u m i l i xxix .
4 ,

at i o n o f j e rus al e m I s ai ah p rophes i es A nd th o u
, ,

sh al t be b rough t d own and t ho u sh al t spe ak o u t of ,

t h e grou n d ; and thy sp e e ch sh al l be l ow ou t o f th e

d u st and thy voi ce sh al l be as o f

, o ne wh o b at h a
fam i l i a r s p i ri t ou t o f t h e g ro u nd
, ,
and thy sp e ec h
”
sh al l w h i sp e r ou t o ft he d u st H e re w e m us t not e .

t h e We l l k now n fact th at th os e wh o h ad fam i l i ar

-

s pi ri ts and t hos e w h o w e r e p o ss e ssed o ft e n fe l l i n

, ,

fi ts to th e gro u n d ; a nd t h at s i m i l a r e p i l e pt i c fi ts
o fte n occ u r e at t h e d e l i v e ry o f p ag an o r ac l es . I sa .

hi . S h ak e thys e l f fro m th e d u st ; ar i se , s i t d own ,

1 06 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED EN

O j eru s al e m ; l oose t hysel f fro m th e ba nd s o f thy

n ec k O c apt i ve d augh te r of Z i o n
, j er vi 26 . . .
,

O d a ughte r o f m y peop l e gi rd thee w i t h sac k

“
,

c l ot h ,
and wal l ow thys el f i n ashes : m ak e th ee
m ou rn i n g as fo r a n o n l y s on m ost b i tte r l am e n t a
, ,

tion — xxv 33 .
,
“
t h e s l a i n o f t h e Lord sh a l l
n ot be l a m e n ted n e i th e r gat he re d n or b u ri e d ,
t hey
s h al l b e as d u n g u p o n t he grou n d — a n d ver 3 4 .
,

“
H owl y e s he ph erd s and c ry ; wa l l ow you rsel ves
, ,

i n ash es ye p r i n c i pa l of th e fl ock
,
fo r th e d ays o f
you r s l augh t er a n d d is pe rs i o n a re acc om p l i shed ,

a n d y e s ha l l fal l Lam i i i 1 6 H e h at h b rok e n . . .

,
“

m y te eth w i t h gr ave l s ton es H e h ath rol l e d m e i n ,

t he d ust ; —an d ve r 2 9 ”
H e p u tt et h h i s m ou t h .
,

i n th e d u st i f so b e th at t he re ,
m ay b e h ope .

III .

W e h ave ye t an ot he r grou p o f pass ages wh i c h ,

spea k o f be i ng c as t down o r l yi n g d own u po n th e , ,

gro u n d or d u s t o r e arth o r as hes o r t he d u ngh i l l

, , , ,

— l ways i n the s a m e sen s e of d e feat m i se ry

a , ,
and

h u m i l i at i on .

2 S am (D ou ay 2 K i ngs ) x i i 1 6
. D av i d the refor e ,
.
,

besou gh t G o d for t h e ch i l d and D av i d fasted and

wen t i n ,
n i ght U po n th e e arth
and l ay Ps al l . .

c x l vi i (D o u ay c x l i v ) 9 Th e Lord l i fteth u p th e
.
,
.
,
“
1 08 TH E S E R P E N T OF
'
ED E N .

Thy h eart w as l i fted u p becau se o f t hy b eau ty ,

t h ou h as t c orru pted thy w i sd o m by reaso n o f thy

b ri ght n ess ; I w i l l c ast thee t o t h e grou n d I w i l l ,

l ay
t hee be fo re k i ngs th at t h ey m ay beh ol d t hee ;
,

and ve r 1 8 Th o u h as t de fi
.
,
l e d t hy s an c tu ari es by
“

t h e m u l t i t u d e of t h i ne i ni qu i t i es by th e i n i qu i ty of ,

t hy t r affi c ; t he refo re w i l l I b ri n g fo rth a fi re fro m

t h e m i d s t o f t he e and i t sh al l d evo u r t h ee and I
,

w i l l b ri ng thee t o ash es u po n th e earth i n th e s i gh t ,

o f all t h e m th at behol d th ee O bad 3 4 The . .

, ,
“

p ri d e o f th i ne h e art h at h d ece i v e d t hee th ou t hat ,

d wel l est i n th e c l efts o f t he rocks whos e h abi t at i o n ,

i s h i gh t h at sai th i n h i s he art Wh o sh al l bri n g m e ,

d ow n t o th e grou n d ? T hou gh t hou e x al t t hyse l f

as t he e agl e ,
and th o ugh t ho u set th y n est mong
a

t h e st ars t he n ce w i l l I bri n g th ee d ow n s ai th t he
, ,

”
Lo rd .

IV .

We h ave yet o n e m ore and l ast grou p o f ph rases ,

w h i c h h ave a spec i al re fere n ce t o eat i n g or l i ck i n g

d us t o r ash es .

Psl xx i i (D ou ay l x x i ) 9
. . T hey th at dwel l
,
.
,
“

i n t h e w i l d e rn ess sh al l bow befo re H i m ; and H i s

e n e m i es sh al l l i c k the d u st Both th ese c l au ses .

a re e qu i v al e n t t o t h e d o u b l e cl au se of the c u rse
 TH E C UR SE ON TH E S E R P E N T .
”
1 09

o n th e S erpe n t and h ere t h ey ac tu al l y aga i n occ u r

toget h er an d i n t h e s am e se n se P s c i i (D ou ay
,
. . .
,

ci ) 9
. F o r I h ave eate n ash es l i ke b read a n d
,
“
,

m i ngl ed my d ri n k w i th weep i n g ; a n d ve r . I O, Be
cau se o fTh i ne i n d i gn at i o n and Thy w rat h : fo r T h ou
”
h ast l i ft ed m e u p an d c ast m e d ow n ,
. T h i s too , ,

’
h as a c l ose an d evi d e n t pa r al l e l w i t h S at an s fo rm e r
st ate and h i s great fal l an d hu m i l i at i o n I s a x l i v
,
. . .

20 ,
“
H e feed eth o n sh es
a : a d ece i ved h e art h ath
t u rn ed h i m as i d e th at h e c an n ot d el i ve r h i s s ou l
,

x l i x 2 3 K i ngs sh al l be thy n u rsi n g fath ers an d

.
,
“
,

t h e i r queen s thy n u rs i n g m oth ers : t h ey sh al l bow

d own to t h ee w i th t h ei r face t owa rd s t h e e a rth ,

and l ick u p th e d u s t of t hy feet ; a n d t h ou sha l t

k n ow th at I am th e Lo rd . H e re a l so we h ave
th e sam e two i d e as of be i n g cas t to t he gro u n d
and of e at i n g d u st wh i ch o cc u r i n th e cu rse o n
,

t h e S e rpen t pl aced ag ai n i n j u x t apos i t i o n M i c ah

,
.

vii 16 17
. T h e nati o n s sh al l see and sh al l b e
, ,
“

c o n fou n d ed at all t h e i r m igh t : th e y sh al l lay th e i r

h an d s u po n the i r m ou th t h e i r e ars sh al l be d e af , .

T h ey sh al l l i ck th e d u st l i ke a s e rp e n t t hey s h al l
m ove ou t o f t hei r h ol e s l i ke wo r m s o f th e e arth
th ey sh al l be afr ai d o f t h e Lo rd ou r G od , and sh al l
fe ar b e c au se o f Th e e I l e re o n c e ag ai n are t h e .

ve ry s am e two i d e as o f th e c u rs e i n j u x t apos i t i on , ,
1 10 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E /V .

t h ough i n i n verte d o rd e r . A g ai n we h ave th e

c reep i n g o n t h e grou n d a n d t he l i ck i ng o f d u st
pl aced s i d e by s i d e as i n G en i i i, . .

I n t he l ast p l ace I c i te I sa . l x v i n wh i c h i s a
.
,

v ery s tri k i n g pass age i nd ee d h avi n g ,

a d i rec t re fe r
e n ce t o Ge n i i i . . I t s p eaks o f t h e p u n ish m e nt
m e n t i on e d i n G en i i i t h at t he
. .
,
S e rpe n t s ha l l eat
d us t . I t cl e arly s tates t h at th i s p u n i s h m e n t had
’
n o t yet t ake n e ffect i n th e p rop het s d ays b u t t h at ,

i t was s t i l l to be a cco m pl i she d he re afte r . He

p ro ph es i es th e c al l i n g o f th e Ge nt i l es i n to t h e
C h u rc h a n d t he rej ect i o n o f t he j ews for t hei r
,

i ncred u l i ty and s i n s S t i l l h e s ays a rem n an t

.
, ,

s h al l be a d ded to t h e nu m ber o f t he e l ec t ; the

w i ck ed sh al l be pu n ish ed ,
and the god ly rew ard e d .

I n t h e l ast p l ace h e d esc ri bes t h e bl ess i n gs a n d

peace of th e C h u rch o r ne w j eru s al e m a n d
, ,
as the
c u l m i n at i n g po i n t o f t hese h e s ays (ve r ,
. Th e
wo l f and t h e l a m b s ha l l feed togeth e r ,
and t he l io n
s hal l eat s t ra w l i ke t h e b u l l oc k : and du s t s /zal l be
t/ze S 3 775 3 721 19 m eat .

I n m an y o f th e forego i n g t e xts a l i tera l m ea n i n g

i s e x cl u de d by th e very n at u re of t he con t ex t .

Th ey a re h oweve r ph r ases w i t h a ve ry c l e ar an d
, ,

d e fi n i te m et aphori cal m ean i ng wh i c h i s i n d eed t h e , , ,

s am e m e an i n g as th e wo rds h ave i n th e n at u ra l a n d
 1 12 TH E S E R P E N T OF EDEN

T hey i f th ey ch oose sh al l a fte r the i r sh o rt l i ves

, , ,

o n th i s e arth st i l l be ab l e t h rou gh th e grace o f

, ,

t h e R ed em pt i o n wh i c h I sh al l p resen tl y an n ou n c e ,

t o rest fo r eve r i n h e ave n an d t o enj oy ,

an et e rn al
h ap p i ness . Th y ch an ce h as bee n o n ce fo r al l
fo rfei te d w i th o u t t h e p o ss i b i l i ty o f any fu rthe r
h ope . T h ou h ast ex al t ed thysel f aga i n s t M e i n ,

t ryi n g to ru i n th e wor k o f M y h a n d s ; I sh al l
cast t hee d ow n an d h u m bl e t he e l owe r t h a n thy
and al l
“
v i ct i m ; y e a, l owe r t h an t h e b easts o f
t h e fi el d I s h al l e ast th e e d ow n t o t h e e arth ;
.

t h ou sh al t grovel i n th e d u s t D egr ad e d from t hy .

form e r h i gh estat e as tho u art, t h o u sh al t be ye t

fu rth e r l owe red a n d h u m bl ed . Eve ry act i o n th o u
d ost sh al l add to t hy co n d em n at i o n and hu m i l i a
t i on . A l ways th u s grovel l i ng on t he earth ,
“
on
”
t hy bel l y sh al t th o u go U n abl e t o ri se an d .
,

powerl ess t o ex al t t hyse l f t ho u sh al t feed o n ,

d efe at rage an d d esp ai r and t ort u re t hysel f w i t h

, , ,

t hy ow n fee l i n gs D u s t s ha l t t ho u e at al l t h e
.
“

d ays of thy l i fe .

T h i s c u rs e the re fore , ,
i s si m ply ,
in S c ri pt u r al
l an gu age a st ron g a n d cl e ar ex p ress i o n fo r h u m i
,

li at i o n d e feat r ag e and d espai r

,
S at an w as to be
, ,
.

h u m bl e d m ost c o m pl etel y . H i s sch e m es were t o

b e d e fe at ed h i s powe r overth row n
, ; and the ru i n
 TH E C URSE ON
“
TH E S ER P E N T .
”
1 1 3

h e h ad wrou gh t was to be repai re d by th e R e

d eem e r pro m ise d i n th e n ex t fol l owi n g vers e

, .

Th e l ast qu ote d te x t
-
fro m I sai ah ,
m oreover ,

p roves t hat th e c u rse was n ot c on s i d e red by th e

p roph et t o h ave bee n a c co m p l i shed i m m ed i atel y
afte r i t had bee n p ro n ou n ced . It w as n ot con
s i de re d as qu i t e acco m pl i sh ed eve n i n t h e d ays
o f t h e p rophet T h i s wou l d n o t b e t h e c ase h ad
.

i t re fe rre d t o a best i a l se rpen t an d to ,

a c o rpo real
go i n g o n i ts be l l y t o a m at e ri al eat i n g o f d u st
, .

Fo r these s hou l d h ave bee n acco m p l i shed (i n

al l

the co m m o n l y re ce i ved th eo ry ) i m m ed i atel y a fte r

t he cond e m n at i o n . Ye t t h e p rophe t st i l l s pe aks
o f i t i n th e fu t u re te n se . It w as, t he re fore u n d e r ,

stood a n d p rocl ai m ed by t h e p roph et as st i l l awa i t

i ng acco m pl i sh m e n t . I t awai t ed i t s fu l l e n t i re , ,
and

pe rfect re al i z at i o n t i l l t h e t i m e sh ou l d co m e n ot ,

’
o n ly fo r t h e d e ath bl ow t o S at an s powe r by th e
-

d e ath o f ou r Lo rd j es u s C h ri st b u t eve n fo r th at ,

fu rthe r t i m e wh e n th e fo reo rd ai n ed t ri u m ph o f th e
,

C h u rch th e s pou s e
,
o f the L am b ,
w as d e st i n ed t o
pu t th e fi n al s eal o n th e wo r k o f t h e r e d e m pt i on .

T he n w h e n all ev i l i s e x t e r m i n at e d and e t e rn al
, ,

’ ”
pe ace re i gn s d u st sh al l b e t h e S e rp e nt s m e at
,
“
.

F or t he n sh al l be t h e co m pl et e t ri u m ph o f God ,

and th e c o m pl et e ove rt h row and d e fe at o f S ata n .

1 14 Ti l E S E R P E N T OF E D EZ V .

T h i s i s to b e th e c u l m i n at i n g c l i m a x o f t h e S e r
pe n t s c u rse — h i s see i ng t h e s al vat i o n o f th e h u m a n
'

r ace o n th e l as t d ay .

I n th i s s ense the co n d e m n at i o n at o nce beco m es

i n te l l i gi b l e reaso n ab l e a n d ap p rop ri ate
, ,
. N o m e re
i n s t ru m e n t i s u n n ec es sari l y co n d e m n ed . But the
”
s u rpass i n g i n i qu i ty o f th e S e rpen t , S at an causes
“
,

h i m as h e d ese rved t o b e
, ,
“
cu rs ed a b ove al l l i v i n g
be i n gs — b ot h m e n a n d b eas ts o n t h e earth .

H e i s s e n t en ce d t o ete rn al h u m i l i at i on d e feat a n d , ,

d es pa i r ; c ast fl at t o t he ea rth eve r p owe rl es s t o

,

r is e ; feed i ng o n wh at ca n n o t su s ta i n n ou ri sh o r , ,

p l e ase ; p l an n i n g s ch em es d est i n ed b e fo reh an d to

d efe at ; O ppos i n g w he n h e k n ows a n d fee l s t h at
h e m u s t a l w ays be co n qu ered — t h e abj ect h el pl ess , ,

d e fe at e d e n e my o f A l m i gh ty P owe r a n d I n fi n i te
G ood n ess .

T h e n ex t ve rse a l s o o f G e n i i i assu m es
. .
,

“
i n th i s i nte rp ret at i o n a n ap pro p ri at e m ea n i n g
,
I .

wi l l p l ac e e n m i ty betwee n t h ee and t he wo m an ,

and betwee n th y see d an d h e r seed . I t p art l y

refers t o t h e a n tago n is m b et wee n S at an and man
k i n d wh os e etern al ru i n i n th e i n d i vi d u al h e s ti l l
,

e ve r co n t i n u es t o try to acco m pl i sh as h e t h en t r i ed ,

t o do i n i ts e n t i re m ass i n t h e fi rs t p ai r B u t t h e .

“
wo rd s are i n t h e fu tu re te ns e : I w i l l p u t T hey .
1 16 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N

B u t i n obta i n i n g th i s v i cto ry i t w as fo retol d th at

,

t h e con qu ered s h o u l d t o a c e rt ai n e x te n t i nj u re
, ,

“
th e C o n qu e ro r T h o u sh a l t b ru i s e o r at t ack H i s
”
h eel . W h e th e r w e con s i d e r t h e s u fferi n gs o f ou r
b l essed L or d a n d al l th a t t h e R ed e m pt i o n cost
H i m o r wh et h e r w e l oo k at th e l os s
, ,
no t w i t h s t and
i n g tha t R ed e m pt i o n o f s o m an y i nd i v i d u al sou l s
,

for wh o m H e d i ed w e s ee c l e arl y veri fi e d b o t h

,

cl au ses of th i s po rt i o n o f th e c u rse of t h e S e rpe n t .

I f t h e refore to th e a d m i t te d and gl ar i n g di ffi
, ,

cu l t i e s ag ai ns t th e ap pl i cab i l i ty of t he c l au ses o f

t h i s cu rs e t o t h e best i a l s e rpe n t we ad d t he ev i d e n t
,

app rop ri ate n ess o f every cl au s e i n i t u nd e r t h e

i n te rpret at i o n w h i ch I h ave h e re ven t u red t o gi ve

t o i t we c an not su rel y fai l t o see i n w h i c h d i rect i o n
,

t h e t ru t h l i es . N o r t h e l ess app are n t an d ev i d e n t

i s th e u tte r abs e n ce o f any d i ffi cu l ty an d th e co m
,

p l e t ed i s appea ra n ce o f eve ry i m p rob ab i l i ty fro m ,

t h e n a rrat i ve o f t h e t em pt at i on and c o n d e m n at i on ,

wh e n t h u s i n te rp rete d .
 ( 1 17 )

C H APTE R VI I I .

OR IG I N OF THE C O M M O N LY C I
R E E V ED

I N T ER P R ET A T I O N .

A M O N G th e f
ew po i n ts t h at st i l l re m ai n for ex
pl an at i o n th e fi rs t i s H ow ca m e t h e co m m o n ly
, ,

rece i ved O pi n i o n t o b e s o ge n e r al l y ado pt ed i n th e

C hur ch t h at S at a n t e m pte d E ve by m eans o f a
,

best i al se rpe n t ?
I ve n t u re t o gi ve wh at I t ru st w i l l be fo u n d an
e asy and s u ffi c i e n t e x pl an at i on .

T h e C h u rc h rec e i ve d the O ld T e s t a m e n t fro m

t he J ew i s h sy nagogu e T h i s n arr at i v e o f G e n i i i
. . .

w as n o t o ne o f t h e co n t rov e rted p o i n ts be tw e e n t h e

ol d and th e ne w d i s pe n s at i o n s T h e e arl y C h ri st i ans

.

r e ad Ge n i i i and u n d e rs tood i t and t au gh t i t and

. .
, , ,

w rote U po n i t i n th e s en s e i n wh i ch i t h ad bee n
,

t augh t i n t h e J ew i s h syn agogu e T h at t e ach i ng .

,

h oweve r ,
h ad l on g be fo re c e ase d t o be th e m e re
1 18 TH E S E R P EN T OF E D E YV .

l i te ra l teach i n g o f w h at t h e s ac red n a rrat i ve real l y

d ec l ared . T h e re h a d grad u al ly got m i x ed w i t h i t
t h e ec ce n t ri c an d p rete n t i ou s i d eas o f t h e R abb i s .

T h e T al m u d t h e M i sh n a a n d i n gen eral t h e w ri t
, ,

i n gs o f th e J ew i sh R abb i s are res po ns i bl e fo r al m os t

,

m o re abs u rd i t i es t h an a ny ot he r c l ass o f wri t i n gs

o n eart h F ro m th e m h ave p roceed e d m any e rro rs
.
,

a n d m u ch d eface m e n t o f t h e p u re J u d ai s m o f th e
H ol y S c ri pt u res . O n e i n sta n ce o f t h e i r t each i n gs
m ay s u ffi ce fo r i t i s t o ou r p oi n t
, . O n e R abb i
t e ach es u s (as K i rc he r rel ates ) t h at fo r t h e p u rpos e ,

o f t e m pt i n g Eve a d evi l wh os e n am e was S a m ael

, , ,

cam e i n t o P arad i se ri d i n g o n a cam el wh i ch w as ,

m ad e i n t h e sh ape o f a s erpe n t ! A fte r t h at we ,

n eed n ot be s u rp ri sed th a t t h e gen e ral l y rece i ve d

opi n i o n t h at S ata n t ook possess i o n o f a b est i al
w as

se rpe n t t o wo rk o u t t he fal l o f m a n .

F ro m J u d ai s m t h i s t each i n g p assed i n t o t h e
ea rl y C h ri s t i a n C h u rch as a n u n qu es t i o n e d an d
,

u n d e n i e d a n d u n c ri t i c i z ed p o i n t o f bel i e f th ough ,

neve r an A rt i cl e o f F ai t h . H en ce i t co n t i n u e d t o
b e t au gh t i n t h e sa m e s e n s e . Th e re was the n n o
c ri t i c i s m of p assages of S cri pt u re i n t h e m od er n
s en se ; n o d i ssect i o n o f t e x ts w i th re feren ce t o
e i th e r ph i l ol ogy o r to rat i on al i st i c obj ec ti on s Th e .

s ol e a i m o f com m en tato rs o n t h i s n arrat i ve was

 1 30 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E I V .

an h i s to ri ca l fa ct . B u t n earl y al l t h e ot hers we n t
o n i n th e n a m e o f t h e l i tera l s e n se to d o vi ol e n c e
, ,

t o th e l i tera l sen s e o f t h e s ac red n arrat i ve ove r ,

l oad i n g i t w i th grat u i tou s s u ppos i t i o ns an d s u r ,

ro u n d i n g it wi t h i n co rrec t s tate m e nts . T hey see m

n eve r t o h av e co ns i d e red t h e e x i s te n ce o f t hat rea l
s c ri pt u ral S erpen t — S atan — as a be i n g qu i te d is t i n c t
fro m t he best i a l s erpe n t a n d u tt erl y u n co n necte d
,

w i th i t . M u ch l ess d i d t he i r read ers o r h eare rs .

B u t n ow a ri s es th e fu rth e r qu es t i o n : W he n ce
ca m e t h e R abb i n i ca l fabl e i n t ro d u c i n g th i s s u p
,

p osed possess i o n o fa best i al s e rp e n t by S ata n ?

I th i n k t h at w e c a n t ra c e i t back to t h a t i n ten s e
fea r and h at red o f s e rpe n ts w h i c h i s a n d h as ,

a l ways b ee n p reva l e n t i n th e
,
East , ow i n g t o t h e i r
b ei ng t h ere s o co m m o n a n d t e rr i bl e a d an ge r t o
h u m a n l i fe . T o O ri e n tal s al l s e rp e n ts are a n obj ec t
,

o f t h e i nte n ses t d etestat i o n ; fo r i n t h e E as t t he

d ead l y ve n o m o f th e s erpe n t i s a s t a n d i n g m en ace ,

and a c o n t i n u a l d ange r t o m an F ew i f any .

, ,

i n n ocu ou s s erpe n t s are the re t o b e fou n d ; al l are

ve ry for m i d abl e t o m an w i t h e i th e r po i son o u s b i te
,

o r po n d e ro u s c ru sh i n g co i l A l l c reep i n g th i n gs
.
,

i n fac t a re an abo m i n at i o n t o t h e O ri e n tal m i n d

, .

\V e h ave a s i gn i fi can t p roof i n Lev x i 4 1 4 2 . .

,

A nd eve ry c reep i n g th i ng th at c reepeth u p on t h e

 OR I GI Z V OF R E CE I VE D I N TE R P R E TA TI ON

eart h s hal l be a n abo m i n at i on ; i t shal l n ot b e

eaten VVh at so e ve r go et h u po n t h e b el l y a n d
.
,

whatsoeve r goet h u po n all fo u r or w hatsoeve r ,

h at h m o re fee t a m on g al l c reep i ng t h i ngs th at

c reep u po n t h e earth t he m ye sh al l n ot eat , ; fo r
”
t hey are a n abo m i n at i o n . O n e wou l d th i n k th at
th i s was q u i te s u ffi c i e n t t o m a rk th e rej ect i o n o f
s u c h a n i m al s fo r food B ut no ! W i th an

e m ph as i s a l togeth er w an t i n g i n t he rej ect i on o f

ot he r u n cl ea n a n i m al s t h e s acred L awgi ve r goes
,

o n i n ve rs 4 3 4 4 : Ye sh al l n o t m ak e you r
, .
,
“

s e l ves abom i n ab l e w i th an y creep i n g t h i ng th at

c reepeth n ei t he r sh al l ye m ak e you rse l ves u n c l ea n
,

w i t h t h em th at ye sh ou l d b e de fi
,
le d th e reby
F o r I a m t h e L o rd yo u r G od ye sh al l t he re fo r e
s an c t i fy yo u rsel ves and ye s h al l be h ol y ; fo r
,

I am h ol y : ne i th e r sh al l y e d e fi l e yo u rse l ves w i th
a ny m ann e r o f c re e pi n g t h i n g th at c re e peth u po n
the e art h . th i s r e i te r ated co nd e m nat i o n o f
c r e e pi n g t h i ngs as a rt i c l es o ffood ,
w i th th e ext r a
'
o rd i n ary sse rt i o n o f God s p o we r
a and h o l i nes s ,

a l t ogeth e r o m i t ted i n oth e r s i m i l ar p r o h i b i t i o ns ?

I t m ay be s ai d t h at t h e e m ph as is i s du e t o t h i s
ve ry s u p pos it i o n th at t h e s e rpe nt h ad b e e n
,

i n st ru m e n tal i n t he fa l l B u t t h i s c an n o t b e
. Fo r .

t h e proh i bi t i o n i s n ot l i m i t e d t o th os e c r e e p i n g
1 22 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN

th i n gs wh i c h go o n th e b el l y bu t i t i s ex ten d e d ,

t o al l rept i l es — eve n t o th os e w h i ch , l i k e l i z a rd s ,

c ra w l o n fou r fe et a n d t o th os e l i k e sp i d e rs a n d
, ,

c e n t i ped es w h i ch c raw l o n m any feet

, . T h ese a re
e n t i re l y d i ffe re n t in form ,
n at u re ,
h ab i t ,
and
a n at om y fro m t h e s erpe n t
, . T h ey a re n o t o n l y
s p ec i fi c al l y b u t ge n e ri cal l y d i st i n ct . T he reaso n
i s s i m pl y a gen e ral reaso n ; i t i s t h e a n t i p athy o f
all O ri e n tal s and o f t h e s ac re d w ri te r M oses
, ,

h i m sel f t o al l c reep i n g t h i n gs Th ere i s noth i n g

,
.

m ore h or ri b l e ab o m i n abl e a n d d etestab l e t o t he

, ,

O ri e n t al m i n d t h an c reep i n g th i n gs ; b u t am o ng
t h ese t h e qu i ck gl i d i ng s i l e n t a n d d ea d l y serpe nt
-

, ,

i s t h e cl i m ax o f h i s h at re d and t e r ro r . M os es
( Ex od i v 3 ) fl i es i n t e rro r w h en h i s rod i s c h an ged
. .

i nto a se rp e n t t h ough i m m ed i at el y afte rwa rd s th e

,

a pp e aran c e o f even th e l oath l y l ep rosy o n h i s ha n d

d oes n ot s ee m t o d i squ i e t h i m m u c h . The fo rked
t on gu e an d d ead l y ve n o m o f t h e s e rpe n t (P s . ex ] .

