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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:10/October-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
STUDY ON ASSESSMENT OF FOREIGN BODY IN RUMEN AND RETICULUM OF
CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT BOKO TOWN SLAUGHTER HOUSE OF FEDIS
DISTRICT, EASTERN ETHIOPIA
Magarsa Mahammed Mussa*1
*1Agricultural Resource And Rural Development Office Of Fedis District, Eastern
Hararghae Zone, Ethiopia.
DOI : https://www.doi.org/10.56726/IRJMETS30406
ABSTRACT
A cross-sectional study methods and systematic random sampling approach was used from November, 2020 to
April, 2021 at Boko Town slaughter house of Fedis district, Eastern Ethiopia, with the objectives to assess the
prevalence of rumen and reticulum foreign bodies, identify the types of foreign bodies and the associated risk
factors for the occurrence of foreign bodies. From the total of 384 examined cattle, 136(35.40%) were found
positive for the occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum. Out of 136 positive cases of
foreign body, 102(75%) were occurred in rumen, 31(22.80%) in reticulum. Plastics(41.20%) were the most
common foreign bodies detected, followed by clothes (22.05%) and ropes(17.65%). There was statistically
significant difference (p<0.05) in Prevalence among different sexes, age and body condition scores group;
higher prevalence was observed in female (50%),old animals (50%) and poor body conditioned animals (55%).
Therefore, sex, age and body condition score were considered as potential risk factors associated with
occurrence of foreign body in rumen and reticulum. To conclude, this study shows that the grazing areas were
contaminated With plastics, clothes, and other indigestible materials, could pose serious health problem for
free grazing animals. Therefore, Awareness creation should be made on disposal and cleaning of indigestible
materials in the grazing area.
Keywords: Cattle, Fedis District, Foreign Body, Rumen And Reticulum.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies by ruminants is becoming a common worldwide problem[1].
Ingested foreign bodies by cattle are divided into two main groups; the first category is foreign bodies of
metallic origin and the second is foreign bodies of non metallic origin. The types of foreign bodies that found in
rumen and reticulum of cattle were plastics, clothes, ropes, needles, nails and wires[2]. Some of these foreign
bodies were penetrating, while others were found accumulated in the rumen[3]. Ingestion of indigestible
foreign bodies in cattle is a pathological condition of both economic and health importance[4]. Indigestible
plastic foreign bodies that accumulated in the rumen of ruminants causes ruminal impaction, recurrent
tympany, and many other adverse health effects[5]. Entrance and migration of foreign bodies through the body
tissue leads to many complications that differ according to the nature and the ways of its entrances in to the
tissue[6].. The ingestion of foreign bodies that penetrate the reticulum, the diaphragm and pericardium,
resulting in traumatic pericarditis[7]. The extensive management system can be incriminated as a major
predisposing factor for acquiring indigestible rumen foreign bodies in ruminants; shortage of forage during dry
season and nutritional deficiency also leads animals to find their own feed from grazing lands, which is
potentially contaminated with various types of indigestible foreign bodies[8].
The types and prevalence of foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum of cattle has been identified and reported
by[9] at Badano woreda Municipal abattoirs in eastern ethiopia,[10] at Nekemte Municipal abattoir in Western
Ethiopia, [11] at Gondar Elfora abattoir in Northern Ethiopia. However, no studies have been carried out on
types and prevalence of foreign bodies in cattle and associated risk factors for the occurrence of foreign bodies
on cattle in the study area. Therefore, the objective of the present study were: To determine the Prevalence of
foreign bodies, to identify the types and risk factors that are associated with the occurrence of foreign bodies in
rumen and reticulum of cattle slaughtered at Boko town slaughter house of Fedis district.
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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study Area
The study was conducted from November 2020 to April 2021 in Boko slaughter house of Fedis district, Oromia
region, Eastern Hararghae zone. The district is located at a distance of 24 Kms south from Harar and 538 kms
east from Addis Ababa. Geographically, the district has latitude between 8°22’ and 9°14’ north and longitude
between 42°02’ and 42°19’ east, in middle and lowland areas. The altitude range is from 1200 to 2100 meters
above sea level, with prevalence of lowlands. The area receives average annual rainfall of 650-900 mm and the
minimum and maximum temperature of the area is 20-25 c° and 30-35 c°, respectively[12].
2.2. Study animals
The study was conducted on 384 apparently healthy and slaughtered cattle. All cattle presented for slaughter
were local breed.
