1

1. OHM LAW 2 20 2 100

3 30 3 100
Total Reading 300
Average resistance of the wire II = R2 =100 Ω
Resistivity of the material of the wire II =
2
R2 A R 2∗π d
ρ 2= =
L 4L
−3 −3
100× 22× 2.8 ×10 ×2.8 × 10
¿ −2
Ω−m
4 × 50× 10
= 86.12 x 10-4 Ohm-meter
For wire 1, Slope= Resistance of first wire =
Length L = 50 cm = O.5m ( 2−1 )
DIAMETER OF THE WIRE (SCREW-GAUGE): R1 ¿ −3
Ohm = 50 Ohm
(40−20)×10
Length of i division on the pitch scale = 1mm
For wire 2, Slope= Resistance of second
Distance moved for 5 rotations = 5 mm
No. of rotations = n =5
( 2−1 )
wire = R2 ¿ −3
Ohm = 100 Ohm
Pitch = 5mm/5 = 1mm (20−10)×10
No. of divisions on the head scale N =100 RESULT:
Least count = L.C. = 1mm/100 = 0.01 mm (a) Resistance of the wire I = R1 = 50 Ohm
Sl. P.S.R. H.S.D. C.H.S.D b=n x L.C. a+b mm Resistivity of the material of the wire I = ρ1 =
No. a mm P (n) (mm)
43.12x 10-4 Ohm-meter
1 2 80 80 0.8 2.8 (b)
2 2 80 80 0.8 2.8
3 2 80 80 0.8 2.8
Total reading 8.4
Average reading (Diameter ) = 8.4mm/3=
2.8mm = 2.8 X 10-3 m
Wire I: Resistance of the wire II = R2 = 100 Ohm
Sl.No. I (x10-3 A) V(Volt) V/I=R (Ohm) Resistivity of the material of the wire I = ρ2
1 20 1 50 = 86.24x 10-4 Ohm-meter
2 40 2 50 2. METER-BRIDGE:
3 60 3 50
Total Reading 150 G = Galvanometer, Q = Known resistance,
Average resistance of wire I = R1 = 50 ohm
X = Unknown resistance, K = One-Way Key
Resistivity of the material of the wire I SL. Known Balancin (100-l) Q∗l
R A R ∗π d
2 X=
= ρ 1= 1 = 1 = NO. Resistance g Length Cm 100−l
L 4L (Q) Ohm l(cm) Ohm
−3 −3
50× 22× 2.8 ×10 ×2.8 × 10 1 10 66.7 33.3 20
Ω−m
4 × 50× 10
−2
2 15 42.8 57.2 20.8=21
= 43.12 x10-4 Ohm-meter 3 20 50 50 20
Wire II: 4 25 44.1 55.9 19.8 = 20
Sl.No. I ( x!0-3A) V (Volt) V/I = R(Ω 5 30 40.8 59.2 19.7
) Total Resistance 101
1 10 1 100
 2

( 100−L )
Average resistance X = 101Ohm/5 = 20.2 = 20 SL.NO. Q (Ohm) L 100 - L
ohm (cm) L R se=R ×
RESULT: Resistance of given conductor = X = 20 (cm) Ohm
Ohm 1 10 66.7 33.3 20
2 20 50 50 20
3 30 33.3 66.7 20
3. METER BRIDGE SERIES CALCULATIONS
TOTAL READING 60
SERIES COMBINATION:
Average Equivalent resistance Rseries = 60 Ohm/3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
= 20 Ohm
4. METER BRIDGE PARALLEL COMBINATION

AIM To verify the Series combination of

resistances using a metre bridge.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED A

metre bridge, a sensitive galvanometer, two
different resistances (carbon or wire-wound
resistors), a resistance box, a jockey, a rheostat,
a plug key, a cell or battery eliminator, thick
connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

PRINCIPLE
To find the resistance R1
SL.NO. Q (Ohm) L
(cm)
100 -
L
(cm)
R1=R × ( 100−L ) series, the equivalent resistance R is given by
L When two resistances R and R are connected
in
1 2

Ohm
1 15 40 60 10 1 1 1
= +
2 10 50 50 10 R R1 R2
3 20 33.3 66.4 10
TOTAL READING 30
Average resistance R1 = 30 Ohm/3 = 10 Ohm
To find the resistance R2
SL.NO. Q (Ohm) L
(cm) L
100 -
R2=R ×
(cm) Ohm
L
(
100−L )
1 15 40 60 10
2 10 50 50 10
3 20 33.3 66.4 10 OBSERVATIONS:
TOTAL READING 30
Average resistance R2 = 30 Ohm/3 = 10 Ohm To find the resistance R1
Series Equivalent resistance R = R1+R2
= 10 + 10 = 20 Ohm
SL.NO. Q (Ohm) L
(cm)
100 -
L
(cm)
R1=R × ( 100−L
L
)
To find the resistance RSeries Ohm
1 15 40 60 10
2 10 50 50 10
 3