—
3 ,
a nd l v i i i 4 ; D ou ay.c x x x i x a n d l vi i ) ,
i ts . . uh

c erta i n a n d u n as ce rt ai n abl e co u rs e (P rov x x x . .

— i ts t re ach e rou s b i te (P rov x x i i i 3 2 — al l ex h i b i t

) . .

t h e se rpe n t as be i n g t o th e O ri e nt al m i nd th e ve ry
type a n d sy m bo l o f w h ateve r i s m os t m al i gn an t ,

d ecei t fu l an d ev i l
,
. T h e n u m e ro u s a nd d re ad fu l
d eat hs i n th e d esert from t h e b i tes o f t he fi e ry
1 24 TH E S ER P E N T OF E D EIV .

m o re t erri fyi n g , o r m o re a n tago n i st i c t h an t h e

s erpe n t W i th s u c h i m p ress i o ns i n t h e i r m i nd s
.

a n d s u ch feel i n gs i n t he i r h ea rts w h at wo n d e r t h a t ,

”
t hey gave t h e n a m e o f th e S e rpe n t to th e m th e
m os t o d i ou s a n d t err i bl e o f a l l th i n gs — t o S atan ,

t h e a rch e n em y o f t h e h u m a n race t he s u bt i l d e
-

ce i ve r o f E ve t h e c au se o f a l l h u m a n i l l s ! He
“
,

” ’
i s a n A rab t o m y s i gh t i s t h e T u rk s e x p ress i o n
,

fo r a n y p erso n h e d i s l i kes S i m i l arl y O ri e n t al s .

ex p ress t h ei r d etes tat i on a n d h o rro r of a t h i ng by

c al l i n g i t a s erpe n t H en c e t hey gave t o S ata n
.

(i tsel f m ea n i n g t h e A d ve rs a ry the n a m e o f
“

T H E S ER P E N T I t was n ot b ecau s e t h ey o ri gi
.

n al l y b el i eved t h at h e h ad e n te red i n to o r u sed t h e ,

best i a l s erpe n t i n a ny w ay w h i l e t e m pt i n g Eve

,
.

I t was becau s e i n h i s d eal i n g w i t h t h e h u m a n race ,

bot h i n t h e cas e o f E ve and e ve r a fte rw ard s h e ,

h ad a cte d t ow ard s i t as a dead l y s e rp e n t m i ght d o

w i t h a h u m a n i n d i vi d u al ; c ree p i n g u p o n i t un

aw are s to d ece i ve i t ; b egu i l i n g i t w i t h fal s e a n d

fo rke d to n gu e ; i n fe ct i n g i ts v ery n at u re w i t h
ve no m ou s po i so n k i l l i n g i t w i t h d eath gi vi n g b i te -
.

F o r th i s reaso n S at a n w as j u s t l y abo m i n abl e t o

”
m an, ca m e by h i m to b e c al l ed th e S erpe n t
and
“
.

F o r t h is sa m e reas o n a l so t he s ac re d w r i ter o f
, ,

Gen i i i
. .
,
w i sh i n g t o rep rese n t S ata n to h i s peop l e
 OR I GI N OF R E CE I VE D I N T E R P R E TA TI ON 1 25

as t h e i r w o rs t e ne m y c al l ed h i m t h e S e rpe n t
,
“

t o th e m th e m ost t e rri b l e o f a l l an i m al s F o r th e .

s am e reaso n fu rt he r o n i n t h e cu rse h e u ses w o rd s

, ,

w h ich st i l l c o m p are S ata n t o a s erpe n t m ak i n g ,

”
h i m m et aph o ri c al l y a “
c reep i n g t h i ng ,
a n obj ect
o f u tt e r abo m i n at i o n t o h i s peo p l e . M ost p robabl y
S ata n h ad ,
l on g be fo re th e t i m e of M oses bee n ,

c o m m o n l y re fe r re d t o u n d e r th e n am e o f t h e “

S e rpe n t .Wh e n M oses w rote o f h i m by th at t i t l e ,

h e was d o ubtl ess c l ea rl y and d i s t i n ct l y u n d e rst ood

by h i s peopl e t o m ean S atan a n d n o best i a l se r ,

pe n t A h ex p ress i o n w el l u n d e rs too d at o n e t i m e
.
,

and u n d e r o ne se t o f c i rc u m st an ces m i gh t e as i l y
becom e a m b i gu ou s and d ou bt fu l u nd e r oth e r c i r
cu m s t ance s o f t i m e pl ac e o r p erso n s
, , . I m ay gi ve
h e re a n i n s t an c e o f a s om ewh at s i m i l ar ph r as e
regard i n g se rpe n ts I n I n d i a es pec i al l y d u ri n g
.
,

t h e h ou rs o f d arkn ess t h e l l i ndo o s w i l l n ot s pe ak

,

o f a se rpe n t w i th o u t an a bsol u t e necess i ty . But i f

t hey a re co m pel l ed t o s pe ak o f t he an i m al at all ,

th ey w i l l n ot cal l i t by t he u s u al n ames o f / o r rai l 7

zm a
g A
. t su ch t i m es th e y al w ays S pe ak o f i t as
a rope Yet w he n s o s poke n o f ev e ry o ne
.
, ,

p rese n t c l e a rl y a n d at o n c e u n d e rst and s th e t ru e

—
m ea n i n g w h e n fo r i n st an c e o ne pe rs o n o u t o f a
, ,

co m p an y i n s i de a b u t says t h at he s e e s a rope i n “
 1 26 TI I E S E R P E N T OF ED E N .

th e ga rd e n . T o a s t ra n ge r o r u n d e r o th er c i r
,

c u m s t ance s , th e ex p ress i o n m i gh t s u gges t a d o ub t

o f a l i te ral m e a ni n g ,
and st art h i m o n t h e s earc h
fo r s o m e fi gu rat i ve s en s e . B u t i t i s c l ea r a n d in
t e l l i gi b l e e no u gh t o th os e t o w ho m i t i s ad d ress ed .

So t he s acre d n a rrat i ve ,
at t h e t i m e th at i t w as
w ri tte n was d ou bt l es s p e rfec t l y i n tel l i gi bl e t o al l
,

”
fo r w ho m i t w as m ea n t t h at ,
“
the S e rpe n t m ea n t
S at a nh i m sel f G rad u al l y i t was al l ego ri z ed I t
. .

b ega n t o b e t ak e n i n vari ou s s e n ses ; m uc h as

so m e t ex ts a re u se d by p re ach e rs at a l l t i m es i n
a ve ry d i ffe re n t se n se fro m t h e o ri gi na l m ean i n g .

T h e n n ew and s t r an ge co n s t ru ct i o n s b eg an to b e
p u t u po n i t and qu ai n t s t o ri e s b u i l t u p o n i t by
, ,

t he rabb i n i c al w r i ters a n d co m m e nt ato rs o n e o f ,

w h i ch I h ave al re ad y c i te d I n cou rse o f t i m e

t
.

t h e o ri gi n al m ea n i n g was ove rl a i d w i t h a fab l e ,

a nd t h e te ach i n g s e tt l ed down t o t he co m mo n l y
rece i ve d t hat S atan h ad u sed a
i n te rp retat i o n ,

bes t i al se rpe n t as h i s i n st ru m en t i n te m pt i n g E ve .

T h i s w i l l fu r n i s h u s w i t h a very p robabl e a n d
s u ffi c i e n t o ri gi n fo r t h e co m m o n be l i e f t i l l a bet ter ,

i s fo u n d .
 1 28 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N .

and th u s i n d u ced m e n t o wo rsh i p h i m u n d e r th at

ve ry fo rm i n wh i c h h e h a d fi rs t e ffect e d m a n s ’

ru i n . O r t h e a rgu m e n t m ay b e s tate d u n d e r a

s eco n d form . T h e o ri gi n al t rad i t i o n o f t h e t em p

t at i o n a n d fal l o f m an m u st b e c oex ten s i ve w i t h
th e h u m a n race ; a n d s e rpen t worsh i p a l so i s
-
co

e x ten s i ve w i t h t h e h u m a n rac e . Th i s poi nts to

th e t ru t h o f th e be l i e f t h at E ve m u s t h ave b een
t em pted by S at a n u n d e r t h e for m o f a s e rpe n t ;
and t h at a fte rward s h e s o far s u cceed ed i n fu rt h e r

s e d u c i n g m an as to ge t h i m se l f wo rsh i pped u n i
,

ve rs al ly u n d e r t he form o f a s e rpe n t as t h e gre at ,

be n e fac to r o f th e h u m an r ace t o w h i ch u n d er th at
,

fo rm h e h a d c o m m u n i c ate d t h e god l i k e gi fts o f

w i sd o m an d o f t h e k n ow l ed ge o f good a n d evi l .

Th u s for i n sta n ce argu es M r B ath u rs t D e an e

, ,
.
,

a m on g oth ers i n h i s l earn ed

,
and e ru d i t e work on
”
T h e Wo rsh i p of th e S e rpe n t .

I m ay can d i d l y ad m i t th at i f al l t hat h as bee n ,

s ai d an d w ri tte n o f s erpe n t wo rsh i p w e re st ri ct ly

-

co rrec t th i s m i gh t p rove anargu m en t o f s om e wei gh t

,

g i n st t h e c on c l u s i o n wh i ch I h ave en d eavou red

a a

t o establ i sh . Tru e s e rpe n t wo rsh i p

-

,
i f u n i vers al ,

m i gh t per h aps i n so m e way be u sed as a p roof

, ,

o f a u n i ve rs a l t r ad i t i o n o f a t e m pt at i o n u n d e r
t h e for m o f a se rp e n t ; wh e reas I h ave t ri ed to
 GE N E S I S III . A N D S ER P E N T —
WOR S H I P . 1 29

p rove th at t h e te m ptat i o n m u s t h ave bee n e ffected

d i rect l y an d w i t hou t t h e a i d o f an y serpe n t ex cept
,

S at an h i ms el f spoke n of u n d e r h i s scri ptu ral t i t l e of

,

”
th e S e rpe n t .

I n d eal i n g w i t h th i s m atte r I sh al l ex a m i n e,

i t u n d e r t h ree d i st i nc t h eads : 1 Wh at w ei gh t h as .

i t i n d ete r m i n i n g t hat serpen t wo rsh i p p roves t he

-

’
t h eo ry o f S ata n s h avi n g u sed th e bes t i al serpen t
as h i s i n st ru m en t i n t e m p t i n g E ve ? 2 Wa s .

se rpe n t wo rs h i p re al l y so u n i ve rsa l as i s re pre

-

se nte d ? 3 What i s the rea l ori gi n and m ea n i n g

.

o f se rpen t wors h i p
-

I shal l d i sc uss each poi n t i n a separat e chapt e r .

( 30 TH E S ER P E N T OF ED E N

C H APT E R X .

W H AT I S TH E W EI G H T OF T H E A R G U M EN T

F R OM S ER P E N T -
W OR S H I P ?

TWO cons i d erat i on s w i l l sh ow u s th at t h e argu

m e n t fro m s erpe n t worsh i p i s n ot a s t ro ng o n e
-

i n i tse l f .

I t wou l d be a ve ry s t ron g o n e if there w ere

n o other hyp oth es i s for th e e x i ste n ce o f serp en t
wo rsh i p t han i ts s u ppose d d eri vat i o n fro m th e
i n ci den ts of t h e t e m pt at i o n o f E ve B u t as I .
,

sh al l sh ow i n C hapter X I I th e r i se a n d p rogress
.
,

o f s erp en t worsh i p ca n be sat i s factori l y ex pl a i n ed

-

by a r i val a n d b et ter t h eory H en c e t h e m ere

.

fact (i f i t we re a fact ) th at s erpe n t wors h i p b e -

cam e p reval e nt t o a certa i n o r to a great e x te n t

, ,

t h roughou t th e wo rl d wou l d n ot of i tse l f prove t h e

, ,

co n c l us i on sough t to be d ed u ced from i t F or i f .

there i s a s eco nd hyp oth es i s as good at l east as

,
1 32 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED EN .

an i nt el l ect a n d a wi ll ,
and capab l e of k n ow i n g a n d
s erv i n g God h i s C reator ,
. T h i s k n owl e dge m us t
have bee n possessed by A d am a nd E ve at t he
very fi rs t i nstan t of th e i r c reat i on ; oth erwi s e th ey
cou l d n ot h ave b ee n rea l a n d perfect h u m a n be i ngs .

T h i s k n owl edge m us t h ave e x i s te d i n t he m t he re ,

fore eve n be fo re th e s u gges t i o n of S atan a n d be fo re

, ,

th e eat i ng of t h e forb i d de n fru i t I f A da m an d .

Eve had n ot al ready possessed th i s k n ow l ed ge of

d i sc ri m i n at i ng bet wee n good an d evi l t hey wou l d ,

h ave bee n u t te rly i n cap abl e o f rece i vi n g a p recept

or c o m m an d I t wo u l d h ave bee n qu i te u se l ess for
.

t h e Lord Go d t o o rd er t h e m n ot to eat o f any

p arti c u l a r fru i t ; becau se i n th e abse n ce o f k n ow
,

l ed ge t h ey cou l d n ot h ave any free cho i ce wh i c h

, ,

p resu pposes k nowl ed ge . N o r cou l d they h ave ih

cu rred a ny res po ns i b i l i ty i n d i sob eyi n g th at co m

m an d N or cou l d they have co m m i tted an y s i nfu l
.

act N o r cou l d th ey h ave d ese rved a ny pu n i s h

.

m e n t for the i r deed A l l t h es e th i n gs necessari l y

.

p resu ppos e t he k n owl e dge o f good a n d evi l wh i ch ,

i s esse n t i al t o a l l rat i ona l be i n gs T he re ca n not .

,

therefo re be the s l i gh tes t doub t th at A d a m an d

,

Eve eve n i n th e fi rst m om en t of t he i r ex i sten ce

, ,

possessed th e u se of i ntel l ec t a n d free wi l l ; an d -

consequ e nt l y th e k n owl ed ge t ogether wi t h th e ,

 A R G UM E N T F R OM S ER P E N T WOR S H I P . 1 33

choi ce of good a n d evi l , . T h ese are essen t i al t o

h u ma n n at u re .
1

I t m ay b ask d Wh at t h e n are w e t nde r st and by th e fact

e e , , , o u

m nt i o ne d i n G e n i i 9 t h at G d p l ant d i n th e g ar d n o f Ede n
e . .
,
o e e

th e t r e fl i f and th
e t r e fth k n w l e dg fg o d and e vi l
o e, e e o e o e o o

W h at e v e r m e ani ng w e m ay s ek t fi nd i n t h i s pass ag o ne e o e,

t h i ng i ce rt ai n nam l y t h at i t cann t m an t h at A dam and Eve

s , e , o e

di d n t k n w r i g h t fr m wr ng and g d fr m e v i l t i l l t h y at o f
o o o o , oo o , e e

th fr i t
e f t h at part i c l ar t r e
u o \V r adi ly adm i t t h at G d co l d u e . e e o u ,

by H i al mi g h ty p w r cr at e a t r e th fr i t f w h i ch c l d h av e
s o e , e e e u o ou

t h e po w e r o f co nf rr i n g a k n wl dg f g d and v i l w h r s ch e o e e o oo e , e e u

k n wl e dg did n t nat r al l y x i st
o e B t t h i s w a n t at all n cess ary
o u e . u s o e

i n th cas e o f A dam and Ev w h

e nat r al l y p ss ss d t h at k n w e, o u o e e o

le dg a part f t h i r h man nat r e

e s T h i s i s i m ply a p l ai n and
o e u u . s

adm i tt d p i nt e o .

Wh at i s r al ly m e ant by t h at t r b i ng cal l e d th t r e e f th e
e ee e
“
e o

k n wl dg f g d and v i l i g n r al ly and r i g h tl y e x pl ai n d f
”
o e e o oo e , s e e e o

e x pe r i m nt al k no wl dg e w h i ch A dam and Ev acq i r d by i n— f e e, e u e s o

t h e i r ch ang fr m a g d t an v i l m r al c ndi t i n I am i ncl i ned

e o oo o e o o o . .

t add t h at th w rd k n wl dg h r m ay m an t st T h e r “ ”
o , e o o e e e e e e . e

w a n pr h i b i t i n ag ai nst t h
s o o at i ng fth fr i t f th t r
o fli f e e o e u o e ee o e.

T h r wae e nly n t r s f w h i ch t h fr i t w a f r b i dd n (G n i i
o o e ee o e u s o e e . .

17 iii T h at w as th
. n tr f ca si ng a c rt ai n k n wl dg e o e ee or u e o e e

o f g d and v i l
oo N t i n A dam and Ev e N t t h at t h y di d n t
. o e . o e o

al r ady k n w g
e d and v i l o N t t h at t h s
oo f th fr i t f t h at e . o e u e o e u o

t r e w u l d c nf r
e o n t h m t h at k n wl dg
o e N t t h at th k n wl dg
o e o e e . o e o e e

w l d b acq u i r d by A dam and Ev B t t h at i t w a M l t by

ou e e e . u s r es

w h i ch G d w a t di scr i mi nat th g d and b di nt fr m th

o s o e e oo o e e , o e

e v il di be di nt am ng m ank i nd T h k n wl dg w h i ch cam
or so e , o . e o e e e

fr m i t s w as n i nt r nal s u bj ct i v k n wl dg i n t h s l s f
o s u e o e or e e o e e e ou o

t h s w h at f i t ; b t i t w a th k n wl dg f t h m t h at i s t
o e o e o u s e o e e o e ,
o

s ay t h i r O
,
i ng M o ” a g d
e ffe r
/t b ad t h at i t pr d c d It re , s oo or ,
o u e .

w as n t th ag nt i n an act i v
o e s ns i n p d cm g k n wl dg i n
e , e e e , ro u o e e

Adam and Eve I t w a t h m ans ccas i n

. f a pass i v s e e o r o o o e

k n wl dg —t h at i
o e f th g d b i ng di st i ng i s h d fr m t h
e s, vil o e oo e u e o e e .

I t m ad k n w n w h w r g d and w h w r v i l s rv i ng th
e o o e e oo o e e e , e e

p r p se fa t e s t n th part fG d
u o o o e o o .
1 34 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E N .

T h i s t ru th i s s o s el f ev i d en t th at i t i s a n i ns u l t
-

to h u m a n n at u re to s u ppos e th at m a n k i nd cou l d
h ave eve r bee n i n d u ce d t o bel i eve u n i versal ly th at
t h e se rpe n t by cau s i n g s i n co m m u n i cated th e
, ,

k n ow l ed ge of good an d ev i l t o m a n . Th e s er
p e n t t herefo re co u l d n eve r h ave bee n co ns i d ered
, ,

th e ca us e o r t h e occas i o n o f th e b es towal o f reaso n

u po n m an . There fo re s u pposi n g t h e ex i ste n ce of
,

s u c h a t rad i t i o n n am ely t h at t h e s erpen t was th e

, ,

i n st ru m e n t of the t em ptat i o n a n d fal l of m an i t ,

wou l d n at u ral l y h ave bee n associ ated w i t h t he

i d e as of s i n evi l a n d r u i n t o m a n I t co u l d n ot
, , .

i n any way h ave bee n l ooke d u po n as th e bes towe r

of re aso n . I t i s th erefo re u t terl y u n n at u ra l to
, ,

su ppose th at i t cou l d eve r w i th s u ch a t rad i t i on , ,

h ave beco m e t h e obj ect of h u m an worsh i p T h e .

, ,
of
t rad i ti o n the refore fa i l s to ex p l ai n th e o ri gi n L
se rpe n t w orsh i p
-
an d co n sequ en tl y t hat t rad i ti o n
, ,

can recei ve n o s tren gth or s u pport from se rpe n t

worsh i p l oca l o r u n i ve rs al T h i s p roof the refore
,
.
, ,

fai l s s i gn al l y an d i s of b u t l i tt l e we i gh t
,
.

B u t i f t h i s a rgu m en t fro m t he u n i versal i ty o f

s erpe nt worsh i p i s so weak a n d u n n at u ral as I
-

h ave j us t sh ow n i t t o be t he very grou n d i s cu t ,

aw ay en t i rel y fro m u nd er i t — s u c h as i t i s —when

w e co m e to exam i n e t h e n ex t qu es t i on .
r3 6 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN .

d etect i n g a n i m porta n t fal l acy pervad i n g al l t he i r ,

argu m e n ts a n d al l t h e fac ts b y wh i ch t hey su ppo rt

th e i r assert i o ns I t i s n ot because of any ove r
.

w e e n i ng s el f -
co n fide nce b u t becau se
,
I fee l t h at
I s h o u l d ot herw i s e be wan t i ng i n t he i n terest s of
t ru t h t hat I p u rpose h ere t o S h ow how ve ry s l i gh t
,

a co n s i d e rat i o n (as n at u ra l a n d n eces sary as i t

h as s i m p l y b ee n abs ol u tel y wa n t i n g) i s s u ffic i e nt
t o ove rtu rn th e e n t i re e d i fi c e o f s erpe n t wo rsh i p -

w i t h i ts s u perst r uctu r e o f a s u pposed pri m aeva l

t rad i t i o n i n t h e co m m o n l y rece i ved s ense
, .

H as se rpe n t wo rsh i p re al ly been u n i versal o r

-

eve n a l m ost u n i versa l ?

A l l w ri te rs o n s erpe n t wo rsh i p say -
“
Yes ; it
”
h as . T h ey go i n to m i n u te d eta i l s o f a l l t h e
cou nt ri es w h e re i t w as p ract i se d a n d a l l t h e pl aces ,

wh e re t em p l es we r e erected for i t . A ssyri a , A rab i a ,

I ndia , Chi na ,
P al es t i n e ; E gypt a n d a l l th e res t
,

o f A fri ca ; G reece a n d R o m e ; S ca n d i n avi a a n d

B ri tai n ; N o rt h a n d S o u th A m eri ca a nd m any ,

i s l an d s o f th e P a ci fi c O ce an —al l thes e th at i s t o,

s ay t he wh ol e worl d a re s tat ed t o h ave bee n gi ve n

, ,

t o s erpe n t wo rsh i p -
A n te ri o r a u thors a re ci ted ;
.

h u n d red s o f fa cts are gi ve n ; m o n u m en ts a re i n

di cat e d i n cl u d i n g t e m pl es s tatu es r i ngs gem s
, , , , ,

obel i sks an d t ab l ets

,
. A l l th ese a re w i t h m u c h ,
 WAS S ER P E N T WOR S H I P UNI VERSA L 1 37

l abou r an d i n gen u i ty an d res earch an d e ru d i t i on

, , , ,

m a rs hal l ed to p rove th at serpen t worsh i p was -

u n i versal w i t h t h e h u m a n rac e B u t t he w i sh of .
,

bei n g abl e t o p rove t h i s h avi n g bee n th e fath e r

t o t he t hou ght t h e u s u a l resu l ts h ave fol l owed
,
.

S tat e m e n ts h ave b ee n a c cepted w i th ou t ex a m i n a

t i on . S u p pos i t i on s h ave bee n l a rgel y d eal t i n ,

w here p roo fs w ere w an t i n g . A bove al l a ce rtai n ,

d i st i n ct i o n h as n ot bee n m ad e wh ere i t i s m ost ,

i m perat i vel y requ i red E ve n ad m i t t i ng al l th e i r

.

facts a n d a sse rt i o n s and s u ppos i t i on s ,

this dis
t i n ct i on o n ce m ad e i s fatal t o t h e asse rt i o n of t he
, ,

u n i ve rs al i ty o f s e rpe n t worsh i p -
. I t i s a s i m pl e
d i s t i n ct i o n — on e t h at t h ey h ave al l fa i l ed t o u se
an d yet i t i s o n e w h i ch both ca n b e an d ou gh t t o
be m ad e .

A l l th e wri te rs wh o m I h av e bee n abl e to co n

s u l t — a n d I h ave co ns u l ted a ve ry gre at n u m ber
h ave co n fu sed t wo en t i rel y d i ffe re n t k i nd s o f ser
pe n t worsh i p wh i ch i f w e are t o arri ve at th e
-

, ,

t ru th i n t h e m atte r m u s t n ec ess ari l y be ca refu l l y

,

kept s e pa r at e and ex am i n ed ap art .

O f th ese t wo th i n gs ,
o ne i s s e rpe n t wo rsh i p pro
-

pe rl y s o c al l e d — t h e w o rsh i p o f t he se rpe n t as a
god i n 11 17/1 c a n d for Ms ow n s afe Th i s i s
,
.
.

di rect se rpen t wo rs h i p -
T h e oth e r i s se rpen t wo r
.
-
[38 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E A’ .

s h i p i m p roperl y s o cal l ed
, ; t hat i s t he us e an d,

ven e rat i o n o f t he s erpe n t ] b u t m erel y not for lzi mselj

as t h e sy m bol or em ble m of s o m e on e o r m ore o f the
god s of d i ffere n t n at i o n s . Th i s i s i ndi rect se rpe n t
1
worsh i p .

T he m ere state m e n t o f th i s d i st i n ct i o n w i l l ,
I am
certa i n s u ffice t o gai n t he asse n t o f al l my read ers
,
.

T h at t here i s an esse n t i a l d i ffere n ce betwee n th e

t wo k i nd s ,
I t h i n k needs n o p roo f I t i s so s el f .

evi d e nt as t o h ave an i rres i s t i bl e cl a i m o n ou r

m i n d s as th e vo i ce o f t ru th I t i s t hese two e n .

t i re l y d i fferen t k i n ds of se rpe n t w orsh i p wh i ch al l -

au t ho rs o n t h i s s u bj ect co n fu se a n d b l en d i n to o n e ,

and t reat o f as o n e ; as i f t he re were n o rad i c a l

and esse n t i a l d i ff ere n ce betwee n t he m I take m y .

st an d by t h i s d is t i n ct i o n .

N ow eve n t h e m ost s u perfi ci al gl a nce at t he

,

wo rks o n se rpe nt wo rsh i p w i l l su ffi ce to con v i n c e -

O ne v ry i m p rt ant fact m ay h r b no t d w i t h r e f r nce t

e o e e e e e e o

s r p nt w rs h i p
e e -
o I n no c ntry w a i t m o r e p r v al e nt t h an i n
. ou s e

Egy p t .Y t am ng th e bj ct s f Egy pt i an w rsh i p w as th e i bi

o e o e o o s .

A nd w h y ? B ca s f i ts d adly h at r d to s r p nts w h i ch i t
e u e o e e e e ,

i nst i nct i v e l y s g h t t and k i ll d ! T h s e r p nt i t s l f t h r f r e

ou ou e e e e , e e o ,

cou l d n t h av b e n th e di r ct bj ct f w o r sh i p f r th e Egy p t i ans

o e e e o e o ,
o

w l d n t t h n h av w rs h i pp d an ani m al f r k i ll i ng t h i r g d
ou o e e o e o e o .

T h e s r p nt i n i ts e l f t h r f r e w a t
e e , t h m an bj ct f f ar
,
e e o s o e o e o e

and h at r d w h i ch t h y r j i c d t
e , s k i ll d Wh n t h ey w
e e o e o ee e . e or

s h i ppe d i t i t w as and c l d o nl y b e a th e sy mb l of s om e o t h r
, , ou , s o e

d ity
e .
1 40 TH E S E R P E N T OF EDEN .