2.3. design
A cross-sectional study method was conducted from November 2020 to April 2021 at Boko town slaughter
house to address the aim of the objective. Sex,age and body condition were considered as risk factors.
2.4. Sampling methods
The study animals were selected by using systematic random sampling using regular interval from cattle
slaughtered each day.
2.5. Sample size determination
The required sample size was determined based on the procedure and formula described by [13]; using 50%
expected prevalance of foreign bodies in cattle in the area, and 5% desired absolute precision and at 95%
confidence level. Accordingly, the total sample was determined to be 384 , using the following formula ;
n=(1.96)2Pexp. (1-Pexp)/d2
Where,
n = required sample size.
Pexp = Expected proportion of population of indigestible
Foreign body are 50%.
d = Desired absolute precision (0.05)
2.6. Study methodology
Ante- mortem examination
During ante-mortem examination, the selected animals were assessed and recorded in terms of sex, age and
body condition. The age of animals were classified as young, adult and old age based on dental eruption ; body
condition was classified as poor, medium and good based on body appearance and spine process.
Post-mortem examination
The stomach of each animal was removed from abdominal cavity. All compartment were inspected for the
existance of foreign bodies. Finally, the location and the types of foreign bodies were identified and recorded.
2.7. Data Management and analysis
Data on sex, age , body condition score and types of foreign bodies at post mortem were recorded and stored in
Microsoft excel spreadsheet ; analysed using SPSS Microsoft software Version 17.0 . Descriptive statistics and
chi square (χ2) test were used to asses the association between prevalence of the foreign bodies and different
potential risk factors. P-values less than 0.05 was considered significant
III. RESULTS
3.1. Over all prevalence: From a total of 384 cattle examined for foreign bodies in their rumen and reticulum,
35.40%(136/384) of them were found positive. From 35.40% positive cases of foreign body,75%, 22.80% and
2.20% were occurred in the rumen, reticulum and both, respectively.
3.2. Types of foreign bodies: The types of foreign bodies were needle, bone, wire, plastics, clothes, ropes,
shoes and mixed foreign bodies with prevalance of 2.90%,2.20%, 5.90%, 41.20% ,22.05%,17.65%,2.20% and
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13.30%, respectively. From this results, plastics 56(41.20%) were the most observed foreign body; followed by
clothes 30(22.05%) and ropes 24(17.65%).
3.3. Associated risk factors: Sex, age and body condition score of the study animals were significantly
(p<0.05) associated with occurrence of foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum.
Sex: From 224 male and 160 female animals examined, foreign body was found in the rumen and reticulum of
56(25%) male and 80(50%) females. The high prevalence rate of foreign body was recorded in female animals
(Table 3).
Age: Out of 384 examined cattle,84, 160 and 140 animals were young, adult and old age groups, respectively. Of
those, 18 (21.40%) young, 48 (30%) adult and 70 (50%) old age were found positive. The highest prevalence
rate of foreign body was observed in old animals than the other two groups ( Table3).
Body condition score: From those animals examined with poor, medium and good body
condition,77(55%),52(30.20%) and 7(9.70%) were found positive for foreign bodies, respectively. The highest
prevalence rate of foreign body (55%) was recorded in poor body conditioned animals and followed by
medium body condition animals ( Table 3).
Table 1. Overall prevalence of foreign body in rumen and reticulum of cattle.