3 20 33.3 66.4 10 Mass per unit length of the wire = m = Mass of

TOTAL READING 30 the wire/ Length of the wire
Average resistance R1 = 30 Ohm/3 = 10 Ohm OBSERVATION TABLE:
To find the resistance R2 Length of the wire = 100 cm =1 m
-3
L Mass of the wire = 1.25g = 1.25 x 10 kg
SL.NO. Q (Ohm) L
(cm) L
100 -
R2=R ×
(cm) Ohm
( )
100−L Mass per unit length of the wire = m = Mass
the wire/ Length of the wire =1.25 x 10 -3
of
kg/m
Wavelength = 2l
1 15 40 60 10
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8 m/s2.
2 10 50 50 10

√
Sl. Load T = Resonating Mea 1 T
3 20 33.3 66.4 10 N=
N M(kg Mg Length n 2l m
TOTAL READING 30
o. ) (N) Increa Decreasi lengt Hz
Average resistance R2 = 30 Ohm/3 = 10 Ohm h
sing ng of
Parallel Equivalent resistance
Trial I length
R1 R 2 10 ×10 100 cm l1 Trial II l(cm)
R= = = =5 ohm
R1 + R2 10+10 20 cm l2
1 0.5 4.9 31.5 31.1 31.3 100
To find the resistance RParallel 2 1 9.8 34.6 43.2 43.4 98
SL.NO. Q (Ohm) L
(cm) L
100 -
R=R ×
(cm) Ohm
( 3L 1.5
4 L2
100− ) 14.7 53.3
19.6 63.8
53.3
63.4
53.3 102
63.6 100
5 2.5 24.5 69.8 70.2 70 100
1 10 33.3 66.7 5 Total frequency(N) 500
2 20 20 80 5 Total frequency N=500Hz
3 25 16.7. 83.3 5 Average frequency =100Hz
TOTAL READING 15 AC frequency f = n/2 = 50Hz
6. Galvanometer:
Average Equivalent resistance RParallel = 15 THEORY:
Ohm/3 = 5 Ohm RS
RESULT: Galvanometer ResistanceG=
R−S
where S = Shunt Resistance, R = Resistance
The value of resistance R1 = 10 Ohm
in Resistance Box
The value of resistance R2 = 10
Ohm
Figure of merit is defined as the current
Experimentally Equivalent required per division of deflection. It is
resistance in Parallel R = 5 Ohm denoted by k. k =I/θ where θ= deflection
By using formula, Equivalent resistance in in galvanometer, I = current in
Parallel R = 5 Ohm Galvanometer
5. SONAMETER In terms of Resistance (R), Galvanometer
THEORY: Resistance(G), Emf of the cell E
The frequency of the fundamental mode of E
Figure of merit k =
vibration of a stretched string, θ (R+G)
Length of the Vibrating string
T = Tension in the string
m = Mass of the string per unit length
Frequency of Alternating current is given by
DIAGRAM:
 4

OBSERVATION TABLE:
RESISTANCE OF THE GALVANOMETER BY Focal length by distant object method f =10cm
HALF DEFLECTION METHOD: Deflection in Sl. Position of
OL= u IL=v
Galvanometer = θ Half deflection= θ/2 No O(cm) L(cm) I(cm)
(cm) cm
Shunt = S .
SL. R(Ohm) θ θ/2 S R∗S 1 35 50 80 15 30
G=
NO. Ohm R−S 2 32 50 72.5 18 22.5
Ohm 3 30 50 70 20 20
1 2000 18 9 34 35 4 25 50 66.7 25 16.7
2 3000 12 6 34 35 5 20 50 65 30 15
3 4000 10 5 35 35 Graph
4 5000 8 4 34 35
5 6000 6 3 35 35
Total Resistance Ohms) 175
Average G= 35 Ohm 2f = OP =OR = 20
Figure of Merit: Resistance of cm
Galvanometer by Half deflection G =35 Ohm f = OP/2 =20cm/2
E.M.F. of the cell = E = 3 Volt = 10cm
Sl. θ E
k=
No R (Ohm) ( R+ G ) θ
. (x10-5 Amp/div)
1 2000 18 7.75
Result:
2 3000 12 7.6
Focal length By distant object method:10cm
3 4000 10 7.2
Focal length by Graphical method f=10cm
Total Figure Of Merit 22.6 x 10-5 Amp/div
Average k = (22.6 x 10-5 /3) A/division = 2.PRISM
7.55x 10-5 Amp/div THEORY:
RESULT: A = Angle of Prism, d = Angle of Deviation,
1. Resistance of Galvanometer = G =35 Ω i= Angle of incidence, e = Angle of
2. Figure of merit k =7.55x 10-5 Amp/div emergence,
r1 = Angle of refraction at the face AB,
1. CONVEX LENS u-v method r2 = Angle of refraction at the face AC
A+d=i+e A = r 1 + r2
Object distance u =
Image distance = v
Focal length f
1 1 1
= −
f v u
 5