G reece ,
R om e P al est i n e A rab i a E gypt S ca n
, , , ,

di navi a, B ri t ai n a n d A m e r i ca ; t hat i s t o s ay t h e
, ,

so cal l e d s erp en t wo rsh i p o f n earl y t he

- -
whole
wo rl d
A ll th i s w as on l y i n d i rect s erpen t wo rsh i p I n -
.

a l l t hes e cou nt ri es th e se rpen t was s i m pl y th e

sym bol o r e m bl e m o f s o m e god w i th wh om h e h ad ,

s o m e ei the r re a l or s u pp ose d co n n ec t i o n . T h i s god

(an d n ot t h e s erpe n t ) was t h e d i rect a n d sol e obj ect
o f t h e worsh i p p ai d I t was a ve n e rat i o n ex te n de d
.

to th e se rp en t fo r t h e s ake o f th i s god —to o n e

t h i n g fo r t h e s ake of an othe r ; n ot for i ts own s ake ,

b u t s i m ply an d sol el y w i th re fe re n ce to t h at othe r .

I t i s l i ke th e ve n erat i on pai d by C h ri st i ans t o t he

c ross ; n ot fo r th e sak e of t h e wood o r i mage b u t ,

sol ely for t he sake o f H i m w h o u po n i t an d by ,

m ean s o f i t vou chsafed t o red ee m u s fro m t h e

,

s l av ery of s i n . I t i s l i k e th e revere n ce an d h on o u r
pai d t o a fl ag ; n ot for the sake o f i ts d es i gn or
i ts m ate ri al b u t s ol el y fo r t h e sak e
,
of t h e cou nt ry
of wh i ch i t i s t he sym bol .

A fte r el i m i n at i n g fro m th e m ass o f wh at has

be e n w ri t te n regard i n g se rpe nt worsh i p al l t h os e -

p arts wh i c h t reat o f i n d i rec t s erpe n t worsh i p as -

above d esc ri bed we fi n d very l i tt l e i n d ee d l eft fo r

,

ou r co ns i d erat i on . T he e ffec t h as been l i ke that

 IVA S SERPENT WO RSH IP UNI VE RSA L 14!

o f st i c k i n g a k n i fe i n to a n i n fl ated bal l oon . Wh at

re m ai n s i s b u t as very l i tt l e co m pared w i th wh at
appeared be fo re . A n d eve n i n w hat l i tt l e re m a i n s ,

we ca n st i l l fi n d p l ace for a fu rt he r red u ct i o n .

F o r i n ex a m i n i n g eve n thos e cases i n wh i ch w e

,

are to l d t h at l i v i n g se rpe n ts we re kep t an d fe d i n

c e rtai n te m pl es a n d th ere ve n e rated an d wor
,

sh i pped w e s hal l st i l l fi n d t hat eve n i n th ese cases

, , ,

— n ot m a ny afte r ,
all— t h e great m aj ori ty a re st i l l
fou n d to be noth i n g b u t i nst an ces o f m ere sym bol i c
wo rs h i p o f t h e l i v i ng serpe n t fo r i ts rea l o r su ppose d
co n n ect i o n w i th som e god . Th e o n l y d i ffe rence i s
th at i n s uch cases a l i vi n g a n d m ovi n g sy m bo l was
u sed i n stead of an en graved ca rved o r sc u l pt u red , ,

o n e T h e ad or at i o n i s s t i l l i n d i rect serpe n t wo rsh i p

.
-
.

I n non e o f these cases th e re fo re ca n i t be s ai d

, ,

t h at re al d i rec t se rpe nt wo rsh i p p rope rl y so c al l ed

,
-

, ,

e x i sted I n othe r c ases th e se rpe nt was kept n ot

.
,

as a re al god o r obj ec t o f worsh i p b u t fo r th e s ake ,

o f be i n g use d as a m e an s o f t ak i n g au gu ri es by th e ,

m ethod known to t h e an c i e nts as or

d i v i n at i o n by t h e se rp e n t . I n th e se c as e s n o s pec i a l
s a n ct i ty wo u l d attach to th e se rpe n t any m o re th an ,

t o th e fl oc ks and h e rd s b r ed fo r s ac ri fi c i al pu rpos es ,

o r t he bi rd s e m pl oy e d by au gu rs .

Betwee n t hese t wo obj ects fo r w h i ch l iving

1 42 TH E SERPENT OF ED EN .

s erpe n ts were u sed by t he a n c i e n ts w e fu l l y cover ,

n early al l t h e cases ad d uc e d o f the v e n erat i o n pai d

t o th e l i vi ng a n i m al a n d (acco rd i n g t o , u ndi s cri mi
n at i n g w ri te rs ) fo r i ts l i vi n g s el f
,
.

I h ave refra i n e d fro m qu ot i n g each p art i c u l ar

case both b ecau s e i t wou l d swe l l t h es e pages t o a n
u nd esi red e x te n t a n d b ecau se I a m n ot ,
ex p f
ro ess o

e n gage d in co mbat i n g t hese w orks o n se rpe nt

wo rsh i p . B u t a ve ry e l e me n tary k nowl edge o f
mytho l ogy w i l l e n ab l e e ve n t h e m od erate l y ed u cated
t o s u ppl y h i s ow n facts .

I n e ach syst em o f m yt ho l ogy t h e s erpe n t i s fou n d

to be t he sy m bol of s eve ral god s I n G reece for .
,

i nst anc e h e was th e sy m bol of A pol l o of M i n erva

, , ,

o f J u n o of T ru th e tc Yet eve rywhere h e was b u t

, , .

t he sy mbol o f a god N owh ere i s h e the go d h i m .

s el f— t he d i rec t obj ec t o f wors h i p . A m e re wo rs h i p

of th e sy mbol i s n ot s u ffi c i e nt to con st i t u t e real
serpe n t wo rsh i p
-
. R eal ,
d i rect se rpen t wo rsh i p -

th e refore i n i ts t ru e s en se n eve r w as u n i versal ly

, ,

p reval e nt . I t d oes n ot e x i s t ; i t n eve r e x i s ted

u n i versal l y . S y m bol i c al se rpen t wo rsh i p d i d b u t
-

t h at d oes n ot h el p o u r op po n e n ts Th e s e rpen t .

i tsel f as su ch n ever was wo rsh i pped eve n ge n e

, , ,

r al l y m u ch l ess u n i ve rsal l y as t h e su pe rfi c i a l
, ,

read e r m ay h av e bee n l ed to b el i eve fro m t h e ,

 X4 4 TH E S E R P EN T OF ED E I V .

h i m sel f for h e h ad n o s epa rat e te m p l e o r p ri est s

,
-

o f h i s ow n as each a n c i e n t god h ad
,
. H e was i t ,

appears kep t i n o r n ear t h e tem p l e of B e l becau s e

, ,

afte r t h e d est ru ct i o n o f B e l i t i s s ai d A nd th ere

, ,

was a great d rago n i n t ha t p l ace an d t he ,

B ab y l o
mi ans (ch
wo rs h i ppe d h i m And he seems .

t o h ave b een m i n i s te red t o by th e p ri ests o f B el ;

“
fo r i t i s s ai d fu rthe r o n H e h at h d est royed B el
, ,

h e h at h k i l l ed t h e d ragon a n d s l a i n th e p ri ests
,

m e n t i o n i n g o n l y o n e se t of p ri es ts fo r both D an i e l .

was n ot at fi rst as ked t o wo rsh i p th i s d rago n o r

se rpe n t b u t to worsh i p B el W he n D an i e l obj ect ed
, .

to d o so o n the grou n d tha t B el was o n l y an

i n an i m at e obj ec t of b r ass and c l ay an d fu rt he r ,

’
mo re wh e n h e h ad p rove d B e l s i n ab i l i ty to d o
,

anyth i n g eve n t o eat t he k i n g bethough t h i m of

, ,

t h e d ragon . T u rn i n g t he n to D an i el h e sai d t o ,

h i m t hat as t h i s d rago n was at l eas t a l i vi ng god

, ,

D a n i e l co u l d n ot obj ect t o wo rsh i pp i n g h i m . Th i s ,

too i s t he re fo re o n l y a n oth e r i n s ta n ce o f ven era

,

t i on pai d to a s erpe n t as t h e l i vi n g symbo l o f

,

a d e i ty as i n the cases o f G reek a n d R o ma n

,

pag an i s m .

3 . T h e ve n erat i o n o f t h e H i n d oos fo r l i vi n g
serpen ts i s eas i l y exp l a i n e d by the i r be l i e f i n th e
t ra ns m i grat i o n o f sou l s C ou pl ed o n th e on e s i d e
,
 WAS S ER P E N T WO R SH IP UNI VE RSA L ? 1 45

by th e i r fea r o f th e d eat h gi vi n g rept i l es a n d o n

-

t he ot her w i t h t h e fact th at t h e se rpe n t i s i n th e i r ,

m yth ol ogy t h e sy m bo l o f
,
S lzi vcz ,
t he D est roye r ,

t h e th i rd god o f th e i r t ri n i ty a n d t h e m ost powe rfu l

,

a n d d read ed o f a l l t h e i r d e i t ies .

4 T h e o n l y rea l cases o f s e rpe n t wo rsh i p d i rect

-

a n d fo r i t s ow n sak e a re fo u n d i n a few t ri bes

, ,

a m o n g t h e m os t d egr ad ed o f A fri c a , . T h is ,
h ow
ever i s t oo s m al l and i n s i gn i fi ca n t a po rt i o n o f t h e
,

h u m a n r ace to ad d u ce fo r so m i gh ty a st atem e n t as
t h e al l eged u n i ve rs al i ty o f se rpe nt wo rs h i p -
. Be

s i d es eve n am on g th ese t ri bes so m e s ubst i t u te a n

, ,

i gu an a o r l i z ard i n s te ad o f t h e se rpe n t
, ,
This .

s h ows u s c l ea rl y th at we m u s t l ook fo r th e o ri gi n
o f t h i s l oc al a n d d egr ad i n g su pe rst i t i o n i n so m e
t h i n g ve ry d i ffe re n t fro m t h e an c i e n t t r ad i t i o n o f
t h e fal l o f m an co rru pted by h u m an we ak ness
,
.

T h ere are l i te r al l y n o ot he r a zcl /ze n/i ca tecl c ases

o f re al d i rec t s erpe n t wo rsh i p t o be m et w i th ev e n
-

i n t h e w o rks o f p ro fe ssed w ri t e rs o n t h i s su bj ect .

A nd be i t re m e m b e re d th at th e y are by n o m e an s

pa rt i c u l ar o r c ri t i c al i n t h e s el ect i o n o f t h e i r c as e s .

As an i nst an ce o f t h i s I g i ve t h e fol l ow i ng M r
, . .

B ath u rs t D ea n e i n h i s j u st l y ad m i r e d and l e ar ned

,

”
wo rk “
The \V o rs h i p of th e S e rpe n t ,
c i tes B i shop
P o co ck e as fu rn i s h i n g u s w i th an i ns t an ce o f r e a l
1 46 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D E IV .

s erpen t wo rsh i p i n m od e rn E gypt ; a n d h e p ro

-

ce e ds at o n ce t o ad d u c e i t i n su p po rt o f h i s t h eory

— t h e co m m o n l y rece i ve d o n e . Yet o n e x am i n i n g
,

t h e case wh at d o w e fi n d ? S i m pl y
, a m ass o f
c o n t rad i ct i on a n d s u p pos i t i o n
, .

P o co ck e i s t ol d t h at i n a certa i n p l ace t h ere

d wel l s a h ol y s e rpe n t — n ot s o s ai d ot hers , ; t he re
are two o f t h em N o o ne p rese n t h ad s ee n i t o r
.
,

c ou l d t el l t o wh i ch of t h e vari et i es o f Egypt i a n
s erpen ts i t bel o nge d I t h ad b ee n th e re sa i d
.
,

so m e fro m th e t i m e o f M oh am m ed —n ot at a l l
, ,

s ai d oth e rs ; i t h as bee n t h e re s i n c e th e d ay wh e n
t h e a n ge l wh o acco m p an i ed Tob i as bou n d S at an .

A l l t h i s m i gh t h ave co n vi n ced m os t m e n t hat t h i s

se rp en t was m erel y a l egen d ary o n e . N ot s o
B i sh op P o co ck e . H e goes t o p ay i t a v i s i t . He
i s take n to th e p l ace an d i s t ol d t hat t h e serp e n t
,

d wel l s u n de r th e d o m e cove red m au sol eu m o f -

a

M oh a m m ed an s ai n t i n on e o f t h e c l e fts o f t h e
,

rock o n w h i ch t h at m a u sol eu m was b u i l t wh i l e ,

c e rta i n an ge l s a n d d evi l s an d j i nns d we l t i n

t he n e i gh bou ri n g c l efts M os t o f u s wo u l d h av e
.

b ee n fu l l y co nvi n ced t h at t h e s erpe n t w as qu i te

as myth i cal as t he p res en c e of t h os e s p i ri ts B u t .

no t B i sh op P o co ck e H e fi n d s p eop l e bowi n g
.

d own a nd p ray i ng and k i ss i n g t he grou n d accord ,

1 48 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E /V .

I t rep rese nted a mo n g G reeks th e go d o f w i s do m , ,

o f h eal i n g o f ch ast i ty o f agri c u l t u re o f wa r o f

, , , ,

s e ns u al i ty o f d ru n ke n n ess I f as ass erted s e rpe n t

, .
, ,

wo rsh i p was s i m pl y S ata n wo rsh i p u n d e r h i s -

favou ri te sym bo l of th e an i m al by m ean s o f wh i c h

h e h a d ac h i eve d h i s greates t t ri u m ph how ca m e ,

t h e serpe n t to rep res e n t agri c u l t u re ( Cy bele) ch as t i t y ,

(P i t cl i ci ti cz ) t ru t h ( Veri zczs ) a n d h eal i n g (E s cala

, ,

p i ns ) ? T h e a rts o f peace t h e gl o ri es o f s el f
,

m o rt i fi cat i o n th e l i gh t o f t ru th
,
th e ben efi ts o f ,

h eal i n g are al l d i am etr i cal l y opposed to what we

,

k now a n d can gu es s o f t h e d es i res an d w i sh es o f

S atan . T h e se rpe n t c ou l d n ot t h ere fo re h ave bee n , ,

worsh i p pe d as th e d i rect sym bol o f S ata n h i m se l f .

T h i s al so cl earl y p roves th a t th e se rp e n t was

regard ed m e re l y as a sy m bo l o f t h ose d ei t i es ;
b ecau se h e h as n ot i n h i m sel f a ny o f th e q u ali fi ca

t i on s n ec ess ary t o i n d i c ate th ose vi rt u ou s o ffi ces .

H e h as n ot a m u l t i pl i c i ty o f at t ri bu t es powers o r , ,

i n fl u en ces so as to h ave beco m e t h e ori gi n a l obj ect

,

o f worsh i p a n d to h ave bee n afterwards d ei fi ed

, ,

u nd e r these va ri ou s t i t l es i n to va ri ou s gods H i s
,
.

worsh i p beg an afte r h e h ad bee n m ad e t h e symbo l .

H e i s t herefo re s i m pl y a sy mbo l u n d e r vari ou s

, , ,

shapes a n d u n d e r d i ve rse c i rc u ms t an ces o f d i ffere n t ,

gods th at h ad alre ady bee n de i fi ed a n d wors h i pp ed

,
 WA S S ER P E N T WORSH IP UNI VE RSA L z 1 49

fo r va ri o us reaso n s E ve n whe n th e se rpe n t P ytho n

.

represe nt i n g S at an o r th e P ri nc i pl e of Ev i l — i s
,

be i n g s l a i n by th e P r i n c i p l e o f Good t h e s erpe n t ,

i s show n as t h e sy m bol o f th e Good P ri n ci pl e ,

even d u ri n g t h e act u al d es tru ct i o n o f the E v i l

P ri n c i pl e . A st ri k i ng i nst a n ce of th i s m u l t i fari ou s
sym bo l i c u se o f th e serpe n t m ay be see n i n th e
wo rl d re n own ed s t at u e k n own as t h e B el ved e re
-

A pol l o .

Or view th e l rdo rr i ng b w o fth e u ne o ,

Th g d e o o fLi f
fP e t ry and Li g h t
e, o o ,

T h S n i n h m an f r m arr ay d and b r w
e u u o e ,
o

A l l r adi ant fr m h i t r i m p h i n th fi
o gh t ;
s u e

T h s h aft h a j st b n s h t —t h arr w br i g h t
e s u ee o e o

W i t h an i m m rt al s v ng anc ; i n h i s y
o
’
e e e e e

A nd n st r i l s b a t i f l di s dai n and m i g h t
o e u u , ,

A nd maj st y fl as h t h i r f l l l i g h t ni ngs b y
e e u ,

D e v l p i ng i n t h at n gl anc th D i ty
”
e o o e e e e .

C h i l d H ar l d e o .

I t re prese n ts h i m t he n , ,
as h avi n g j us t d i s
c h arged t he bol t o f d e ath ag ai ns t l y t h o n The ’
.

h an d l e o f th e bow i s sh ow n i n h i s l e ft h and wh i l e ,
th e

r igh t arm and h an d are t h row n b ac k i n t h e at t i t u d e

o f an arc h e r ex u l t i n g i n th e acc u r acy o f h i s ai m .

Ye t ev e n wh i l e h e i s t h u s r e pres e nt ed i n t h e v e ry
,

act o f t r i u m ph i ng ove r t h e P ytho ni c s e rpe n t t h e ,

o f E v i l t he r e t o h i s ri gh t and b e h i n d
P ri n c i p l e , ,

h i m co i l e d o n t h e t ru n k o f a t r e e i s ag ai n t h e
, ,

se rpe nt ,
th e sy m bol o f A pol l o h i m s e l f th e G ood ,
1 50 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED EN

P ri nci p le .
I
T h i s m u l t i fa ri o u s u se o f th e serpen t
fo r s o m a ny an d su ch vari ed de it i es i s a very st ron g
p roo f t hat h e i s a m e re sy m bol h i m sel f a n d n o ,

d e i ty .

Th e re is st
a ca of t h i s st at e i n th C ryst al P al ac i n th e s am
u e e, e

r oom as th e mo d ls
e ofth F r m th P ant h n and th e C l ss m
e o u , e eo ,
o o eu .

Th e o r i g i nal , as all th e w o r l d k n ws i i n th e V at i can M s m i n

o , s u eu

R o me .
 1 52 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EI V .

c o rru pt h u m a n n atu re h ast en ed t o rep rese n t t h e

D e i ty t o i tsel f u n d e r s e ns i b l e form s and i m ages ,

c hose n fro m t h e obj ec ts a ro u n d t he m A t fi rst .

t h es e i m ages a n d rep res e nt at i o n s m ay h ave bee n

u sed m e rel y as symb ol s ; b u t i n co u rs e o f t i m e
t h ey b ec am e th e obj ects t h e m sel ves o f i d ol at rou s
wo rs h i p A m on g s u ch obj ects t h e s u n t h e m os t
.
, ,

al l
’
i m p ress i ve t o m a n o f God s m ateri al works ,

and t h e m os t u n i ve rsal l y k n own wou l d ce rtai n l y ,

b eco m e th e fi rs t both i n t i m e a n d i n ran k o f al l

, ,

t h e su bsequ en t obj ect s of i d o l atry T h e s u n as .

,

a m at te r of fact i s d i rect ly a n d i n h i msel f t h e c h i e f

,

god or at l e ast o n e o f t h e ch i ef gods o f eve ry

, ,

syst e m o f i d ol at ry absol u t el y al l over th e wo rl d

, .

W h ereve r h i s e n l i gh te n i n g bea m s pe n et r ated a n d

h i s v i vi fyi n g i n f
l u e n ce w as fe l t t here h e
,
w as m ad e
a god ,
an d b eca m e the d i rec t obj ect of rea l
i d ol at rou s wo rsh i p . W i t h t h e u n ive rsal s p rea d
o f t h i s i d ol at ry o f th e s u n ca m e t h e n ec ess i ty o f,

ad opt i n g so m e obj ect as a sym bol to rep res e n t i t ,

w he n i ts ow n fo rm o r t he h u m a n fo r m o f t h e
,

s u n god co u l d n ot for a ny s p ec i a l reason b e u s ed

-

, , ,

S u c h re ason s m i gh t b e t he wan t o f s pace t he ,

m ai n t en a n ce of t he s ec rets o f m ysteri es an d others , .

H en ce a sy m bo l w as ad op t ed for th e rep resen tati o n

o f th i s god eve n as h e h ad m ost p robably bee n
,
 O R IGIN OF S E R P E N T WOR S H I P . 1 53

h i m se l f i n th e begi nn i ng th e sy mb ol o f the o n e
, ,

t ru e an d l i vi n g God . That sy mbo l was fi rst fo u n d

i n t he c i rcl e bec au s e th e s u n i s
,
appare n t to m a n
al ways i n th at shape o r fo rm . I n cou rs e of t i me
t he p l ai n ci rc l e was i m proved u po n a nd was ,

ch an ged i n t o th e se rpe n t c i rc l e— th at i s t o say -

a se rpe n t d ep i cte d i n a c i rc u l a r fo rm w i t h i ts t ai l
,

i n i ts m ou th . V ari ou s re aso n s m ay b e s uggested

fo r t h e d opt i o n o f t he s erpen t espec i al l y fo r th e
a ,

sy m bol o f th e s u n .

I . Bec au s e o f i t s pp are n t co n n ect i o n w i t h t h e

a

m ove men ts o f t h e s u n w i t h wh i ch i t h y b e rnate s,

and grows t o rpi d i n w i n te r re appe ari n g w i t h ,

ren ewed l i fe an d v i gou r w h e n t he s u n ret u rns

n o rthw ard w i t h ve rn al h e at rek i nd l ed .

2 B eca u se e ach ye ar afte r w i n te r i t re n ews i ts

.
, ,

sk i n and app are n t yo u th as t h e su n see m s t o d o ,

e ach S p ri ng .

3 Bec au se i t l oves t o b ask i n the r ays of th e

.

sun .

4 . Bec au se o f i t s d i sc l i ke o r c i rc u l ar
-
s h ape wh e n
co i l ed u p wh i ch i s i t s favou ri t e pos it i on wh i l e
,
at

rest .

\t th e r th es e and othe r r e aso n s are or are n ot

th e r igh t o n es i t i s q u i te ce rta i n th at i n e v e ry
,

c o u n t ry of t h e ea rth a n d i n eve ry sys te m o f ,

1 54 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN .

'

m yth ol ogy wh ereve r s u n wo rs h i p

,
-
h as p re vai l e d

al l over t h e wo rl d i n fact — th e s erp e n t i s al way s

,

t h e s u re an d i nseparab l e sy m bol o f th e vari ou s

s u n god s
-
T he re i s l i tera l l y n o vari ety of m y t h o
.
, ,

l ogi cal w orsh i p i n w h i ch t h e serpe n t i s n ot t h e

ch i ef sym bo l o f t h e s u n .

I n p rocess o f t i m e t h e m a n y q ual i t i es real o r

, ,

s u ppose d o f t he s u n ca m e to be d e i fi e d each i n to
, ,

a separat e god A n an al ys i s o f m yth o l ogy wo u l d

.

p rove t h i s beyon d a d o ubt . A l l t hese god s how ,

eve r h av i n g bee n b u t o n e i n o ri gi n co n t i n u ed t o
, ,

ret ai n t he ori gi n al d i st i n ct i ve s u n symbo l t h e ser -

p en t . O n ce s tarte d on th e d ow n w ard path o f

i d ol at ry a l l n at i o n s we n t o n a d d i n g gr ad u al ly t o
,

t h e n u m bers of t h e i r gods . T he n by a c o m m u n i
,

cat i o n of a tt ri bu t es ,
p ri vi l eges a n d qu al i t i es
, ,
al l
t h es e god s sh ar i n g i n t he i d ol at rou s wors h i p of t h e
,

s u n c am e a l so t o s ha re w i t h h i m t h e h o nou r o f
,

h av i n g t h e se rpe n t as t he i r sy m bol F ro m t h i s i t .

fol l owed t h at th e se rpe n t beco m e t h e sym bo l o f ,

n u m ero u s o the r d e i t i es i n ti m e w as ad opted as ,

t h e ge n e ri c sy m bo l o f A LL d i vi n i ty Wh ereve r a .

d i vi n i ty w as wo rsh i pped t h e serpe n t i t s sy m bol , , ,

w as i n c o n stan t u s e a n d ve n e rat i on Yet th i s .

ven erat i o n w as gi ve n t o i t n o t for i tse l f b u t m e rel y

, ,

as t h e sy m b ol of t h e d iv i n i ty . Th i s I ,
am con
1 56 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED EI V .

forke d t on gu e a n d abov e a l l i ts d eat h gi vi n g

, , ,
-

p oi so n o us b i t e c o n s t i tu te i t a m os t m al i g nan t an d
,

t e rr i bl e an i m al H e nc e i t was d ee m ed t h e fi ttes t
.

t o beco m e th e sy m bo l o f t h e E v i l P ri n c i pl e A s .

t h e E vi l P ri n ci p l e s u ccee ded i n d raw i n g t o i ts el f

al l wo rsh i p t o th e a l m os t u t te r e xc l us i o n o f t h e
,

Good P ri n c i p l e , it came ,
in co u rse o f t i m e t o b e ,

l ooke d u po n as t h e p ri nc i pal ,
i f not th e s ol e
d i v i n i ty ; and i n co n seq u e n ce i ts s y m b ol t h e se r ,

p en t c a m e to b e regard e d as t h e ge n er i c sy m bo l
,

o f al l d i vi n i ty . O f t h i s ret i re m e n t o f t h e wo rs h i p
o f t h e Good befo re t h at o f th e E v i l P r i n c i p l e w e ,

h ave t w o cl e ar p roo fs am o n g th e m a ny th at m i gh t
,

b e ad d u ced i n t h e d epos i t i o n o f S at u rn fo l l owe d

, ,

b y t he t ri part i te re i gn o f J u p i t er N ept u n e a n d , ,

P luto ; and i n t h e abs o rbed se l f co nt em p l at i o n o f -

B ru h m , fol l owed by t h e re i gn o f t h e H i n do o
t ri n i t y B rah m a
, ,
V ai s h nu ,
and S h i va .

T h e s e rp e nt o r i gi n a l l y t h e sym bo l of t h e Evi l
,

P r i n ci pl e h avi ng i n t i m e b ec o m e t h e gen e ri c
,

sy m b ol o f a l l d i vi n i ty c am e t o be u sed al s o as th e
,

sym bol o f t h e Good P ri n c i pl e w he n eve r i t beca m e

n ecessary t o rep rese n t H i m . H e n ce t he we l l
k now n h i e roglyph o f th e t wo s e rp e nts s t ri vi ng fo r
t h e egg t h at i s — t h e G oo d a n d E vi l P ri n c i p l es
,

s ha ri n g th e d o m i n i o n o f th e ea rth .
 ORIGIN OF S ER P E N T I VOR S H I P
-
. 1 57

Th es e two so u rces o f th e o ri gi n o f t h e sy mbo l o f

th e serpe n t fo r th e D iv i n i ty s ee m t o accou n t p retty
,

sat i s facto ri l y for th e u n i ve rsal i ty a m o n g t h e h e a ,

th e ns o f sy m b ol i c o r i n d i rec t s e rpe n t wo rsh i p

,
-
.