Location of foreign Body Examined Positive Prevalence
Rumen - 102 102/136(75%)
Reticulum. - 31 31/136(22.80%)
Both - 3 3/136(2.20%)
Total/overall 384 136 136/384(35.40%)
Table 2. Types and Prevalence of Foreign body based on sites of occurrence
Types of foreign body Examined Positive Prevalence
Needles - 4 2.90%
Bones - 3 2.20%
Wires - 8 5.90%
Plastics - 56 41.20%
Clothes - 30 22.05%
Ropes - 24 17.65%
Shoe sole - 3 2.20%
Mixed - 8 13.30%
Total 384 136 35.40%
Table 3. Prevalence Of foreign body of rumen and reticulum based on risk factors
Risk factors categories Tested Positive Prevalence P-val. chi-squares
Male 224 56 56/224 (25%)
Sex Female 160 80 80/160 (50%) 25.503 0.0000
Total 384 136 136/384 (35.40%)
Young 84 18 18/84 (21.40%)
Adult 160 48 48/160 (30%)
Age 22.255 0.0000
Old 140 70 70/140 (50%)
Total 384 136 136/384 (35.40%)
Body condition Poor 140 77 77/140 (55%) 46.276 0.0000

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Medium 172 52 52/172 (30.20%)
Good 72 7 7/72 (9.70%)
136/384
Total 384 136
(35.40%)
IV. DISCUSSION
The present study showed that an over all prevalence of 35.40% of rumen and reticulum foreign body in
slaughtered cattle at Boko town slaughter house. This result was compatible with the report of [14] at
konbolcha Elfora Abattoir,[15] at Asosa Municipal abattoirs who reported an over all prevalence of 37.5%,
40%, respectively. However, the current prevalence rate of foreign bodies is significantly lower than the report
of [16] at abattoir in south eastern Nigeria who Reported an overall prevalence of 70.2%. The difference in the
prevalence of foreign bodies might be due to difference in waste management system and environmental
contamination with foreign bodies. In this study, high prevalence(75%) of foreign bodies was recorded in
rumen than the reticulum(22.80%). This finding is in line with the work of [17] at bodit municipal abattoir who
reported higher prevalence rate of foreign body in the rumen(75.7%) than the reticulum(22.4%) of cattle in
walita zone. Additionally, this finding is also in agreement with the finding of [18] who reported the higher
prevalence of foreign bodies in rumen(74.41%) than the reticulum(16.27%) of cattle slaughtered at Elfora
export abattoir in Bishoftu town. This higher prevalence of foreign body in rumen than the reticulum is most
probably associated with larger volume of rumen than the reticulum and almost all ingested feed especially of
low density settles in the rumen[19].
Plastics(41.20%) were the most common foreign bodies recovered, followed by clothes(22.05%) and
ropes(17.65%), findings similar to the work done by [20] and [21]. The highest prevalence of plastics might be
due to improper disposal of plastics, and as well shortage of feed which is a common problem in current study
area. It has been explained that shortage of feed during the long dry season increase the likelihood of ingestion
of plastics foreign bodies which is also associated with a shortage of feed specifically of minerals and vitamins
origin[22]
In present study, the higher prevalence(50%) of foreign bodies was detected in female cattle than male(25%).
This results are in agreement with the finding of [23] at Naqamtee municipal abattoir, [24] at Awasa municipal
abattoir and [25] at Shashemane municipal abattoir who reported the higher prevalence of foreign body in
female than male cattle.This might be associated with stress of lactation and pregnancy which causes increasing
in nutritional demand and appetite of female animals. The higher prevalence rate was found in older animals
(50%) than the adult (30%) and young animals (21.40%). This finding is similar to the result reported by [26]
and [27] who reported 45.95% and 63. 6% prevalance in older animals, respectively. However,it is lower than
the results of [28] and [29] who reported 80.0% and 81.1% in older animals, respectively. Regarding to body
condition score, significantly high prevalence of foreign bodies observed in poor body condition (55%) and
followed by medium body condition (30.20%) animals. Similar finding was observed and has been reported
previously in cattle [30] and [31]. It has been explained that Poor body condition by itself might be due to the
contribution of the foreign body, or it might be due to the interference of the foreign body with the absorption
of volatile fatty acid and and thus causes reduced weight [32].
V. CONCLUSION
The present study showed an over all prevalence of 35.40% of foreign bodies in rumen and reticulum of cattle
in the study area. Plastics, clothes and ropes were recovered as the most common foreign bodies in the study
area. Higher prevalence rate was recorded in female animals, old age and poor body conditioned animals.
Female, old age animals and animals with poor body condition are the most affected groups of animals.
Therefore, sex, age and body condition score were considered as potential risk factors associated with
occurrence of foreign body in rumen and reticulum of cattle in the study area.
Based on the above conclusion the following recommendations are forwarded:
 Avoiding the pollution of grazing lands with plastics and other indigestible foreign bodies.

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 Formulating and implementing strict laws for proper disposal of waste materials in the areas which reduces
the chance of ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies.
 Animals should be supplied with sufficient feed to reduce the problems of ingestion of foreign bodies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my gratitude to Fedis district Agricultural Resource and rural development office ;Boko Town
slaughter house of Fedis district for their great cooperation that contributed to the success of this work.
VI. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The author has declared that there is no conflict of interest.
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