If V is applied voltage, I
is current flowing
through diode, Static
resistance=Rdc = V/I
Dynamic resistance:
The ratio of the
change is applied
voltage across diode to the corresponding
At angle of minimum deviation, change in the current flowing through the
Angle of Deviation = d = D i = e diode.
Angle of refraction at the face AB r1 = Angle If Δ V is the change is applied voltage, Δ I is
of refraction at the face AC r2 r1 =r2 the change is current flowing through
Angle of incidence i =(A+D)/2 diode, Dynamic resistance is given by
Angel of refraction r = A/2 R ∆V
According to Snell’s Law of refraction, ac =
∆I

RI =n=
sin i
=
sin( A+ D
2 )
sin r
sin
A
2( )
SL Ang. Inc i ANG. DEV. Angle of
.NO I d emergence e
.
1 30 45 75
2 35 42 67
3 40 41 61
4 45 40 55
5 50 38 48
6 55 40 45 Sl.No Voltage Current
7 60 44 44 . (V) I (A)
Angle of Minimum deviation D = 38 1
Angle of Prism A = 60o 2

RI =n=
sin i
=
( A+2 D )
sin Static Resistance= Rstatic = V/I =
DYNAMIC RESISTANCE:
sin ( )
sin r A
Change in Voltage = Δ V = V2 - V1
2
Change in current = Δ I = I2 - I1
RESULT: Angle of Minimum deviation = D = 38 Dynamic resistance= Rdynamic =(ΔV/ ΔI)
Refractive Index of glass =n =1.5 RESULT: The characteristics of Diode are
3. pn JUNCTION DIODE: dawn. Knee- Voltage or Threshold Voltage V
FORWARD BIAS = V
Static resistance: If a junction diode is given Static Resistance =
by the ratio of applied voltage across the Dynamic Resistance =
REVERSE BIAS
diode to the current flowing through it.
 6

5. AIM: To determine refractive index of

SL.
Mark on the paper Mark on paper Particles on the top X−Z
through the slab of the glass surface n=
N X−Y
MSR VSD X= MSR VSD Y MSR VSD Z
O.
(a) (b)
1 3.85 0 3.85 4.35 7 4.357 5.25 36 5.286 1.54

a glass slab using a travelling microscope

The refractive index of glass with respect to

Sl.No. Voltage(V) Current I (A) the medium, air =
1 real thickness of the slab
n ga=
2 apparent thickness of the slab
RESULT: The characteristics of Diode are
dawn. Reverse saturation Voltage= Least Count (LC) of the travelling microscope:
Divisions between 5cm and 6cm = 20
4. CONCAVE LENS 20 Main scale divisions (MSD) = 1cm
1 MSD = 1cm/20
uv No. of divisions on Vernier scale = 50
Theory f = u−v Least count =
Value of 1 Main scale division
Where, f is the focal length of the concave L .C .=
lens L1, u is the distance of I from the optical No . of divisions on Vernier scale
centre of the lens L2, v is the distance of I’ L.C. = 0.001cm
from the optical centre of the lens L2 Mark on the paper X = MSR + (n*L.C.)
Mark on paper through the slab = Y= MSR +
(n*L.C.)
Particles on the top of the glass surface= Z=
MSR + (n*L.C.)

Rough focal length of convex lens by Distant

object method = 10cm
SL. Position of
N O Convex I Concav I' u= V
O. C lens cm e lens cm IO2 =I'O
m L1 at O1 L2 at O2 cm cm
cm) (cm)
1 10 30 50 42.7 56.9 7.3 14.2
2 11 30 51.6 42.5 56 9.1 13.5
3 12 30 53 48 55.5 5 7.5
TOTAL FOCAL LENGTH
Average focal length of concave lens
= 15.2cm
7