A m o n g t h e j ews h oweve r t h e a u th o r o f a l l e v i l
, ,

was n o t reg ard ed as o n e of t w o equ a l gods The i r .

rel i gi o n was a p u re M o n ot h e i s m T h ey w e r e .

t au gh t th at th e au th o r o f al l e vi l w as S at an t h e ,

ch i e f o f th e an ge l i c powe rs wh i ch rebe l l e d aga i n s t

G od T h ey fou n d t hat t h e P r i n c i pl e o f
. Evi l a l l
a rou n d th e m was sy m bol i z ed by t h e se rpe n t .

H e n ce they a l so gave t h e n am e o f T h e S erpe n t

t o S ata n th e P ri n c i p l e i n th e i r sys te m o f al l Ev i l
, , ,
.

Th u s th i s rebe l an ge l ch i e f c am e t o b e
-
i ndi s cri m i
“ ”
nat e l y cal l ed S at an and the S e rpe n t , an d was
eq u al l y wel l u n d e rst oo d a n d k n ow n u n d e r bot h
t i t l es by th e j ews
,
.

S U M MA R Y or S ER P EN T -
WO R S I t I I ’
.

I m ay n ow b ri e f l y su m u p t h e r e s u l ts ob t ai ne d
i n th i s d i sc uss i o n o n s e rpe n t wo rsh i p W e h ave -
.

d r aw n the fol l ow i ng co ncl u s i o n s

1 R e al s erp e n t wo rsh i p d i r e ct l y p ai d t o
.
-

, th e

se rpe nt fo r i ts own s ake i s t oo l i m i t e d , and l oc al

t o m e ri t any s pec i al a tte n ti o n ; and as i t occu rs
 1 58 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED EN .

p rec i sely a m o n g th e m os t d egr ade d s p e ci m ep s

g
o
f
t h e h u ma n rac e we co nc l u d e t h at i t i s n ot a re l i c
,

p rese rved fro m th e d ep os i t o f a n c i e n t p u re a n d , ,

p ri m mval t rad i t i o n ,
b u t m ere ly a c ase o f l oc a l
h u m an d egen erat i o n .

2 . Even th e ve ry fe w c as es o f appa re n t ly d i rec t

se rpe n t wo rsh i p g i ve n b y w ri te rs o n t h i s s u bj e c t
-

a re fou n d ,
o n c l os e r e x a m i n at i o n t o b e e as i l y ,

res ol ve d i n to cases o f sy m b ol i c wo rsh i p as above ,

.

3 I n al l o t h e r cases s erpe n t w orsh i p i s fou n d t o -

.

b e m erel y a n i n d i rect ve n erat i o n o f t h e s e rpe n t a s ,

t h e sy mb ol e m b l e m s i gn o r rep rese n t ati o n o f

, , ,

so m e o th e r go d n otab l y t h e s u n ; w h i ch god a n d
, ,

n ot th e se rpe n t i tsel f i s t h e rea l obj ect o f wo rsh i p

,
.

4I n c ou rs e o f t i m e th e se rpe n t w as adop t ed as
.

t h e gen e ri c sy mb o l o f al l d i v i n i t y an d was u se d ,

as t h e e m bl e m o f b oth th e G o od and th e Evi l

P ri n ci p l e , b u t m o re s pec i al l y and freq u e n t l y o f¢ h e

l at t e r H e n ce a m on g t h e J e w s i t b eca m e both th e
.

e m bl e m an d t h e n a m e of S at a n .

5 T h e asse rted u n i ve rs a l i ty o f serpe n t wo rsh i p

.
-

th e refo re ,
i s n o t a fact . T h e s tate m en ts m ad e
( Dona? fi
de,
n o d o ub t b u t s t i l l w i th ou t obj ect i ve
,

t ru th ) a re d u e s ol el y t o t h e u n c ri t i c al wa n t o f d i s
t i ngu i s h i ng b etwee n re al a n d sy mbol i c se rpen t

w o rsh i p T h is d i st i n ct i on i s both esse n ti al i n i tsel f

.
,
1 60 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED EN

C H A PT E R XIII .

C O N C LU S I O N .

IT will be a u sefu l th i n g t o co n cl u d e w i th a b ri e f
s u m m ary o f wh at h as bee n s how n i n thes e pages .

We h ave see n t h at t h e i n te rp ret at i o n o f G en i i i . .

p rese n t s seri ou s d i ffi cu l t i es w h i c h re nd e r u n te n ab l e
,

t h e ex pl an at i on co m m o n l y rece i ved and th at

t h e oth e r t heo ri es a re abso l u te l y u n d eservi n g o f
s eri ou s co n s i d erat i o n . Th e obj ec t i o n s g i n st
a a t
h e

u se i n a n y way o f a bes ti a l s e rpe n t by S ata n o r

, ,

i ts ac t i ng o f i tse l f are m an y
,
.

I T h e s e rpe n t i s by n o m ean s th e m os t s u b t i l
.

o f al l l i v i ng be i n gs .

’
2 I t c ou l d n o t n at u ral l y t al k ; a n d S ata n s
.

t al k i n g t h rou gh i t wou l d h ave e n s u red th e d e fe at

’
o f h i s s ch e m e by ex c i t i n g E ve s s usp i c i o n s
,
.

3 . I t i s n ot c u rsed above a l l a n i m al s .

4 . G oi ng o n i ts bel l y i s to th e best i al se rpe n t

n o c u rse b u t o n l y i ts n at u ral m od e o f pro gre s
,

s i on .

5 I t d oes n ot an d can n ot feed o n d u st

. .

6 Th ere i s n o spec i al e n m i ty bet w ee n i t an d m an

.
,

above othe r a n i m a l s .

7 . God s j u st i c e wou l d n ot a l l ow H i m t o cu rs e
’
th e i n n oce n t a n d i rrat i o n al i ns t ru m e n t o f S at an s
m al i ce .

8 T h e R ed ee m e r d i d n ot , i n a ny s e n s e c r u sh
.
,

th e h e ad o f a n y best i al se rpe n t .

9 N o p art i cu l a r best i al se rpen t c ou l d h ave l i ved

.

”
t i l l the co m i n g of t h e S eed “
.

10 . Th e se rpen t i s n ot s ai d t o h av e co m e o r
go n e e i th e r
,
at t h e t i m e a n d pl ac e o f t he t e m ptat i on ,

o r at t h e t i m e a n d p l ace o f t h e con d e m n at i o n .

Ye t th e p rese n ce o f a b est i al s erpe nt u n d e r t h e ,

c i rc u m st ances wou l d n ot h ave bee n tol e rated by

,

A d am and Eve eve n i n th e i r h i d i n g pl ac e

,
-
.

1 1 A s th e tex t s pe ak s o f o n e s pec i al se rp e n t
.
,

th e re i s n o r at i o n al ex pl an at i o n wh i c h o f t he m any
was th e te m pt e r and h ow i t bec am e s u pe ri o r t o i ts
,

m ates .

12 . M ak i n g t h i s on e serpe nt t o be d i ffe re n t i n
w i sd o m and n at u re fro m th e oth e rs c o n t rad i cts , th e

S c ri pt u re ,
th a t all a n i m al s m al e
,
and fe m al e we re ,

c reated “
i n thei r k i nd .
1 62 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E IV .

1 3 . I f by “
the S e rpe nt i s m ean t th e best i a l
i n st ru m e n t o f t h en S atan h i m sel f th e rea l
S atan , ,

te m pte r as al l a d m i t i s n owh ere at a l l m e n t io n ed ,

i n t he sac red n arrat i ve .

14 . O n e s e rpe n t a l on e as t h e s ol e cau s e o f t h e
,

ev i l i s c u rsed H en ce i f i t were a b est i al o n e i t

, .
, ,

m u s t h ave l i ved t i l l i ts d eath d i ffere n tl y fro m othe r

, ,

s erpe n t s ,
wh i c h w o u l d be an om al ou s . O r th ey
m u s t h ave sh ared i ts cu rs e w i th o u t h av i n g h ad ,

a ny eve n m ateri al p art i n th e evi l T h i s wo u l d

, , .

b e u nj us t a n d abs u rd .

1 5 T h i s s e rpe n t i s rep rese n te d as a ct i n g o f h i s

.

ow n nat u ral pow ers fo r t h e re i s n o st at e m e n t o f a

,

s u peri o r b e i n g i n i t Thes e p owe rs h oweve r of th e

.
, ,

b es t i al se rpe n t a re i n co m p at i b l e w i th s u ch acts as
are re l ate d i n G en i i i . .

16 I t i s n ot s tated t o h ave bee n poss ess ed r

.

o ,

gu i d ed o r a i ded o r u sed by a ny o n e el s e for a

, , ,

p u rpos e th at was n o t i ts ow n T hat S ata n u sed .

a best i al se rpe n t i s t h erefore a p u re l y gratu i tou s

, ,

assert i o n u n fou n d ed i n th e n arrat i ve

,
. Th e tex t
“
speaks o f O N E BE N G I o n l y as t e mp t i n g th at i s , the
S erpe n t ,
”
and n o t of T W O , S at an and th e serpen t .

I 7 . T he l i te ra l s e nse o f t h e s ac re d n arrat i ve i s
v i ol ated by i nt rod u c i n g S ata n as possess i ng t h e
se rpe n t an d u s i n g i t fo r h i s p u rpos e .
1 64 TH E S E R P EN T OF ED EN .

pa rt i cu l ar best i al s e rpe n t i s ca l l ed par ex cel lence , ,

t h e S erpen t as h e e xp ress l y i s i n t h e H ebrew

,
”

t ex t .

Th ese obj ect i on s s ee m t o ren d er u n te n ab l e a l l

t heori es i n vol vi n g a ny part t ake n by a b est i a l
se rp e n t i n th e t e m ptat i on T h i s fai l u re au tho ri z es
.

u s to s eek for a ny fu rt h e r e xp l an at i o n that we m ay

be ab l e t o d raw fro m th e word s o f t h e H ol y S cri p
,

t u res t h em sel ves T h e n ecess i ty fo r t h at search

.

j u st i fi es u s i n q u i tt i n g t h e ass u m e d comm zcnem

s e nte nti a of F at he rs a n d co m m e n t at o rs as h as
m ,

bee n d o n e i n so m e s i m i l a r c as es w i t h advan t age

,
.

I n t he ve ry b eg i n n i n g o f s u c h a s earc h we fi n d , ,

o n c arefu l co n s i d erat i o n o f t he H eb rew t ex t t h at ,

ou r t ra ns l at i on s a re by n o m e an s st ri ct l y acc u rat e ,

th ou gh t h ey are ,
to al l i n te n ts a n d p u rposes ,

s u ffi c i e n t l y c orre ct We fi n d t h at th e accu rate

.

m ean i ng wo u l d ru n p rec i s el y th u s : A c ert a i n “

S erp e n t w as m o re i n te l l i ge n t th a n a l l t h e l i vi n g
be i n gs of th e earth t hat t h e Lord God h ad m ad e .

C u rs e d a rt t h o u ab ove a l l beas ts a n d ab ove

”
al l l i vi n g bei ngs o n t he earth .

We fi n d th at these word s a re abso l u tely in

appl i c abl e t o th e best i a l serp en t i n any reason ab l e ,

se n se . We fi n d o n fu rt he r ex am i n at i o n of th e
,

H ol y S crip t u res th at th ere i s a certa i n S e rpen t

,
 C ON CL US I ON . 1 65

rep eated l y m e n t i o n e d i n t he m w h i ch i s qu i t e d i s ,

t i n c t fro m t h e best i a l s e rpe n t a n d w h i ch ra n ks ,

a m on g th e ch i e f w o rks o f G od a n d w h i c h form erl y ,

h el d a very h i gh a n d e xal ted pos i t i o n i n t h e

u n i ve rs e We fi n d m oreove r t h at th i s S erpe n t i s
.
, ,

S e rpen t ,
“
e x p ress l y c al l e d The he of ol d an d
t h at h e i s t o e at d u s t at t h e e n d o f t he w o rl d . He
i s t h u s c l earl y d es i gn ated as t h e s am e be i n g w h o
i s m e nt i o n ed i n Ge n i i i . . We l e arn m o reove r t hat , ,

h e i s ex p ress l y m e nt i o ned as t h e s a m e be i n g w h o
”
u n de r o n e n a m e i s ca l l ed “
t h e S e rpe n t ; a n d u n d e r
“ ” ”
oth e r n a m es i s cal l e d t h e D rago n th e D ev i l ,
“
,

”
and S ata n We the re fo re co n c l u d e t hat by th e
“
.

S e rpe n t
“
wo rd s , the , i n G e n i i i the s ac red w ri te r
. .
,

m e an t n o b est i al o r app ari t i on a l serpe n t e i the r ,

work i n g o f i tsel f o r wo rk i n g u n de r ex te rn al and

s u pe ri o r a ge ncy ; b u t th at h e t he re m e an t t h i s
sa me S e rpe nt S at an , ,
c t i n g i n h i s ow n pe rs o n a n d
a

i n d i vi d u al i ty . We fi n d t h at o n l y ,
o ne Te m p te r
be i n g m e n t i o n ed ,
and th at o ne ,
as sh own be i n g
,

S at an c al l ed T h e S e rp e nt — th e re i s n o roo m
,
“
,
”

l e ft for s u ppos i n g t he p rese n ce o r act o f any othe r

serpe n t best i al o r ap p ari t i o nal
,
.

On fu rt he r co n t i n u i n g ou r e x am i nat io n o f t h e
s ac red n arr at i ve o f Ge n i i i and c o m p ari n g i t w i t h
. .
,

paral l e l p ass ages o f H ol y S c ri pt u re , we fi nd t ha t

1 66 TH E S E R P E N T OF E D EN .

i n th e n arrat i ve S at an t h e S erpe n t fi ts i n as
,
“
,

app rop ri atel y and n at u ral l y as t he bes t i al se rpen t

,

h ad bee n co m p l etel y ou t o f p l ace a n d i m poss i bl e .

We co n cl u d e ,
th e re fore ,
t h at i n G en . iii .
“
th e
S erpen t
”
i s l i t eral l y a n a m e o f S atan t o th e e x ,

e l u s i on o f a n y oth e r se rpe n t as h e i s h i mse l f a

,

”
rea l serpen t n ay par ex cellence th e S erpe n t
, , ,
“
.

M any reas o ns u rge u s t o h ol d t h at t h e S e rp en t

m ean s S ata n al o n e a n d b y h i m se l f .

I S ata n was i t i s ad m i tted by a l l th e real

.
, ,

agen t i n th e t em pt at i on Ye t th ro ugh ou t Ge n i i i
.
, . .
,

h e i s n ei th e r m e n t i o n e d no r h i n ted at u n l es s i t be ,

”
d on e u n de r th e t i t l e of t h e S e rp e n t “
E i the r .
,

t he re fo re , S ata n d i d n oth i ng ; o r h e d i d eve ryth i n g ,

”
a n d t h e n h e al o n e i s h i m se l f t h e S erpe nt .

2 . t h e S erpe nt ce rtai n l y i s (as th e

S at an , “
,

best i al se rpen t i s n ot ) th e m os t s u bti l a mon g al l

l i vi n g be i n gs o n th e ea rth ; fo r h e h ad bee n o nce
a l ead e r am on g eve n t h e greatest an gel s an d h e h as ,

n ot l ost h i s n at u ral facu l t i es a n d powers by h i s fa l l .

3 . A s tart l i n g p rete r n at u ra l ph e n o m en on l i ke ,

th e t al k i n g o f a best i al se rp e n t w i th a h u m a n vo i ce ,

wo u l d h av e been n o p roo f o f s u bt i l i ty b u t j ust t h e ,

reve rs e ; fo r i t wou l d h ave b ee n c al c u l ate d o f i ts ,

“
ve ry n at u re t o d efeat th e p u rp ose w h i ch t h e
,

S erpen t h ad i n v i ew .
 1 68 TH E S E R P EN T OF ED E IV.

p u n i sh m e n ts — i s record ed becau se t h ey bega n a t ,

’
o n ceT he S e rpe n t s c u rs e i s n ot re l ate d as h av i n g
.

begu n A n ot h e r S c ri p t u re t el l s u s t h at i ts ope ra
.

t i o n was n ot t o b e com p l ete d for ages to co m e .

T h i s co n fi rm s th e i m p ress i o n t h at i t was a s p i r i t u al ,

a n d n ot a m ate ri al cu rse , . H e n ce G en i i i d oes n ot

. .

d es cr i be i t as eve n begi n n i n g t o op e rat e .

7 . t h e S erpe n t
E ach c l au s e o f th e cu rs e o n “
,

w h i c h m akes absol u te n o n s e ns e i n t h e s u ppos i t i o n

o f a b es t i a l serp en t i s app rop ri at el y ver i fi ed i n a
, ,

defi n i te sc ri ptu ra l s en se ,
i n t h e s u pp os i t i o n of
S ata n bei n g the S erpe n t .

8 . If S atan the Se rpe nt

w as n ot h i m sel f “
,

th e n h e al o n e o f al l t h os e co n ce rn ed i n t he fal l
, ,

w o u l d escape w i th o u t a ny p u n i sh m e n t w h atsoeve r ,

al t h o ugh h e was real ly t h e m os t gu i l ty o f al l a n d , ,

in fac t th e p r i m e m ove r a n d c au se o f al l th e
,

evi l .

9 . S at a n d i d an d n o ot h e r th e n l i vi n g s e rp e n t
,

c ou l d co n t i n u e t o l i ve t i l l th e S eed o f th e w o m an
,
“

ca m e i n t h e P e rs o n of o u r L o rd j es u s C h ri st to
, ,

c ru sh h i s he ad ; th at i s t o s ay to repai r th e e ffect s
,

o f th e fal l .

IO . W i t h t he s u bs t i t u t i o n o f S ata n as the “

”
S e rpe n t a l l t h os e d i ffi c u l t i es w h i ch u n qu est i on
,

ab l y at te n d t h e sacre d n a rrat i ve i n Ge n i i i va n i s h . .
,
 C ON CL 05 1 ON . 1 69

at o n c e a n d i t beco m es pe rfect l y i n t el l i gi b l e a n d
,

reasonab l e .

1 1 . Th i s i n t e rp retat i o n m akes n o grat u i to u s

s u ppos i t i o n s o n wh i ch a l l oth ers a re m a n i fes t l y
,

gro u n d ed .

12 . S at an t h e S e rpe n t i n
i s e xp ressl y c al l e d “

seve r al passages o f H o l y S c ri pt u re a n d i n m a n y ,

o f th e m w i t h s pec i al al l u s i o n s t o G e n i i i . .

1 3 . T h i s i s t herefo re a pe rfec t l y l i te ral n ay th e

, , , ,

o n ly real l y l i te ral i n te rp ret at i o n o f G e n i i i w i t h

,
. .
,

ou t su ppos i t i o ns al l ego r i es m yt hs m etapho rs o r

, , , ,

i m poss i bi l i t i es .

S at an s head was b ru i se d by th e d eat h o f

’
14

o u r Lo rd ; a n d S ata n d i d m etaph o r i cal l y b ru i s e

H i s hee l i n H i s P ass i o n T h es e two cl au ses can n o t
, . ,

i n any poss i bl e se n se be m ad e ,
a p pl i c abl e t o a

best i a l s e rpe n t .

l h ave m o reove r co n s i de re d t h e s ac re d n arrat i ve

, ,

i n i t s s u pposed co n n ect i o n w i t h s e rpe n t w o rs h i p ; -

and I h ave I t ru s t p roved t h at n o a rgu m e n t can

, ,

be d r awn fro m se rp e n t wo rsh i p ag ai n s t t h e i n te r -

p re tat i o n wh i c h I h ave ad voc at ed o r i n favo u r o f ,

th e p as t t h eo ri es l h ave al so t ri ed to fu rn i sh a
.

s at i s facto ry and su ffi c i e n t re aso n wh y S at an c am e

t o b e cal l ed T h e S e rpe n t by M oses ”
.

H av i ng n ow reac hed th e e nd o f m y t as k I h ave ,

1 76 TH E S E R P E N T OF ED E N .

bu t a few m ore words t o ad d . I h ave t ri e d n ot

t o be u n d u l y severe o r h arsh i n c ri t i c i z i n g o the r
t h eori es an d i n te rp retat i on s . I h ave t ri ed t o gi ve
a c l ear V i ew o f each ; t o s t at e s u cci n ct l y th e fi
di f
cu l t i e s i n i ts
way t o pu t fu l ly w h at i s ad van ce d i n
,

i ts d efe n ce a n d t o st at e p l ai n l y wh at I con s i d e red

,

i ts d e fec ts . I h ave ve n t u red t o ad va n ce an oth e r

th eo ry a n d i n terp ret at i o n ,
t ak i n g m y k ey fro m
R ev (A poca lypse ) x i i
. . I w i s he d t o sh ow t h at t h i s
i nte rp retat i on i s th e o n l y s t ri ct ly l i te ral o n e ; th at
i t m akes n o grat u i to u s s u ppos i t i on s u n fou n d ed i n ,

H ol y W ri t ; t h a t i t fi ts p e rfect l y a n d n at u ral l y
i n to t h e s ac red n arr at i ve ; th at i t app rop ri at el y
su i t s eve ry cl au s e o f t he tex t ; t h at i t obvi ates al l
t h e d i ffi cu l t i es at ten d i n g th e o th er i n t erp ret at i on s
t h at i t h as t h e u s age o f S cr i ptu re i n i ts favou r ; an d
th at i t p rese n ts th e s ac re d n arrat i ve befo re ,
u s,

n ot o n l y as a poss i b l e occu rre n ce ,

b u t i t al s o
fu rn i sh es a p rob ab l e ,
n at u ral ,
co ns i ste nt ,
a pp ro
p a n d
ri at e , rat i o n a l ex p l an at i o n o f t h e m an ne r i n
wh ich th e S erp e n t — S atan — tem p ted Eve a n d
“
,

was p u n i sh e d fo r h i s c ri m e . T h i s i s wh at I w i sh e d
to do ; i t i s for oth ers to j u d ge w i th wh at s u ccess
I h ave t r i ed .
1 72 AP P E N D I X .

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 AP P EN DI X . 1 73

G EN ES I S I I I F R OM T H E G R EEK S EP T U AG I N T .
,

(T I S C H EN D O R F S ED I T I O N O F T H E C o nEx V A T I C A N U S )
’
.

O 82 O tpcg fi fi On
V l
I . v Op o vi y c r am i vrw v v
g 7 rc pi wv
1 A A
7 1 d I Q 11 A

mv a ro mas
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Edi t i on C r w n 8v cl o t h 1 6d ; pap r c v e rs 1
. o o, , 5 . e o ,
5 .

D EN T 11 C , . A Y e ar i n B raz i l
. W i t h N o t e s n R e l i g i on M t e r
-
o , e o
l gy N at r al H i s t o ry tc M aps and I ll u str at i ns D e m y
o o , u , e . o .

8 vo , 1 85 .

D o ct o r F au s t Th e O l d . G e r m an P u ppe t P l ay , t u r ne d i nt o Engl i s h ,
w i t h I ntr od ct i n u o , e tc , by T C H H ED D ER W I C K Larg e
. . . . .

p st 8 v 7
o 6d o, 5 . .

D O WD E /V, E dw ard, L L D —S h ak p e . . s re : a C r i t i cal S t dy

u OI h is
i
M nd and A rt Ei h h Ed o n I . g t iti .
’
O st 8 vo , 1 25 .

S tu d i es in L i t e rat u re , 1 7 8 9- 1 8 7 7 . F ou rt h Edi t i o n . La rg e
p o s t 8 vo , 65 .

T ran s cri p t s and S t u d i e s . La rge po st 8 ve .

Du l ce D om u m . F cap 8vo , 5 5 . .
 K egan P au l ,
Trenc/c 67 6035 P u bl i cati om .
9

DU l l ON CE L, Com
r m—T h e T el eph o ne , th e M i cro p h o ne , and
t h e P h o no rap h g . W i th 74 I ll u s t r at i ons . T h i d Edi r ti o n.

S m a c o n 8 vo , ll r w
D U N N , I f P eron .
—I nf ant H e al t h . Th e Ph y si l ogy o and H yg i e ne
o fEa L rl y i f e . C r o w n 8vo .

D L3R U Y, Wotan —H i t o ry o f R o m e and t h e R s o m an P eop e l .

Edi ed P o M t FF \V i h ne aby r f
3000 . AHA Y . t rly I l l str at i ons
u .
4 t0 .

6 vo l s i n 1 2 p a , 3 0 5 e ach vo l
. rts . .

Ed u t
ca i o n Li H I L I P M AG N U S
b ra r y . Edi t ed by Sir P
A n I nt ro d c t i o n t o th e H i s t o ry of E d u cat i o nal
u

T h eo r i e s B y O S C A R B R OW N I N G M A S c nd Edi t i n
.
, . . e o o .

O l d G re e k E d u ca i o n t . B y th e R e v P . r f o . M A I LI F F Y , M A . .

S e co nd Ed i o n 3 5 6d it . . .

S ch ool M ana g e m e nt .I ncl di ng a g n r al v i w o f th w k

u e e e e or

o fEdu ca o n, O ani z ti rg at i n and D i s ci pl i n

o B y J O S E P H LAN D O N e . .

S i xt
h Edi i o n 6 5 t . .

E D I VA II D E S ,
’
l i l aj or General S i r H erbe rt B M em -
.
— o ri a ls of h is
Li fe and L e t e r l l y h i s \V te \V h P o t s . i . it rt r ai t and I l l st r a
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t i ns
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D e m S ve , 3 65 . .

ELS D A LE H n y —S t u d i e s i n T e nny s o n s I d y l l s C r o w n8 vo 5
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, e r .
,
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E m e rs o n s ( R al p h W al d o ) L i f e
’
B y O L IV E R \V EN D EI J H O L M E S . . .

Engl i h C py r i g h t Edi t i n \Vi t h P rt r ai t

s C r w n 8v 6
o o . o . o o, 5 .

F an K w ae a t C ant o n b e f o re T re at y D ay s 1 8 2 5 1 8 4 4
“ ” -
.

B y an ld R s i d nt W i t h I r nti pi c
o C r wn8v 5 e e .
’
o s e e . o o, 5 .

F i v e o c l o ck T e a C nt ai ni ng R c i pt s f C ak s S av ry S and
’
. o e e or e , ou

w i ch s tc l ap S v cl t h 1 6d pap r c v rs 1
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i
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5 .

—S t d i e S i n t h e P o e t ry o f R o b e r t ll

B ro w ni ng C r w n Sv 6 . o o . 5 .

C A R D I N /E R , S am u el and 7 B ASS .

I t
n ro d u c i o n to t h e S u d o f E ng i s h H i s t t y l t o r y . S e co nd
it i
Ed o n La e c o n 8 m , 9 5 . rg r w .

G e ne s i s i n A d ance o f P v re s e nt S c i e nce . A C ri t i cal n e a on I v st i g t i

o f t h a tcrs I
p
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. i y a Se p t u ag e na ri an l i e ne fice d I ’
re s l ry te r .

I l e m y S W ) , 1 0 5 6d . .

C l i OR G /i , [l e ng th — P o gre s s a nd P o e r : An n u n o th e r v ty I q i ry i t
C au s es I
of n du ia I l cprcs s i o ns and o f nc e as e o f Wan w rt li str l , I r t
I r snc e a e o f \Vcal th T h e R e me d Fi h L b a Ed o n . y . ft i r ry it i .

st
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ab i ne Edi i o n C o w n SW) , 2
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h e ap Ed o n i l t
L m p c o h , 1 5 (I d ; pape co e , 1 5 . . r v rs .

P ro t e c t i n o r F r e e T r ad e o ,
. A n Ex am i nat i n f th o o e Ta r i ff
Q st
uei n w i t h s p ci al r g ar d t
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Edi t i n C r w n S v 5 o . o o, 5 .
10 A L ist o f

G E OR GE , l i onry cou l i nu ed .
— .

S o ci al P ro l e m F o u h Th o u sand b s . rt . C r w n 8 vo
o , sr . Ch e ap

iti
Ed o n, pape co e , I J r v rs ’
.

GI LB E R T , Ah a —A g rap h y u tob i o , and oth e r M em o r i al s .

Edi t e d by J OS I A H G I LB E R T . Fi h ft Ed i t i on . C r ow n 8y o ,
7s 6d . .

GL A N VI LL , 7 oreplz — S ce p i Ig r
S ci e nt i i ca ; o r, C o nte s t no ance ,
. ss f
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of Do ma iz n
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h t ry ss y by
n o du c o E a , .

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8 vo , p n e d o n h and m ade pape , 63 .
-
.

G l o ss ary o f T e rm s and P h ras e s Edi t d by th e R v H P ER C Y . e e .

S M I TH and o t h e rs
.

S cond and C h ap r Edi t i o n M e di m . e e e . u

8 y o, 7 s 6 d . .

GL O VE R , F l, fil A E x e m p l a L at i na A F s on
.
—
u n B o ok , . i r t C str i g
wt i h Sho rt
N o e , Le co n, and an n o du c on to th e A na s t s xi I tr ti lys i
o fS e n e nces t
S e co nd Edi o n F cap 8 y o , 2 s . ti . . .

G O OD E N O U GIV, Com m odore G M em .

— o i r o f, w i t h Ext r acts fr m o

h i s Le e s and o u na tt r
Ed e d J r ls . it by h i s W i d w W i th S t el o . e

En a e d P o ai gr v
T h d Ed o n rt r t ir . iti . C row n 8 y o, 53 .

G OR D ON , C G H i s J o u rnal s at K art o u m
M aj or General -
. .
— .

r t
fr r gi l
P i n e d o m th e o i na M S W h n odu c o n and N o e b y
i t I tr ti t s .

A EG O M NT
. I IAK E Po r tr i t
a , 2 M ap , and 3 0 su a on I ll st r t i s . .

v ls y
T w o o , de m 8 y o , 2 1 5 ls C . iti
A o a h e ap Ed o n i n 1 vol , 6x . . .

G o rd o n s ( G e ne ral ) L as t J o u rnal A F acs i m i l e o f th e l ast

’
.

J r nal r c i v ed i n Engl and fr om G EN E RA L G O R D O N R p r

ou e e . e o

d ce d by P h t o l i t h gr aph y
u I m pe r i al 4 t £ 3 o -
o . o,

E v e nt s i n h i s L i f e F r m th e D ay o f h i s B i rt h to th D ay i . o e o

h i s D e at h B y S i r H \V G O RD O N .\V i t h M aps and I l l s . . . u

trati ons S e c nd Edi t i n . Dem y 8 o 7 6d o o . y , s. .

G OS S E E dm nd — S e v e nt e e nt h C e nt u ry S t u d i e s
, u A C o‘ nt r i .

b u ti n to th e H i st o ry o fEngl i s h P o e t ry
o D my 8 v 1 0 6d . e o, 5 . .

G O U LD k m S B ari ng [ MA —G e rm any
, . . P re s e nt and P ast , . .
,
.

N w and C h e ap r Edi t i n Larg e cr w n 8 vo 7 6d

e e o . o ,
s . .

T h e V i car o f M o rw e ns t o w A Li f o f R b rt S t ph e n . e o e e

H aw k r C r wn 8v 6 e . o o, 5 .

G O WA N [Il a/ Wall E —A I vano ff s R u ss i an G ram m a r ’

“

, or er . . .

( 1 6 th Edi t i n ) T r ansl at d nl arg d and arr ang d f r o . e f e , e e , e o us o

S t d nt s fth e R u ss i an Lang ag
u e oD my 8 v 6 u e . e o, 5 .

C O N/ E R L d R nald M y R e m i ni s ce nce s M I N I A T U R E ED I T I O N
, or o . .
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p r i nt d on h and m ade pap r l i mp par ch m nt ant i q

e 10 6d e e u e, 3

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-
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\Vi nd S p r r y al 8 v
so r . u e o o .

L as t D ay s o f M ary A nt o i ne t t e A n H i st r i cal S k e t ch . o .

W i t h P rt r ai t and F acsi m i l es F cap 4 t I O 6 d

o . . o,
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H A I VE /S , H . ZiL 4 . .
-
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U ns e ct ari an F am i l y P ray e rs . N e w Edi t i o n . F cap . 8 y o,

15 6d
—W
. .

HA I V TH OR JVE , A’afl mm el
’

. o rk s . C ompl e t e in T w l v e V l u m es
e o .

Larg e po st 8 y o , 7 5 6d . . e ach v l u me o .

[J EA TH , F ram i 5 Ge orge —A u tu m nal L e ave s . Th i rd and ch e ape r

Ed o n La e c iti
r o w n 8 v 65 . rg o, .

S y l v an W i nt e r W i t h 7 0 I l l st rat i ons Larg e cr w n 8vo 1 4 . u . o ,

5 .

H e g e l s P h i l o s o p h y o f F i ne A rt
’
T h I nt r o d ct i on tr ansl at e d by . e u ,

B E R NA RD B O S A N Q U E I C r wn 8 5 ’ ‘
. o y o, 5 .

H EA’ N E S S Y S i j / m P p —R al e g h i n I re l and
,
r W i t h h i L tt rs
o o e . s e e

on I r i s h A F
fai r and s m C nt m po r ary D c m e nts sLarg e cr w n o e o e o u . o

8 v p r i nt d n h and m ade pap r par ch m nt 1 0 6d

o, e o -
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5 . .

HE N R Y P i l p — D i ari e s a nd L e t t e rs o f Edi t d by M A TTH E W

’

,
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H EN R Y LEE M A Larg e cr w n 8 vo 7 6d , . . o ,
5 . .

HHV TON 7 —L i f e and L e t t e rs

, . W i t h an I ntr d ct i n by S i r \V . o u o .

\V G U LL B art . and P rtr ai t e ngr av e d o n S t

,
l by C H Je e n.
, o ee . . s .

F i ft h Edi t i n C r w n 8 vc 8 6 d o . o , 5. .

P h i l o s o p h y and R e l i g i o n S l e ct i o ns fr m th e M anu s cr i pt s f . e o o
th l at J am s H i nt n
e Edi t d by CA R O L I N E H A DD O N
e e S c nd o . e . e o

Edi t i n C r wn8 5 o . o y o, 5 .

T h e L aw B re ak e r and T h e C o m i ng o f t h e L aw ,

Edi t d b y M A R G A R E T H I N T O N
.

e C r wn 8v 6 . o o, 5 .

T h e M y s t e ry o f P ai n N w Edi t i on F cap 8 v I . e . . o, 5 .

H o m e r s I l i ad G r e k t x t w i t h a T r ansl at i on by J G C O R D LR Y
’
. e e ,
. . .

2 v ls D m y 8 v 2 45
o . e o, . I

H OOP E R M a y a— L i t t l e D i nne rs : H o w t o S e rv e t h e m w i th
, r

E l e g ance and E co no m y T w nt i t h Edi t i n C r wn . e e o . o

8y o, 25 . 6d .

C o o k e ry fo r I nv al i d s P e rs o ns o f D e l i cate D i g e st i o n , ,

and C h i l d re n F i ft h Edi t i o n C r w n 8 2 6d o y o, 5

E v e ry —
. . . .

D ay M e al s B e i ng Ec n m i cal and W h l e s om e R eci p s . o o o e

f r B r ak fast L nch o n and S pp r

o e S v nt h Edi t i n C r w n
, u e , u e . e e o . o

8 ve , 25 . 6d .

H OP /( I N S , [fl /i ce .
—W o rk am o n g s t W o r k i ng M en . S i xt h
Edi i o n t . Cr wn8 o y o, 35 . 6d .

H OR N /I D A l , W 7 T—T w ’
. o Y e a rs ina J u ng l e . Wi th I l l st r at i ns
u o .

D e m y 8 vo , 2 1 5 .

l l OS P / TA LI E R , E —
T h e M o d e rn A p p l i cat i o n o f E l e ct ri ci t y s .

I S M I , Ph D 2 o
.

r sl t
T an a e d and En a e d l rg by J U L U A ER . . v ls .

S e co nd Ed i o n, R e e d, it
h m an add on and nu m e o u s vis wit y iti s r
I l l str t
u a ion De m 8 y o , 2 5 5 s . y .
 K egrm P au l, Trenc/i 65
’
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H O WA R D , R ooert , [M A —T h e C h . . u rch E n l a nd and of g o th e r

R e l i g i o u s C o m m u ni o ns . A co u e o fLe c u e de rs t r s l i ve re d in
th e Pa r i sh C h u rch of C l aph am . Cr
o w n 8 ro , 7 5 6d . .

H ow to M ak e S ai nt ; o r, T h e a Pr o ce ss of C anoni at i z on i n th e
Ch r u ch o fEn and B y th e P R gl . IG . F cap 8 vo , 3 5 . 6d .

H U A’ TE R ,
—B i t s o f O l d C h i na S mal l cr o w n 8 y o
C . .
, 65 .

11 VN D /PL4 /V, H . AL —T h e H i s t o ri cal B as i s o f S o ci al i s m in

E n l a nd g . La rg e c o r w n 8 vc , 85 . 6d .

I D D ES L E I G H , E arl o/C—T h e P l e as u re s , D ange r s, and U s e s

o f D e s u l t o ry R e ad i ng F cap 8 ro , i n \Vi ratm an pape r . .

co e v r , 15 .

Li ! TI N / R N , E ve rard E —A m o ng t h e nd i a n o f G u i ana I s .

i g y t r
B e n S k e ch e , ch i e fl an h o po o c, o m th e t
n e o o fB r sh i ti s l g i fr I t ri r
G u i ana W h 5 3 u ra o n and a M ap D e m 8 vo , 1 85
it I l l st t i s . . y .

7 A C C OU D P of S — T h e C u ra b i l i t y a nd T re at m e nt o f P u l
,
r . .

m o na r y P h t h i s i s T ransl at e d and e di t d by I I O N l A G U
' ‘

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LU B B O C K M D D my 8 15 , . . e y o, 5 .

i n a I u nk A T n Days C i i n I nd an S e as Larg e cr o w n
’
. e ru se i .

8 ro , 7 5 . 6d .

E .
, and R A VM ON D , 7 —Th e . A rch i t e ct
’
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H a nd b oo k . T i ri rd Ed o n, r vis iti e ed . Cr o w n 8 y o , 65 .

l rw C anon l i C —H e ra l d r y E ng l i s h and F o re i g n
’ ’
. . . .

\Vi tlr a D i c o na ti ry of li e raldrc Te r m s and 1 5 6 I l l t r at i n us o s.

ll r w
S m a c o n 8 vo , 3 5 6d . .

T h e S t o ry o f t h e C a ra ii a : t h e P o nt i ficate o f P au l I V .

S mal l cr w n 8 v 3 6 1 o o, 5 . 1 .

7 O E L
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. .
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m as t e r s P ra c t i ca l G u i d e i n t h e i r T r a ns ac t i o ns
’

A b ro ad \ Vi t h D fi ni t i ns f N a t i cal M r cant i l
. and L g al e o o u , e e, e

T r m s ; a G l ssary
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o o e e e ,
e ,

G r man I t al i an and S pani s h ; T abl s f t h

e ,
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and M as u r s f th P i nci m i C m m r ci al N at i ns and t h i r

e e o e r o e o e

Eq i val e nt s i n B r i t i sh S t an ar ds ; and F o r ms o f C ns l ar and

u o u

N o t ar i al A ct s D e m y 8 v9 1 25 .
, .

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. .
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.

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p o a o n i n Ea e n E u a o a A ca, i t x l r ti
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and a G e ne ral D e sc p o n o f t h e N a u a H Lan u a e , ri t i t r l i st r g g s
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C rW i t 6 M ap , and ili r t ri t s '

and o m m e ce o f th e K ma n a o D i s c -
.

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D e m 8 vc, 2 1 5 by y . .

7 OR D A V .
, F u rneau x , E R O S —A nat o m y and P h y s i o l o g y i n
C h arac e r own 8 ro , 5 5 t . Cr .

YO YCE, P , LL D. W . .
, eta —O l d C e l t i c R om ance s . T r anslat ed
fr om th e G ael i c . C r ow n8vo , 7 5 6d . .
14 A L i st f
o

K A U F AI A N N , R ev M s m : i ts N at re i ts Dange rs
.
, B A — S o ci al i . . u , ,
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and i ts R e m e d e si r C r w n 8 vo 7 6d co n de e d o .
,
5 . .

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o , o , o
M r e t K arl M arx
o C r o w n 8vc 5
o .
, 5.

R A Y D avi d
,
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, . .

7 5 . 6 a’ .

[CA l ’ , 7 a5 epli —F re e T rad e i n L and . by h i W i do w W i t h

Edi t e d s .

J O H N B R I G HT M P S e ve nt h
.

r fac by
P e g t
e th e R i h H on .
, . .

Edi t i n Cr w o . o n 8y o , 55 .

A ls a ch e ape r e di t i on w i t h o t th A ppe ndi x b u t w i t h a R v i w

o , u e , e e

fR c nt C h ang es i n th Land Law s o fEngl and by th R I G HT

o e e e , e

H O N G OS B O R N E M O R G A N Q C M P
. . C l o t h 1 5 6d pape r , . .
, . .
, . .

c v e rs 1o , 5 .

R EL/( E W H H — A n E p i t o m e o f E ng l i s h G ram m ar fo r
, . . . .

t h e U s e o f S t u d e nt s A dapt e d t th L nd n M at r i cu l at i on . o e o o

C ou r se and S i m i l ar Ex am i nat i ons C r w n 8 vo 4 6d . o , 5 . .

K E /l/P I S T/ ma5 a—o r t h e I m i t at i o n o f C h ri s t P ar ch m e nt

L i br a y Edi t i n —P ar ch me nt o r cl o t h 6
,
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r v e l l 'm 7 6d T h e
o , 5. u , 5 . .

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e 6a T h e C ab i n t
o , .
, , 5 . . e

Edi t i n s m al l 8 v cl t h l i m p I
o , cl o t h b o ar ds 1 6d T ireo, o , 5 .
, 5. .

M i ni at r e Edi t i n cl t h l i m p 3 2 m o 1
u o , o , ,
5 .

A l l th e ab v Edi t i o ns m ay b h ad i n v ar i o s e xt r a b i ndi ngs

o e e u .

N o t e s o f a V i s i t t o t h e S ce ne s i n w h i ch h i s L i f e w as
s p e nt \Vi t h n m e r o s I ll st r at i ons B y F R C R U I S E M D
. u u u . . .
, . .

D m y 8 vo 1 2e ,
5.

K E T TLE WE LL R eo S — T h o m as a K e m p i s and t h e B ro t h e r s
, . .

o f C om m on L i fe W i t h P o rtr ai t S e cond Edi t i on C r o w n . . .

8 vo , 7 5 6d
—
. .

7 o5 ep/z , M D T h e L aw s o f T h e rap e u t i cs ; o r, th e S cience

. .

and A rt o fM e di ci ne S e co nd Edi t i on C r o wn 8 vo, 65

—
. . .

R I N GS F OR D , A m za, [M D T h e P e r e ct W ay in Die A . . f t .

r t is v
T e a e ad o ca n a R e u n to th e N a u a and Anc e n F ood o f ti g t r t r l i t
o u r R ace T h d Ed on S ma c o n 8 vo , 2 5
. ir iti . ll r w .

[( I N GS LE Y, C/rarles , M A .
— L e t t e rs and M e m o ri e s ofh i s Li fe .

Ed e d h is W e
i t by if . W i th t l
tw o S e e En a e d P o gr v rt r ai ts and ,

V ne e s o n W ood
i g tt . S i xt een h t C bi t
a ne Ed o n 2 o iti . v l s C r ow n .

8 vo , 1 2 5 .

A l so a P e op l ’
e s Edi t i o n, i n o ne vo l u me . Wi t h Po rtr ai t . C rown
8 vo , 65 .

A l l S ai n ts D ay and o t h e r S e r m ons Edi t ed by th e R e v \V

’
, . . .

H A R R I SO N T h i r d Edi t i n C r o w n 8 vo 7 6d . o .
, 5 . .

T ru e W o rd s fo r B ra v e M e n o r S l di e r s
’
A B k f and . oo o

S ai l o r s L i br ar i es S i xt nt h T h ou sand C r o w n 8 2 6d
’
. ee . y o, 5. .

K N OX A l and A —
,
ex T h e N e w P l ay gro u nd
er r W and ri ngs i n
. o , e

A lg e r i a N e w and C h ap r Edi t i n
. Larg cr o w n 8 v 6 e e o . e o
,
5 .
111 A CA U L A l ", G C . .
-
F ranci s B e au m o nt A C r i t i cal S t u dy C r . ow n
8 vo , 5 5 .

I l/A C/I /A VE L LI , N z eeol a f e and T i m e s B y P r f V I LL AR I

’

-
Li o
r sl t by I N DA I LL A R I 4 v o ls Large post 8 vo 4 8
. . . .

T an a e d L V . .
,
5 .

D i s co u rs e s o n t h e F i rs t D e cad e o f T i t u s L i v i u s T r ans .

l at d fr m th I t al i an by N I N I AN H I LL T H O M S O N M A Larg
e o e , . . e
cr w n 8 vo 12 o, 3 .

T h e P ri nce T r ansl at e d fr m th I t al i an by N H T S mal l

. o e . . .

cr o w n 8 v p r i nt e d o n h and m ade pap r b v l l d b ar ds 6

o, -
e , e e e o , s .

IJI A C N E I LL, 7 G . . S w if l —H o w th e . U ni o n w as carri e d .

Cr w
o n 8 vo , c l t o h , I s 6d pape co . . r v rse , Is .

I 11 A GN U S , Lady —A b o u t t h e J e w s s i nce B i b l e T i m e s F o m th e . r
B ab o n an E i e yl i
th e En i h E o du x l t i ll
ll r w
S m a c o n 8 vo , 6s gl s x s . .

111 A G U I R E Th om a —L e c t u re s o n P h i l os o p h y
, s. D my 8v 9 . e o, x .

M any V o i ce s A v l m f Extr act s fr m th R l i g i s W r i t e

. o u f e o o e e ou r
s o

C h r i st nd m fr m th F i rst to th e S i x t nt h C nt y W i t h
e o o e ee e ur .

B i gr aph i cal S k t ch s
o C r w n 8 vo cl t h e xtr a r d dg s 6 e e . o , o , e e e , s .

AI A A K H A /ll Capt A l b rt H a t i ng [8 1V T h e G re a t F ro z e n S e a
’
. e s s, . .
-

A P rs nal N arr at i v
e o fth V y ag fth A l t d r i ng th A rct i c e o e o e o e er u e

E x p di t i n f 1 8 7 5 —
e 6 W i t h 6 f ll pag I l l str at i ons 2 M aps
o o . u -
e u , ,

and 2 7 \Vo o dc ts S i xt h and C h ap r Edi t i on u C r w n 8 vo 6

. e e . o , x .

Ill A I T/ N E A U
r
’
C a rm l a —O u tl i ne L e ss o ns o n M o ral s
,
e S m al l .

cr o w n 8 v 3 6d o, s. .

I II A S ON Ch a l tt M —H o m e E d u cat i o n a C o u r se o f Le ct r s t
,
r o e u e o

Ladi e s C r o w n 8v 3 6 d
. o, r. .

M att e r and E ne r g y : A n Ex am i nat i n fth F ndam e nt al C nc p o O e u o e

cep t i ns f P h y i cal F r c
o oBy B L L S mal l cr o w n 8 v 2
s o e. . . . e , 5 .

IVA UD S LE Y H AL D —B o d y and W i l l
, . .
, B i ng an Ess ay c n. . e o

ce r ni ng W i l l i n i ts M e t aph y si cal Ph y si ol g i cal and P at h o l g i cal

, , o , o

A spe cts . 8 vo , 1 25 .

N at u ral C au s e s and S u p e rnat u r al S e e m i ngs . S econd

Edi t i on C r o w n 8 vo , 6 s . .

M e GItA TH
’
, Tere n
ce —P i ct u re s f ro m I re l and . New and C h eap r e

Edi t i o n C r ow n 8 vo , 23 .

—T h
.

M ER E D I TH , M A . e o t ok o s , t h e E x am p l e fo r W o m an.
D edi cat e d, by pe rm i s si o n, to y Lad A ne s Wood Re g . v i sed by
th e V e ne r ab l e Ar ch deacon D EN I SON li mp cl ot h U 64 .
3 2 mo, , . .

M I LLE R E dw ard —T h e H i s t o ry and D oct ri ne s o f I rvi ngi s m

,

or Th e so call ed C at h oli c an
,
d Apost oli c C h u r ch
-
2 vol s L arg e . .

pos t 8 vo I 5 ,
5.

T h e C h u r ch i n R e l at i o n to th e St at e Large crown8vo 4s .
, t
 K egan P au l Tram /e <5 P u bl cati ons i
’

,
“
Co . 5

I l l /LL S , Heroert .
—P o ve rt y and t h e S t at e ; o r, fo r th e U n W ork
l y e d A n I nq i ry i nt th C a s s
emp o xt t f r
. u o e u e and E e n o f En o ce d
I dl n ss w i t h a S t at m ent fa R m dy C r w
e e , e o e e . o n 8 vo , 6 5 .

M I T CH ELL L cy M —A H i s t o ry o f A nci e nt S cu l p t u re
, u W i th .

n m r s Il l st r at i ns i ncl di ng 6 P l at e s i r P h o t o t yp
u e ou S pe r u o ,
u r e. u

r o yal 8v 4 2 o, 5 .

M OCI LE R E A G ram m ar O f t h e B al o o ch e e L ang u age as

’
i , .
-
,

i t i s s p k n i n M ak m n (A nci e nt G dr i a) i n th e P rs i a A r ab i c
o e e os ,
e -

and R m an ch ar act e rs F cap 8 vo 5 o . .

,
3 .

M OI /L 7 am and M a y a—L e t t e rs and R e co l l e ct i o ns o f

,
1 ; By r .

M C M S I M P S O N \V i t h P o rt r ai ts and T w I l l str at i ns D
. . .
y . o u o . er
rr

8 vo , I S5
—H i st
.

I I I OLE S IV OR TI I , R ev . IV . I Varm u ,
IR As o ry o f th e C h u rch
of f ro m 1 6 6 0 E n l and g
rg cr w n 8 vo 7 6 d . La e o ,
5 . .

M OR E LL 7 R — E u c l i d S i m p l i fi e d i n M e t h o d and L ang u a g e
, . . .

B e i ng a M an al fG m t ry C m pi l d fr m th e m st i m p rt ant u o eo e . o e o o o

F r nch \Y r k s appr v d b y th
e U ni v rs i ty f P ar i s and t h o , o e e e o e

M i ni st r fP bl i c I nst r ct i n F cap 8 v 2 6 d e o u u o . . o, 5 . .

M OR GA N C L l y d —T h e S p ri ng s o f C o nd u ct
, . A n Ess ay i n o .

Ev l t i n Larg cr w n 8 v cl t h 7 6a
o u o . e o o, o ,
5 .
’
.

IV OR I S OI V 7 C i l d — T h e S e rvi ce o f M an 2 an Ess ay t o w ar ds th e
, _
. o e

R l i g i n fth F t r S c nd Edi t i n D m y 8 v I O 6a
’
e o o e u u e. e o o . e o, 5 . .

d/OR S E E S [ M D —F i r st B o o k o f Z o o l o gy
, . . \V i t h n m r s
, . . . u e ou

I l l str at i ns N e w and C h ape r Edi t i n C r o w n 8v 2 6d

u o . e o . o, 5 . .

M y L aw y e r A C nci s A br i dg m nt f th Law s f Engl and iy a o e e o e o .

B arr i st r at Law C r w n 8 v 6 6d e - -
. o o, 5 . .

N E LS ON 7 I L ALA —A P r o s p e c t u s o f t h e S ci e nt i fi c S t u d y
, . .

o f t h e H i nd a L aw D m y xv 9 . e rr
,
3 .

I nd i an U s ag e and J d g e m ad e L aw i n M ad ras D m y u -
. e
8 vo , 1 25

—
.

N E WM A N , Can/z u aL C lra rac l e ri s t i cs f ro m t h e W r i t i ng s o f

' ’

B e i ng S e l e ct i o ns fr o m h i s v ar i o u s \ Vo rk s A rr ang e d w i t h th e .

'
A u t h o r s pe rs o nal A ppro v al S e v e nt h E i t i n
d o W i t h o rtrai t
l
‘
. . .

C r o w n 8 vo , 63 .

fi
4
t
A Po rt r ai t o f C ar di nal w
N e m an m o u n ed f
or , t f ami ng
r . can
he h ad, 2 3 6d . .

F ranci s I t’ l l/i am —E s s ay s o n D ie t . S ma l l cr w n Sm o ,

l t h l i mp 2
c o , 3 .

N ew S o ci a l T ac h e in gs . iy P O LI l l C U S
’ '
. S ma l l cr w n 8 v o o,
Sr .

NI C OLS , A r l / mr, I " ( R S I — h a p e rs ro m t h e P h

t f ys l i ca . C
t rt I t ti l gy
H i s o ry O f t h e E a h : an n ro du c o n to G e o o and
l t l gy Pa a it
e on o o r s I ll st r t
\V h nu m e o u uCr w
a i o ns o n 8 ve , sr . . .

X I I I /LL R v l l l ) —T h e S i s t e rs o f S t M a ry a t t h e C r o ss :
. e . . . .

S i s t e r s o f t h e P o o r a nd t h e i r W o rk C r w n 8v . o o,
I8 A Li s t f
o

N OE L, Th e H on R ai na .
—E ss ay s on P o e ry t and P o e t s . De m
8 vo, I 2 5 .

I VOP S , [Mari anna la L e o n o n E u cl i d —C ss ss s . Pa rt I . co ntai ni n ,

th e Fi rst
T w o B o ok s o f th e El e m e n st C r w n 8 vo 2 6 d
o .
, 5 . .

N u ce s : EX ER C I S E S O N T H E S Y N T A X O F T H E P U B L I C S C H OO L LAT I
PRIM ER N w Edi t i on i n T h r e e P ar t s
. C r o w n 8 vo e ach I
e .
,
5 .

Th e Th r e P art s can als b h ad b nd t o g t h r 3

e o e ou e e ,
5 .

0A TE S , t h, —M at ab e l e L and and t h e V i cto ri

F al l s
A Na u a s .W ande t r li t s ’
ri g ns i th e n
n e i o o f S ou i I t r r t
A ca fr iEd e d G O
. S, i t by C . . AT E B A W h nu m e ou s u a
. . it r I l l str
ti
o ns and 4 M aps D e m 8 vo , 2 I 5 y
—I i sh
. .

’
O B R I E N , R B arry 's . r W ro n gs and E n l i h g s R e m edi e s
wit
h o he E a t r ss ys C r o w n 8 vo 5 .
,
5 .

OGL E , A m z a C —A L o s t L o ve
. S m al l cr o w n 8vo . , 25 . 6d .

’
O I iI EA R A , K ath leen H — e nri P e rre y ve and h is C o u nse l s t
th e S i ck S ma . l l cr w o n 8vo , 5 5 .

O ne and a H al i n N o rw ay f . A h on c eC r i l of S mall B e e r . B)
it r
E h e and B e th S ma c . ll r w o n 8 vo , 3 5 6 a
’
. .

’
O N E I L, th e l ate R ev L ord .
—S e rm o ns . W i t h M e m oi r and Po rt r ai t .

Cr w
o n 8 vo , 6 5 .

E ss ay s and A d d re ss e s . C r o w n 8vo
55 , .

O T TL E Y, Z ] B ze/zersteth —T h e G re at D i l e m m a C h r i st l l i s O w n
'
. . .

\Vi tne ss o r H i s O w n A ccu se r . S i x Le c t res

u . S e co nd Edi t i o n .

o Cr w
n 8 vo , 3 s 6 d . .

Ou r P b l i c S ch oo l
u s—E t o n , H arro w , W i nch este r R u g b y , .

W e t m i n t e r,
s s M arl b o ro u g h , Th e C h art e rh o u s e
Cr w
o n 8 vo , 6 5 .

P A D GI I A M , R i ch ard —I n t h e M i ds t of Li fe w e are i n D e at h .

Cr w
o n 8 vo , 5 5 .

P A LM E R , th e l ate Wz l l zaoz —N o t e s o f a V i s i t t o R u ia in ss
‘ '

1 8 4 0 1 84 1 S e e c e d and a an e d
-
rr g by J H N
O H C AR D I N AI l t .

N W E M AN w t
, i h Po ai o Cr w
n 8 vo , 85 6 d rtr t . . .

E arl y C h ri s t i an S y m b o l i s m A S e r i s fC m p s i t i ns fr o m . e o o o o
F r sco P ai nt i ngs G l ass s and S c l p t r e d S ar c ph ag i
e Edi t d
, e ,
u u o . e

by th R v P r v st N O R TH C O T E D D and th e R v C an n
e e . o o , . .
,
e . o

B R O W N LO W M A \Vi t h C l r d P l at s f l i
, . r w i th . o ou e e , o o, o
P l ai n P l at s f l i 25 e , o o, 5 .

P a r ch m e nt L i b ra ry C h i c l y P r i nt d on h and m ade pape r li m p

. o e e -

par ch m e nt ant i q cl t h 6 v ll m 7 6d e ach v l m

u e or o , 5 . e u , s. . o u e .

T h e P o e t i cal W o rk s o f J o h n M i l t o n 2 v ls . o .

C h au ce r s C a nt e rb u r y T a l e s Edi t d by A W P O LL AR D
’
. e . . .

2 v ls o .
20 A Li s t f
o

P arch m e nt L i b ra ry — conti nu ed.

S h ak S o nne ts
s p e re s
’
. Ed ed it
E WA D OW E W h a by D RD D N . it
r ti i
F on sp e ce e ch e d t by l
Le opo d Low e nstam, a e th e De a h ft r t
M as k .

E ngl i s h Ode s S e l e ct e d by EDM U N D G OS S E W i t h F r ont i s

. .

i e ce On I ndi a p ape r by H amo T h o rn y cro l t, A R A

p . . .

O f th I m i t at i o n O f C h ri s t B y T H O M A S A K EM P I S A
e . .

r e v i s d T r ansl at i on W i t h F r ont i spi e c n I ndi a pap r fr m a

e . e o e , o

D si gn by W B R i ch m ond
e . . .

P o e m s : S el ct e d fr o m P ER C Y B Y S S H E S H E LL E Y e De di cat ed t . o

Lady S h l l y \V i t h a P r e face by R I C H AR D G AR N ET I and a

e e .
'‘

M i ni at r e F ronti spi e c u e .

P A R S L OE —, O u r R ai l w ay s S k e t ch es H i st o r i cal and .
,

D scr i pt i v e e W i t h P r act i cal I nf r mat i o n as to F ar es and R at e s

. o ,

tc and a C h apt e r n R ai l w ay R e fo r m
e .
,
C r w n 8v 6 o . o o, 5 .

P A S CA L B !a e —T h e T h o u g h t s o f T r ansl at d fr o m th e T e xt o f
'

, zs . . e

A g st M ol i ni e r by C K E G A N P A U L
u u e Larg cr o w n 8 v w i t h , . . e o,

F r nt i s p i c p r i nt d n h and m ade pap r par ch m e nt ant i q

o e e, or e o -
e , ue,

cl o th 12 ; v ll m 1 5 ,
r. e u , s .

P A UL A l and r
,
exS h o rt P arl i am e nts e A H i st o ry o f th e N at i o nal
.
-
.

D m and f fr q nt G n r al El ct i o ns
e S m al l cr o w n 8 v 3 6 d
or e ue e e e . o, 5 . .

P A UL C X gan
, . B i o g rap h i c al S k e t ch e s
e . P r i nt ed o n h and m ad
-
.
-
e

p pa r b o n d i n be c k r am S c n d E d i tui n C r w n 8 v o 7 6 d u e o o o s.

P EA R S ON R v S —W e e k —
.
, . .
,

,
d ay L i v i ng
e . A B k f r Y o ng M n
. . oo o u e

and \V m n S c nd Edi t i n o C r w n 8 vo s e . e o o . o ,
r.

P E N /P1 01 M aj 2,—A rab i c and E ng l i s h D i ct i o nary o f t h e

or

K o r an 4t 21 o, 5

Oman—
. .

P E S CH E L D , T h e R ace s o f M an and t h e i r G e o
r.

grap h i o al D i s t ri b u t i o n S c nd Edi t i n Larg e cr w n . e o o . o

8 vo , 9x .

P I D GE ON , D .
—A n
E ng i ne e r s H o l i d ay ; o n
, N o t e s o f a R o u nd
’

T r i p fr o m Lo ng 0 ° to N e w and C h e ape r Edi t i o n Larg e . .

cr o w n 8 vo , 7 s 6 d . .

O l d W o rl d u s t i o ns and N e w W o r l d A ns w e rs S e cond
Q e .

t
Edi i o n La rg cr wn 8 v 7 6d . e o o, s . .

P l ai n T h o u g h t s fo r M e n Ei g h t L ct r e s d li v e r e d at F o r e st e r s
’
. e u e

H all C l rk nw l l d r i ng t h e L nd n M i ss i n 1 884
, e eC r wn e , u o o o , . o
8 vo cl t h I 6 d ; pap r c v rs I
, o ,
s . e o e , S .

P i / CE
e
P f : B namy
,
ro C h ap t e rs o n P ract i cal P o l i t i cal
o .

E co no m y B i ng th S b st ance f Le ct r s de l i v r d b f r
. e e u o u e e e e o e

th U ni v rs i ty f O xf r d
e N w and C h ap r Edi t i n
e Cr wn o o . e e e o . o

8 vo , 5 5 .

P ri g s
‘
B ede : th e V e ne a r bl e B e de , E pu a e d, E po u nde d, x rg t x and Ex
po s ed BvTh e P . rig . S e co nd Edi i o n F cap 8 y o , 33 t . . . 64 .
 K egmz P au l, Trent /z C035 P u bl i cati ons .

u lp i tC o m m e nt ary T h e ( Old T tam nt S i ) Edi t d by th e , . es e e r es . e

R v J S EX E LL M A
e . and th e V e ry R e v D e an H
. . D M , . . . . .

S P EN C E M A D D , . .
, . .

G e ne s i s B y th e R v T W H I T E L A W D D
. W i t h H m i l i s by e . .
, . . o e

t h e V e ry R v J F M O N T G O M E R Y D D R ev P r f R A e , . o . .

H A ST I N G S
. . . . . .
,

R ED F O RD M A LL B R v F R ev W
, . .
, . .
, e . .
, . .

R O B E R TS M A A n I ntr o d ct i n t th e S t dy ,
f th e O ld . . u o o u o

T e st am nt b y t h e V en r abl A r ch de ac n F A R RA R D D F R S
e e e o ,
. .
, . . .

and I ntr d ct i o ns t o th P e nt at e ch by th R i g h t R v H C O T
o u e u e e . .

T ER I LL D D and R e v T W H I T ELA w M A ,
Ei gh t h Edi t i on
. .
, . .
, . . .

1 vo l .
, 1 55 .

Ex odu B y th e R e v ano n R W I S O
s .\Vi h H o m e . C A LN N . t i l i s by
R ev O R R , R e v D Y O U N g, B A , R e v
.
J A G OO
. . . . . . C . . D HA RT ,

R ev U Q .
, and th e R e v H
J T R OBJ O H N S
. F ou R U H AR T . . . . rt h
iti
Ed o n 2 o s , 1 85 . v l . .

Le v i t i cu s B y th R v P r b ndary M E Y R I C K M A \Vi t h . e e . e e ,

I nt r od ct i ns b y th R v R C O LL I N S R e v P r f ss r A CA V E
. .

u o e e . .
, . o e o .
,

and H o m i l i e s by R v P r f R ED F O RD LL B R v J A e o . e
M A C D O NA L D R e v W C L A R K S O N B A R v S R A L D R I D G E
. . .
, , . . .

, . .
, . .
, e . .
,

LL B and R v M C C H EY N E ED G A R
. .
, F rt h Edi t on 1 s e . . ou i . s .

N u m b e rs B y th R v R W I N T ER BOT I I A M LL B W i t h
. e e . .
,

H m i l i s by th R v P r f ss o r \V B I N N I E D D
. .

o e R ev E S e e . o e .
, . .
,

R e v D Y O U N G R v J \VA I T E and an I nt r
. . .

l R O UT M A
’
, . .
, . .
, e . .
, o
d ct i n by t h e R e v T H O MA S W II I T ELA W
u o M A F i ft h .
, . .

Edi t i n I s o . r.

D e u t e r o no m y B y th R v W L A L E X AN D ER I ) D Wi t h . e e . . .
, . .

H m i l i s by R v C C L EM AN C E D D
o e R v J ORR D D e .
, , e

D A V I ES M A
. . . . . .
, .
,

R v R M ED G AR M A
e . R v . F . rt h , . .
, e .
, . . ou
di t i n
e I S o . J
'
.

J o s h u a B y R v J J Ll As M A \Vi t h I l n i l i by R v
. e . . o i es e
A L D R I DG E
.
, . . .

S R . LL B . R v R G L O V ER R EV E DI , . .
, e . .
, . .

R v J WA I l E B A R v \ V F A D EN E Y
'
I R R SS I c E D D , . .
,
e . .
' ‘

, . .
, e . . .

M A ; and an I nt r d ct i n b y t h R e v A P L U M M ER M A
. . o u o e . .
, .

F i ft h Ed t i n 12 61 i o . 1 . 1 .

J u d g e s a nd R u t h B y th B i s h p f B A I H and \VE L I S and ' ‘

. e o o

R v J M O R I SO N D D \Vi t h H m i l i s by R v A l " M U I R
.
,

e . .
, . . o e e . . .
,

M A R v W I“ A D ENE Y M A R v \V M
. .
, e . and . .
, . .
, e . . .

R v P r f ss r J T H O M S O N M A
e . F i ft h Edi t i n
o e 10 6d o .
, . . o . 5 . .

1 S am u e l B y th V ry R v R P S M I TH . \Vi t h l l o m i l i e e e . . .
, es

by R v D O NA L D F RA S ER D D R v l f C H A P M AN and
e .
, . .
, e .
’
ro .
,
R v B DA L E e . S i x th Edi t i n . 15 . o . 1 .

1 K i ng s B y th R v J O S E P H H AM M O N D L L B
. Wi t h H mi l i s e e .
,
. o e

by t h R v E D E I R ESS EN s E D D R v J W A I I E B A
e e . .
’
, . .
, e . .
'‘

, . .
,

R v A R O W L AN D LL B
e . R v J A M A C D O NA LD and R v
.
, . .
, e . . .
, e .

J U R Q U I I A R T F i ft h Edi t i n I 5
. . o . r.
22 A L i st f
o

P l p i t C o m m e nt ary T h e —conti n d
u , ue .

1 C h ro ni cl e s B y th R e v P r f P C B ARK ER M A LL B . e . o . . .
, . .
, . .

W i t h H m l i s b y R v P r f J R T H O M SON M A R v R o i e e . o . . .
, e . .

R e v W C L A R K S O N B A R ev F W H I T F I E L D
. .
,

T U CK D A , .
, . . . . ,

M A and R v R I C H A R D G L O V E R
. . .
, ,

. .
, 15 e . . 5 .

E z ra N e h e m i ah and E s t h e r B y R e v C anonG R AW L I N S O N
, , . . .
,

M A W i t h H o m i l i s by R v P r f J R T H O M S O N M A R e v
. . e e o . . .
,
. .
, .

R ev W S LE W I S M A
.

P r f R A R ED F O RD LL B M A
o . . .
, . .
, . .
, . . .
, . .

R v J A M A C D O NA L D R v A M AC K EN N A L B A R v W
e .
, e , , e .

C L AR K S O N B A R v F H A S T I N G S R v W D I N W I DD I E
. . . . . .

, . .
, e . .
, e . .
,

LL B R v P r f R O W L A ND S B A
. .
, R v G W OO D B A
e . o .
, . .
, e . .
, . .
,

R v P rof P C B A R K E R M A
e . LL B and th e R e v J
. S . .
, . .
, . .
, . . .

EX E LL M A S i xt h Edi t i o n I vol, 1z 6d . . . .
,
s. .

I s ai ah B y th R e v C an n G R A W L I N S O N M A W i t h H m i l i e s
. e . o .
,
. . o

by R e v P r o f E J O H N S O N M A R ev W C L A R K S O N B A
. . .
, . .
, . .
, . .
,

R ev W M S T A TH AM and R e v R
. TUCK
. B A S e co nd .
, . .
, . .

Edi t i o n 2 v o ls 15 ach . .
,
s . e .

J e re m i ah (V o l I ) B y th e R e v C anon T K C H E Y N E M A
. . . . . .
, . .
,

D D . W i t h H m i l i es by th e R ev W F A DEN E Y M A R e v
. o . .

A F MUIR M A
. . . .
, ,

. R ev S C O N W A Y B A
. R ev J WA I T E , . .
, . .
, . .
, . .
,
D A and R e v D Y O U N G B A
. .
, T h i r d Edi t i n 15 . .
, . . o . s.

J e r e m i ah (V l I I ) and L am e nt at i o ns B y R e v T K o . . . . . .

C H E Y N E M A W i t h H om i l i s by R e v P r f J R T H O M S O N
, . . e o . . .
,

M A R v W F A D EN E Y M A R v A F M U I R M A
.

. .
,
e . . .
, e .
,
. . . . . .
, ,

R v S CONWAY B A R v D Y OU NG B A
e . . 1 5 , . .
, e . .
, . . s.

H o s e a and J o e l B y th R v P r f J J G I V E N P h D D D . e e . o . . .
, . .
, . .

\Vi t h H m i l i s by th e R e v P r f J R T H O M S O N M A o R v e . o . . .
, . .
, e .

A R O W L AN D B A
. LL B R e v C J E RDAN M A LL B , . .
, . .
, . .
, . .
, . .
,

R ev J O R R M A . B D and R e v D T H O M A S D D
. I 5s , . .
, . .
, . .
, . . .

P u l p i t C o m m e nt ary T h e (N ew T tam nt S i ) , . es e er es .

S t M ark
. B y V ry R e v E B I C K ER S T E TH D D D an o fLi ch
. e . .
, . .
,
e

f l d W i t h H m i l i s by R v P r f T H O M S O N M A R v P r o f
ie o e e o , . .
, e . .

J J G I V EN P h D D D R v P r f J O H N S O N M A R e v A
. . .

e o . .
, . .

R v A M U I R and R v R G R EEN
. . . . .
.
, .
, .
, ,

R O W L AN D B A LL B , . .
, . .
, e . .
,
e . . .

F i ft h Edi t i n 2 v o ls 21 o . .
, s

T h e A ct s o f t h e A p o s t l e s B y th B i s h p f B A TH and W E LL S . e o o .

W i t h H m i l i s by R e v P r f P C B AR KER M A LL B R e v
o e . o . . .
, . .
, . .
, .

P r f E J O H N SO N M A
o . R v P r f R A R ED F O R D LL B
.
, . .
, e . o . . .
, .

R v R T UCK B A
e . R e v W C LA R R S O N B A
. T h i r d Edi t i on , . .
, . .
, . .

1 C o ri nt h i ans B y th V n A rch de ac n F AR RA R D D W i t h . e e . o , . .

H m i l i s b y R ev
o E C h ance l l r LI P S CO M B
e LL D R ev x -
o , . .
, .

DA I D T H O M A S D D
.

V R v D F RA S ER D D R v Pr f e e o .

J R T H OM SON M A R e v J W A I T E D A R v R T U C K
. .
. . .
, ,
.
,
.
,

. .
, . .
, . .
, . .
, e . .
,

B A R v E H U R N D A I L M A and R e v H B R EM N ER B D
. .
, e . .
, . .
,
. .
, . .

T h i r d Edi t i o n 15 . 5 .
24 A Li st o f

R I B O T, P rof TIL H e re d i ty .
— A P ch o o i ca S u d
: sy l g l t y O fi ts Ph e nom e na
i ts La , i ts au e , ws C s s and i ts on e u e nces C s q S cond Edi ti or . e
La e c o n 8 vo, 9s rg r w .

R OB E R TS ON , T/ze l ate R ev F I V , [ MA —L i e and L e t t e r o f . . . . . f s

Edi e d t
th e R e v S T O P F O R D B OO by
, M A . R KE . .

Two o , u n o m I . h th e S e m o nv ls if r wit
\V h S ee P o rtrai ‘ . r s . it t l
o n 8 vo , 7 s 6 d Cr w . .

II
Li a Ed o n, i n D e m 8 vo ,
. br ry i t i
h Po a 1zs y wi t rtr i t . .

III
A P o pu a Ed i o n, i n vo l o l r it
n 8 vo , os I Cr w
—n in
. . .

ICOB E R TS O/V, T/ze l ate A ev F

’
. . W , [MA . . co t u ed .

S e r m o ns r w n 8 vo 3 6d e ach
. F ou r Se ri e s. S mal l c o ,
s. . .

T h e H u m an R ace and t h e r S e r m ns P r ach d at C h lt r , o o . e e e e

h am O x f r d and B r i g h t o n N e w and C h eape r Edi t i o n

, o S ma
, . .

cr o w n 8 vo 3 6d , s. .

N o t e s o n G e ne s i s N w and C h e ap r Edi t i n S m al l cr o w n8 v . e e o . <

3s 6d . .

E x p o i t o ry s
L e ct u re on S t s . P au l ’
s E p i tl e s to s th
C
o ri nt h i an iti
A N e w Ed o n l l cr w s . . S ma o n 8 vo , 5 r .

L e ct u re s and A d d re ss e s w i t h t h e r Li t e r ary R e m ai ns A Ne , o .
‘

Edi t i n S m al l cr w n 8 v 5
o . o o, s.

A n A nal y s i s o f T e nny s o n s I n M e m o ri am (Dedi cat e

’ ”
.

by P r m i ss i on to th P e t La r at ) F cap 8 v 2
e e o -
u e e . . o, s.

T h e E d u cat i o n o f t h e H u m an R ace T r ansl at ed fr o m th .

G e r m an fG O TTH O L D E P H RA I M LE S S I N G
o F cap 8 vo 2 6 d . .
,
s. .

T h ab v W r k s can als b e h ad b nd i n h al f m o r occo

e o e o o , ou .

”
J A P rtr ai t o f th e l ate R e v F \V R o b rt so n mo nt ed f
o o r fr am i ng . . . e , u

can b e h ad, 2s . 6d .

[GOA/A N E S , G 7 . . M e nt al v
E o l u ti o n i n A ni m al s . W i th
P o h u m ou st s E s say on I st i t by
n nc C I I A R LES D W AR IN , F R E . .

D e m 8 vo , y 1zs .

R O OS E VE L T, T/z e a
’
o ore . H u nt i ng T ri p s of a R anch m an
t
S k e ch e s o f S po rt n th o e N o rth e I n C att l e P an W h 2l i s . it
u I l l str t i
a o ns Ro y al 8 vo 1 8 s

—L i f
. .
,

S E R R A Tl , A ntoni a e . B y th e R EV . \V LO C . K H AR ) ’

S e co nd Ed o n 2 o iti . v ls rtr ai ts C r w
. \V h P o it . o n 8 vo , i zs .

R os m i ni s O i gi n o f
’
r I d e as T r ansl at d fr m th . e o e F h i ft I t al i a
Ed iti
o n o f th e N u o o v S agg i S /l g i n d l/ o zr
’
ori e e e
'

i dee 3 . vol s

y
D e m 8 vo , c o h , I Os 6 d l t . . e ach .

R o sm i ni P y ch o l o
’
s s gy .
3 v ol s . De m y 8 vo [V o l s . I . and II . no
r e ad ] , 1 0s 6 d y . . e ach .

7 anet .
—I t al i an Sk e t ch e s . \V h it I 4 f ll
u -

pa g e I ll u strati om
C r ow n 8 v o, 7s . 6d .

R U LE , Afar/i n, M A . .
—T h e f e and Li Ti m e s of A ns e m St . l
A ch b i s h op r of C ant e r b u ry a nd P ri m a e of th t
B ri ai n 2 t s . v lso . D e m y 8 vo , 3 2 s .
 ‘’
K egan P Co
’
au l, T( cu e/e cb s P u bli cati ons .

S A M U E LL, R i ck ard S e e n, t h e S acre d N — v u mb er : I ts se i n u

ri t r
S c p u e and i ts A pp ca on to B cal li ti i bl i C r i t i ci s m . C r ow n 8 vo ,

I os 6 d
—I
. .

S A Y CE , R ev A rc/ri bald H enry . nt ro d u ct i o n t o t h e S ci e nce o f

L an u age 2 o g
S e co nd Ed on La e p o 8vo , 2 1 5 . v ls . iti . rg st .

S C OON E S , W E m
.
'

ot i v
e F ou r e nt u ri e s o f E n l i s h
. L e t t e rs — C g
A S e e c i o n o f3 5 0 Le e l t 1 5 0 W i e s, o m t h e P e i o d o f th e t t rs by r t r fr r
P a o n Le e st
t o th e P ese n T m e T h d Ed on tt rs La e r t i . ir iti . rg
r
c o w n 8 vo , 6 s .

S E E , P rof G erm az n —B aci l l ary P h t h i i s o f t h s Lu n gs r ans

'

. e . T
I LL I A N
.

t
l a e d and e d e d fo r En h P ac o ne s it gl i s r titi r by \V H EN R Y
W EDD E LL, D e m 8 vo , 1 0s 6d y . .

S h ak s p e r e s W o rk s Th e A v n Edi t i o n 1 2 v ls fcap 8 v cl o t h
’
. o ,
o .
, . o, ,

18 i n cl t h b s . o ox, 2I b o nd i n 6 v o ls cl t h 1 s
s. u .
, o ,
s .

S h ak s p e re s W o rk s an I nde x t o B y EV AN G E L I N E O C O N N O R
’ ’
. .
,

C r wn 8 v 5 o o, s.

S H E LLE Y, P e rcy B y ssb e .

—
L i fe .By E W D A RD D OW DEN , LL D . .

2 v ls o . \V h P o it rt r ai t s . D e m 8 vo , 3 6s y .

S H I LLI T O, I I ev 7 are olL —W o m anh o o d : i ts D u es, T e m p a

’
. ti t t i ons ,

and P i e e or Y ou n
A B o ok f ri v l g s
\Vo m e n T h d Ed . g . ir iti n o .

Cr
o wn 8 vo , 3 s 6 d . .

S h o o t i ng , P ra ct i cal H i nt s . Be n i g a T r at i s e n th e S h o t G
e o u n and
i ts M ana g e m en t . By “
20 Bo e r W i t h 5 5 I l l s t r at i ons
.
”
u . D em y
8 vo , I 2 s .

S is te r A ug u s t i ne S p r i r f th S i st rs f C h ar i ty at th e S t, u e o o e e o .

J hanni s H s pi t al at B nn A t h r i d T a nsl at i n by H AN S
o o o u o ze r o
fr m th G r m an M m r i als f A M A L I E V O N
.

T I IARA U
-

, o e e
“
e o o

LAS A U LX C h ap Edi t i n Larg cr w n 8 v 4 6d. e o . e o o, s . .

—A M e m o i r B y th A t h r f C h arl s L w d r . e u o o
“
e o e

\Vi t h a P r fac by t h R v C an n CA R T E R and P rt r a t

e e e e . o , o i .

Larg cr w n 7 s 6d e o ,
. .

A ls a ch e ap Edi t i n W th P rt r ai t
o F rt h Edi t i n C r w n o . I o . ou o . o

8 vo , 3 s 6 d . .

S /lI E A T ON , I)l l/ acl 'enz i e

. .
—T h o Loy a l K a re n' s o f B u rm a .
Cr w o n 8 vo , 43 6d . .

' '
S AI I I H , l i t /w ard, LL B , . .
—
b c rc u l a r C o ns u m p
Tu
t i o n i n i ts E a r y a nd l R o m e d i a b l e S age s S e co nd t .

Ed i o n it
o w n 8 vo , Os . Cr .

S i ll / Tl ] ,
S ir IV . C u sacl ', b ark —O u r W ar S h i p s . A Na v al Es say .

C r wn8v o o , 5s .

S p ani s h M y s t i cs . B y th e Ed it r o of M any V o i ce s . Cr wn8v o o, 55 .

S p e ci m e ns gl
E n i s h P ose S y e
of r om M a o ry t o M a t l fr l
ca u l ay l t
S e e c e d and A nno a e d, i h an n o du c o
. E a , t t wt I tr t ry ss y
by G O G S TS E R E A I N BU RY
La e c o n 8 vo , p i n e d o n h and . rg r w r t
r r t ti
m ade pape , pa ch me n an q u e o r c o h , I 2 5 e u m, 1 5 5 l t . v ll .
26 A List o f

S P ED D I N G, y aw n —R e vi e w s and D i s cu ss i o ns , L i t e rary
P o l i t i cal , and H i s t o ri cal no t re l at i ng t o B aco n De m .

8 vo , 6d .

E v e ni ng s w i th a R e vi e w e r ; o r, M acau l ay and B aco n

W h a P e aoit r f t ry N o ti ce by G . S . V E NA B L E S , Q C . 2 v ol s
D e m 8 vo, 1 85 y .

S t ray P ap e rs o n E d u cat i o n, and S ce ne s fr om S ch oo l Li fe . By B H .

S e co nd Edi t i on S m al l cr o w n 8 vo , 3 s 6 d . . .

S TR E A TF E I LD , R ev G S , M A . . . . .
—L i nco l ns h i re and t h e D ane s
rg
La e c o n 8 vo, 7 5 6 d r w . .

E R WI S L] GE N U S —0 rgani c h e m i s t ry C r sl at e d an
'
S TR E l T an .

Ed e d, it
h E e n e A dd i o n ,wit W R HO G xt s i v i t s by . . D K I N S ON
P h D , and A
. G . W , F I C S e co nd and .
J R E E NA A Y
. . . . ch e ape
ti
Edi o n D e m 8 vo , 1 2 3 6 d
. y . .

S u ak i n, 1 8 8 5 ; e n a S k e b i g
C ampai g n of t h i s y e ar B y a t ch o f th e .

O fi f r
ce t r
w h o w as h e e S cond Edi t i o n C r o w n 8 v 2 6d e o, s.

M A —P e ss i rni s m : a H i st o ry and a C r i t i ci sm
. . .

S U LL Y 7 2 m m
, 2 , .

S e co nd Edi t i o n D m y 8 vo 1 4s . e , .

S u ns h i ne and S e a A Y ach t i ng V i s i t to th e C h ann l I sl ands an

. e

C oast of B r i tt any W i t h F r nt i spi e ce fr om a Ph o t o gr aph and 2

. o

I ll st r at i ns C r o w n 8 v 6s
u o o,

S WEDE N B OR G E mma—D e C u l t u e t A m o re D e i u b i A g i t u
. .

d e T e l l u ri s o rt u P arad i s o e t V i v ari o t u m d e P ri , ,

m o ge ni t i S e u A d am i N at i v i t at e I nfant i a e t A m o re ,

C row n 8 v 6 o, s.

O n t h e W o r s h i p and L o v e o f G o d T r at i ng of th e Di t . e r

f th e Eart h
o P ar adi s and th e A b ode , f L i v i ng C r eat r es e, o u

T r ansl at e d fr m th e o r i gi nal Lat i n C r w n 8 vo 7 6d

o . o , s . .

P ro d ro m u s P h i l os o p h i ae R at i o ci nant i s d e I nfl ni t o
e t C a u s a F i nal i C re at i o ni s : d q e M ch ani m O p ra e u e s o e

ti ni s Ani m a e t C o r p r i s
o Edi di t T H O M A S M U R RA Y G O RM A N
e o .

M A C r ow n 8 v 7 6d
. . o, s. .

TA C] T U S —T h e A g ri co l a A T r ansl at i n S m al l cr o w n 8 vo 2 5 6a o

C 7 —
. . .
.
,

TA A P ract i cal E l e m e nt ary T u rk i s h G ram m ar

. .

C r w n 8 vo 6 o s.

TA YL O/C R v [J a a —T h e A l p h a b e t
,

, e . d A n Acc nt f th e O r i g i . ou o
and D e v e l opm nt o f Le t t rs W i t h n m e r s T abl es an
e e . u ou
F acsi m i l es 2 v ls D em y 8 v 3 6 o o, s.

—
. .

TA YL OR 7 , m y T h e M arri a g e R i ng
ere . W i t h P r fac N t es e e, o

Edi t d by F RAN C I S B U R DE TT M O N E Y C OU TT s
. .

and A
pp ndi c s e e . e .

S m al l cr w n 8 v 2 6 d o o, 5 . .

TA VL OR S dl y — P ro fi t S h ari ng
, e e . b e t w e e n C ap i t al and
L ab o u r T w h i ch i add d a M m o r and m n th e I nd str i al
. o s e e u o u
P art n rs h i p at th e W h i t w d C o l l i r i s by A R C H I B A L D and
e oo e e
H e t y B R I G G S w i t h r e m ar k s by S ED L E Y T A YL O R C r o w n 8 vo
,

a
r , .
,
25 .
A 1 £0 0 U

'
TR EN CH , Tb e l ate R C A rc/ Mi sh ap
‘

. .
, .

S e l e ct G l o s ary o f E n l i s h W o rd s U s e d F o rm e rl y
s g i
s
S e n es D i f fe re nt ro m t h e P re s e nt S h Ed f . i xt i t i on
Re vi s
e d and En a ed F cap 8 vo , sr l rg . . .

P ro v e rb s and Th ei r Le ss o ns . S e v e nt h Edi t i o n, Enl arg e d

F cap 8 vo , 45 . .

P oe m s . C oll e ct e d and A rr ang ed ane w . t

N i n h Ed i t i on . F cap
8 vo , 7 s 6 d . .

P oe m s . Li br ary Edi t i o n
r wn . 2 v ol s . S mal l c o

S acre d L at i n P o e t ry C h i cfly Ly ri cal S e l ct e d and A rr ang .

, e er
fo r U se T h i r d Edi t i n C re cte d and I m pr v d F cap 8 vo 7
. o , Oi o e . .
, s

A H o u s e h o l d B o o k o f E ngl i s h P o e t ry S e l e ct ed an . t

A rr ang e d w i t h N o t e s F ou rt h Edi t i o n R e v i s e d
, Ext r a {cap .
, .

8 vo , 5 5 . 6d .

A n E s s ay on th f
L i e a nd G e ni u s o f C al d e ro n
e W t . it
r sl t
T an a i o ns fr o m h i s Li e
’
a D e am and “
f s
G ea T h e a e 0 r r t tr
th e W o drl i ti i I r v
”
. S e co nd Ed on, R e v se d and m p o e d Ex ti .

fcap 8 vo, 5 5
. . 6d .

Gu s ta vu s A d o l p h u s i n G e rm any , and o t h e r L e ct u re
o n th e T h i rt y Y e ars W ar
’
Th d Ed on, En a . ir iti l rg ed
F cap 8 vo , 45 .

P l u t arch : h i s L i fe ,
h i s L i e s , and h i s M v o ral s . S e conc
’

iti
Ed o n, En a e d l rg . F cap 8 vo , 3 s 6 d
. . .

R e m ai ns of th e l at e M rs R i ch ard T re nch . . Be n i g Se l ec

t i ns fr om h r J r ls
o t t rs e o u na , L e e , and o h e P ape t r rs . New an
C h e ap r I ss e it rt r i t
e u . W h Po a 8 vo , 6s .

TU A E , D ani el l i ar/e, M D , A R C H
’

C h ap te rs i n t h e H i s t o r . .
—
o f t h e I ns ane i n t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s W i t h You r I l l u str a .

t i o ns Large cr o w n 8 vo , 1 2 3
. .

T WI N /N C , Lom sa —W o rk h V i i i ng and M ana e mst g e nt

‘

. o u se
d u ri n T w e nt y F i g ve Y e ar s
S m a c ow n 8 vo , 2 s ll r
—
-
. .

VA U GH A N , H H alf ord N . . ew R e ad i ngs and R e nd e ri ngs o i

S h ak e p e a re s T ra
’
s ge di e s .
3 v o l s D e m y 8 vo , 1 2 3 6d e ach
. . . .

—S aga Tim e . W i th I l lu s tr at i o ns . C r o w n 8 vo ,

V OG T, L zeu t Col f/e rm am z T h e E y p t i an

. . .
— g W ar of 1882 .

t r sl t i
A an a o n it
\V h M ap and P anl sLa e rg cr w n 8 vo. . o , 6s .

V OL C/ X S OM E W
’
t
—C a t e ch i s m o f E l e m e nt ary M o de rn
, . . u

C h e m i s t ry S mal l cr o w n 8 vo 3 .
,
s .

WA L P OLE C/ a G g ,
A S h o rt H i s t o ry o f I re l and f ro m t h e
z s . eor e .
-

E a r l i e s t T i m e s t o t h e U ni o n w i t h G re at B ri t ai n .

\Vi t h 5 M aps and A pp ndi c s T h i r d Edi t i o n C r o wn8 vo 6 e e . .

, s.
 R egan P a ul, Trozzc/z é
’
} Co s P u bl i cati ons .

l VA R D ,
/

Wi lfri d —T h e W t o B e l i e ve . A Di scu ss o n o nce n i sh i C r

i ng th e T e m pe o f M nd i n h i ch a e a ona e M an h o u d r i w r s bl s l
u nde rt
ak e R e i i o u s n u S m a l c o n 8 vo , 5 5 lg I q i ry . l r w .

E s s ay s o n t h e P h i l o s o p h y o f
' '

I VA R D , I Vzl/z am George , P le D .
-

an I ntr o du ct i o n, by W I L F R I D W A RD
.

Th ei m s Ed e d,
. h it wit .

2 v ol s . De m 8 vo , 2 1 5 y .

WA R N E R , F ranczlc
,
M D — L e ct u re . . s on t h e A nat o m y o f M o ve
m e nt o n 8vo , 4 5 . 6 d
. Cr w .

WA R TE R , 7 W —
.Ah . Ol d S h ro p s h i re O ak . 2 vol s . D e m y 8 ve ,
2 85 .

I VED M OR E , F rede r i ck —T h e M s s
a t e r o f G e nre P ai nt i n g . W ith
S een i xt
us a I l l tr t i ns P st o . o 8 vo , 7 5 6 d . .

S i dn y —C o nve nt i o nal C ant :

e i ts R e s l t s and R e me dy
u .

Cr o w n 8 vo , 65 .

l VH / TN E Y, P rof: lVi l /zam D a n g/i t E

'

.
— ss e nt i al s E ng l i s h of
G ram m ar, f o r t h e U s e o f S ch o o ls . S e co nd Edi t i o n C r ow n .

8 vo , 3 5 6d . .

I VH I T I VOR TH , George Cl zj orrfl AnAn o nd i an D i ct i o nary — gl -

I
l ss y
a G o ar o f ndi an T e m u e d i n En h , and o f u ch En i hI r s s gl i s s gl s
t r
or o he I
N o n ndi an T e m as h a e O b a ne d pe ci a m e an n i n
-
r s v t i s l i gs
I i
nd a D e m 8 vo , c o h , 1 2 5
. y l t .

WI LS ON L i e u / Co/
, T Th .
-
. C . .
— e D u k e o f B e r w i ck , M ars h al
o f F rance , 1 7 0 2 1 7 3 4 -
. D e m y 8 vo , 1 5 5 .

I V/ LS O/V, fi l m R F Th e h ri t i an B ro t h e
. .
\Vo k r \V h a S k e ch o f th e Li f
. e of hei
.
— C s rs . Th e O i n and i r rig
it t t r F o u nde , th e V e n r .

J EAN B A P T I S T R , de la S a e o n 8 vo , 6 5 ll . Cr w .

H’ OL D r A lfred, and Dr h u h —H i o ry . st
g
O f P ai n i n t W i h nu m e o u
r s I l l st r t s
u ta ion i
M ed u m 8 m . . .

V ol 1 ti g t i q ty
P ai n n i n A n u i
. . l
and t h e M idd e A e g s .

b v ll r s g lt l v s
e e ed h o a d , i ea e , i t g
V o l I I T h e P a n i n o f th e .

s
R e na ce nce b v ll
4 25 e e r s g lt l v s
e d bo a d , i ea e , 4 55
. . .

Y OU /VA N S E d a l ,M D —A C l ass B o o k O f C h e m i s t r y
l t ' re
‘
. .
, on

th B as i s f t h N w S yst m
e W i t h 2 00 I l l str at i ns C r
o e e e . u o . own

8 vo , 5 x .

Eli z a A .
—F i
B o a ny De i ned t o
rs t B oo k of t . sg
C l t i v at
u e C l r th e O b e in Po e of s rv g
hi d en W i h 30 0 w rs . t
Engr av i ngs iti r w '

. N e w and t h cape r Ed o n C o n 8 vo , 2 5 . .

YO U /VG A i / mn
,
— A i a l P o l a r i t y o f M an s W o r d
r
'
x -
Em bodied
I d e as a nd i ts T ac h i ng D m y u n 1 5
,
e . e r , 5 .
30 A Li 5 t f
o

T HE I N T ER NAT I O N AL S C I EN T I F I C S ER I ES .

1 . F or ms of W at e r i n C l o u ds and R i ve r s , I ce and G aci e s l r

J y l l LL D F R S W i t h 2 5 I l l str t i s
By T nda .
, . .
, . . . u a on N i nt .

it Ed i o n 5 5 . .

I I P h y s i cs and P o l i t i cs ; or T h gh t s on th e Appl i cat i on o fI I

.
,
ou ]

P r i nci p l s f N at r al S l ct i o n and e I nh r i t ance to P l t c

O u e e e o i i

S ci ty B y W al t r B ag h t
o e Ei g h t h Edi t i on 4
. e e o . . 5 .

I I I F o o ds
. B y Edw ar d S m i t h M D LL B F R S
. W i th n m ro , . .
, . .
, . . . u e u

I ll str at i ns N i nt h Edi t i n 5
u o . o . 5 .

I V M i nd and B o d y : th e Th o r i e s and t h e i r R e l at i n B y Al e ande

. e o . x

B ai n LL D W i t h F o r I l l str at i o ns Ei gh t h Edi t i n 4
, . . u u . o . 5 .

V T h e S t u dy o f S o ci o l o gy
. B y :H e rb e rt S p nce r Th i rtee nt . e .

Edi t i n 5 o . 5 .

V I O n t h e C o ns e rv at i o n o f E ne rgy
. B y B al f r S t e w art M A . ou ,
. .

LL D F R S W i t h 1 4 I l l str at i ons S e v e nt h Edi t i n 5

. .
, . . . u . o . 5 .

V I I A ni m al L o co m o t i o n o r W al k i ng S w i mm i ng and F l y i ng
. B , ,
.

J B P tt i gr e w M D
. . tc
e W i t h 1 30 I l l str at i n , . .
,
e . u o

T h i r d Edi t i n 5 o . 5 .

V I I I R e s p o ns i b i l i t y i n M e nt al D i s e as e B y H enry M a dsle
. . u ‘

M D F o rt h Edi t i on
. .
5 u . 5 .

I X T h e N e w C h e m i s t ry B y P r f ss r J P C k e W i t h 3
. . o e o . . oo .

I l l st r at i ons N i nt h Edi t i n 5
u . o . 5 .

X T h e S ci e nce o f L aw B y P r o fessor S h e l donAmos S i xt h Edi t i o

. . .

55 .

XI . A ni m al M e ch ani m aT s r at i s e n T re stri al and A r i al L

e o ei e oc

ti
m o o n B y P o e so E . r fs r .
J M ar y W i t h 1 1 7 I l l u str at i
. e . on

T h i d Edi o nr5s ti . .

XI I . Th e D o ct ri ne of D e s ce nt and D arw i ni s m B y P r o fe ss .

s r
O ca S ch m d i t . W i t h 2 6 I l l u str at i o ns S e v e nt h Edi t i o n 5 3 . . .

XIII . T h e H i t o ry s of C o nfl i ct
th e b e tw e e n Rg i o n an el i
S ci e nce By .
J W D r ap r M D
. . e , . .
, LL D . . T w nt i t h Edi ti
e e or

55 .

XI V . F u ng i t r I : N a u e, th ir s
nfl u e nce s, U se , e tc
e C C k
By M . . . oo
M D .
,
. t by
LL D Edi e d th e R e v M
.
J r l y
B e ke e , M A
. F L . . . .
, . . .

Wi t r I l l str t i s
h nu m e o u s u a onir ti
T h d Edi o n 55 . . .

XV . T h e C h e m i cal E ffe ct s o f L i g h t and P h o t o g rap h y E .

D r H r m ann V g l
. W i t h 1 00 I l l st r at i ns F o rt h Edi ti
e o e . u o . u Oi

XV I . T h e Li f e and G ro w t h o f L ang u a g e . By P r fe ss r W i ll i am
o o
D wi h g t \Vh i tn y F i ft h Edi t i o n 5 e . . s.
32 A L i st o f

X X X I V I l l u s i o ns : a P sy ch o l o gi cal S t u dy B y J ame s S l ly T h i rd
. . u .

Edi t i n s o . r.

X X X V V o l cano e s : w h at t h e y are and w h at t h e y t e ach

.
.

B y P r f ss r J W J dd F R S W i t h 9 2 I l l st r at i ns n
o e o . . u , . . . u o o

W ood Th i r d Edi t i on . .

X X X V I S u i ci d e an Es say on C ompar at i v e M o r al S t at i st i cs B y P r f
. . o .

H M rs l l i S c nd Edi t i n W i t h D i agr am s
. o e 5 . e o o . . 5 .

X X X V I I T h e B rai n and i t s F u nct i o ns B y J L y s W i t h

. . . u .
°

Il l str at i ns S cond Edi t i n 5 u o . e o . 5.

X X X V I I I M y t h and S ci e nce : an Essay B y T i t o V i gn l i Th i r d

. . o .

Edi t i n o .

X X X I X T h e S u n B y P r o fs so r Y ou ng W i t h Ill str at i ns S econd

. . e . u o .

Edi t i n
_

o .

X L A nt s B e e s a nd W as p s : a R e co r d o f O b s rv at i ns o n th e
.
, , e o
H ab i ts fth e S ci al H y m no p t e r a B y S i r J h n L bb ck B art
o o e . o u o . .
,
M P \V i th 5 C h m l i th ograph i c I ll s trati o n
. . Ei g h t h Edi t i n ro o -
u s. o .

53
X LI . I nt e l l i g e nce B y G J R omane s LL D F R S
A ni m al . . .
, . .
, H .

F rt h Edi t i n ou o .

X LI I T h e C o nce p t s and T h e o ri e s o f M o de rn P h y s i cs B y
. .

J B S t al l T h i r d Edi t i n s
. . o. o . r .

X LI I I D i s e as e s o f t h e M e m o ry An Ess ay i n th e P os i t i v e P sy ch
. o

l gy B y P r o f T h R i b t Th i r d Edi t i n 5
o . . . o . o . 5 .

X LI V M an b e f o re M e t al s B y N J l y w i t h 1 48 I l l st r at i ons
. . . o ,
u .

F rt h Edi t i on s ou . r.

X LV T h e S ci e nce o f P o l i t i cs
. B y P r f S h l do n A m os Th i rd . o . e .

Edi t i n s o . r.

X LV I E l e m e nt ary M e t e o ro l o g y
. B y R o b r t I I S co t t F rt h . e . . ou

Edi t i n W t h N m r s I ll st r at i ns 5 o . i u e ou u o . 5 .

X LV I I T h e O r g ans o f S p e e ch and t h e i r A p p l i cat i o n i n t h e

.

F o rm at i o n o f A r t i c u l at e S o u nd s By G rg H e r m ann . eo
V n M ye r W i t h 4 7 \V l c ts 5
'

o e . o or u . 3.

X LV I I I F al l aci e s A V i e w o f L g i c fr om th e P r act i cal S i de B y

. . o .

A l fr d S i dgw i ck S c nd Edi t i n e
5 . e o o . 5 .

O ri g i n o f C u l t i v at e d P l a nt s B y A l ph ns e de C and l l . o o e.

I J e l ly
s s -
r ns B i ng a R s ar ch
F i h , S t ar F i h , and S e a U ch i - -
. e e e

r ti v rv s yst s
o n P i mi e N e ou S em J R m ane s W i t h
By G . . . o .

I ll str t s u a i on 55 . .

Ll . T h e C o m m o n S e ns e o f t h e E x act S ci e nce s B y th e l at . e
\V i l l i am K i ng d n C l i ff r d S c nd Edi t i n \V i t h 1 00 F i g r so o . e o o . u e .

55 .
 K egrm P au l, Tam e/2 6 C03: P u bl zcal i onr
’

33
‘
.

LI I . P h y s i cal E x p re ss i o n : I t s M o d e s and P ri nci p l e s By .

F r anci s \Vam e r, M D , H u n e an P . . t ri r f ss r
o e o o f C om

parati ve A na o m and P h o og , t y (
ys i l y \Vi t h 50 Ill s u

t rat i o ns 55 . .

L III . t
A n h ro p o i d A p e s . By R o b rt e H art m ann . \V h 6 3it I ll str a u .

on ti s
sr . .

LI V . T h e M am m a i a i n t h e i r R e l at i o n t o P l ri m e v al T i m e s .

s r
B y O ca S ch m d \V i h 5 1 \Vo o dcu ts 55 i t . t . .

LV . C o m p arat iv e L i t e rat u re . By H . M acau l av P o sne tt, L L D . .

55 .

LV I . E art h q u a k e s and o t h e r E art h M o e m e nt v s . By P r f o .

il o h n M neJ t ig r s iti
.
5 \V i h 3 8 F u e S e co nd Ed o n . . s .

LV I I M i cro b e s F e rm e nt s and l w
. o u l ds, By E L Tr c a t , . . . ou ss r .

W i t h 1 0 7 I l l st r at i ns 5 u o . s .

LV I I I G e o g rap h i cal and G e o l o g i cal D i s t ri b u t i o n o fA ni m al s

. .

B y P r f ss r A H i lp i n o e F r nt i s p co
5 . e r . o ie e . s.

LI X W e at h e r
. A P o p l ar Ex p s i t i n f t h . N at r f \Y at h r u o o o e u e o e e

C h ang s fr m Day t D ay B y th H n R al ph A b r cr m b y
e o o . e o . e o .

\V i t h 9 6 I l l st r at i ns 5 u o . 5 .

LX A ni m al M a g ne t i s m B y A l fr d B i n t and C h arl s F r e
'
.
5 . e e e e . 5 .

LX I M anu al o f B ri t i s h D i s co m y c e t e s w i t h d s cr i pt i ns o fal l t h
.
, e o e

S p ci s fF ng i h i t h rt f nd i n B r i t ai n i ncl d d i n t h F am i l y
e e o u e o ou u e e ,

and I l l str at i ns ft h G n r a u i y \Vi l l i am P h i ll i ps F L S

o 5 o e e e .
, . . . 3 .

I nt e rna t i o nal L a w W i t h M at i ai f r a C d f I nt r . ei s o o e o e

nat i nal Law B y P r f ss r L n L i

o 5 . o e o eo e ex . x .

L x i i i T h e O ri g i n o f F l o r a l S t ru c t u re s t h ro u g h
. I ns e c t
A ge nc y By I f ( 2 I l cn l w .
’
ro . . s o .

M I LI T A R Y W O R K S .

C I f , AHA Col . . .
— M i l i t a ry H a nd b o ok s fo r
g R el i m e nt a O i l i ce rs .

I M i l i t a r y S k e t ch i ng and R e c nna i s s a nce B y ( L

. o .
‘
o

I" l I i tch i n and M aj r l l t i M act i g r I fi h

.
.
. u so o . . re o .
‘
l

Edi t i on \ Vi t h 1 5 1 l at s S nall c w i S v 4
.
’
e . i ro i o ,
x .

I I T h e E l e m e nt s f M o d rn T a c t i cs P rac t i cal l y
.
o e

ap p l i e d t E ng l i s h F o rm a t i o ns B y Li o h C t . cti o .

\ V i l ki nso n S h aw S i xt h Edi t i o n W i l l 2 5 P l at s and . . i e

M aps S m al l cr w n 8 v g . o o, r.

I I I F i e l d A rt i l l e ry
. I ts Eq u i pme nt O rg ani at i n and Tact i cs .
, z o .

B y M aj r S i ss n C I rat t R A W i l l 1 2 l latcs T h i r d
o o .
’
, . . i
’
.

Edi t i n S mal l cr w n 8 v 6 o . o o, 3 .
34 A Li st o f
B R A C] ( E N B UR Y, Col . C B . .
, R A . .
—m t n c z
’

u ed.

IV . Th e E l e m e nt s o f M i l i t ary A d m i ni s t rat i o n F i r st .

P art : P e r mane nt S yst e m o f A dm i ni st r at i o n B y M aj o r .

J \V B u xt on S mal l cr o w n 8vc,
. . .

V . M i l i t ary L aw : I ts P r oce d r e and u P r act i c e. B y M aj o r

S i ss n C P a , R A r tt T h i r d Edi t i n S ma ll cr o w n 8 vc,
g
. . . o .
'

4s d . .

VI C av al ry i n M o de rn W ar B y C ol F C l ene vi T r e nch
. . . . i x .

S m al l cr w n 8 vc 6 o , 3.

V I I F i e l d W o rk s
. Th i r T e ch ni cal C o nst r u ct i on and T act i cal . e
A ppl i cat i n B y th Edi t r C ol C B B r ack enb ry R A o . e o , . . . u , . .

S m all cr wn 8 vo o .

B R E N T B rig C m 17 L —M o b i l i ab l e F o rt i ficat i o ns and t h e i r

,
-
. . . z

C o nt ro l l i ng I nfl u e nce i n W ar C r o wn 8vc 5 .
, s.

B R OOK E M aj r C I i —A S y s t e m o f F i e l d T rai ni ng
, o , S m al l . i .

cr o w n 8 vc cl o t h l i m
p 2 , ,
5 .

C am p ai g n o f F re de ri ck s b u rg N o v e m b e r—D e ce m b e r 1 8 6 2 , , .

A S t dy f r O ffi ce r s f V o l nt e rs
u W i t h 5 M aps and P l ans
o o u e . .

C r o w n 8 vc 5 , s.

CL ER Y C L f C l —M i no r T act i cs W i t h 2 6 M aps and P l ans

, .
, z eu
'

.
-
o . . .

S v nt h Edi t i n R e v i s d
e e C r o w n 8 vo 9 o , e .
, 5.

C OL VI LE L t Col C E —M i l i t ary T ri b u nal s S w d 2 6d

’

, zeu . . . . e e ,
5 . .

CR A U F U R D Capt H y —S u g g e s t i o ns fo r t h e M i l i t ary T rai n

, . .

i ng o f a C o m p any o f I nf ant ry C r w n 8v 1 6 d . o o, s . .

H A M I L T ON Capt J an A D C —T h e F i g h t i ng o f t h e F u tu re I
, , , . . . . s.

H A R R I S ON C l R —T h e O f fice r s M e m o rand u m B o o k fo r ’
, o . .

P e ace a nd W ar F rt h Edi t i n R v i s d t h r gh ou t . ou o , e e ou .

O bl ng 3 2 m o ed b as i l w i t h p nci l 3 6d
o , r ,
e ,
s. .

N o t e s o n C aval ry T act i cs O rg ani s at i o n e t c B y a C aval ry , ,

.

O ffi c r \V t h D i agr am s D m y 8v 1 z
e . i . e o, s.

P A R /8 , Capl I f H al/am C M G . T h e D re ss H o rs e s and

.
, . .
-

, ,

E q u i p m e nt o f I nf ant ry and S t af f Of fi ce r s C rown .

8 y o, 13 .

S CI /A W , Col H .
—T h e D e f e nce and A t t ack o f P o s i t i o ns and
L o cal i t i e s . T h i r d Edi t i o n, R e vi s e d and C o rr e ct e d C row n .

8 y o, 3s 6d . .

S T ON E , Capl F C leadow e , R A —T ac ti cal S tu di e ro m s f th

—
e
— r
. . . .

F ra nco G e m an W a r o f 1 8 7 0 7 1 . W h 22 L ho it i t gr aph ic
S k e ch e s and M aps t
D e m 8 vc, 3 0 5 . y .

WI L/( I N S OZ V ,
I] . Spe nser, C apt . 2 0 11; Lam ar/l i re [i ii i ti z e n —C
S o di e r l s Ess ay s t w ar ds
. o th e I r v
m p o e m e n o f th e V o u n e e t l t r
F o rc e . C r o w n 8 vo 2 , 5 .
 6 L
J

'
CE R VA N TE S -
cou l i nu ea .

N u m ant i a : r g y
T a ed T an r sl at d fr m th S pani sh w i t
a . e o e
t s by J A M E S Y G I B S O N C r o w n 8 vc
,

I tr ti
n o du c o n and N o e , . .

r t
p i n e d o n h and m ade pape , 5 3r -
.

C h r o ni cl e s o f C h r i s to p h e r C o l u m b u s A P e m i n 1 2 C ant o . o s
By M D C C r o wn 8 vo 7 3 6d
. . .
, . .

C i d B a l l ad s and o t h e r P o e m s —T r ansl at e d fr m S pani sh an

, o
G m an by J Y G I B S O N
er 2 v ol s C r o w n 8v 1 2 . . . o, 3 .

C OX H E A D [fwd —B i rd s and B ab i e s
, \Vi t h 3 3 I ll str at i o ns . u

I mp 1 6m o g i l t 2 6d
.
, , 3. .

D ant e s D i vi na C o m m e d i a T r ansl at e d i n th e T m R i ma c
’
. er

O r i g i nal by F K H H A S ELF O O T ,
D m y 8 vo 1 6. . . . e , 3.

DE B E R A N G E R — A S e l e c t i o n f ro m h i s S o ng s I n Engl i s .

B y W I LL I AM T O Y N B EE
.

V rs e e S m al l cr wn 8 vc o

D EN N I S 7 —
. .
,

,
E ng l i s h S o nne t s
, C ll e ct e d and A rr ang e d by S nai . o . i

cr w n 8 vc 2
o 6d , 3. .

D E VE R E A b y —P o e t i cal W o rk s
, u re .

I T H E S EAR C H A F T E R P R O S E R P I N E tc 6 e 3.

l l T i t E L E G END S o n S T P A T R I C K
.
.
,

. tc 6 .
, e . 3.

I l l A L E X AN D E R T I i s G R EA T
. tc 6 -

, e . 3.

T h e F o ray o f Q u e e n M e a v e and o t h e r L g e nds o f I r e l and , e

H r i c Ag e o S m al l cr o w n 8 v 5 e . o, 3 .

L e g e nd s o f t h e S ax o n S ai nt s S m al l cr o w n 8 vc 6 .
, 3.

L e g e nd s and R e co rd s o f t h e C h u rch and t h e E m p i re

S m al l cr w n 8 v 6 o o, 3.

A man —G o d s and M e n
r F cap 4 to 7 3 6d . .
, . .

D OD S ON A,
l n — O l d W o rl d I d y l l s and o t h e r V e rse s
u3 z
'

. S e ve nt .

Edi t i n El v i r 8 vc g il t top 6
o . ze , , 3.

A t t h e S i g n o f t h e L y re F i ft h Edi t i on El e vi r 8vc gi l . . z ,

to p , 6 3 .

D O N D E N , E dw ard, LL D
/ . .
—S h ak s p e re s ’
S o nne t s . Wi th I ntrc
t
du c i o n and N o es La t . rg e
pos 8 vc, t 7 3 6d . .

D U T T, Toma —A S h e af G l e ane d i n F r e nch F i el ds . N ew Edi t i on

D e m y 8 vo , 1 0 3 6d . .

A nci e nt B al l ad s and L e e nd s g of H i ndu s t an Wi t h a .

I tr
n odu c o M e mo E t ry i r by DMU ND G OSS E S e cond Edi t i on
.

1 8 mo o h e a, t top, 5 3
. Cl t xt r g il .

ED WA R DS M i 3 3 , . B el /zam .
—P 0 e m s
r w n 8 vc 3 6d . S mall co ,
3. .

E LLI O T T, E éenez e r, 7 2 a Com Law R /zy mer —P o e m s Edi t ed by h i . .

E D W I N ELL I OTT o f S t J oh ns Ant i g a

’
so n, th e R e v . 2 vol s , .
,
u .

o Cr w
n 8vo, 1 83 .
 re m . 5 264 27 0725 .
37

g
E n l i sh Edi t e d by W J Li N TO N and R
V e rs e . . . . H . S T O DD AR D .

5 vo l s C r ow n 8vc, cl o t h , 5 3 e ach
. . .

I C H A U C E R T O B U RN S
.

I I T RAN S L A T I O N S
.

. .

I I I LY R I C S o r TH E N I N E T EEN TH C EN T U R Y
. .

I V D RAM A T I C S C EN E S A N D C H ARA C T E R S
. .

V . B A LL AD S M AN C E S
AN D R O .

F05 IfE T T Edw a , r d —P o e m s C r ow n 8vo .

, 63 .

G O OD C H I L D 7 M ” , A .
—S o m ni a M e d i ci . Th ree se r i es . S mall
cr w n 8 vc 5 o ,
3 . e ach .

G OS S E , E dm u nd —N e w P oem s C r w n 8v
. o o, 7 3 6d . .

F i rd au si i n E x i l e , and o t h r P ems S
e o . e co nd Edi t i o n . Elz e vi r
-

8 vo , gi l t t p 6 o , 3 .

G U R N E V, R ev A lfred —T h e V i i o n . s of th e Eu ch ari s t , and o th er

Poem o n 8 vo , 5 3 Cr w s . .

A C h ri s t m as
l l cr ow n 8 v 5 F a g go t . S ma o, 3.

[TA K E/5 01V Cl f d —I n H o u rs o f L e i s u re C r wn8 5 f

,
i or . o ro , 3.

” E l W OOD 7 C —H e ro d i as a D r am at i c P m
/
,
N w Edi t i n
. .
,
oe . e o ,

R v i se d S m al l cr w n 8 v
e 5 . o o, 3 .

A nt o ni u s A D r am at i c P m N e w Edi t i n R e v i s e d
. S m al l oe . o , .

cr w n 8 v 5 o o, 3 .

S al om e A D ram at i c P m S m al l cr w n 8 v 5
. oe . o o, 3.

E l L—A S cu l p t o r and o t h r P m s
. S m al l cr w n , e oe . o

8y o , 5 3 .

H O LE, I V G '
.
'
.
—P ro c ri s , and o th er P oem s . F cap 8 vo , 3 3 . .

A E A T S,
’
7 ak rr .
—P 0 e. t i cal W
b y \V T A o rk s . Edi t ed . . R N O LD . La rg e

c o r wn 8v ly r t o ,
P C h o i ce p i n e d o n h and m ade pape ,
-
r wit h o rt r ai t
i n ca m/a k r t l t v ll
r . P a ch m e n o r c o h , 1 2 3 e u m , 1 53 . .

l l /VC E dw a d A V e ne t i a n L o v e r S m al l 4 t 6
’

i r . . o
,
3.
,

KING ,
l /am i /fm —T h e D i s c i p l e s N i nt h Edi t i n and N te s z . . o ,
o .

S m al l r w n 8 v S c o o ,
r.

A B o k o f D re am s S co nd Edi t i n C r wn 8v 3 o ’
o . e o . o o ,
3 . u .

fi l m / S D C y
— A S o ng o f J u l i l o e a nd o t h e
.
’
t . .
'
. e ou rr . i ,
r

P em s \Vi t h F r nt i s pi c
o S m al l cr w n S v 3
. 6d o e e. o o
, 3 . .

LA N G A — , X X X I I B a l l ad e s I n B l u e C h i na
. El v i r 8 v 5 . . ze o, 3.

R h y m e s 31 l a M o d e \Vi t h F r nt i s pi c by E A Ab b y . o e e . e .

S c nd Edi t i n e El v i r 8 v cl t h xt r a g i l t to p 5
o o . ze c, o e , ,

A L L D —O u S e a a nd S h o re S m al l cr w n
.
, . . . o

8 vo , 5 3 .
 LA S CE LLE S , 7 olz i z —G o l d e n F . e t te r s , and o h e t r P o e ms . S mal l
r w
c o n 8 vo , 3 3 6 d . .

LA WS ON , R i g/i t H on . Mr .
j m tz ce
’

.
— H y m ni U si t at i L at i ne
t w i t h o t h r V r se s S mal l 8vc par ch m nt 5
R e dd i i e e .
,
e ,
3.

L i v i ng E ng l i s h P o e t s M D C C C L X X X I I W i t h F r ont i s pi ce by . e

W al t r C r ane S e c nd Edi t i n Larg e cr o w n 8 vc P r nt d o n

e . o o . . i e

h and made p ape r -

P ar ch m e nt cl o t h 12 v el l m 1 5 . or ,
3 . u ,
3 .

L O CK E R E— , L o nd o n L y ri cs T nt h Edi t i o n \V i t h P rt ai t . e . o i ,

El e v i r 8 v
z C l o t h e xtr a g i l t t p 5 o .
, o ,
3 .

L o ve i n I d l e ne ss A V l m o f P o ms W i t h an Et ch i ng by \V B
. o u e e . . .

Sc t t S m al l cr w n 8 v 5
o . o o, 3 .

L U M S D EZ V Li m it C l f] , li d —B e o w u l f an O l d Engl i sh P
-
o .
m . : oe .

T r ansl at e d i nt o M d r n R h y m s S e co nd and R v i s ed Ed t n o e e . e i io .

S m al l cr w n 8 vc 5 o ,
3 .

L YS A GH T S i dn y R w n—A M o d e rn I d e al
, e A D r am at i c P mo e . oe .

S mal l cr w n 8 vc 5 o , 3.

/er, M A , and P A L M E R , E H , [MA —J o h an

M A GN U S S ON , B i ff . . . . .

L u d vi g R u ne b e rg ’ s L y ri cal S o ng s , I d y l l s , and E p i
gram s F cap 8 vo , 5 3 . . .

[l/E R ED I TI Y, Ow en [7 71 5 E arl —L u ci l e . N e w Ed o n iti .

\V h 3 2 u it I l l st r t i a o ns 1 6 111 0, 3 3 . . 6d . C l t h e xt r
o a, i ed e , g lt g s
43 6d . .

111 013181 5 , L at vi a— P o e t i cal W o k of N e w and h e ape Ed on , r s C r iti s

wit
h Po rtr i t C
a l t
om p e e i n 3 o ,
3 e ach . v ls . . .

V ol .I
co n a n
.t i s g
S o n s o fT w o \Vo rlds
”
w lft
T e h Edi o n ti .

V ol . II
co n a nt i s . i
Th e Ep c o fH ade
”
s T en fw ty rst i t
i Ed i o n .
-
.

V ol . III t s
co n ai n w
G e n and
.
“
T h e O de o f Li e
”
f
S e en h v t .

Edi o n ti .

t i s gs
V o l I V co n a n “ S on U nsu n
. . gand G y ci a
”
i ft
F h Ed on iti . .

S o ng s o f B ri t ai n T h i r d Edi t i n F cap 8 vc 5 . o . .
,
3.

T h e E p i c o f H ad e s W i t h 1 6 A t o ty pe I l l st r at i ons aft e r th e . u u ,

D r aw i ngs f th e l at G o rg R C h ap m an 4 t cl o t h e xtr a g i l t
o e e e . . o, ,

el av e s 2 1 3 , .

T h e E p i c o f H ad e s P r es nt at i o n Edi t i n 4t cl t h e xtr a . e o . o, o ,

gi l t l av s 1 0 6d
e e ,
3 . .

T h e L e w i s M o rri s B i rt h d ay B o o k Edi t d by S S C O P E . e . .

M A N w i t h F r nt i spi c aft e r a D si gn by th e l at G e rg R
, o e e e e o e .

C h apm an 3 2 n cl t h xtr a g i l t dge s. cl t h l i m p 1 3 6d

i o, o e ,
e ,
o , .

ll / OR S I I E A D E D A , T h e H o u s e o f A t re u s
. .B i ng th e .
-
. e _

A g am e m n n Li b at i n B ar rs and F r i e s o f l E ch y l s
o ,
T r ans o -
e e , u s u .

l at d i nt Engl i sh V r se C r wn 8 vo 7 3
e o e . o , .

T h e S u p p l i ant M ai d e ns o f E s ch y i u s C r w n 8 v 3 6d . o o, 3. .
 A L zs t
’

40 o f

S C O T T, E .
j . L .
—T h e g
E cl o u e s o f V i rgi l .
—T r ns l t a a ed i no t Engl i s
Ve rs e. S ma l l cr w o n 8 vo , 3 s 6 d . .

S KI E R B R O OK E , ”fl au nt —P o e m s of a Li fe . S e cond Edi ti o r ,

S m al l c o r w n 8v o , 23 . 6d .

S I N CL A I R , 7 n/z au
'

.
-
N ak i k e t as , and o th e r P oem s . S ma l l c o r w
8 vo , 25 .6d .

S zll l J, 7 . I V Gi l bq
.
—T h e Lo ves o f V and y ck . A Ta e l o fG e no a

S ma l l cr w n 8 vo o ,
25 . 6d .

Th e Log 0
’
th e
“
N s
o r e m an . S m al l c o r w n 8 vo , 53 .

S e rb r wn 8v
e l l o ni . S m al l c o o,

S o p h o cl e s : T h S e v e n P l ays i n Engl i s h V e rs e e . T r ansl at e d by LE W I ‘

C AM P B E LL C r o w n 8 vo 7 6 d .
,
s . .

S TE I VA R T P h i l l ipa —P o e m s S m al l cr w n 8 . o ro , 23 . 6d .

—V agab u nd u l i
,

Sl l O/VD S , A ddi ngi ozz . Li b el l u s . C ro wr

8 vo , 6 5 .

T ass o s
’
s al e m D e l i v e re d T r ansl at d by S i J O H N K i no srm
J e ru . e r

J A M E S B art T w o V l m e s P r i nt d n h and mad pape r

,
. o u . e o -
e .

p ar ch m nt b v e l l d b ar ds L arg e cr w n 8 vo 2 1
e , e e o . o ,
5 .

TA VL OR S i H — W o rk s
,
C omp l e t e i n F i ve V o l u m e
r C ro w . s. i

8 vo , 3 0 5 .

P h i l i p V an A rt e v e l de . F cap 8 vo , 3 s 6 d . . .

Th e V i g i n W i do w tc
r , e . F cap 8 ro , 3 s 64 . . .

Th e S t at e s m an F cap 8 vo . .
, 33 .

TOD H U N TE 13, D r .
7 .
—L a u re l l a, and o t h er l ’
oe ms . C rown 8 vo
6 s 6d . .

F o re s t S o ng s . S m al l r wn 8 vo
c o , 3 s 6d . .

Th e g e d y o f R i e nz i
T ru e r T ra 3 6d a D am a . 5 . .

A l ce s t i s a D r am at i c P o m Ext r a fcap 8 vo sr e . .
,
.

H e l e na i n T ro as S m al l cr o w n 8 vo 2 6 d .
, 3. .

T o t/K I N S Z i n/l a 5 3
r S i s t e r L u ce tt a a nd o t h e r P o e m s
, e S mal l .
-

, .

cr w n 8 v 3 6d
o o, s . .

T Y VA V K at/ i na —L o u i s e d e l a V al l i e re and o t h e r P oe ms
l z , ref , .

S m al l cr o w n 8 v 3 6 d o, s. .

S h am ro ck s S mal l cr o w n 8 vo sr .
, .

U ns p o k e n T h o u g h t s S m al l cr w n 8 v 3 6 d . o o, s. .

V i ct o ri an H y m ns : E ng l i s h S acre d S o ng s o f F i f t y Y e a r s .

D di cat d to t h Qe n Larg p s t 8 vo 1 0 6 d
e e u ee . e o ,
5 . .

WE B S TE R A g ta —I n a D ay a D r am a S mal l cr w n 8 vo 2 5
, u us . o , .

D i s g u i s e s a D r am a S m al l cr w n 8 v 5 o o, 3.

WI LL/ 41 11 2 7 ames —
.

A L aw y e r s L e i s u re S mal l cr o wn 8 vo
’
{ . . .
,

35 . 6d .
 K egr m P au l, Tram /i 57 C033 P u bl i cati ons
“
.
41

LVO OD , E dm u nd —P o e m s 3s 6 d . S m all c o r w n 8v o, . .

W o rd s w o rt h B i rt h d ay B oo k , T h e Edi t e d by A DE L A I D E and .

V I O L E T W O R DS W O i t T H 3 2 m o , l i m p cl o t h , 1 5 6d cl o t h e xtr a, 2 3 . . . .

YOUN GS , E ll a S /zarpe .
—P ap h u s , and o th er P o e ms . S mall r w n8 v
c o e,

3 5 6 41 . .

A H e art Li
’
s fe , S arp e d o n, and o th e r P oe m s . S m all r wn
c o
8 ro , 5 5 6 d . .

Th e A p o th eosi s of A nt i no u , and s o th e r P oe m s . Wi th
Po rt r ai t . S ma l l cr w o n 8 ro , 1 0s .

N O V ELS A N D T A LES .

A ll B u t a C h ro ni cle o fLax e ni o rd L i
’

f e . By P i Z N O V ,
-
L I ER
Wi t h 2 0 Il l u str at i o ns . S e co nd Ed iti on . Cr w
o n 8 ro , 65 .

HA N /( S fi lm 6 L —G o d s P v i d e nce H o u se N e w Edi ti
’
, . . . ro . o n.
C row n 8v o, 3 s 6d . .

C H / C l /E LE , [ll ama—D o i ng and U nd o i n g . A S t ry

o . C r wn 8 o ro ,

4s 6d . .

D a ni h s P ar s o nage . By an A n gl r e . C r w n 8 vo o , 65 .

G R A Y, M ax w ell — T h e S i l e nce . of D e an M ai t l and . F i ft h

Edi t i o n \Vi t h l i ro nti sp i e ce
. . C r o w n 8 vo, 6 s .

H U N TE R , H ay
— T h e C ri m e o f C h ri s t m as D a y A T al e o f t h e .

Lat i n Q u art e r B y th e A u t h o r o f “
M y D u cats and my
.

Dau g h t e r
”
15 . .

l /ay ,
and l V/l l/ TE , [Va/l e n —M y D u cat and M y s
D au h g te r . N e w and h e ape Ed o n W h F ro nt p e ce C r iti . it is i .

C r wn8v
o o, 65 .

I N GE L O PV, Z o ra —O il t h v l it r nt i s pi
"
e S k e l l i gs : a No e . \V h F o e ce .
S e co nd Ed o n iti . Cr w o n 8 vo , 6x .

7 EN A I N S , Edw ard
’ ’
.
-
A S e cre t of Tw o Li ves . Cr wn8v o o, 25 . 6d .

A I E LL A N D , A lex a nder L —G a rm a n a nd W o rs e rw g i an
’
. . A No e

No e v l
A u h o z e d T an a o n,
. \ V \V K e t ri r sl t i by . . t t l w ll C r w n
e e . o
8 vo , 65 .

LA N G, A ndre w I n th — e W r o ng P a ad i s e , r and o th r e S t ri s
o e .

C r w n 8 v 61
S e co nd Ed o n iti . o o, .

M A CD ON A LD G — D o na l G ra nt , A N v l S c nd
. . o e . e o Edi t i o n .

\Vi t h F r nt i s pi c Cr wn 8v 6 o e e . o o, 3 .

H o m e A g ai n \Vi t h F r nt i s pi c C r wn 8v 6r . o e e . o o, .

C as t l e W a rl o c k A N v l S c nd Edi t i n Wi t h . o e . e o o . F r o nt i s
pi e c C r o wn 8 r 6
e. o, 5 .
 CD OrVA LD , (7 ,

M al co l m . W i th
rt r ai t f th A t h r ngr av e d o n S t ee l Po o e u o e

Ei g h t h Edi t i n C r ow n 8v 6 o . o, s.

T h e M arq u i s o f L o s s i e S e v e nt h Edi t i n W i t h F r o nt i s pi e ce . o .

C r w n 8v 6 o o, 3.

S t G e o rg e and S t M i ch ae l
. F i ft h Edi t i n W i t h F r ont i s . . o .

p i ce C r w n 8v 6
e . o o, 5 .

W h at s M i ne s M i ne S e cond Edi t i on W i t h F r ont i s pi e ce

’ ’
. .

C r ow n 8 v 6 o, 5 .

A nnal s o f a Q u i e t N e i g h b o u rh o o d S i xt h Edi t i o n W i t . .

F r nt i s pi e ce
o C r wn 8 o 6 . o y ,
5 .

T h e S e a b o ard P ari s h a S eq l t A nnals f a Q i e t N e i gh ue o o u

F o rt h Edi t i on W i t h F ro nti spi e c C r o w n 8 vo 6

”
bo ho d ur o . u . e. , s

W i l f r e d C u m b e rm e d e An A t ob i gr aph i cal S t o ry F o rt u o . u

Edi t i on W i t h F ro nti sp e ce . C r ow n 8 vo 6 i .
,
3 .

T h o m as W i ngfo l d C u rat e F u rt h Edi t i on W i t h F r o nt i s ,

. o .

pi ec C r o w n 8 vo 6
e. , 3.

P au l F a b e r S u rge o n F o rt h Edi t i on, W i t h F r ont i spi e ce . u .

C r wn 8 o 6 o y , 5 .

Z l/A LE T L a r —C o l o ne l E nd e rb y s W i f e A N ov el
’
, fu . N e w an . . t

C h e ape r Edi t i o n \Vi t h F r ont i spi ce C r ow n 8 vo 6 . e .

, s.

.M U L H OLLA N D [f m —M arce l l a G race ,

A nI r i s h N o v e l
or C r ow . . l

8 vo , 6s .

P A L GR /I VE , I/ V S ord — H e rm ann A .
w gh a : an Ea st r n N arr at i v
e e

Th d Ed on i tio ir
Cr w
n 8 vo, 65 . .

S E A I V F l a L —C as tl e B l ai r : a S t o ry fY o t h f l D ays
/
, or . N e w an o u u .

C h ap r Edi t i n C r o w n 8v 3 6d
e e o . o, s . .

S TR E T T OJV fl oa — T h ro u g h a N e e d l e s E y e : a S t o ry
, es . Net ’
.

and C h ap e r Edi t i n w i t h F r nt i s pi ce
e C r w n8 v 6 o ,
o e . o o, 5 .

TA YL OR C l M ad w
, o . l R L A —S e e t a : a N v l
e o Wi t s, . . o e .

F r nt i s p i c o C r wn 8 v o e e . o o, s .

T i p p o o S u l t a u n a T al fth M ys r e W ar W i t h F r ont i s pi ce e o e o . e

C r ow n 8 v 6 o, 5 .

R al p h D arne l l W i t h F r nt i s p i e ce C r ow n 8 vc 6 . o .
, 5 .

A N o b l e Q u een \V i t h F r o nt i s pi ce C r w n 8v 6 . e . o o, s.

T h e C o nf e s s i o ns o f a T h u g W i t h F r nt i s pi c C r o w n8 v 6 ‘

. o e e. o, 5

T a ra a M ah r att a T al e W i t h F r nt i s pi c C r w n 8 vo 6 . o e e . o , 3.

W i t h i n S o u nd o f t h e S e a W i t h F r ont i s pi ce C r o w n 8 vo 6 . e .
,
5.
PR I NTE D BY W I L L IA M C LO W E S AN D SON S , LI MITED
,

LO N DO N AN D B EC C L E S .
 M ESS R S .

P A U L, T R E N C H 8
’
K EG A N :
CO S .

I I
ED T ON S OF

S H A K S P ER E S WOR K S
’

TH E P A R CH JII EN T LI B R AR Y E D I TI OI V .

TH E A VOI V E D I TI ON .

Tex t f
o ti me E di ti ons i s mai nly t/zat f D eli /1 s
( . I V/1 e7

ever a vari ant readi ng i s p

ado t ed, some good ana recogni z ed
’

Slzabs/i eri an Cri ti c b ar been fol low ed

'
. . I n no case is a new

renderi n
ofMe tex t p roposed; nor /1(I J i t been t/zong/zt ne
‘

l o (i l k/m et [b e reader s al /en/i on notes or connnentr

’
.
 S H A K S P ER E S
’
W O R KS .

TH E A VON ED I TI ON .

P rinted on thi n opaque p aper and for m i ng 1 2 handy ,

volu mes cloth ,

or boun d i n 6 volu mes 1 5 s
, ,
.

T h e set o f 1 2 vol u mes m ay also be had i n a cloth box ,

price 2 1 s: or b ou nd i n R o an P ersi an C rushed P ersian

, , ,

Levant C al f or M orocco and e nclosed i n an attractive

, , ,

l e ather at rices fro m i s 6 a up wards

’

p 3 . . .

SOM E P RE S S N OT I CE S .

Thi s e di t i n w i l l b s f l t t h se w h w ant a g od t e xt w e l l and

o e u e u o o o o ,

cl arly p r i nt d i n c nv ni nt l i t tl
e e v l m s t h at w i l l sl i p e as i ly i nt o an
o e e e o u e
v r c at p ck t r a t r av ll i ng b ag —S t [nnw Ga tt
,
” ’
o e o o e o e ze e
—A cad
-
. . s .

\Ve k n w n p r tt i e r di t i n fS h ak s p r f th p r i c
o o e e o o e e or e e . e
I t i r fr s h i ng t m t w i t h an di t i n fS h ak s pe r of conv e ni e nt
s e e o ee e o o e

s i and l w pr i c w i t h t i t h r n t s r i ntr d ct i ns of any s rt to

ze o e, ou e e o e o o u o o
di s t r act th at t nt i n fth r ade r
e e oS atn aay R vi w
o e e .
‘
-
r
’
e e .

“
I t i xq i s i t
s e u Each v l me i s h andy i b e a t i f l l y pr i nt e d and
e . o u , s u u ,

i n v e ry w ay l nds i t se l f to th e t ast e f th e cu l t i vat ed st u dent Of Sh ak

e e o

s ere
p .
— S o/snm n e .
 S HA K S P E R E S
’
W OR KS .

S P ECI M EN OF T YP E .

TH E III ER CH A N T OI "V EN I CE A CT 1

w i nd cool i ng my br ot h My , ,

W l d b l o w m e to an ag e w h n I t h ou gh t
ou u , e

\Vh at h ar m a w i nd t gr eat m i gh t do at se a oo .

I sh l d n t se th s andy h r g l ass r n
ou o e e ou -
u

B t I sh
u l d t h i nk fsh al l w s and o ffl ats
ou o o ,

A nd se m y w al t h y A ndr e w do ck d i n s and
’
e e , ,

V ai l i ng h e r h i gh t p l w e r t h an h r r i b s -
o o e

T k i ss h r b r i al
o S h o l d I go to ch u r ch
e u . u

A nd e th h l y e di fi
s e ce efs t one o o ,

A nd no t b t h i nk m str ai g h t fdang e r ou s r ock s

e e o ,

W h i ch t o ch i ng b t m y g e ntl v ess l s si de
u u e e
’
,

W o l d scatt e r al l h r s pi ce s on th st r e am
u e e ,

Enr ob th r ar i ng w at e r s w i t h my s i l k s
e e o ,

A nd i n a w r d b t e v e n n w w rt h t h i s
, o , u o o ,

A nd n w w rt h n t h i ng ? S h al l I h av e th e t h ou g h t
o o o

T t h i nk n t h i s and s h al l I l ack th t h
o o , gh t e ou

T h at s ch a t h i ng b ch anc d w l d m ake m e sad P ’

u e ou

B t tel l n t m
u I k n w Ant ni
o e o o o

I s ad to t h i nk p n h i s m r ch andi s e
s u o e .

A nt B l i v m e n
. e I t h ank m y fo rt u ne fo r i t
e e , o ,

M y v e nt r e s are n t i n one b t t m t r st e d
u o o o u ,

N r t o n pl ac
o o n r i my w h l
e st at e o s o e e e

U pon th f rt n ft h i s p r e s nt y ar
e o u e o e e

T h r f r e m y m r ch andi s e m ak e s m e no t sad
e e o e .

S al a W h y t h n y o are i n l o v
r. , e u e .

A nt . F i c, f
ie

S o l ar . N o t i n l o v e ne i t h e r ? Th e n le t us say
y ou .

are sad,
B e cau s e you are no t m e rry ; and
’
tw e r e as e asy
F o r y o u to l au gh , and l e ap, and say y ou are me rry ,

B e caus e y u are not sad N w by tw o h ad d

o . o ,
-
e e

J an s u ,

N at r e h at h f ram d s tr ang fe ll o ws i n h e r t i me ’
u e

S m e t h at w i l l v r m r e p p t h r g h t h e i r y s
o e e o ee ou e e

A nd l a g h li k parr o ts at a b ag pi p r
u e -
e

And t h r fs ch v i n g ar as p ct
o e o u e e